the same ground If we Counter march by Files it is to oppose the enemie appearing in the Reare with our best men If by Rankes it is to bring one Wing into the place of the other or all our best men into the middest of the Battell If we Counter-march by Files or Rankes to change our ground we do it either by the Macedonian the Lacedemonian oâ— the a The modern Counter-march standing is thus performed The fyle-Fyle-leaders counter-march to the right the next Ranke stands til they be past then they follow the like do all the rest transferring themselues to a new ground moderne Counter-march which was inuented for that purpose and to be performed standing If to maintaine ground then we doe it by the Choraean Counter-march which makes the File-leaders to take the ground of the Bringers vp and the Bringers vp the same ground in the which the File-leaders stood The like in the Wings These Counter-marches namely the Macedonian the Lacedemonian and the Choraean are described by Aelian thus The Macedonian Counter-march b Aelian chap. 20 of the Macedonian Crunter-march by Fyle by File is said to be when the File-leader turneth about his face all the rest with the Bringer-vp goeth against him on the right or left hand and passing on to the ground before the Front of the Battell place themselues in order one after another according as the File-leader himselfe hath turned his face This Counter-march you see transferreth the whole File to another place equall to the first by taking the ground that lyeth before the Front in lieu of that it lost behinde It likewise maketh Shew to the enemy appearing in the Reare of running away but it is of excellent vse Say that before thy Battell lay a Riuer The vse of the Macedonian Counter-march by Fyle and betweene the Riuer and thee a faire plot of ground higher than that thou standest vpon the enemy appearing in the Reare and compelling thee to fight the only way to oppose him with the best men and to got this ground for thy aduantage is this Macedonian Counter-march This Counter-march was first Inuented by Philip King of Macedon Father of Alexander the Great The Lacedemonian Counter-march by Fyle is Of the Lacedemonian Counter-march by Fyle described by Aelian chap. 28. when the Bringer vp turneth his face about and all the rest turning also their faces and proceeding forward together with their fyle-Fyle-leader order themselues proportionably in the ground which was behind the reare of the Battell Or else when the Bringer-vp turneth his face about and hee that stood next before him passiing by on the right or left hand is placed againe next before him and the rest following are placed one before another in their former order till the fyle-Fyle-leader bee first In this Counter-march you see the proceeding is contrary to the former that tooke the ground before the Phalange or Battell this takes the ground after In that the moouing was from the reare to the front in this from the front to the reare * Captaine Bingham in his notes vpon Aelian chap. 28. Aelian preferreth the Lacedemonian Counter-march before the Macedoman because in it the Soldiers seeme to fall on and charge wherin the Macedonian they seeme to flie There is notwithstanding times as Captaine Bingham notes when it is better to vse the Macedonian As when you seeke to gaine some ground of aduantage or in case you mean to march on and not to fight with the Enemy vnlesse you be compelled for the Macedonian continueth still the march and staieth not the Lacedemonian returneth vpon the Enemie and so looseth ground in marching There is likewise times say I when it is more requisite to vse this Lacedemonian Counter-march than any other As in case you haue passed the ground which the enemy following seekes to gaine and to charge you suddenly the onely way to possesse it againe and to fight with him with your best men is thus to Counter-march the Macedonian here will doe no good Aeâ—ian chap. 28. The Lacedemonians haue another Counter-march which bears the name and that is this the Fyle-leaders begin the Countermarch and euery one in their Files follow them orderly This is no other then our modern Counter-march now in vse The * Of the Choraean Counter-march by Fyle otherwise called Persian or Cretan Choraean Counter-march by Fyle is said to be when the fyle-Fyle-leader turning about to the right hand precedeth the Fyle and all the rest follow till the fyle-Fyle-leader haue the place of the Bringer-vp and the Bringer-vp the place of the Fyle-leader This Counter-march saith Aelian is called likewise Persian Cretan Persian and Câ—etan saith Captaine Bingham because it was vsed among the Persians and Cretans Captaine Bingham in his notes vpon Aelian chap. 28. Choraean also for the similitude it had with the solelmne Grecian daunces vpon Stages the company that shewed themselues in such daunces being called Chorus who in their daunces ordered themselues into syles and rankes as Souldiers doe in battell and moouing themselues to the brinke of the Stage when being straightned by the place they could passe no further they retired one through the rankes of the other exceeding not the bounds of the place as is done in this Counter-march The words of command for the Choraean Cuunter-march by Fyle It may be commanded thus fyle-Fyle-leaders Counter-march to the place of the Bringers-vp and stand and let your Files follow you keeping your distance Or thus Fyles Counter-march and maintaine ground The Lacedemonian may be commanded thus * The words of command for the Lacedemonian Counter-march by File deliuered in Captaine Binghams owne words Bringers-vp turne your faces about to the right hand the rest turne your faces about and beginning at them that are next the Bringers-vp Counter-march and place your selues in your distances before the Bringers-vp and one before another till the fyle-Fyle-leader be first Or thus Face all to the Reare Bringers-vp stand the next Ranke passe through by their right hand and place your selues before them keeping your distances all the rest moue with them placing your selues one before another till the fyle-Fyle-leader be first When your men are perfects you need but say The Lacedemonian Counter-march and it is enough This gaines the ground lying after the Reare as the Macedonian the groundlying before the Front Now the Macedonian may be thus commanded File-leaders turne your faces about to the right hand Words of command for the Macedonian Counter-march by File Aelian chap. 28. the rest of euery Fyle passe through in order one after another and place your selues at your distances after your Leaders turning your faces about and so stand Looke what these Counter-marches doe by Fyle the very same they doe by Ranke for like aduantage The Macedonian Counter-march by Ranke taketh the ground that lyeth on the side of the contrarie Wing beginning to moue at the corner of the Wing
