I have shewed you how the Front may be strengthened by intire doublings I shal briefly shew how it may be by divisional The Front is strengthened by divisional Doublings as followeth 12. Command Double your Ranks to the right and left by Division To perform this Command Even Ranks from the Front face to the right and left outwards march forth and double the odd To reduce this half ranks that doubled face to the right and left inwards and march into your places 13. Command Half files double your Front by Division To performe this Half files face to the right and left outwards and march until they be clear of the Front half files then face them to their Leader then move forward and double the Front To reduce this Command Half files face about to the Reer and march until they be clear of the Front half files then face to the right and left inward close your Divisions and face to your Leader OR The half files that moved double the depth of the Front half files 14. Command Double your Ranks to the right and left by Division every man placing himself on the outside of his right and left hand man To perform this Command Every even Rank from the Front move forth to the right and left outward each man placing himself according as is commanded To reduce this Command The half Ranks that moved double your Files to the right and left inward every man placing himself on the inside of his right and left hand man I have hitherto shewed how the Front may be strengthened by divisional Doublings Now followeth how The Front may be strengthened by intire and Divisional Wheelings 15. Command Wheel off your reer half files to the 1. Right 2. Left Intire into the Front To perform this to the right Command Half files face about to the right and wheel them to the left about until they be even with the Front To reduce this Wheel off your half ranks and double your left flank intire to the left To perform this reducement let them face to the right then Command Right half ranks wheel about to the right until they be even a breast with the front half files To your Leader 16. Command Wheel your Flanks into the Front There are diversities of Commands for the production of this Figure and much according to the opinion of the Commander I shall insert them and leave the choice thereof to the judicious in this Art Wheel your Flanks into the front Wings into the front Front into the battle Front into the midst Reer into the flanks To reduce any one of them Command Wheel your flanks into the Reer 17. Command Reer half files wheel and double your Front by Division To perform this Command Half files face about to the right and so wheel off to the right and left about moving forwards until they be even with the Front To reduce this Command Half files that doubled wheel about to the right and left inward and march into your places OR Half ranks face to the right and left outward then wheel to the right and left inward and double the depth of your Front half files and face them to their Leader There is some other Wheelings but I shall not trouble you with them because they are more for curiosity than for service c. CHAP. VIII I Shall here insert the several preceding Commands for the strengthening of the Front wherein in the closing of some of the Ranks as may be seen by them severally the Figures are one and the same Battalia in quantity but not in quality in number but not in place Ranks to the right Double Command 1. Produceth one and the same Figure 1. Bringers up double your Front to the right Comm. 6. Half files double your Ranks forward to the right Comm. 8. Ranks to the right and left double first outward and then inward Comm. 2. Produceth one and the same Figure Bringes up double your Front to the right and left 1. Outward 2. Inward Comm. 7. Half Files double your Front to the right and left 1. Outward 2. Inward Comm. 9. 2. Double your Ranks to the right intire Comm. 3. Produceth one and the same Figure Double your Ranks to the right intire every man placing himself on the outside of his right hand man Comm. 5. Half Files double the front to the right intire Com. 10. Wheel off your Reer half files intire into the Front Com. 15. 3. Double your Ranks inward intire Comm. 4. Produceth one and the same Figure Half files double your Front inward intire Com. 11. Double your Ranks to the right and left by division Com. 12. Half files double your Front by division Com. 13. Double your Ranks to the right and left by division every man placing himself on the outside of his right hand man Com. 14. Produceth one and the same Figure Reer half files wheel and double your Front by division Com. 17. Vide Chap. 11. Chap. 14. CHAP. IX How Battalias may ve strengthened in the Reer HAving ended with most of those doublings that do strengthen the Front I proceed to some few that may strengthen the Reer I might be as large in them as the former but the labour and pains would be of no great necessity because all what hath been commanded in the Front may by counterchange of them be performed in the Reer Therefore I shall only for example sake set down four Commands and demonstrate them by their respective figures and they only shall be performed by the doubling of half Files leaving the rest for the delightful Artist in this pleasing exercise 1. Command Front half files double your Reer to the 1. Right 2. Left To perform this to the right Command Front half files face about to the left and march directly forwards to the left of the standing part in opposition even in each rank according to their several places If this be commanded for service then face the Reer half files also about to the left Then To reduce them Face them all to their proper Front and Command Double your files to the right intire advancing If it be for a private exercise Command Half files face about to the left and march forth into your places 2 Command Front half files double your Reer to the 1. Right 2. Left intire To perform this to the right intire Command Front half files face to the right march until they be clear of the Reer half files then face them all to the Reer and march them even in breast with the Reer To reduce this Command Front half files face about to the right and march into your places OR Face all to your leader then right half ranks double your left flank intire advancing 3. Command Front half files double your Reer by Division To perform this Command Front half files face to the right and left and march until they be clear of the Body then face them to the Reer and
move down to the Reer even in breast with the last Rank If this be for service you may face them all to the Reer If only for Exercise you may reduce them as they now stand by Commanding Front half files face about to the right and advance forwards until they are clear of the standing part then face them to the right and left inwards and close your Divisions 4. Command Front half files double your Reer to the 1. Right 2. Left by Countermarch To performe this If the Command given for the left face the standing half files to the Reer and the rest Countermarch to the left and lose ground But if it be only for Exercise you need not face the standing part to the Reer at all To reduce this as being only for Exercise Command Front half files face about to the left and march forth into your places But if it be upon service that they are all faced to the Reer then all upon the Reducement are to face about to the left and the front half files to march into their places Object But Some may object here and say that this is a countermarch and no doubling and so ought not to be demonstrated in this place Answ To which I answer that what is done by the Front half files in short is a Lacedemonian Countermarch of losing ground but if it were a direct countermarch they ought not to stand mixed with any other part of the body by passing through to the Reer but only to Countermarch into the midst and there remain so that now passing through into the Reer makes it an absolute doubling What I have mentioned in the beginning of this Chapter may be sufficient to the ingenious Artist having concluded what I intended for the strengthening of the Reer I thought to have inserted here a strengthening of the Front and Reer but being in the Chapter of Wheelings Command the tenth the inquisitive may be better satisfied CHAP. VI. Which is the last in order to shew how a Battalia may be strengthened in both Flanks THe Flanks are doubled by 1. Files 2. Half ranks 3. Division 4. Wheelings 1. First by Files 1. Command Files to the Right or Left double If to the left to perform this Command Every even ranks from the left move with three steps into the odd To reduce this Command Ranks to the right double OR Files as you were In all motions observe to move that leg first to which the Command guideth 2. Command Files to the 1. Right or 2. Left double advancing To perform this if to the right Command Every even file from the right advance three steps forward and double the odd To reduce this Command Ranks to the left double OR Files as you were 3. Command Files to the right and left double outward In doubling outward the outmost File of each Flank stands and the even File each flank doubles the odd To reduce this Command Double your Ranks to the right and left inwards OR Ranks as you were 4. Command Files to the right and left double Inward To reduce this Command Double your Ranks to the right and left outwards OR Ranks as you were 5. Command Double your Ranks to the 1. Right 2. Left 1. Outwards advancing 2. Inwards This will be performed as in the third and fourth Command only instead of falling behind their right or left hand men here they are to advance before them as in the second Command 6. Command Double your Files to the 1. Right or 2. Left intire advancing To performe this to the right The even files from the right advance so far until they be clear and double the odd files to the right To reduce this Command Files that doubled face about to the left and march forth into your places OR Front half Files double your Reer to the left OR Half Files double your Front to the right 7. Command Double your files to the 1. Right or 2. Left Intire advancing every man placing himself before his leader To perfom this to the right The reducement Command Front half Files face about to the left and march forth into your places OR Front half files turn off by countermarch and double your Re ex to the right Face all to your leader 8. Command Files double your depth to the right intire To perform this Command Even files from the right face about to the right and march until they are clear of the Reer placing themselves after their bringers up then face them to their leader To reduce this Command Half files double your Front to the left OR Front half files double your Reer to the right 9. Command Files double your depth to the right placing your selves behind your bringers up To perform this Command Every even File from the right face about to the right and double the remaining files behind their bringers up To reduce this Command Bringers up double your Front to the left OR Half files double your Front to the left each placing themselves before their half file Leaders There is but a small difference between the Figures of some of the precedent Commands as some may at first sight guess them to be yet if you would but well observe them the words of Command are several and in the Battalia there is difference in the Dignity of place but not in quantity or number Secondly How the flanks are doubled by half ranks 10. Comand Half ranks of the left double your right flank to the 1. Right or 2. Left To perform this to the right Left half ranks face to the right and move to the right forward and double your right flank To reduce this Command Face to the left and march forth into your places OR Double your Ranks to the left intire You may face them at discretion I shall demonstrate another Figure to the left shewing how it may be performed without mixture of Arms c. 11. Command Half Ranks of the right double your left flank to the right To perform this Command Half ranks of the right face to the right turn off to the right and double your left flank To reduce the 11. Command Ranks double to the right intire every man placing himself on the outside of his right hand man 12. Command Half ranks double your right flank to the right and left 1. Outward 2. Inward 1. To perform this Outward Face all to the right then the left half ranks move to the right and left outwards doubling your right flank face to your Leader To reduce this Command 1. Front and Reer half files double your ranks intire to the left flank OR Half ranks that doubled face about to the right and march forth into your places OR Half ranks face about to the right and the even ranks from the midst move forth and double your left ranks intire to the left flank face to your Leader 2. To perform the 12. Command inward Face all to the right then the left