and a foot a foot and a halfe from the swords point which is three foot in Ranke And this is to endure the brunt of a Charge The first was vsed in Ancient times for march Solemne pompes and shewes The second for their fights only before they did Ioyne Noted â—y Capt. Bâ—ngham 〈◊〉 Aelian ch 11. The third was the Sinaspisme of the Macedonians so called because therein they Ioyned Target to Target which they neuer vsed but when either they gaue vpon or receiued the charge of the enemie The Targets so knit together serued for a wall as it were to the whole Phalange and by them the souldier was defended from the Missiue weapons of the Enemie and his body couered euen from the piercing of the sword This was formerly vsed by the Ancient Heroes at Troy and reviued againe to new life by Philip King of Macedon who first constituted the Macedonian Phalange and inuented the distances of opening and shutting the same From his discipline as the learned Captaine Bingham obserues sprung these distances in Aelian Aelian chap. 11. of which I haue spoke And thus I haue briefly declared the vse of those distances which are to be obserued in Battell The words of command for them may be these viz. Eiles and Rankes open to six foot Now they are at open order Rankes and Files close to three foot Now they are at order Files close to a foot and a halfe Now they are at close order Rankes and Flles to your open order That is six foot euery way Thus if your Battell bee disioyned by too large distances you may reduce it to good order by closing If it be thronged vp or pestered too close together you may amend all by conuenient opening Too much thronging bindeth the Souldiers hands and taketh away the vse of their weapons and too farre standing asunder breaketh the Battell and maketh a passage for the Enemy whereby he may enter Therefore these three sorts of distances to wit open Order Order and close Order haue beene inuented as the onely meanes betweene both to amend all and to fit our turne as wee see occasion Thus much for Distances of their vse and the words of command giuen for them The words of command for doubling of the length and depth of a Battell next followeth CHAP. XXV This Chapter sheweth what the words of Command are by which the length and depth of a Battell is doubled either in place or number and teacheth a young Soldier how to performe the Motion IN the three and twentieth Chapter of this booke mention was made of the doubling of the length and depth of a Battell both in place and number but the words of command were referred vnto this Chapter If then you would double the length of your Battell in place the proper words of direction for it may bee this viz. Open your Files from your close order to your open order six foot The manner of the Action is thus performed The middle Leaders presse vpon their Flankers first taking their distance commanded hauing opened both waies the rest of the companie on both Flankes takes their distance from them now sixteene men are so extended as they hold as much ground in breadth as would serue thirty two men It may be commanded some other way peculiar and distinctly from the other as The word of command for doubling the length of a Battell in place Files open to the right hand to your open order six foot Or Files open to the left hand to your open order Files open to the right hand The word being giuen to the right hand the left hand File is not to mooue but standeth fast the next to the left hand Fyle first taketh the distance pressing vpon the right hand still opening by the right hand till they haue taken the distance of six foot Files open to the left Hand The word being giuen to the left hand the right hand Fyle must stand fast the rest must open to the left hand still pressing vpon the left hand Files till they are all in the distance and order commanded Thus by three distinct peculiar words of command may the length of your Battell be doubled in place each of which you may make choise of as occasion serues But if your Battell beare too great a bredth by possessing too much ground then you may amend it by this word of command viz. The two middle Files close first the rest mouer with them both to the right and left hand to the distance named Files close to your order Or Files close to the right hand to your order Or Files close to the left hand to your order Files close If the words be Piles close without naming to any hand then it must be performed thus The two middle Leaders must close the one to the left hand the other to the right hand till they are in the distance commanded then the rest of the companie must take their distance from them on either Flanke closing to the middle Leaders Files close to the right hand If the word be To the right hand the right hand File moues not but standeth fast all the rest close to the right hand File taking their distance one by another from the right hand Files close to the left hand If the word be To the left hand obserue like forme then the left hand File stands fast the rest of the Files close and take their distance from the left hand Thus much of the words of command by which the Battell is lessened or doubled in place The words of command for the doubling of the depth of a Battell in place thereby imploying a greater or lesser bredth as the word is giuen If you would double the depth of your Battell in place the proper word of direction for it may be this viz. Open your Rankes from the Front to the Reare to your open order six foot The manner of the Action is thus to be performed The first Ranke must stand firme the second Ranke takes their distance first all the rest must doe the like distinctly in order Now you take as much ground in depth for ten as would serue very well for twenty men If you would double the length of your Battell in number The words of command for the doubling of the length of a Battell in number that is to make the front haue twice as many Files or persons in it as it had before then you may effect it by this word of command Rankes to the right hand double Or thus Rankes to the left hand double It is thus performed Euery second Ranke cometh between the distance of the Ranke before it and that either to the right or left hand Rankes to the rigâ—â— hand double as the word is giuen so that of ten in Ranke they become twenty in Ranke and but fiue in depth who before were ten in depth because the Front is doubled