the depth of the standing files intire to the right and left inwards 2. If you face them to their proper Front then to reduce them Command The three first and the three last Ranks double your left flank intire That is The three last Ranks face about and wheel to the right and the three first Ranks wheel about to the left all moving and meet in opposition in the midst of the left flank then face them to their Leader I have ended those Doublings whose Battalia's are strengthened in the Front Reer and both Flanks Although they may not be useful at all times in the field service yet it is not amiss for every Commander to be well grounded in the knowledge of them that by his experience therein he may not be silent when occasion serveth nor the Souldier seeking what to do when he may be commanded They are so necessary that some are delightful in private Exercises and most of them profitable in Field or Garrison I am sure the Ingenious if once experienced herein will confess them to be of such absolute necessity as not in the least to be slighted by any And further it is adjudged to be most convenient for all the Chief Officers to bend their thoughts before the time of Service to make their Commands as short as possible may be in order to which see Chapt. 8. and 11. I do declare that I have heard some of our late young Eltonists to be too tedious in their Commands and Reducements I shall advise the young Souldier to follow the Rules of Barriffe Ward Bingham and Hexham for there is in them enough to direct for most Services and then they may peruse Elton at last whose worth as I have been informed is not to be laid in the dust without the due respects belonging to a Souldier and I hope now a Loyal Subject CHAP. XI YOu may perceive in those several Commands for the strengthening of the Flanks and their Figures being produced and have closed some of their Files as occasion may offer it self they are one and the same in Number but not in Place As in the 8. Chapter I have also in this set down the several Commands that produce one and the same Figure yet the Commands are distinct and several all which if the Officer please to endeavour the remembring of How that such and such Commands will produce such a Figure he may in the hottest disputes take the shortest Commands to expedite his motions having respect to his Ground for the execution of them 1. Files to the right double Command 1. Produceth one and the same Figure Files to the right double advancing Comm. 2. Files to the right and left double 1. Outward 2. Inward Comm. 3. and 4. Double your Ranks to the right and left 1. Outward advancing 2. Inward advancing Comm. 5. Double your Files to the right intire advancing Comm. 6. Double your Files to the right intire advancing every man placing himself before his Leader Comm. 7. Files double your depth to the right intire Comm. 8. Files double your depth to the right placing your selves behind your Bringers-up Comm. 9. Double your Files to the right and left by Division Com. 17. 2. Half Ranks of the left double your right flank to the right Com. 11. Produceth one and the same Figure Half Ranks double your right flank to the right and left outwards  3. Half Ranks double your right flank by turning off to the right Com. 11. Produceth one and the same Figure Pag. Command 16. Half Ranks to the right by countermarch double your left flank Com. 13. Left half flanks double your right flank to the right and left by countermarch 1. Outward 2. Inward Com. 14. Left half Ranks wheel and double your right flank to the right intire Com. 18. Left half Ranks wheel off to the right and left and double your right flank by Division Com. 20. Left half Ranks double your right flank intire advancing Com. 15. These Figures are much alike only the change of Ground Left half Ranks double intire the depth of your right flank Com. 16. A very good Figure is produced by the. Com. 17.  Wheeling Front and Reer into the right flank Com. 19. This being an accidental Front is the same Figure with the 5.10 and 15. Command for the strengthening of the proper Front by the doubling of Ranks CHAP. XII I Shall now treat of that which is called in a more particular manner Inversion and Conversion shewing you what is meant by them And the nature and use of those several Commands most in practice belonging to each of them 1. Inversion produceth a File or Files That is either by Files filing or Ranks filing 2. Conversion produceth a Rank or Ranks That is either By increase of File ranking by Even or Vneven Parts Of Ranks ranking to the Right or Left Of Ranks wheeling to the Right or Left Flank Observe That in the performance of most of these Works there must be either a double or twice double distance of Ground But it must be the Commanders care so to open his Ranks or Files at such distances as the quantity of Ground will give leave I shall not demonstrate the Commands in the same method as I have the Doublings for the strengthening of the Front but shall insist in that method already set down because I find the reception hereof to be somewhat of difficulty with some of our Rural Officers First Inversion of files or tiles filing in sequence Secondly Files filing by countermarch 1. Command Files file to the 1. Right 2. Left To perform this to the right Command The right hand file to march away single clear of the body then the File leader of the next File is to fall in after the bringer up of the first File and so all the rest until the whole Body become one single file To reduce this Command File leaders lead up you Files to to the left OR Files file six to the left 2. Command Files file to the Right or Left intire advancing To perform this to the right The right hand file stand the second from the right advanceth into the Front of the first the third into the Front of the second and the rest successively into the Front of each other until they may be made one direct file To reduce this Command Face all about to the right Files file six to the right into the Reer OR As they stand without facing Command File six to the right gathering towards the Front 3. Command Files file inward into the right Flank To perform this Command Half files face about then file leader and bringer up of the left flank advance forward and each file of the half files from the left are to fall successively into the Reer of each file until they have made one intire then face them to their leader To reduce them Command Reer half files face about to the left Front half files file three
to the left and the Reer half files file three to the right Face all to your leader and close your divisions 4. Command Files file to the right and left by Division To perform this Command The file leaders of each flank march away with your files until they are clear of the Body then the next file leaders from the right and left are to fall in after the bringers up of the first moveants until the Body become two files upon each wing To reduce them Command File leaders lead up your files to the right and left OR Files file six to the right and left 5. Command Files file inward into the right and left flank by Division Figure 5. You may the better understand this by the directions for the third Command But To perform this Command Half files face about then file leaders and bringers up of each file both from the right and left and fall successively into the reer of each other until they have made two intire files on each flank Face to your leader To reduce this Command Reer half files face about to the right Front and Reer half files file three to the right and left inwards Face to your leader and close your Divisions 6. Command Files by countermarch file to the right every man placing himself in the reer of the right hand file Figure 6. To perform this Command The right hand file stand the rest of the Body face about to the left then every particular file march forward to the left and place themselves behind the bringers up of the right hand file To reduce this Command Files file fix to the left each placeing themselves before their leader 7. Command Files by countermarch file to the right by division each placing himself before his leader and bringer up To perform this Command Reer half files face about the right hand file is to keep his ground the rest moving forwards to the right placing themselves before their File leaders and Bringers up To reduce this Command Front half file â—â—ce about and file three to the right every man placing himself before his bringer up And the Reer half files file three to the left placing your selves before your leaders I have with as much brevity as conveniently I could set forth by demonstration the first part of Inversion which is of Files filing I proceed to the second part of Inversion which is of Ranks siling For the performance of which observe that in all these motions your files are to be at their Order or otherwise as may be thought most convenient and their Ranks to be opened either forwards or backwards at the discretion of the Commander but at twice double distance or more as may be required to his number of men The distances being set let every rank move according to Command 8. Command Ranks file to the right placing your selves before your right hand man To perform this Command The right hand man of each rank is to stand the rest are to move forwards with their right leg and so place themselves before their right hand men 8. Figure Te reduce them Command Files rank twelve to the left OR Ranks as you were Observe Ranks filing are sooner executed in the commands and reducements than files filing For they will sooner be in readiness to receive any opposition with a suteable resistance in the Front for in files filing it will be some long time before the file leaders will be able to do it 9. Command Ranks file to the right placing your selves behind your right hand men To perform this Direct If they be upon a stand they may open backwards to their distance for the work as by example But if they be upon a march then the right hand man marcheth first and all his rank so facing as to march to the right file-wise after their leader The right hand man of the second rank is so to do and fall in the reer of the left hand man of the first Rank To reduce this Command Files rank twelve to the left OR Ranks as you were Aelian Tact. Ch. 30. p. 6. 10. Command Ranks file to the right and left by Division The two former are directions enough for this And may also be performed with the two former either before their right hand men or otherwise To reduce this Command Files convert into Ranks as you were OR Files Rank to the right and left inward as you were OR Files rank twelve to the right and left inward This Figure as by the Notes of Captain Bingham hath been of great use amongst the Graecians and judged by our ingenious Artists not to be slighted by us for the avoydance of the great Ordinance or showers of small shot In Cities I have seen it often used for lodging of the Colours It is also a large Interval for the reception of any Honourable Person Some may dislike in this last Inversion of Ranks filing because there is a promiscuous mixture of Arms This may be easily prevented by bringing both Divisions of Musquetteers into the Front of Pikes or otherwise upon a march at the discretion of the Commander There yet remain divers words of Command of Ranks filing Vide Conversion By wheeling your Ranks into the right Flank or into both Flanks c. But the prolixity of them have made me to abbreviate and being more out of curiosity than of necessity I have shewed what is meant by Inversion both in Files and Ranks and have demonstrated them by their Figures so many as I conceive may be sufficient for the knowledge thereof Many I have heard to use the word Inversion to some of the precedent Commands but I think it very convenient to be left out in the Exercisings of our Rural Militia's It is a word not suitable to a Rustick capacity and a word that may be spared CHAP. XIII Of Conversion and the several Parts thereof COnversion I have declared to consist of a Rank or Ranks And that is performed either by 1. Increase of Files ranking by Even or Vneven Parts 2. Increase or decrease of Files ranking by uneven Parts 3. Files ranking intire into the Front and wheeling into the same 4. Ranks ranking to the right or left 5. Wheeling into both Flanks And of these I shall declare unto you as briefly as I may that your delight in the true understanding of them may not be neglected by the least obscurity Now the reason that I have demonstrated most with Figures is that the young Souldier may see how many Commands produce one and the same Figure their difference being only in quality and not in quantity 1. I shall begin with Files ranking by even parts that is when they rank two three or four keeping the same number in Rank all being in an equal proportion and if more what is wanting to make up the Ranks in the Command must be made good by the next Rank 1. Command Files rank three to the right Observe
perform it outwards Command The first rank to stand the rest to face to the right and left outwards the second rank to advance clear of the first and then to move forth even with the Front in breast and all the rest successively do the same until they be all even with the Front in one intire rank To reduce this Ranks as you were OR The first 12 or 12 middlemost stand the rest face to the right and left inwards the second to move into the reer of the first rank the third into the reer of the second and successively the rest into the reer of the remainder and being faced to their Leader and even in their ranks they are reduced 2. To perform it Inwards Command Ranks rank inward into the Front To produce it the first rank to move to the right and left outwards and so to keep moving or opening then the second rank is to advance into the ground of the first and the second is then to move with the first to the right and left outwards then the third is to advance into the place of the second rank so all are to do until the last rank is advanced intire into the Front To reduce this The first six upon the right and left hand stand then Command Ranks rank six to the right and left outwards And close your Divisions Lastly the Conversion of Ranks by wheeling into the Flanks 14. Command Ranks wheel to the Right or Left into the right Flank To perform this Command Every particular rank to be at double Distance in rank and at close Order in file Then Wheel them to their right hand until they have brought their Faces or Aspects unto the right Flank After you may face them to the Front To reduce this Command Files rank twelve to the right The first man is to stand the rest is to move forward to the right successively twelve in rank But if you wheel them to the left hand into the right flank you must command them to face about and wheel your ranks to the left hand until their Faces or Aspects be brought to the right Flank 15. Command Ranks of your Front and Reer half files wheel outwards to your right Flank I shall put in execution but two Ranks one in the Front half files and the other of the Reer half files which is sufficient for Demonstration To perform this Command Ranks open all to your twice double distance then Front half files wheel to the right and Reer half files wheel to the left And face to your Leader To reduce them Command Front half files rank twelve to the right Reer half files rank twelve to the left Face to your Leader march up and close forwards to your due distance 16. Command Ranks of your Front and Reer half Files wheel inwards into your right Flank To perform this Command Front and Reer half files march clear to your twice double distance Front and Reer half files face about Front half files wheel your Ranks to the left and Reer half files wheel your Ranks to the right Face to your Leader To reduce this Command Front half files rank twelve to the left Reer half files face about and rank twelve to the right Face to your Leader and close your Divisions 17. Command Ranks rank to each Flank by wheeling to the right and left into the same by Division OR Ranks wheel to the right and left by Division into both Flanks advancing or placing themselves before their right and left hand men Observe they are to be at double distance in Rank and at Order in File Figure 17. To reduce them Command them to face to the Reer and wheel into their places OR Files rank twelve to the right and left inward into the Reer and close them to their order then face them to their Leader But if you would avoid mixture of Arms you may place all your Musquetteers either in Front and Reer Or else wheel only the Musquetteers first and leave the Pikes standing Or else it may be performed in marching and then the Reducement is Ranks as you were 18. Command Ranks of your Front and Reer half files wheel outwards to your right and left Flank by Division They are to observe the same distance as in the former To perform this Command Half files face about Ranks open to your double distance then Front and Reer half files wheel to the right and left outwards into both Flanks Figure 18. To reduce this Command Who being faced to their Leader Front half files face to the Reer rank twelve to the right and left inwards And Reer half files face about and rank twelve to the right and left inward Files close to the midst to your order Face to your Leader CHAP. XIV Of making File-Leaders successively both of Number and Place in a File and so for a whole Body The Sweedish Mode also AS I have stinted my self to a set Number of Files so I have also to a set Number in a File not exceeding six being according to our present Mode of Discipline for if I had gone to a various Number in Files and added two to each File my Figures had been more delightful to some Spectators others I hope will find enough in this to qualifie or make them fit to do their King and Country service c. And now the Souldery having marched sometimes together and so loving being Souldiers indeed by reason of such experiences as they have attained unto in the exercise of this Military Art that each Leader is willing his follower should take his place which is a great incouragement to an ingenious Souldier This ought not to be slighted because it is profitable to a Commander to bring what Ranks he pleaseth to lead in the Front and to exchange them again and at last to bring the proper File-Leaders into their places Besides the incouragement it hath in private exercises it makes men studious whereby they may be able to Command in their respective Files when they are become Leaders In the first place take these short Commands to produce them as followeth Command 1. A File-Leader 2. Rank two to the left and Files to the left double 3. Countermarch Front and Reer into the midst and face to that part which was the Reer 4. Face about to the right 5. Countermarch from the Reer into the midst and face to that which was the Reer 6. Files rank two to the right and Files to the right double This being performed they are reduc'd I shall demonstrate by Tables the succession of each man's Leading and give you some or several Words of Command according to my own and others severally that shall produce such Leader into his place as they shall stand in sequence and as they shall also stand in their respective Dignities The Front and standings of each File as they come to be Leaders according to various Commands A File       Â
             1 2 3 4 5 6. 6 5 4 3 2 1  6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 To make the If upon a single File Command 5 6 5 2 1 2  5 6 1 6 1 2 5 6 1 6 1 2 4 3 1 6 4 3  4 3 2 5 4 3 4 3 2 5 4 3 3 4 6 1 3 4  3 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 2 3 4  2 1 2 5 6 5  2 1 6 1 6 5 2 1 6 1 6 5  1 2 3 4 5 6  1 2 5 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6   6 5 4 3 2  1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 This I saw July 1671. Reducement File Leaders stand the rest pass through and place your selves before your Leaders Ranks to the right double and Files to the right double Ranks to the left double and Files double your depth to the left File-Leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place themselves before their Leaders Half double your Front to the right and Files to the right double Ranks to the left double and Files to the left double If more Files than one Command Reducement File rank to the left into the Front Rank file fix to the left File rank two to the right and Files to the right double Bringers-up double your Front to the left and double your Files to the right intire advancing Bringers-up double your Front to the right and double your Files to the left intire advancing Half double your Front to the right Files double your depth to the left File rank two to the left Files to the left double Reducement Bringer-up stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves behind your Bringer-up Rank two to the left and Files to the left double Half file double your Front to the right and Files double your depth to the right File rank six to the left then Rank file six to the left Front half file double your depth to the left File-Leader with the odd men from the Front face about to the right and interchange Ground   6 5 4 3 2   6 5 4 3 2  6 5 4 3 2 The front and standing of each file as they come to be leaders in their respective dignities Dignity             The dignity of a file  1 6 4 3 5 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1  6 5 4 3 2 1 1. a 5. e 4. d 3. c 6. f 2. b 1 2 6 5 5 6 2 4 5 6 6 5  2 4 5 6 6 5 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 1 2 3 4  1 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 4 1 3  3 1 3 4 1 3 2 1 5 6 6 5 4 2 6 5 5 6  4 2 6 5 5 6   5 6 3 4 4 2 5 6 2 1 4 2  5 6 2 1 4 2 Dignity  I much quastion the dignity of this how ever I have incerted it 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dignity 6 5 4 3 2 1  f e d c b a f e d c b a  Reducement Files rank two to the left files to the left double Bringer up double your Front to the left Files double your depth to the left every man falling behind his bringer up Half files double your Front to the right Files double to the left intire advancing Files rank two to the right Files to the left double Bringer up double your Front to the right and files double your depth to the right every man placing himself before his leader Front half files double the Reer to the left Files double to the left in tire advancing every man placing himself before his leader Half files double your Front to the left Files double to the right intire advancing every man placing himself before his leader Reducement Ranks to the left double files to the left double then half files double your Front to the right then Bringers up face about to the right and march forth into your places File leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your leaders Ranks to the right double Files to the right double Front and Reer half files interchange ground File leaders half file leaders stand the rest pass through to the left place your selves before your leaders Bringers up double your front to the right and files double your depth to the right  Reducement Rank two to the left and files to the left double then Front half files double your Reer to the left intire advancing every one placing himself behind his leader Face about into the right and Countermarch your Reer into the Front Ranks to the right double and Files to the right double Front half files double your Reer to the right intire advancing Bringers up double your Front to the right files to the right double advancing placing your selves before your leaders Countermarch front and Reer into the midst Front and Reer half files interchange ground    N. 6. N. 5. N. 4. N. 3. N. 2.  N. 6. N. 5. N 4. N. 3. N. 2.   N. 6. N. 5. N. 4. N. 3. N. 2.  CHAP. XV. Of Countermarches WE read in the Tacticks of Aelian of three kinds of Countermarches used amongst the Graecians and Persians And are termed the 1. Chorean 2. Lacedemonian 3. Macedonian Countermarches There is another Countermarch that is of use in our modern exercises and is termed the Bastard Countermarch and so called because it participates some times of one and some times of another but always of two and may in many respects be more useful than the former Most Authors place this amongst the other Countermarches therefore I shall not now alter it although in my opinion it may be very well ranked amongst the doublings I thought to have been large in demonstrating the several natures of Countermarches but being conceived of all motions in this art the least beneficial to our latest mode of discipline I shall not be tedious to your Patience But if the skilful Souldier will put them into practice especially the Bastard Countermarch he will not only find some of them serviceable but all delightful in private Exercises Observe the Chorean Lacedemonian Macedonian is 1. Maintaining 2. Losing 3. Gaining Ground First The maintaining of Ground is a Countermarch commanded without any addition to it and is termed the Chorean or Cretan Countermarch Secondly The losing ground is a Countermarch commanded when the Souldier is to take his ground from the Reer and this is termed the Lacedemonian Countermarch Thirdly The gaining of ground that is a Countermarch taking of ground next before the front and forsaking the ground it first stood upon and this is
termed a Macedonian Countermarch In all which there is Countermarchings of Files Ranks The Front The Reer half files Half Ranks And these may all be performed by intire or divisional Countermarches 1. The Countermarchings of Files is when every Souldier followeth his leader 2. The Countermarchings of Ranks is when every Souldier followeth his side man 3. The Front and Reer half Files Countermarchings is when the Souldier shall follow their File leaders or Bringers up 4. The Countermarchings of half Ranks is when the Souldier shall follow their outside men I shall in the first place shew how Intire and Divisional Countermarches are performed by files and Ranks 1. Observe That in the execution hereof your distance is to be at six foot in rank and file 2. When you are to Countermarch to the right the file leaders are to step forward with their right legs and face about to the right passing down to the Reer with their respective File following them keeping even a breast with their right handmen and to be sure not to turn before they be advanced to the ground of their File leaders 3. All Intire Countermarches of Files or ranks may be reduced by contrary Countermarches If the Command be to the right reduce them to the left And so for Contermarchings of the Front Reer or flanks into the midst reduce them back from the midst It shall be my endeavour to demonstrate how all Intire and divisional Countermarches shall lye under these three heads Of Mantaining Losing and Gaining of ground First of Countermarches maintaining Ground In the second precedent rule it will not be amiss to cast your eye back for your better direction by which you 'l be able to pass these Countermarches with greater delight and Order 1. Command Files to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand Countermarch To perform this Let the file leaders step forward with their right legs and march even in Rank to the Reer and none to turn off until he come to his File leaders Ground To reduce this Command Files to the left hand Countermarch 2. Command Ranks to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand Countermarch To perform this Face them to the Right and the right hand file is to turn off to the right and to march even to the Ground of the left hand file You may reduce this by Ranks Countermarching to the left 3. Command Countermarch your Front and Reer into the midst To perform this Command Half files face about and turn to off the left Front half files turn off to the right and face to your leader You may reduce this figure by doing the same over again Or else by any other divisional Countermarch 4. Command Front and Reer half files countermarch to the 1. Right or 2. Left You may reduce this Figure by doing the same over again OR By Countermarching Front and Reer into the midst 5. Command Countermarch your Front and Reer half files to right and left from the midst To perform this Command Front half files face about and turn off to the right and Reer half files turn off to your left then face to your leader To reduce this Command To Countermarch from the midst into the Front and Reer The three last figures by command are several but the figures are still one and the same in quantity but not in quality or motion as you may perceive c. 6. Command Countermarch your flanks into the midst To perform this Command them to face to the right and left outwards the right flank turn off to the right and left flank turn off to the left until they meet in the midst To reduce them Command Countermarch from the midst to the right and left into both flanks 7. Command Right and left half Ranks interchange your ground To perform this Face to the right and left inward and march all and interchange your ground This is of no great use except it be when the right or left flank hath fought that then the reserved flank may come into service also You may reduce them by interchanging of them back again OR Divisionally to Countermarch their flanks into the midst of the Battel Secondly Countermarches lofing ground 1. Command Files to the Right or Left hand Countermarch placing your selves before your bringers up To performe this Command The bringers up to face about to the right then the file leaders with the rest successively to turn off upon the same ground he stands And on the same hand the Command is given so to place themselves accordingly You may easily reduce them by any other Countermarch of files 2. Command The last Rank stand the rest pass through to the 1. Right or 2. Left placing your selves behind your bringers up To perform this As the last Rank is to stand and keep their first aspect let all the rest face about to the right and march all turning successively behind their bringers up To reduce them you may pass them through or else Countermarch by file into their places 3. Command Front and Reer half files Countermarch to the 1. Right or 2. Left From the midst every man placing himself before his leader and bringer up To perform this Command The first rank of the front half files to stand the rest to face about and turn off to the right half file leaders face about and turn off to the left and both to march clear of the Front and Reer following their half file leaders and bringers up of the front half files To reduce this by an other Countermarch 4. Command Ranks to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand Countermarch losing ground To perform this to the right As in maintaining ground upon their turning off the rest march into the same place or ground and turn off also as in figure 2. Now this of losing ground altereth only in this the outmost file is to face to the right about until he hath directly faced the left flank and so to gain so much ground upon the left flank as they have lost upon the right OR That they have placed themselves on the outside or before of their left hand men 5. Command Ranks to the right hand Countermarch each following his right hand man and place himself on the outside of his left hand man To perform this Command The left hand file to stand the out most file to the right turn about to the right as to make his aspect or face to the left then move forward until he be clear of the second file losing the ground he stood upon and gain it again on the outside of the left flank To reduce this figure may be done by a contrary Countermarch 6. Command The right and left hand file upon each flank face to the right and left outwards the rest pass through placing your selves before your outmost files Observe files become ranks by their faceing To performe this Command The right hand file to face to the right and the left hand file to