ought to know by the Drumme 1. A Call 2. A March 3. A Troope 4. A Charge 5. A Retreate 6. A Battalia 7. A Batterie 8. A Reliefe For when the commanders voyce cannot extend to the hearing of the company the Drumme denounceth expresseth the same The next Chapter shewes what the distances of Files and Rankes are which Souldiers must know CHAP. XIII What the distances in Files and Rankes are Which Souldiers must know THere bee Fiue sorts of distances in Files say somme and they be these that followeth Distances in Fiâ—es The first is closest The second is close The third is order The forth is open order The fift double distance which is Pouldron to pouldron A foote and a halfe Three foote Sixe foote Twelue foote There is fiue sorts of distances in Rankes say they Distances in Rankes The first is closest The second is close The third is order The fourth is open order The fift double distance which is To the sword poynt Three foote Sixe foote Twelue foote Fower twenty foote Although they be thus set downe to be fiue in number yet most Commanders obserue and teach as most proper onely three viz. Close Order and Open order Antiquitie had no more yet the rest must not be cashered or slighted for some times a commander must doe that in a double distance which cannot be done in a single Therefore Souldiers are bound to know all distances in Files and Rankes that they may the better execute what their Captayne commaunds The next Chapter shewes how a File and a Ranke is distinguished for a Souldier to know CHAP. XIIII How a File and a Ranke is distinguished for a Souldier to know A File is a number of men beginning at one leader and contynuing in order of followers to the last man A distinction of a Fiâ—e Aelian chap. 4. Or thus A File is a sequence of men standing one behind another backe to bellie and consisteth commonly of Ten or Eight in depth Suidas The depth is no other then a File for Rankes stretch forth in length Files in depth A Ranke is a number of men side to side in a right line stretching out in length from one end of the body vnto the other and is termed the length because it runneth along the Front vnto each wing Aelian Chap. 7. A distinction of a Ranke Or thus A Ranke is a row of men standing one by another Pouldron to pouldron or shoulder to shoulder their faces being directed all one way This distinction of Files and Rankes a Souldier must know that when he is bid to double Files he may not Rankes and when he is bid to double Rankes he may not Files The next Chapter shewes what the fightes are which Souldiers must bee expertin CHAP. XV. What fights they are which Souldiers must be expert in THe fights necessary for all Souldiers to be expert in are Sixe First to fight aduancing vpon an Enemie This is when the Enemie appeares in the vantgard To fight aduancing vpon an Enemy and they by two rankes a peece march from the body ten paces and giue fire at the place appoynted Or when the first ranke giues fire marching still on with the body and the nex ranke passes through by their right hand giues fire standing still before them And so still successiuely all the rest in order This is like the Lacedemonian Countermarch to gaine ground Secondly To fight retyring from an Enemie This is when the last Ranke faces about to the right giues fire To fight vpon a march retiring from an enemy marches vp to the Front and places themselues before their File leaders But if you will maintayne a set fight with the Enemie to gayne a better ground then it is requisite you teach them the Macedonian Countermarch making your File leaders to face about and stand the rest to passe through by the right hand placing themselues behind their leaders and so meeting your Enemy in the Reare with your best men Thirdly To fight Front and Reare with the Enemy This is when the middle men face about to the right To sight Front Reare with an Enemy and all the Muskettiers fall in the diuision betweene both Fourthly To fight with both Flankes against an enemy standing This is when the outward File of each Flanke is commanded to face hauing giuen fire To fight standing both Plankes against an Enemie each File deuideth it selfe into two parts one halfe marches vp to the Front and places it selfe in a right line before the first File of Pikes The other halfe marches to the Reare and places it selfe in a right line behind the bringer vp of the same File of Pikes the like doth all the rest on the contrary Flanke Captaine Bingham his exercise so continuing halfe the shot will bee in the front the other halfe in the Reare Then doe but face them to the right and left by deuision and each Flanke will be a battell for the Enemy Fiftly To giue fire by Flankes vpon the Enemy marching This is when both their outward Files next to the Enemie makes readie To fight marching both flankes against an enâ—mie faces to either hand giues fire at command stayes till the rest of all the Files bee cleare of them Then marches vp by the Pikes till all the rest doing the like bringes them againe to their first place Or when they giue fire and stand and being as it were in two Files the body of Pickes marching an officer comes and gathers vp the winges ioynes them againe in equall front with the Pikes To fight against horse in a set battell for the purpose against an enemy Sixtly To fight against horse in a set battell for that purpose This is when they countermarch their winges into the midst of the battell and are impaled round with Pikes and so drawne forth on either side vnder the shelter of them In these sixe fights your Souldiers must bee very expert that they may auoyd all confusion And thus much shall suffice for the Twelue Chapters before mentioned ☞ The next two Chapters declare what qualities they are which befit Martiall men and how requisite it is for them to bee wise and politicke to preserue the liues of their men and how politicke wisedome may be attayned with a briefe Summarie thereof CHAP. XVI What qualities they are which befitt Martiall Men. THe qualities which befit Martiall men are many but I will at this time treate but of Eight and they be these viz. Silence Obedience Secrecie Sobriety Valour Loyalty Freedome from Bribes Moderation in expence I begin with the first Silence SIlence Silence was of such veneration amongst the Aegyptians that they made thereof a God which with them was called Harpocrates and according to the Greekes Sigaleon him they portratured in the likenesse of a young childe August de ciuit Dei li. 18. cap. 5. who close to his lips