the left and then the rest of the body to turn their aspects accordingly place themseves before their right left hand men To reduce them Command them to Countermarch to the right and left into the midst of the Battel OR Command If they be faced to the proper Front The two inmost files to stand the rest pass through to the right and left inward and close their divisions 8. Command The two outmost files of each flank face to the right and left inward the rest pass through to the right and left and place yourselves behind your outside men To perform this Command The right and left hand file of each flank face inward and the rest of the Body are to face to the right and left outwards then all are to move forwards and to place themselves behind their right and left hand men Else the motion is the same as the former To reduce this Command The two innermost files face to the right and left outwards and the rest pass through to the right and left inwards placing themselves behind their right and left hand men Then face them to their leaders Now if it be the Commanders pleasure to reduce them by any other word of Command it may be done by the precedent words of Command or of the next following or of any other divisional Countermarch except interchanging of ground 8. Command The outmost file of each flank stand the rest pass through to the right and left and place your selves on the outside of your right and left hand men The ninth figure is the same as this if faced to their leader To perform this The outmost files of each flank stands the rest of the body faceth to the right and left outward and so passing forwards through the intervalls into each flank place themselves on the outside of their right and left hand men To reduce this may be performed by any of the foregoing Countermarches of ranks Or else being faced to any of the flanks then the Ranks become files and by divisional Countermarches of files you may reduce divisional Countermarches of Ranks OR By Ranks files only some facings must be observed For the proper Reducement Command The two inmost Ranks to stand the rest to face to the right and left inward and so march into their places 9. Command The right and lelft hand files upon each flank stand the rest pass through to the right and left and place your selves on the outside of your right and left hand men following your inmost files Observe in the performance of this the two inmost-files are to be first in motion But first Command The two outmost files of each flank to stand and the rest of the Body to face to their right and left outwards so moving away first from the midst until they have successively placed themselves on the outside of their right and left hand men you may close their files into the midst to open Order The reducement of the eight figure will reduce this also 10. Command Front and Reer half files Countermarch to the 1. Right or 2. Left hand interchanging ground To perform this Command Half files to face about and turn off to the right front half files doing the like move forwards until they be clear one of an other six foot then face to their leader if you please and close their divisions A Countermarch interchanging of ground will reduce them and then close c. 11. Command Front and Reer half files to the right hand interchange ground You may reduce this interchanging of ground as they were or by some other word of Command Thirdly Countermarches to gain ground 1. Command The file leaders stand the rest pass through to the 1. Right or 2. Left and place your selves before your leaders The Command is so plain that there needeth no directions Only if your command be to place your selves behind your leaders then the file leaders are to face about and the rest are to execute it as the former only in placing themselves they are to turn their aspect behind their leaders And then Commanding them to place themselves before their leaders will reduce them 2. Command File leaders face about to the right and stand Bringers up with the rest following them pass through to the right and place your selves behind your leaders Face to your leaders To reduce this you may do it by the same Command or by the first Command 3. Command File leaders stand and the rest pass through to the 1. Right or 2. Left placing your selves before your file leaders following your Bringers up This is the same with the second figure only in their work they are to keep their aspect to the Front And the reducement the same also 4. Command File leaders and half file leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place your selves before your file leaders and half file leaders You may reduce this by the same Countermarch or any other Divisional Countermarch 5. Command File-leaders and half file-leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place your selves behind your Leaders and half file-leaders following your Bringers-up The file-leaders and half file-leaders are only to face about to the right and to stand the motion is the same with the fourth Figure but in taking their places they are to face to the Reer The Reducement as the former 6. Command File-leaders and half file-leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and left and place your selves behind your Leaders and half file-leaders c. I need not demonstrate this it being the same with the fifth and sixth only in the motion they are to pass to the right and left outwards And is reduced as the former 7. Command File-leaders to face about the rest pass through to the right and place your selves behind your Leaders and Bringers up To perform this Command The first Rank is to face about and stand then the two last Ranks from the Reer i. e. the fourth and fifth Ranks are to face to the Reer and move all c. The former Directions upon any Divisional Countermarch will reduce this 8. Command The outmost File of the right face to the right the rest pass through to the Right or Left and place your selves Before or Behind your right hand men If your Command be behind your right hand men then the right hand file is but to face to the left I shall not trouble you with them conceiving them of no great use You may reduce these by a contrary Countermarch 9. Command The outmost File of the right hand stand and the right hand File of the left half Rank stand and the rest pass through and place your selves on the outside of your right hand men Face to your Leader The same is done on the left hand And if you place them before their left hand men then face them all to the right and so let them pass through observing the
fitting of the Souldier for field services and others at their pleasure what their fancy may guide them unto And thus I have passed over the Grounds of Discipline for the Foot I expect Censures by the Ingenuous I submit to a correction but for the Carper let him remain in his own mud he shall never be complemented to a cleared fountain by me CHAP. XVII Of making file leaders successively both in number and place in a file six in depth and so for a whole body THe Souldiers having passed thus many dayes exercise in these principles of Art Military and now each Souldier is loving to his Comrade every file leader to the rest of his file being willing that their files should successively demonstrate some experiences as they have attained unto in the exercise thereof which will prove a great incouragement to the Ingenious Also it is profitable to a Commander to bring what Ranks he pleaseth into the Front and to exchange them and to reduce them to their proper file leaders A File to be made file leaders successively according to Number or by commanding as followeth Commanding by the file leader 1 File leaders  Rank two to the left and file to the left double 2 2 Ranks to the left double and Files to the left double  Countermarch Front and reer into the midst and face to that part which was the Reer 3 1 3 Half files double your front to the right and files to the right double   Face about to the right 4 4 2 4 File leaders stand the rest pass through to the right and place themselves before their leaders     Countermarch from the Reer into the midst and and face to that which was the Reer 5 3 6 5 5 Ranks to the left double and Files double your depth to the left     Files Rank two to the right and file to the right double face them about and it will reduce them 6 6 1 1 6 6 Ranks to the right double and Files to the right double  To Reduce  5 5 6 3 5 1. File leaders stand the rest pass through and place your selves before your Leader           4 2 4 4            3 1 3               2 2                1  A File to be made file leaders successively according to their Dignity 1. File leader 1       The second man from the Front 5 2 Bringers up double your Front to the right and files double your depth to the right Bringer up to the Front half file 4 6 3 File leaders and half file leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your leaders 3. Half file leader 3 3 6 4 Front and Reer half files interchange your ground The second man from the Reer 6 1 2 5 5 Ranks to the right double files to the right double 2. Bringer up 2 5 4 1 4 6 File leaders stand the rest pass through to the left and place your selves before your leader   4 5 3 3 2 To reduce them    1 6 1 1 1. Ranks to the left double and files to the left double     2 2 3 2. Half files double your front to the right      6 4 3. Bringers up face about to the right and march forth into your places       5  CHAP. XVIII Of certain firings in the Front HAving passed over the grounds of this Art Military I am now come to the executive part of the Tacticks and shall not here exceed the exercise of a single Company shewing the Souldier the use of some few Firings that they may the better perform their respective duties when they shall be commanded thereunto None can positively say this or that figure shall be or serve this day time or place c. because of the diversity of formes occasioned by situation of ground he number of men the order of the Enemy with many other observable Stratagems for the obtaining both of Wind and Sun I shall therefore according to my allotment of twelve files demonstrate by figure some Firings which being well understood may enable such for higher preferment as time and place may fortune them unto By way of digression I am sure it is a trouble to most ingenious spirits to see some Gentlemen chosen Captains in the Militia that are but prisoners to their own reasons and instead of being experienced in this Art have been wholly Ignorant of the least part thereof It is no wonder then if his Majesty may lose his expectation of a well disciplined Militia and the Souldier in hazzard of his life and Country too How easily might this be remedied if our Commanding power would but authorize the Commission officers to meet once in a moneth to exercise each other by their respective turns c. where they may also discourse and consult about Military affairs and then for these private Commanders by their affable and heroick perswasions to get some of their souldiers as may be for their conveniencie to meet with their armes and to exercise them this would not only be delightful but profitable both for King and Country And on the contrary the neglect hereof and also of the full number of men and Armes in the Militia hath made it to be ill spoken of and so little feared especially by those of our own inbred Enemies to the Royal Government these things will be better looked into hereafter If they will not be drawn to love and to be obedient to Royal Prerogatives they must be made to dread it And I humbly conceive there is no better way to effect the former than by having a choice Militia of such whose spirits should account it a baseness to abuse the Country and make not their Musters pass times for debauchery and that their Companies be not only well disciplined but well Armed also I proceed to the drawing up of files again into a body and preparing them for skirmish A Company of Foot being thus drawn up for service and the Colours flying in the head of the Company and there they are to remain until all forlorne firings are ended But so soon as the Drumm shall beat his further preparatives for a close skirmish the Ensign is to furle his Colours and retreit to the half files of Pikes Observe That all firings are either direct or oblique and the manner how they are to be performed are either Advancing Receiving or Retreiting otherwhiles there may be firing in the Reer marching from the Enemy or in the flank marching by an Enemy and also at several places for an Enemy