Captaine Bingham in his notes vpon Aelian Chapt. 25. omit not this oportunitie but meet him with thy best men For example whereof I bring the Graetians They coveting alwaies to bring their best men that is the fileleaders to fight did thus In open order they chose to countermarch In close order hauing place to wheele their battell about they did turne the face of it against the enemie If they could doe neither of these they came to the last remedie which was turning of faces of euery particular man in the battell This was the Grecians order which shewes the excellencie of their discipline And therefore we are willing to follow them being the Mirrours of Arts and Armes They were so perfect in these motions by their continuall practise and exercise that few or none were euer comparable vnto them In wheeling they would moue as a ship or some other body caried about wholly and ioyntly together remaining vndisolued When they were to wheele to the right they did first warne the right corner file leader to stand still as it were the hooke of a doore-hinge and the rest they commanded altogether to proceed forward and to turne about the same fileleader like the doore * They will not wheele vnlesse they be at an vnfitting order Pouldion to Houldion and then Rankes to the swords point a distance not fit for that motion Thus was the battell wholy turned by them as the body of a man to the right to the left or about to either being caried about the corner fileleader as about a Center This was a comely sight to looke vpon would to God all would doe it as exactly as they But wishes are in vaine men will doe as they list not as they should a Some will neither obserue the distance vsed by the Grecians no the distance appointed by our Tacticks for the comely grace thereof This distance is three foot from file to file and three foot from ranke to ranke If this be not obserued the motion will want grace the vse of it will be frustrated the enemie will preuaile against them For how can those men fight whose hands are tyed being thronged and pestred together they are as it were bound and tyed and can neither assault the enemie nor defend themselues but are subiect to be killed one of another Therefore true distances must be obserued But of distances more hereafter Faceing and wheeling are the subiects on which I treat Now faceing and wheeling being ioyned together are of singular vse To preuent the enemie where he would assault you To giue the assault on him and to circumuent him in taking of aduantage of ground Wind and Sunne it likewise serues to strengthen the middest of your battell with the best men By Wheeling the Wings into the middest of the battell In doing whereof you curtall the depth and extend the length bringing more men to fight then you had before Thus much of Wheeleing The words of Command followes in the next chapter CHAP. XXI Of the words of command for Wheeling THe words of command for Wheeling may be thus giuen Viz. Wheele the body to the right hand The Vse Thus if the enemie appeare to the right Flanke you bring your best men to fight against him Wheele the body to the left hand The Vse Thus if the enemy come to charge your left Flanke you bring your best men against him Wheele the body about to the right hand The Vse Thus if the enemie appeare in the Reare you bring your File-leaders that is your best men to fight Wheele the body about to the left hand Thus you are reduced to your first Posture The Vse But it may be you would Face then march after Face againe then wheele If you would it may be commanded thus Face to the right hand Face March. and march twenty paces Face to the left hand and march twenty paces Then wheele to the left and charge ouer-hand Thus you may gaine the aduantage of ground vpon the right Flanke The Vse you may assault your enemy on the left Wing with your File-leaders or Front you may gaine the aduantage of Wind and Sunne from the enemie And presently fall vpon a charge It may be you would extend the length of your Battell by wheeling by bringing the Wings into the midst Then you may command thus Wheele the Wings into the middest of the Battell Face to your Commander Thus the strength of your Battell lies in the middest The Vse it may be you would reduce Then command thus To the right hand about Then begin with the Bringers vp and say Wheele your Wings againe into the middest of the Battell Then bid them Face to their Commander after that Face to the left hand about And so they are fully reduced as they were It may bee you would know the way how to performe this Wheeling for as yet you are Ignorant Then obserue how to do it by this Instance which will somewhat explaine it vnto you There be ten File-leaders in Front The Instance fiue of them on the right Wing wheeles forward to the left transferring their faces to the contrary Wing their Followers mouing with them and standing behinde them as they did at the first only they change their former ground as did the File-leaders The other fiue on the left Wing wheeles forward to the right meeting them in the midst face to face hauing all their Followers behind them as the other fiue Then the Commander bids them Face to him And so the countenances of all the Souldiers are directed or transferred all one way Thus you may performe this wheeling but action doth better performe it than words This wheeling of the Wings into the midst of the Battalia was vsed by the Ancient Grecians to make their Diphalange Antistomus their Diphalange Peristomus their Hollow-wedge The Figure of which is to be seene in Aelian with the description of them Chap. 36. 40. and 41. What Victories haue beene gained by this kinde of Imbattalling I haue seen and read in a written Copie of Captain Binghams composing to be diuulged shortly for a publike good that is now but for a priuate vse This worthy Captaine was the man that did first shew the Gentlemen of the Artillery Garden how they should performe this kinde of wheeling which now they doe most exactly And he will proue the vse of it to be as profitable for Seruice now as heretofore with the Grecians if we will but doe what he shall aduise Thus much of this Kinde of Wheeling and of the other Wheeling which must not be vsed when the enemy is vpon you but when he is aloofe off Now of Counter-march CHAP. XXII Of Counter-marches and the diuers kindes thereof with the manner how they are to be made and of their vse COunter-marches are two-fold for either we Counter-march the Files or the Rankes And these either by changing of ground or keeping still
which is nearest the enemie seeming therfore to him to runne away because it dismarcheth from him as that of the Fyle did before The words of command for it may be these The right hand corner File face to the left Words of command for the Macedonian Counter-march by Rank the rest of each File passe through to the left and place your selues orderly behind your side-men keeping your distance The vse This gaineth the ground lying on the side of the right Wing farthest of from the Enemy The Enemy appeared to the left Wing Bâ—â—his Counter march you may set the strongest part of your Battell against the Enemy and apply the weakest vnto some Riuer Lâ—ke Hill or such like place so that the Enemy cannot come to encompâ—sse it Of the Lacedemonian countermarch by ranke The Lacedemonian Counter-march by Ranke taketh the ground that lieth on the side of that Wing which is towards the Enemy and bringeth the best Wing to be formost against the Enemy comming still on vpon him without any shew of running away and by these words of command may be effected Words of command for the Lacedemonian Counter-march by ranke The vse Left hand corner File where the Enemy appeareth turne your faces to the left hand the rest of each Ranke turne your faces and passe thorow to the left hand and place your selues before your side-men keeping your