and march clear of your Reer half Files Face them to their Leader and march them until their Reer be even in Front with their Pikes The two first Ranks of each Division face to the right and left and march them clear of their own Divisions face them to their Leader The four first Ranks of Pikes open to your open Order and double your Ranks to the right the two last Ranks of Pikes face about to the right and march clear of the Reer of Musquetteers Face to your Leader To reduce them Command The first Body of Pikes to double their Files to the left the two last Ranks of Pikes march and close your Divisions The two first Ranks of Musquetteers face in opposition and close your Divisions Then the Front Divisions of Musquetteers face to the right and left inwards and march even to the Front of Pikes then face them to their right and left and close their Divisions Face them to their Leader evening their Ranks and streightning of their Files they are reduced 4. Command Front half files march clear from your Musquetteers The Reer half files of Musquetteers face about to the right and march clear of your Pikes and face to your leader The Reducement The Front Division of Pikes face about to the right and march into your places the Reer Division of Musquetteers march up into your places 5. Command Wheel both your Flanks of Musquetteers into the Front both flanks of Musquetteers open to the right and left Front division of Pikes march clear of the Front of Musquetteers and open to the right and left until you are clear of the Angles of the Reer half files The two inmost files of Musquetteers march until you are clear of the Front of Pikes The next two inmost files of Musquetteers face in opposition march and close your divisions in the Front of the Reer division of Pikes face all to your leader To reduce this The four middle files of Musquetteers face to the right and left and march into your places The files of Musquetteers in the Front face about to the right march into your places Face them to their leader The Front half files of Pikes face in opposition and close your divisions facing them to the Reer and march them into their places then close the Front of Musquetteers as at first and wheel the Front into your flanks c. they are reduced The two next figures are almost one and the same and with but a little alteration in their Commands they may be either produced or reduced 6. Command Pikes stand The Reer half files of Musquetteers face about to the right Musquetteers march all until you are clear both of your Front and Reer of Pikes face in opposition and close your divisions The four inmost Ranks of Musquetteers march clear of the remainder both in Front and Reer The two last Ranks of Pikes stand the rest to the right and left by division march clear of the Musquetteers and wheel to the right and left outwards Directions for firing upon this or others I must leave to the ingenious wishing the unskilful to fire only as the Figure lyeth lest it may prove trouble to them to reduce The Reducement The two ranks upon the flanks wheel to the right and left inwards and march into your places Front and Reer Musquetteers face about to the right and march forth into your places provided they are faced to the Reer only then the Front Musquetteers are to face about Then Musquetteers face to the right and left outwards and march clear of the Pikes face in opposition and close your divisions and face all to their leader they are reduced It is but marching up of the two last ranks of Pikes into the Reer of the Front division of Musquetteers and the Musquetteers even to the Reer of the Pikes which produceth this next figure 7. Command Half files double your Front to the right the two outmost files of Musquetteers of each flank march ten paces direct and stand The two next files of Musquetteers of each flank march to the Reer of the first and the two next Ranks in the Reer of the second until they are clear of the Front of the battel And thus is this figure produced Or by Commanding The two outmost in each flank to stand the rest of the Body face about to the right and march and so leaving the two outmost files in the Reer of the first and the third in the Reer of the second and the remainder of the Body in the Reer of the third facing all to their proper Front To reduce them Command Musquetteers face about to the right and march into your places Then half files that doubled face about to the right and march forth into your places Or Even files from the left double your files to the left 8. Command Half files double your Front to the right intire then command the two outmost files of Musquetteers of each Flank to march until they are clear of the Front and stand the four inmost files march until they are clear of the Battels also and stand To reduce them Musquetteers face about to the right and march forth into your places Then half ranks of the right double the depth of your left flank intire 9. Command Pikes march clear of your body Pikes wheel your flanks into the Reer Musquetteers close to the right and left inward Half files of Musquetteers double your Front to the right The four innermost files of Musquetteers face about to the right march clear of the Reer even your Ranks and streighten your files both of Pikes and Musquetts Then the four innermost files both of Pikes and Musquetteers march ten paces direct Then Pikes and Musquetteers of each Flank face to the right and left and march ten paces facing them to their leader To reduce this Command The front division of Pikes and Musquetteers face about to the right and march even in breast with the Reer of Musquetteers of each flank Then face the division to the right and left inwards and close your divisions then Command the Musquetteers to open to the right and left from the midst and the Reer divisions of Musquetteers march into the intervails or into your places as you were Then Command the Pikes to wheel their flanks into the Front then open the divisions of Musquetteers to the right and left facing the Pikes about to the right and march into their places so facing of them to their Leader they are reduced I might have added more as the Plinthium Battel For which and more read Captain Bingham Chap. 42. pa. 55. as also Barrif Ward And Elton as I am informed has written at large but I never saw his works CHAP. XXII IT may be expected I should treat also of large Battalias or great numbers of men demonstrating of them likewise by their several Plat-forms But having my Number proportioned as you see by my several exercises
leader either upon the right or left hand CHAP. VI. Of Facings SOme have thought that Facings are but of little use so that a commander might dispence with the Exercise thereof There being a mistake in such I must declare That facings are very necessary and of such excellent use as in no wise to be neglected for in service their executions are quicker than other motions and may be performed when other commands cannot be used both for time and place The Body being faced or the faces of the Body is termed an aspect and being particularly turned by command maketh an accidental front which is called a facing So that in short facing is the turning and altering of the aspect to either hand Front or Reer as may appear in the several commands following In which we must understand that facings are either Intire or Divisional There are Angular facings also 1. Intire Facing is when the aspect of the company is directed one way There are four intire facings besides Angular Command Face to the 1. Right Each man is to turn upon that foot to which hand the facing is commanded wheeling the Body to that Aspect When you face to any hand you may reduce them to the contrary 2. Left 3. Right about 4. Left about To reduce them Command As you were or To your Leader Angular facings are when directed to make their Aspects to the right or left corner men that is to the right or left Angle And so if you command to the four corners it is to face them to their four Angles which is Divisional Command Face to the Right Left Angle To reduce them Command As you were or To your leader These Angular facings are not so much in use as formerly Divisional facings are contrary to the Intire for they look divers wayes Which are Command Face to the 1. Right and left 2. Right and left inward 3. Four Angles To reduce them As you were or To your leader It is necessary that the half files doe many of these commands by themselves that they may the better understand it when the body shall come to be subdivided For Angular facings they are out of use or not so much in use as formerly By most Authors facings are to be performed at open order both in Rank and File But it is also necessary to exercise the Souldier in these facings at close Order for if a Souldier should be assaulted in a straight or narrow passage that he hath neither time nor ground to receive it either by doublings Counter-marches or wheelings they stand at their Order or close Order may then by their particular facings defend themselves against any such assault and with wore ease so charge their Enemy by some of these facings than by any other motion Facings are not to be slighted but carefully to be observed and practised they are the ground-work of Military discipline for all motions have relation in one respect or another to them There are two facings square as followeth set down in their platformes See Barrife Ward c. because they are not only useful but may serve as demonstrations of the former Command The two first Ranks stand the two last Ranks face about the rest of the body face to the right and left and march all To reduce them Command 1. Face about to the right march and close your Divisions 2. Face to your leader who standeth at his proper front Figure 2. Command 1. Musquetteers face to the right and left 2. Half Files of Pikes face about to the right 3. March all To reduce them Command 1. Face all about to the right march and close your divisions 2. Face all to your Leader By this little you may perceive much of the Nature of Facings and how useful they are towards the making of the Souldier apt and perfect in other motions I shall proceed to the Nature of doublings with the several branches or parts of them CHAP. VII Of Doublings IT is allowed by the Judicious that they are most necessary and completely useful for the strengthening any part of the Battle as occasion and discretion shall command All which consist in these two Generals 1. Doublings of Length 2. Doublings of Depth All times in quantity of Number sometimes in Number and place The several sorts of doublings are as followeth 1. Of ranks 2. Of half files 3. Of bringers up 4. Of the reer 5. Of files 6. Of half ranks 1. The doubling of Ranks is when every Rank double the odd 2. Half Files are said to be doubled when they shall double their Ranks into the Front 3. Bringers up are said to be doubled when they shall double their Ranks into the Front 4. The doubling of the Reer is when the Front half file doubles the Reer 5. The doubling of files is when even files double the odd 6. The doubling of half ranks is when one rank shall double the other And that is performed by Passing through Countermarches Intire or divisional doublings The doubling of Ranks half files or bringers up into the Front is a doubling of quantity or number and not of place But the doubling of ranks intire or for to double the front by half files intire either to the right or left or by Division It makes not only a doubling in quantity and of place but lengthens the battle also The doubling of files and half files or half ranks or doubling to either flank is a doubling in quantity and not of place But the doubling of files and right half ranks intire and the depth of the left flank intire is not only a doubling of number but of place and depth of the battle Observe that all divisional doublings are to be at open Order both in Rank and File Observe that in all motions they must be performed in three steps and first by stepping forth of that foot which is next to the place named And for reducement to return by the contrary hand Observe that in doubling of Ranks the doubling of Files reduceth them so in the doubling of Files to any hand the doubling of Ranks to the contrary hand reduceth them also Observe that in all motions of doublings that they who are to double before they move from their places are to Advance and Poyse their Arms and when they have performed their Commands they are immediately to conform to the same posture that those whom they double are in whether it be at shoulder or advance Observe that all intire doublings are to be performed at Order both in Rank and File And in all motions observe your right hand man I shall not only give you the words of command for most particular doublings that may be useful for service with directions for the performance of the same with their reducements And as I have been importuned by some of the Deputy Lieutenants to add to them their several platforms or Figures it is accordingly performed But my chief aim is to demonstrate