distances Thus when our forces are able to encounter the enemy and we desire to bring our best wings to fight then we proceed after this manner to oppose him Of the Choraean Countermarch by ranke The Choraean Countermarch by ranke keepeth the same ground the battell had at first and bringeth one Wing into the place of the other or else the Sections to possesse the place of the Wings thereby to strengthen the midst of the battell These two may be effected as the other by seuerall words of Command The first by this word of command Words of command for the Choraean Countermarch by ranke Rankes to the right hand Countermarch and maintaine ground The second by this word of command Countermarch the Wings into the midst of the battell The way to doe it is this First they are to face to the right and left hand by diuision Then to Countermarch into the midst of the battell After they are to face to their Commander and so the Countermarch is effected The vse Thus we strengthen the midst of our battell with our best men bringing them to fight with the enemie which is the end of Countermarch Wherein notwithstanding there is a Caution to bee held that if the enemie be very neare that we cannot conueniently Countermarch before he come vpon vs we forbeare lest we fall into disorder and in disorder be easily defeated In which case the best remedie is to turne faces and so receiue him As Countermarches are not to be done vnlesse the enemie be aloofe off so neither can they well be done but at open order When then your files and rankes are at six foot which is your first distance Then you haue sufficient roome to Countermarch any way But in Countermarch obserue this If the word be for the right hand then step forth with the right legge and bring the left legge ouer If to the left then step forth with the left legge and bring the right ouer But if the Word be to the right and maintaine ground then stand fast with the right legge and bring the left ouer Thus much of Countermarching Now of Doubling CHAP. XXIII Of the vse of Doubling THere is two kinde of Doubling the one of Rankes the other of fiâ—es The first doth double the a The length of the batell is the Ranke the depth is the File Rankes stretch forth in length Files in depth saith Suidas Length the second the Depth of your battell The Length of your battell may bee doubled in Place or Number In b Doubling of the length of a battell in place place when euery file doth open from three foot to six foot which is your open order in files By this meanes the Front possesseth double ground to that it had before There is another way to double the Front in place as you shall heare anon The Length of your battell is c Doubling of the length of a battell in Number doubled in Number when of twentie in a ranke it is made fortie and of fortie fourescore So that you haue twice as many men in the Front as you had before This doubling of the Length of your battell by number may be done vpon fit occasion either in open order or in order In open order by doubling of Rankes by middle men doing the same By bringers vp doubling the front either to the right or left hand at discretion In order by middle men doubling of the Front either to the right or left hand intire or by deuission to both Which doth likewise double the length of a Battell not onely in number but in place also as Captaine Bingham doth obserue in his notes upon Aelian chap. 29. Chap. 29. Two Causes are assigned for the doubling of the length of your Battell both in number and place The one to ouerwing the enemie The other to auoid ouerwinging Two wayes you may auoid ouerwinging One is by making choise of such a ground as may giue you this aduantage of the enemie That he can neuer compasse you in behinde Pâ—â—tarâ—â— in the liues of Aâ—esâ—laus and S lla pag. 630. 478. nor flanke you on the sides Now if you cannot finde such a ground vse art Cast a trench vpon each flanke or Waggons on either Wing As Syila and Huniades did fearing to be encompassed by the multitude of their enemies The second way to auoid ouerwinging is by placing of Aides in the Reare of your Battell or by laying them in Ambush aloofe off that so vpon a word giuen they may suddenly start out vpon the Enemy as Caesar made his to doe at the Battell of Pharsalia where he put Pompey the Great to flight These Aides must be of the most chiefest Souldiers you haue with Officers appointed for their conduct as was vsed by the auntient Romanes before and in Vegetius time Vegetius lib. 3. cap. 17. who did alwaies res rue many of these Aides when their number was inferior to their Enemies their Battell lesse pitched and they in danger to be ouerwinged But when they had plenty of fighting men they by Doubling would make their Battell equall in length and depth to their Enemies So that they could not breake through or ouerwinge them Thus much to aâ—oid ouerwinging And for the doubling of the length of a Battell in plâ—ce and number Doubling the depth of a Battell in place The depth of your Battell is doubled in place when euery Ranke from the swords point opens to three foot from three foot to six foot from six foot to twelue foot which is
Or if you are minded to effect it by middle men then the last fiue Rankes must march vp through the distances betweene the Files till they come to be euen in Front with the File-leaders then they stand hauing euerie one their followers following them as they had before onely now they are fiue in depth when they were before tenne The word of command for it is Middle men to the right hand double your Front Or being minded to diuide your middle men and so to double Doubling of the length of a Battell by middle men Then the last fiue rankes must turne their faces the one halfe in their files to the right hand and the other halfe to the left hand and so march forth from both the Flankes till they haue gotten such a proportion of ground or distance as is answerable to the order the first fiue Rankes doe stand in and then presently without attending any further commandement they must turne their faces againe towards the front and march vpon both flankes till they come euen with the front The word of direction is Middle men double your front to the right and left hand by diuision Or being minded not to diuide your middle men but to bring them vp to the front entire to one particular hand Then the fiue last rankes must face then march forth altogether beyond the skirts of the body then face to the front and march vp to ioyne themselues in euen front with the file leaders The word of Command to effect it maybe this Middle men to the right hand Intire double your front Or if you are minded after all this to make vse of your bringers vp in the front of your battle then you may performe it by this word of Command Bringers vp to the right hand double your front The last ranke you know are the bringers vp These being in the reare doe aduance through the distances betweene the files The length of a battell doubled by the bringers vp And next after them the next ranke and so the rest successiuely till the bringers vp be in ranke with the Leaders and their middle men with the Leaders middle men Thus your front is doubled with your best men being now but fiue in depth who were before tenne in depth Doublâ—ng of the battell in Depth by number If you would double the depth of your battell in number that is make some files haue twice as many men in them as they had before you may effect it by this word of Command The word of Command for it Files to the right hand double Files to the right hand double It is thus to be performed The right hand file which is the outermost file on the right hand moues nor but stands fast the next file to the right hand file moues into the right hand file so that of tenne in depth it is now become twentie Accordingly euery second File moueth into their next file on the right hand Files to the left hand double The like order must be obserued if the word be to the left hand the left hand file must stand fast and euery second file is to moue into the next file on their left hand Thus the depth is doubled by number But it may be you would execute it by Countermarch as did the Macedonians Then the word of Command is Double your files by Countermarch to the right hand Aelian chap. 2â— This is performed when the next side files in seuerall as in the former example the second The first thirâ— fift seuenth ninth are odd files the second fourth sixth eigth anâ— tenth are euen files and the fourth and the rest of the euen files Countermarch to the Reare placing themselues behinde the bringers vp of the odde files Aelian chap. 29. It may be you would double the right flanke with the left flanke to make the Orthiophalanx or heirse * Aelian chap. 30. battell which proceedeth by Wing hauing the depth much exceeding the length The way to doe it is by this word of Command Halfe Rankes double to the right hand Or Rankes double the right flanke It is thus performed Halfe the Rankes for they are diuided as it were into two parts turnes their faces to the right hand and marches into the spaces betwixt the other Rankes and being within they face as the rest Thus the battell is brought into a Wing It may be you would bring it into a file Then the word of Command may be this Rankes file to the right hand Or Rankes file by Conuersion to the right hand It may be you would bring it into two files Then you may giue the word of direction thus Rankes file to the right hand Or Rankes file by Conuersion to the right 〈◊〉 left hand It is thus performed Halfe the rankes falls backe into the spaces behinde the right hand men of the right a The right hand file precedes the right flanke flanke b The left hand file precedes the left flanke and the other halfe into the spaces behinde the left hand men of the left Flanke doing that by diuision which the former did intire by this word of Command Rankes file to the right but you must obserue a double distance betweene Ranke and Ranke to doe it or it cannot be well done We haue another way to doe the former which is by drawing or leading forth of Rankes this is as the other new and vpstart We haue another way by leading forth of files pristine or ancient commonly vsed in former times both of Grecians and Persians Xenophon Cyrop l. 2. 56. You shall reade of Cyrus the elder how he commanded thirtie thousand men to be drawne forth out of a A Phalange is a grosse body of men brought into a battell Xenophon in his 4. booke of the ascent of Cyrus the younger a Phalange into a single file And it was his custome when euer his souldiers went to dinner to bring them forth file by file and into a Phalange or body againe at the sound of a horne or a word giuen You shall reade of the Grecians that when they were to ascend the Colchian Mountaines they put themselues into seuerall companies and euery company into a single file euery file hauing an hundred men a peece reducing againe into a body when they came to the top of them where was roome enough This the Grecians at that time did doe Which we Command thus Right hand file leade forth the rest follow in sequence one behinde another Thus many wayes may the Depth be doubled by Number to alter or change the forme of a battell I am not ignorant that there are many more waies to doe it For in the Artillery garden this word of Command is frequent Aduance your files to the right hand which is the doubling of the Depth One file aduances to stand before another the second before the first the fourth before the third or the contrary as
the word is giuen This is the way to doe it and I will name no more All this variety of waies helpes such as would be exquisite in exercising I say would are not already I presume not to teach any that knowes more then my selfe Nor such as knowes lesse then my selfe yet scornes to be taught but such as knowes little it may be nothing yet haue a a desire to learne To such I that know some thing to others but little doe impart that little which I haue And in the next chapter will teach them how to exercise a company as I my selfe haue beene taught in the Artilery Garden or elsewhere for I haue attained nothing but by paines taking much cost and reading But first obserue my Method in Exercising My Method in Exercising is not at this time to Intermeddle with new formes of battells various fights sundry kindes of Inductions and the like But to apply my selfe somewhat to that which hath been deliuered practized in former times agreeing with our moderne discipline and at this time in vse beginning at the first principle of all to order a company of men into a battell that are at first confused one among another and to doe it by distinct words of Command whereby they may order themselues into a body without helpe of a Sergeant taking their first distance of six foot in square both in file and ranke in which we commonly vse at the first to exercise our Motions in All this I meane to doe and the Chapter following will shew it CHAP. XXVI This Chapter sheweth a young Commander how he should begin to order his Company How to command the same properly by seuerall distinct words of Command And to obserue true Distance in euery Motion Whether it be to Face to Wheele to Charge to Counter-march or double THus then he may Command when the Company is vnordered intermingled one with another parted from their Armes and lying in sundry places Separate your selues To your Armes File and Ranke your selues Euery File-leader know his place Aduance your Pikes Shoulder your Muskets Fall into a body and flanke your Pikes with Muskets Take your first distance six foot both in File and Ranke Order your Pikes Rest your Muskets Stand Right in your Files Stand right in your Rankes Marke your Directions Silence Face to the right hand as you were Face to the left hand as you were Face to the right hand