motion And if you place them behind their right hand men then let the right hand men face about to the left and the rest pass through and fall behind them Figure 9. A Counter word of Command will reduce them c. There are many Countermarches that produce one and the same Figure provided you close your Divisions and face them to their proper Front only they differ in place First therefore you may briefly observe that in those Countermarches that Maintain their Ground the first second third fourth and fifth Commands then in losing of ground the first second third fourth fifth tenth and eleventh Commands and in gaining of Ground the first second third fourth fifth sixth and seventh do and will produce one and the same Figure Secondly Also for maintaining of Ground the sixth and seventh and in losing of Ground the sixth seventh and eighth and also in gaining of Ground the ninth Commands produce one and the same Figures Oserve For the Countermarchings of half Ranks see in the doublings of the Flanks thirteenth and fourteenth Commands they producing the same Figures as the eleventh and twelfth Figures by all which you will the better understand the one for the other Although Countermarches are of great Antiquity and used amongst the Graecians yet it is not much of use in our present Mode of Discipline Therefore to conclude though knowledge of them be no burthen yet to be exercised in the face of an Enemy may prove prejudicial and the best expert in this Art allow that they may be best spared of any motions whatever CHAP. XVI Of Wheelings I Am to treat of Wheelings and the several uses of them as to the strengthening of the Front Reer and both Flanks Before you enter upon them take these four Observations 1. That you close your Ranks and Files to your Order 3. Foot 2. That in all your Wheelings you keep a due distance to your Leader 3. That in all Commands for Wheelings such moderation is to be used in their motions that they on the contrary flank be not forced by running to disorder themselves 4. That your Arms be at such Postures as may be equivalent to each other This is If the Musquets be poysed the Pikes are to be advanced which are the Postures best to be used in these Motions There are two sorts of Wheelings First Angular Wheelings Secondly Wheelings on the midst or Center I shall not use the word Center for it is more proper to a Circular body than to a square These in their Motions or Actions are termed either Intire or Divisional 1. Intire Wheelings are for the gaining of ground upon the Enemy or to fight him with your best men as occasion serveth turning the first Aspect wholly to the Command given 2. Divisional Wheelings being performed extend the Battle either in length or depth And may for the most part of them be called Doublings I have in the exercise of Doublings demonstrated some of them by Figures and shall not recite them here again but quote them by their several numbers of Commands First I shall begin with Angular Wheelings And they so called because the corner man to which the Aspect is commanded is the main hinge of the motion Observe the Wheelings to the right and to the left To the right and left about are termed Angular And for the Wheelings to the right and left and to the right and left about on the same Ground are Wheelings on the midst of the Front all which are Intire the other Divisional Center 1. Command Wheel your Body all or your Battle to the 1. Right Intire Angular Wheelings or 2. Left This Wheeling moves the main Body from the Ground whereon it first stood and placeth it on the right Flank causing the Aspects of the proper Front to be upon the same Observe that the right hand man is to move to the right hand with a very small Motion and every man else to remember that the farther off he is from the Right Angle the swifter must his motion be To reduce them Wheel to the left But this will not transfer them to the same Ground But to reduce them to their first Aspect on the same Ground you must face them all to the right then wheel them to the left and facing them to the left it is compleâ—ted 2. Command Wheel your Body all or your Battle to the 1. Right or 2. Left about This turneth the Aspect towards the Reer Now by reason the motion is twice as much as the former there ought to be the greater care had in the performance of it observing so much the motion of the right hand man that they fail not of being even in Rank with him To reduce them to their first Ground face to the right wheel to the left about then face them to the left Although to the left about may reduce them but not on the same Ground You may observe that Wheelings are the most facil for their Reducements as for Example Wheel your Flanks into the Front is reduced by wheeling your Flanks into the Reer OR To wheel your Front and Reer into both Flanks is reduced by Wheeling both Flanks into your Front and Reer c. Secondly I proceed to Wheelings on the midst or Center of the Front which are Intire and Divisional and are quicker in their motions and performed on less Ground 1. Command Wheel your battle to the 1. Right 2. Left on the same ground Intire This is termed Grove Van Nawsaw's Wheeling But it is a wonder to me why our Antient and Modern Writers call these Commands Wheelings on the same Ground when I am sure there will be ground lost in the motion from the first they stood upon In a direct square this may be better performed and less loss of Ground To perform this Command The left Flank advance forward still wheeling to the right and the right flank contrarywise facing to the left and keep falling backwards even in Reer with the left half ranks and so still moving unto the place commanded face all to the right flank You may wheel to the left also To reduce this Wheel your Battle to the left on the same Ground 2. Command Wheel your Body to the 1. Right or 2. Left about on the same Ground The direction to the former will serve for the performance of this only the motion is double as much and their faces are turned from the first Front toward the Reer To reduce this wheel your Battle to the left about on the same Ground Divisional Wheelings Bingham 2. part Tactic pag. 92. 3. Command Wheel to the right and left from the Front OR Wheel off your Front by Division Or if you will not go so far then wheel your Front into the Flanks by Division This wheeling your Front into the Flanks by Division produceth the same Figure with Figure â— If upon occasion Musquetteers be on the Front of the Pikes by
may at one and the same time charge either in the Front or Reer in Front and Reer also in Front Reer and Flank and of these I shall demonstrate some that I at first learnt and some amongst others that are most convenient to be learnt Now that the Souldier might be expert in his firings against the Enemy let him be often exercised with firings only in the pan falling off and on as shall be Commanded All which being well performed by the Musquetteers is a full accomplishment of what hath been before taught him by which the Commander shall be credited and the Souldier preferred to his merit Of firing by forlorne files 1. That which is to be used in our modern exercise is two manner of wayes the two outmost files of each flank of Musquetteers to march with two Serjeants so far as shall be commanded and there to stand and the foremost ranks are to give fire and to fall into the Reer of themselves either by wheeling off to the right or to the right and left Then let the remaining do the like and fall into their places Those that have fired are to fall off on the inside of the Musquetteers between them and the Pikes and as they are thus trooping back after firing to their places the rest are in like manner to move away and fire and fall in next the Pikes 2. Accordingly as you draw out two files so you may draw out more files to the number of Musquetteers and so to fire and fall into the Reer of themselves and places c. 3. You may move them all clear of the Pikes and let them open from the midst leaving sufficient Intervals for their wheelings in the Reer of themselves and then to place themselves even with their Pikes the second having fired as before place themselves in the Reer of the first division c. 4. Advance the two outmost files by the Serjeants who are to lead them to the place for execution as by order received Commanding 1. Files to rank inward to present and give fire all together 2. You may rank inward two Files or more and fire as before And having fired are to wheel off to the right and left by their respective file leaders placing themselves next the Pikes I proceed to a second way of firing and that is by Ranks First By advancing before the Front Secondly firing even with the Front Thirdly firing even with the half files Advancing before the Front may be performed by advancing of single ranks and so firing in the Front or by advancing of both flanks into the Front before the Pikes and so to fire by single ranks Which is performed by Commanding Demyhearse 5. Pikes stand Musquetteers move forward and place your selves before in the Front of your Pikes and close your Divisions I mention nothing to tye up the hand of the ingenious to any stinted form whose ablities may command his figures at pleasure Observe that when the forlorn files or Ranks march out they are to give fire as upon a retreit that is to stand and fire and wheel off that their followers may do the like unless the Enemy give ground And when the two last ranks were presented the next two ranks must be ready to march forward being fixed to present and give fire also Thus having fired in the Front by one single Rank or more they are by wheeling off to place themselves in the Reer of their own divisions before the Pikes the rest doing the like until they have all fired round A second way of firing by this figure shall be a reducement to it First The Frontiers having performed their firing are to wheel off by division until they come down so low as to be even to the first ranks of Pikes and so to rank even a breast All the Musquetteers are so to do successively and flank themselves even with the Pikes 6. Ranks advancing from the Front of a standing Battalia A Serjeant from each Flank leading up the two formost Ranks according to order the first Rank is to give fire wheel off and place themselves in the Reer of their own divisions the second in order is to execute the same with speed being not above three foot distance from the first being ready with his Musquett palm'd his Cock bent and Muzzel mounted so to Present and give fire and so to wheel off and place themselves as their Leaders had done before them 7. Ranks firing even with the Front The first Rank having fired and wheeled off placing themselves in the Reer of their Divisions the next ranks are to move forwards at three motions into their places making good their leaders ground and there to present and give fire wheeling off and placing themselves as by the former directions By the way you must observe if the body be upon a march the Pikes must be shouldered and when they come to charge they are to close forward at their close order It is presupposed ere one firing or two be performed or past over the bodies are almost close Then the Pikes are to be at their Port and at length to be at their absolute Charge and push home and being so near they may do great execution with their Musquets firing upon the half files of Pikes as if they were even with the Front Which brings me to 8. Ranks firing even with the half files When the Pikes are charging then the musquetteers may perform this who are to advance no further than the half files of Pikes and there you may either fire one Rank or more at the discretion of the Commander and as soon as every Rank hath fired successively they are to wheel off and place themselves in the Reer of their own leaders When the firing is ended and each Souldier in his proper place the Musquetteers marching up even in breast with the Front of Pikes they are reduced But in this firing the Musquetteers are to make good their leaders ground except it be upon a retreit then they are to fire upon the same ground and to wheel off that their followers may doe the like unless the Enemy give ground Horn. Bat. 9. Command Pikes stand Musquetteers march until the bringers up rank even with the Front You may in this as with some of the former fire two Ranks ten paces advanced before the Front and so whel off and place themselves in the Reer of their own files OR Secondly let the first Rank of Musquetteers present and give fire and wheel off to the right and left placing themselves in the Reer of their own files then the second Rank firing are to advance into their leaders place firing and wheeling off in the same manner and so they are all successively to do the like Then Thirdly when they have all given fire let them begin again and the file leaders having fired they are to wheel off to the right and left flank themselves even with the Pikes the second Rank
than for publick Service 5. Command Give fire to the right and place your selves even in Front with the Pikes marching up between the midst of the Pikes Observe in the performance hereof the Pikes as they march are to open to the right and left and the fired Musquetteers are to be lead up according to Command To reduce this Command 1. Pikes to face inwards 2. Musquetteers face to the right and left outwards 3. Pass all through and interchange Ground 4. Face to your Leader 6. Command Musquetteers give fire to the right placing your selves on the outside of the left Flank of Pikes If you will reduce this without any firing you may Command the right half Ranks to pass through your Ranks of Pikes The Ingenious may find many ways for the Reducement Or when all the Musquetteers are on the left flank you may fire them over again and they are reduced 7. Command Musquetteers give fire to the right and to the Reer placing your selves between the Pikes and your own Divisions Having placed your left flank of Musquetteers in the Reer A useful firing then Command The outmost file upon the right flank are to face to the right and the last rank of Musquetteers in the Reer are to face about and both are to present and give fire together and having fired the outermost file upon the right hand faceth to the left and marcheth after their Leader in the interval between the Musquets and the Pikes They are to march a reasonable pace and the rank fired in the Reer is to wheel to the right placing it self in the Reer of Pikes c. This is easily reduced by commanding the Musquetteers to draw off into the left flank again Observe that flank that is farthest from the Enemy ought to be drawn into the Reer 8. Command Musquetteers give fire to both Flanks marching and place your selves between the Pikes and your own Divisions To perform this the outermost file of each flank presents outward 9. Command The Body standing Advance your Pikes Musquetteers and Pikes face to the right and left Musquetteers present and give fire to both flanks and flank your Pikes The outermost file upon the right and left flank presents and fires wheeling off by Division ranking or flanking the Pikes as they stand faced leaving such a distance as the rest may securely follow them every rank is to fire upon the same Ground and wheel off by Division after the same manner From this Figure as they will stand after firing there may be produced a great many brave Figures but now I must leave them to the skilful Artist To reduce this Command The Musquetteers to march all until they are clear of the Pikes then face them to the right and left inwards and close their Divisions and face them to their Leader 10. Command Because it may easily be produced from the precedent Figure it shall be from the first Figure of firing in the Front and Reer Chap. 19. the Body being faced to the right and left will be a firing to both Flanks 11. Command Shall be a firing to right Flank and to the Front and Reer Left half Ranks double your right Flank by Division You may face the Divisions any way which you intend for their firing After firing they are to wheel off into their own Divisions every Rank moving into his Leaders Ground To reduce them face them to their proper Front then Command half Ranks that doubled face to the left and so march into your places See the doubling of Flanks Figure 17. CHAP. XXI Of several Divisional Firings I Might here make mention of a great many Figures for firings some serviceable and others not but all left to the judicious for censure and to make use of the best yet none useless for delight or Garden Exercises The Figures cannot be perfect because I am tied to the exercise but of twelve Files four of them Pikes and eight Musquetteers it being a Number that our Western Commanders can make use of and no more yet any who may be capable to perform them will be able to invent others and command the production of such like in geater Numbers and with better delight 1. Command The two outmost Files upon each Flank stand the two inmost half Ranks of the Reer face about to the right the two inmost half Ranks both of Front and Reer march until you are clear of the Body of Pikes then half Files rank to the right and left inwards by wheeling into the Front For the Pikes open them to the right and left from the midst then Command the right and left hand File of Pikes to stand the Reer half Files of the remainder face about to the right then both half Files rank to the right and left inward into the Front and Reer This Figure in great Bodies must be performed otherways and may be very serviceable against the Horse the Pikes may advance into the Front of Musquetteers to secure them against the Horses fury if occasion shall serve After their first firing and wheeling off to the right and left in the Reer of their own Divisions then when the Pikes are defending them from the Horse let them fire over the Pikes This being done pass through the Musquetteers before the several Fronts of Pikes as they were before any firing To reduce them Command Face the Front and Reer to the right and left inwards The Front and Reer Ranks of Pikes file to the right and left inwards the right and left hand files of Pikes close to the right and left inwards and close all to the midst Then Command the Front and Reer Ranks of Musquetteers file to the right and left inward face in opposition and march into your places closing the whole Body to their close Order and open them again to their Order Evening of their Ranks and streightning of their Files they are reduced 2. Command and Direction Musquetteers open six foot to the right and left Front half Files of the right Flank of Musquetteers Advance intire into the Front of Pikes The Reer Division of the left Flank of Musquetteers face about to the right and double intire the Reer of the Pikes The Front Division of Musquetteers of the left face about to the right and march even in breast with the Reer half Files of Pikes The Front half Files of Pikes face to the right and left outwards and march until you are clear c. Face them to their Leader To reduce them The Front Division of Musquetteers face to the right and march into your places Reer Division of Musquetteers face to the left and march forth into your places Front half Files of Pikes face in opposition and close your Divisions The left flank of Musquetteers advance even with the Front of Pikes Musquetteers close to the right and left inward and face them to their Leader And they are reduced 3. Command Front half Files face to the right and left
than 60 degrees for experience hath taught us that such a one will suffice 10. A Right Angle for the Bulwork is the best but to gain it you must not omit or cut away too much of the second flanque 11. The Angle of the Flanque and Courtine C A K Fig. 6 must alwaies be a right Angle For so as well the Courtine as the Face will be more largly flanqued and defended and consequently more sure and commodious and the Angle of the Face and Flanque will be bigger and therefore stronger 12. Let the Gorge or neck-line A C F H be large Fig. 6 least the Bulwork be straitned 13. Let the quantity of the Bulwork be such as may receive a sufficient number of armed Men and yield room enough for the traversing Guns and performing other Military duties The Bulwork is chiefly straitned for these reasons if you lessen the Face and keep the same Angle for the Bulwork and consequently increase the Flanques Or if you retain the same Flanques and increase the Angle of the Bulwork 14. At length that I may contract the Rules above-mentioned and many others into one that form of a Fortification will be the best that hath the largest Flanques in the Bulwork and Courtine the Gorge Lines very spacious the Angle of the Bulwork a Right Angle or near a right Angle and the Fichant Line at most not to exceed a Musquet-shot That this form may be had in Regular Figures the proportion of the Courtine Face Flanque and Neck will be as follows 15. Let not the Face be less than half the Courtine nor bigger than the whole 16. The Flancque must not be less than a fourth part of the Face nor bigger than half the Face 17. The Gorge Line must not be less than the Flanque In these three Dogen and Goldman agree The reason of them you may see in the Account of the Fifth Chapter CHAP. IV. Being an Explanation of the foregoing Maxims ALL the reason and proportion of our Fortification will rely on the Rules delivered in the last Chapter Therefore 't will be here necessary more fully to declare them especially those which sometimes all Ingineers did not approve of The first second and third want no exposition About the 4th and 5th although now no body disagree yet there was a time when men did doubt them Some Military Architects those chiefly that flourisht in the former Age did order such a distance for the Bastions that the Fichant Line or the longest Line of defence should not a little exceed a Musquet shot The Reason they brought was that the place might better be defended with great Guns than with Musquets And therefore because great Guns cannot be so well level'd against an Enemy that 's near they required a greater distance for their Bulworks and so the charge would be the less the Town being defended with fewer Bulworks But this way by all modern Ingineers is neglected who with one consent remove the Bulworks to such a distance that the Fichant Line might be measur'd with a Musquet-shot What reason our former Architects brought for their opinion is plainly none at all For both by Reason and Experience 't is evident Towns may be better defended with Musquets than with Cannons for the use of great Guns is very costly slow difficult the execution they do very rare and uncertain so that 't is become a Proverb He is curst in his Mothers belly that 's kil'd with a Cannon bullet And if a great Gun should be made useless by being dismounted or by the death of the Gunner or some other mischance all the Flanquing defence is lost to the great incouragement of the Besiegers On the contrary the use of Musquets is not costly but easie ready quick and sure For who will deny that an Enemy may not better be beat off with a thousand small Shot than one great Gun A thing so clear needs no more arguments Therefore let stand what we have appointed the Fichant line to be measured by a Musquet-shot Nor do we exclude the use of great Guns from our defence for in this modern way of Fortification they may and ought to be admitted usefully We only perswade that the chief of the defence may rather be committed to Musquets than to Cannons What we ordered in the 6th and 7th Rules is the chiefest concern in the whole business of Fortification The Faces of the Bulworks because they lye farther out than any of the other parts are the weakest parts of the Fortification The Flanque and Courtine are the strongest for they lie farther from the Enemy and being near to one another stoutly defend themselves Since then the Face is a place weaker than the rest and which the Enemy most usually attaques we ought with our chiefest care to help it Fig. 7 There are two sorts of Bulworks In the first the Face G V C produced falls upon the end of the Courtine F for which reason the Face G C can only be defended from the Flanque of the Bulwork Fig. 5 In the second form of Bulwork the Face G F produced does not fall upon the end of the Courtine but in another point of it X so that it leaves out a part of the Courtine X B which is called the Flanque of the Courtine from which the Face may be as well defended and scowred as from the Flanque of the Bulwork B C. The first they follow that would have the Angle of the Bulwork a right Angle in all Figures above a Pentagon The latter the Dutch first receiv'd and made use of who judged it best for their advantage to add to their defence second Flanques in the Courtine though with the loss of a right Angle even in a Duodekagon Neither is there any doubt but this method is far better than the former since it doth not only sufficiently provide for the Angle of the Bulwork which it never makes less than 60 degrees but also increases the defence of the Faces often to twice as much as the former The Reason of the 8th Rule which bids the Courtine be of a just length is that among all the parts of the Fortification the Courtine is the strongest For it lies distant from the Enemy farther than any other of the parts and placed betwixt two Bulworks is very strongly defended Now 't is very agreeable to reason that the strongest parts of the Fortification should be longer than the weaker Yet do not extend the Courtine so far as to make the Fichant line above Musquet-shot for that is against the 5th Rule The fittest proportion will be if with Dogen or Fritach you give it 432 feet or with Goldman 480 feet The 9th and 10th Cannon treats of the Angle of the Bulwork where a right Angle is preferr'd before any other provided it do not too much obstruct the rest of the Rules For the better understanding the Reason of this Rule you must note that right and obtuse Angles do resist the
Cannon shot with their whole bodies but an Acute one doth not with all his body Fig. 7 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Let there be a right angled Bulwork F O B Q P and another Acute angled M L H D B. Now suppose the Bullets to fall in B O the Face of the right angled Bulwork F O B Q P from the Guns planted in R by perpendicular strait-lines R B R S. Therefore because the two strait Lines R B B Q. are both perpendicular to B O by supposition in the same point B they will make one strait Line R B Q. by the 14. l. 1. Euclide From whence it is manifest that the side of a right angled Bulwork B Q objects its whole self against the perpendicular shot R B and so consequently a right-angled Bulwork doth with his whole bulk oppose and resist all the perpendicular shots R S. The same thing may be demonstrated by stronger reason in an obtuse Angle Fig. 6 But in an Acute Angle M L H DB the perpendicular shots S H S Q being continued on or protracted in a little space falls within the Bulwork and so it appears the Bulwork doth not object its whole body against the shot From whence you may gather that an Acute Angle is weaker than either a Right or obtuse Angle These things being known 't is plainly manifest why a right Angle should be prefer'd before an acute Angle that is if it can be had without prejudice to the rest of the Maxims And why it should rather be chosen than an obtuse one These are the Reasons The first is that keeping the same Hancques Q P O F Fig. 7 and the same Gorge Lines P E F E the Bulwork will be very much straitned which is against the 13th Rule and the Angle of the shoulders P Q B made so much the less The other and chiefest reason is that the obtuser the Angle is the lesser will be the Flanque of the Courtine or else all lost Therefore a Right Angle or one near a Right Angle must be given to the Bulwork as oft as may be but so that one clause in the Rule be not neglected which forbids you to spoil the second Flanque for the desire of a right Angle And because in a Hexagon and the figures following to a Duodekagon a Right Angle in the Bulwork will cut off the second Flanque in the Courtine we judge it better with most of the famous Engineers of this Age to detract something from the Angle of the Bulwork keeping notwithstanding a due strength for him than to want the Flanque in the Courtine to the prejudice of our defence which will be so much lessened Barleduc and others followed the contrary but most people now a dayes being taught by Experience the School-mistriss of all things have forsaken them The reason and sense of the rest of the Rules is so plain that they need no farther Explanation CHAP. V. The constitution of Regular Fortifications THe Definitions and Principles of the Science being now expounded we will come to the thing it self That the Constitution of a Fortification may be found Fig. 6 some things ought to be given Those things here are said to be given which we take at our discretion so that none depend on or prejudice one another Now from these Data once order'd the proportion of the rest of the parts follows sure and determin'd according to the Reason of the things given Therefore 't will be the part of a skilful Ingineer to choose those Data which may best agree with the Rules establish't in the third and fourth Chapters and make the parts agree which depend on them Furthermore because these Data may be varied without any prejudice to our Maxims of Fortification the Constitution also of Fortification will be various I shall choose and propose six of the best and most approved The proportion of the Lines will serve for any form the quantity for the Royal only The First Manner Is Goldmans Let the Face be half the Courtine in what Figure soever  Feet  The Courtine 480.  The Face 240.  The Flancque in A4 Ang. in A5 Ang. 60. That is ¼ of the Face 80. That is ⅓ of the Face In the rest of the Figures up to a nine-angled Polygon 10 feet are alwaies added to the flanque till in a Nonangle the Flanque becomes 120 feet that is 1 ◠the face which quantity is retain'd for the flanque in all the following figures The Angle of the Bulwork is made of half the Angle of the Figure increas'd with 15 degrees Therefore it will be    Degr.   4  60.   