about as you were Face to the left hand about as you were Rankes to the right hand double as you were Rankes to the left hand double as you were Files to the right hand double as you were Files to the left hand double as you were Middle men to the right hand Double your Front Middle men as you were Middle men to the left hand Double your Front Middle men as you were Middle men to the right hand Intire Double your Front Middle men as you were Middle men to the left hand Intire Double your Front Middle men as you were Middle men double your Front to the right and left hand by diuision Middle men as you were Bringers vp to the right hand Double your Front Bringers vp as you were Bringers vp to the left hand Double your Front Bringers vp as you were Now they must aduance their Pikes and so Counter-march Rankes to the right hand Counter-march Rankes to the left hand Counter-march Files to the right hand Counter-march Files to the left hand Counter-march a The second Distance is for Wheeling and charging Files close to your Order Three foot in File and Ranke Rankes close to your Order Three foot in File and Ranke Wheele to the right hand Wheele to the left hand Charging vpon a stand when their Pikes are aduanced Wheele to the right hand about Wheele to the left hand about Charge to the right hand As you were Charge to the left hand As you were Charge to both by diuision As you were Charge to the Front As you were Charge to the Reare As you were Charge to both by diuision As you were Charge Front Reare and Flankes As you were Open yâ—ur Files to your open Order Six foot Open your Rankes to your open Order Six foot Order your Pikes March Shoulder your Pikes March Charge to the right hand Marching and charging from the shoulder at oâ—â—n then open Oâ—deâ— Do all this by the beat of the Drumme As you were March Do all this by the beat of the Drumme Charge to the left hand Do all this by the beat of the Drumme As you were March Do all this by the beat of the Drumme Charge to the Reare Do all this by the beat of the Drumme As you were March Do all this by the beat of the Drumme Beare-vp your Pikes and Counter-march to the right hand This was done by Captaine Bingham in the Artillery Garden Beare-vp your Pikes and Counter-march to the left hand Aduance your Pikes marching Keepe your first Distance six foot in File Ranke Port your Pikes marching Keepe your first Distance six foot in File Ranke Traile your Pikes marching Keepe your first Distance six foot in File Ranke Cheeke your Pikes from the traile Keepe your first Distance six foot in File Ranke Make a stand Marke your Directions The right hand file lead forth the rest follow in sequence one after another Lay your Pikes on the outside one of another Recouer Marching and aduance your Pikes Stand. File-leaders bring vp your Files into a body Files open to the right hand Open order Six foot Files close to the left hand to your Order Three foot To the 〈…〉 A foot and a halfe In Fâ—le Râ—nkes open backward to your double Distance Twelue foot Rankes File to the right hand Rankes as you were Rankes File to the left hand Rankes as you were Rankes File to the right and left hand Close your Rankes to six foot Open your Files to six foot Being reduced to your first Distance Order your Pikes Lay downe your Pikes Take vp your Pikes and order Thus much for Exercising and of the Postures of the Pike therein vsed The seuerall Postures of the Musket followeth in the next Chapter CHAP. XXVII Of the Postures of the Musket THe Postures of the Musket are sundry and many Some make 32. some 40. some 43. some more some lesse All which are for Military instruction in the time of Trayning and to make the Souldier most exquisite and perfect But in time of present seruice before the face of the enemy or in fight then all this great number of Postures they reduce into three only and no more viz. 1. Make ready 2. Present 3. Giue fire All the other they wittily and properly sort into foure kindes or orders To be performed Standing Marching Charging and Discharging as is to be seene in Captaine Pantons Table all which must be obserued Thus much of them The Postures or words of Command which we must vse in ordinary Training or daily exercising of Souldiers agreeing to the Prince of Orange forme and by order from his Maiesties most Honourable Priuy Councell are these March with your Musket shouldred and the Rest in your right hand March and with the Musket carry the Rest Sinke your Rest and vnshoulder your Musket Poyse it in your right hand and let it sinke into the left In your left hand hold your Musket and carry your Rest with it Take your Match in the right hand betweene the second finger and thombe Hold your Match fast and blow your coale Cocke your Match Try your Match Guard your pan and blow your match Open your pan Present Giue fire Dismount your Musket and carry it with your Rest Vncocke your match and returne it betweene your fingers Cleare your pan Prime your pan Shut your pan Cast off your loose powder Blow your pan Cast about your Musket Traile your Rest Open your charge Charge with powder Draw out your scowring sticke Shorten your sticke Ramme in your powder Draw out your sticke Charge with Bullet Ramme in your Bullet Draw out your sticke Shorten your sticke and put it vp Bring your Musket forward with your left hand Poyse it in your right hand and recouer your Rest Shoulder your Musket March and carry your Rest with your Musket Vnshoulder your Musket Lay your Musket in the Rest Stand Rested Your saluting Posture as you were In the right hand take your Match betweene the second finger and the thumbe Blow your Match Cocke your Match Try your Match Guard your pan and be ready This last is the Sentinell Posture Thâ—s I haue run ouer the Postures of the Musket after the Low Couâ—tâ—y foâ—me first marching then discharging then câ—aâ—ging after standing Adding three more vnâ—o them because thâ— charging with the bullet was left out which I hope will giue oftence to none As for the gesture of the body hand and foot to grace the Posture I referre you to the booke expressing it by Figures Or to â—â—e Aâ—tillery Gaâ—den or Military Yâ—rd where it is done by some â—xâ—â—â—â—â—y buâ— neuer to be obtained without practise You may likewâ—â—â—â—egin wheâ—e you please for this forme is not so strictly ob erâ—â—◠〈◊〉 the Artillery Garden B caâ—â—â—ou had the Postures of the Pâ—ke implicite and not distiâ—â—â— but mixt with other kindes of Motions different from thâ—m I will in the next Chapter shew them seuerall and conclâ—dâ— CHAP. XXVIII Of the seuerall Postures of the Pike THe seuerall Postures of the Pike saith Sargeant Trussell are in number twelue Three are to be done standing six marching â—â—d three charging The three which are to be done standing he expresseth thus Lay dâ—wâ—â— yâ—ur Piâ—â— Tâ—kâ— vp yâ—ur Pike â—â—der your Pikâ— The siâ— which are to be done Marching he expresseth thus Aâ—â—ance your Pike Shoulder your Pike Leuell your Pike Slope your Pike Cheeke your Pike Traile your Pike The three which are to be done charging he expresseth thus Poâ—t Charge ouer hand Charge at the right foot for Horse This is the briefe Epitome of the Postures which that Gentleman tooke from Captaine Pantons Table Captaine Panton from the Booke published by the most Excellent Prince the Count Maurice of Nassau and I from both So I end my Booke Let God haue the glory Amen Exodus 15 3. The LORD is a man of Warre His name is IEHOVAH FINIS
haue expressed fully both by precept and example Now it remaines that I shew you foure other things First by what words of Command it may be done Secondly in what order Thirdly with which Legge comming forward Fourthly how to reduce all this by way of document or obseruation shall be declared in the next Chapter following CHAP. XIX Obseruations for Facing shewing the manner how to performe the action with many other Circumstances appertaining to the precedent Chapter IN the precedent Chapter mention was made of Facing In this Chapter are certaine Obseruations positiuely set downe for the exact performance thereof They are in number foure The first obseruation is for the motion of the Legge The second for reducement to its first Posture The third for distance to grace the Action The fourth for words of Command either to Face and March or to Face and Stand expressing their vse Of these in order The first Obseruation First then obserue that in Facing vpon a stand the Motion must and ought to be performed with the right Legge that is the left Legge must stand firme The right must either remoue forward or backward Forward when you Face to the left hand Backward when you face to the right hand Be it to the right about or to the left about the left Leg stands firme only you moue the foot vpon the heele or toe But in the March it is to be done How to Face Marching sometimes with the right Legge sometimes with the left Legge With the right Legge when it is to the left hand With the left Legge when it is to the right hand for you must gaine ground and not lose The second Obseruation In the second place obserue or take notice how to reduce vnto the first Posture This must be thus performed When you Face to the right returne backe to the left hand How to reduce vnto your first Posture When you Face to the left returne backe to the right hand Hauing Fac'd about to the right returne about to the left Hauing Fac'd about to the left returne about to the right For still the contrary must be done Obserue it and forget it not The third Obseruation In the third place obserue or take notice of the Distances appropriated to Facing These Distances are of three sorts to wit Open Order Order Close Order The first for Exercise The two last for Seruice No Captaine must be so absurd as to Face vpon an Enemy in open Order the Enemy comming to push of Pike The Grecians would neuer Face to receiue the Charge of an Enemy but in their close Order Their close Order was a foot and a halfe from file to file and three foot from ranke to ranke This we commonly vse with Pikes But our Musketiers are neuer to be closer then the second Distance of three foot in square because they are to haue a free vse of their Armes If then they be at a closer Distance they will much throng and trouble one another and are subiect to firing In the last place obserue how to giue the words of Command The fourth Obseruation either to Face and March or to Face and stand That you may doe it orderly and properly I haue fitted them to your mouth thus Face to the right hand March Words of Command to Face and March Face to the left hand March Face to the right hand about March Face to the left hand about March Thus you may set vpon your Enemy as you see aduantage or preuent him where he would charge you to your disaduantage or shun a dangerous ground prepared for you as Alexander did when Darius would haue intrapped him Thus much to Face March and of the words of Command for it Now to face and stand with the words of Command for that Motion The words of proper direction for it are these Words of Command to Face stand Face to the right hand * If you restore to the first Posture you are to say As you were Thus if the Enemy haue encompassed your right Flanke you are ready for him Face to the left hand Thus if the Enemy haue encompassed your left Flanke you are ready for him Face to the right and left hand by diuision Thus if the Enemy hath encompassed both the Wings of your Battell being vnable to auoide it * They face to the right and left by diuision you Face thus to resist him Face to the right and about Thus if the Enemy haue suddenly made his Approach vpon your Reare you are ready for him and resist him in an instant Middle men to the right hand about This forme is called Phalange Amphistomus described by Aelian chap. 38. And is of excellent vse to resist the charge of the Enemy assaulting vs in Front and Reare Obserue the forme of this Face being ten in depth This is the Pâ—inthium full of men The three last Rankes face about to the Right The three first Rankes in the Front stand as you doe The Rest in the midst to the Right and Left by diuision Thus if the Enemy haue enuironed you about on all sides On all sides you are ready to resist him Plutarch in the life of Paulus Aemilius This was the last remedy of the Macedonian Phalange opposed against Paulus Aemylius in his Battell with Perseus which distressed the Romanes and had gained the victory had it not beene broken for want of ground Thus much for Facing Now if in stead of Facing you would command Charging giue the words thus Charge to the right hand Charge to the left hand Charge both to the right and left hand Charge to the Front Charge to the Reare Charge both Front and Reare Charge euery way A Caution When you charge vpon a stand fall backe with the right Legg When you charge to goe on come forward with the left Legg This is to charge Marching Thus much for this Chapter CHAP. XX. Of the vse of Wheeling WHeeling is of the same vse with Facing both may be done vpon the sudden approach of the Enemy whether hee shew himselfe on the right or left Flanke or in the Reare of your Battell The excellency of Wheeling If he shew himselfe in the right or left Flanke Wheeling will haue the preheminence of Facing for it will oppose him with thy front which are thy best men If he shew himselfe in the Reare Wheeling will yet haue the preheminence and oppose him there with thy fileleaders or best men as it did before in the Flanke But * Of the prehemincie of Facing ouer Wheeling if the enemie shew himselfe in Front and Reare or in more then these places at once suddenly to charge thee Facing will then haue the preheminence and Wheeling will doe more harme then good Therefore being in this straight the best remedie is to turne faces and so receiue him But hauing sufficient place and fit occasion to wheele