5  69.   6  75.   7  79. 17′9″ or in decimals 79 286 In a 8 angled figure 82. 30. or 82.5 in decimals  9  85.   10  87.   11  88. 38′ 11″ or 88. 63.64 in decimals  12  90. or a right Angle which is retain'd in all figures following From these Data or things given the proportion of the rest of the lines will arise which the following Table shews you  Radius Capital Gorge Flanque 2. Fichant IV 494.5.5.8 172.6.9.9 109.7.0.6 256.0.7 7 722.2.2.2 V 595.2.9.3 197.9.1.1 109.9.0.2 254.0.8.7 724.1.5.7 VI 713.4.8.6 209.9.7.6 116.7.5.3 262.7.2.1 724.9.0.9 VII 833.8.5.8 222.0.5.6 121.7.9.3 262.0.1.1 726.2.5.4 VIII 955.6.6.1 233.9.6.4 125.7.1.3 256.9.4.2 728.0.7.4 IX 1078.5.0.8 245.6.2.8 128.8.7.0 249.4.8.2 730.3.1.7 X 1212.6.0.7 246.5.9.2 134.7.1.7 258.9.8.8 729.6.3.3 XI 1347.0.8.3 247.5.4.3 139.5.2.1 266.3.2.1 729.0.3.5 XII 1481.8.8.6 248.4.6.0 143.5.4.0 272.1.5.4 728.5.1.5 In this Table the figures before the separating line are Rhynland feet the rest are 10ths 100ths 1000ths parts of a foot c. In this first manner of Fortification there are four things given besides the species of the Figure Viz. The Courtine the Face Flanque and Angle of the Bulwork who themselves agree with our Rules and also the rest of the Lines which follow from them as the Gorge second Flanque and the flanquing and fichant lines of defence which you will find to be true if by the help of the Trigonometrie you calculate the quantities of each of the parts out of the Data or things given of which we shall speak in the following Chapter I shall here only mention two things That is the second Flanque in this way will be larger than in any other so as to exceed half the Courtine And the Gorge line be alwayes above a 100 feet The Second Manner Is Dogens The face is 24 perches or 288 Rhynland feet The Courtine 36 perches Therefore the proportion of the Courtine to the face is sesquialter or as 3 to 2. which is observ'd in all the following methods The Angle forming the flanque is 40 degrees always The Angle of the Bulwork is ½ the Angle of the figure increas'd with 15 degr as in the first manner Goldman Marolois and Fritach agree in the Angle of the
Bulwork Note that the Perch we speak of contains 12 Rhynland feet The Third Manner Is Dogens second It differs from the second in the last datum only for it makes the Angle of the Bulwork equal to two thirds of the Angle of the figure therefore 't will be    degr   4  60   5  72  In a 6 Angle 80   7  85. 42′ 51″ or 85.71428 in Decimals which will serve in all that follow  8  90.   Rad. Capital Gorge Flanque 1. Flanque 2. Fichant IV. 38. 50 19. 73 9. 23 7. 74 7. 10 60. 80 V. 49. 05 20. 40 10. 83 9. 09 8. 03 61. 10 VI. 60. 00 21. 10 12. 00 10. 07 8. 33 61. 34 VII 70. 80 21. 75 12. 9 10. 83 8. 41 61. 54 VIII 82. 66 22. 32 13. 63 11. 44 8. 39 61. 72 IX 93. 08 23. 15 13. 83 11. 61 11. 10 61. 74 X. 103. 62 23. 83. 14. 62 11. 76 12. 91 61. 70 XI 114. 26 24. 40 14. 19 11. 91 14. 19 61. 68 XII 124. 97 24. 88 14. 34 12. 04 15. 15 61. 66 The numbers in this Table before the points are perches of Rhynland that contain 12 feet the rest are 10ths 100ths of a perch The Fourth Manner Is Dogens third Fritachs first Let the Courtine be 36 perches The face 24 perches The Angle of the Bulwork 1 ◠the Angle of the Figure increased with 20 degr    Perches   4  6.72   5  7.84   6  8.96  The Flanque in a 7 Angle is 9.108   8  10.12   9  11.132   10  12. 144 which is kept in all the following Fig. The Fifth Manner Is Fritach's second Let the Courtine be 36 perches The Face 24. The Angle of the Bulwork half the Angle of the Figure increased with 15 degr as in the first manner and the second    Perches  4  8.96  5  9.108 The Flanque in a 6 Angle is 10.12  7  11.132  8  12.144 the same always in the following Fig. Out of these Data the proportion of the rest of the parts that follows which the Table underneath will shew you  Rad. Capital Gorge Flanque 2. Fichant IV. 38.14 20.01 8.97 6.14 little exceeding 60 Rods or Perches V. 48.08 21.03 10.26 10.51 VI. 58.19 22.15 11.08 11.86 VII 68.47 23.31 11.71 12.03 VIII 78.60 24.48 12.16 11.67 IX 90.31 24.64 12.89 12.95 X. 101.84 24.66 13.47 13.90 XI 113.38 24.76 13.95 14.63 XII 124.77 24.85 14.29 15.22 The numbers before the points are perches the rest are 10ths 100ths of a perch The Sixth Manner Is Dogen's Fourth Let the Courtine be 36 perches The face 24. The Angle forming the Flanque always 40 degr The Angle of the Bulwork as in the fourth manner Therefore it will be     degr  4  65.   5  75.   6  80.  In a 7 Angle 84. 17.9  8  87. 30  9  90. And so always after All these several ways of Fortification agree with the Canons delivered in the 3d. and 4th Chapters The Fourth seems least in use so I gather out of Fritach pag. 15. The Fifth is more used The Second and Third are much alike Betwixt these viz. the second and third and the fourth the Sixth is a mean which according to Dogen is to be prefer'd before them The First goes beyond all the rest for the largeness of the second Flanque and comes short of all the rest in the first Flanque the neck the faces and in the Angle of the Bulwork Whence it is consequent he should have his Bulworks less than any of the rest His Courtine is larger than the others by 48 feet This seems to be less in use than any of the other The Data or things given in the second and fifth differ about the Flanque which in the fifth is bigger For which reason it hath its Gorge line and second Flanque lesser The third and fourth in their Data's differ about the Angle of the Bulwork and the Flanque The Flanque in the fourth is lesser the Angle of the Bulwork is bigger except in a Hexagon Where c. But all these wayes are approved let every one take that which pleases him best And so have we order'd the constitution of each way in Fortification But by what Art the quantities of the rest of the Angles and Lines depending on the things given are found out of each of the things given that is by what method the Tables above were made we must seek for in the following Rules How to find the Angles 1. The Angle of the Center of any Regular Figure is had Fig. 6. if you divide 360 degr by the number of its Angles See the Scholium of the 16 Propos of the fourth of Euclid set out by me The Angle of the  IV V VI  VII  VIII IX X  XI  XII Center 90. 72. 60. 51 43′ 38″ 45. 40. 36. 32 43′ 38″ 30. Figure 90. 108. 120. 128. 34′ 17″ 135. 140. 144. 147 16′ 22″ 150. 2. The Angle of the Figure or of the Circumference is found if you substract the Angle of the Center from the right Angles that is 180 degrees For the Angle of the Center P together with the Angles P E F P F E makes two right ones 32. 1. but these are half the Angle of the Figure and so joyn'd together make up the whole Angle of the Figure Therefore the Angle of the Center with the Angle of the Figure makes two right ones Therefore c. 3. The Angle of the Bulwork is found after this manner By the foregoing Rule find the Angle of the Figure and add to its half 15 degr 4. The Angle G K A or C K A will be discover'd if you deduct half the Angle of the Bulwork from half the Angle of the Figure For because G H E F are parallel the Angle E G Q is equal to P E F and G K A equal to C G Q. Therefore c. 5. The Angle A C K is had by substracting the Angle last found C K A from 90 degr For since C A K is a right Angle A C K C K A must make another right Angle 6. The Angle G T H will be found after this manner Double the Angle C K A which substract from 180 degr the remainder is the Angle I T K or G T H. For the Angles C K A D I B are equal by construction therefore C K A doubled is equal to them both Now these two Angles being known in the Triangle I T K the third also will be known Euclid 32. 1. and the Angle I T K is proved equal to G T H by the 15. 1. 7. The Angle A C G is discovered if you substract A C K from 180 degr
Lines 87 S V do represent the width of the Ditch or Moat that washes the Bulwork which you must always understand when there shall any mention be made of the width of the Ditch CHAP. VIII Wherein are determined the Orthographical dimensions or the Profiles of Fortifications and first those of the Rampar and Brestwork rais'd upon the Rampar THe sole and main business of the delineation hitherto expounded was truly to constitute or form the Rampars circumference compleated with Faces Flanque and Courtine which indeed is the fundamental principal work of all Martial Structures But now to prescribe the dimensions of the Rampar it self and the rest of its parts as to their height and thickness is the business of Orthography Every Fortification consists almost of these parts viz. Rampar Brestwork Fauss bray Ditch or Moat the Couvert way and an out-Brestwork Yet if the Ditch be dry the Fauss-bray both may and is wont to be omitted In this Chapter we shall speak of the dimensions of the Rampar and Brestwork The Spartans in former times would not defend their City with Walls and Ditches and King Agesilaus showing his armed citizens to one that asked why Sparta wanted Walls said that those were the Walls of Sparta This was plainly a foolish and empty ostentation of strength relying on no sound councel but only rashness which the experience of all nations hath condemn'd and which the Spartans had almost found fatal to themselves in the Theban War But leaving this wee 'l come to the purpose I. For the Stuff or matter to make the Rampar The Rampar must not be made of wood nor stone but Earth this is every where at hand and ready to come by and is easily heaped up to such a thickness that the Rampar may be Cannon Proof besides Earth by its yielding and giving way does sooner master and break the force of the Shot Yet I do not prefer a bare Earthen Rampar before one cased with stone of which I shall speak hereafter II. The Height of the Rampar There is hardly any thing so destructive to a Fortification as a high Rampar This errour hath been committed in most of the ancient Fortifications especially those of the most famous cities in Europe for these high Rampars flatter the sight and make a show of Strength where there is none when indeed they spoyl the whole defence and betray the Town to the Enemy and least so great mischief might be had gratis the Treasury must be also drain'd to obtain it The fault of high Rampars consists chiefly in this that they shelter the enemy when he draws near them from the Shot of the Townsmen This to its own great loss Breda hath taught us when it was last besieged by the Hollanders Prince Maurice had fortified this Town with great care and expence so that it might seem to be reckon'd one of the compleatest Fortifications of Europe but the height of the Rampar flattering his sight as I said deceived him The Inhabitants of Breda being afterwards besieged by Frederick Mauritius his Brother were not able from their high Rampar with all their Cannon to remove the enemy approaching nearer unto them nor his Blinds stealing by degrees upon them whence they were forced to cut holes in several places of their high Rampar that was rais'd at such great charges and pull it down and level it to make a place for lower Batteries from whence they might surer hit and break the fatal Blinds of the Enemy But these high Rampars cannot be so mended but they 'l be marr'd worse in another point for while they are cut in many places the binding together and joynting of the work is loosned so that 't will easily fall if batter'd with the Enemies Cannon But a Rampar that rises to an indifferent height hath not this deadly inconvenience Fig. 9. as is manifest in it self nay and Musquet Shot doth more Execution from a low Station than from a high one For let there be two heights A B the bigger A C the lesser and let the Line D E at the height of a man stand perpendicular upon the Horizon Now it is clear the line or Shot which is directed from C to E shall fall beyond that line or Shot which shall be directed from B to E and intercepts a larger space on the Earth D F whereas the other from B passing through E intercepts only the space D G Therefore more ground may be scowred from a low place than from a higher But perhaps those that are the Patrons of high Rampars will say they cannot be so easily climb'd and that the Enemies approaches may better be discovered from them I answer the inconvenience now alledged must prevail for an ordinary height will sufficiently hinder the ascent of the Enemy and for discovering his approaches you may raise Cavalliers in the Bulworks III. The Height is determin'd Therefore let not the height of the Rampar exceed 18 Rhynland feet nor be less then 10 feet for this would expose the City to the Enemies Shot the other suffices more would make you fall into the error spoken of before in the second number Engineers by reason of the several magnitudes of Fortifications prescribe several heights but meerly by guess In IV. V. VI. VII VIII c. The height of the Rampar feet 12. 14. 15. 16. 18 If Hills should hangover the Town you must not for that reason raise your Rampar above 18 feet but raise Cavalliers in your Bulworks or praeoccupate those higher places with Outworks IV. The Talu of the Rampar or Line forming the Sloape The Rampar must be so built that both without and within it may be sloaping for a body of Earth cannot like a Wall rise to a perpendicle Fig. 8. The inward Talu A B must be always equal to the height B L that upon any sudden occasion the Souldiers might easily run up to their Rampar The outward Talu E F is most commonly half the height and it would be requisite to make it less if the Earth be firm If the ground be very loose it may be made equal to two thirds of the height but if the outward Talu be too big it gives the Enemy an easie ascent as appear'd in the memorable taking of the Fort of Schenkin V. The upper thickness of the Rampar Fig. 8. The upper thickness of the Rampar L 3 must not be only such is may bear the force of Cannon but ought to be so big that after its Brestwork is set on whose lower thickness must be 24 feet else not Cannon Proof together with the step or Banquet D 4 three feet broad yet it may also have remaining a plain or walk called in French Terreplein 4 L large enough for the traversing great Guns Therefore 't will be most an end 51 or 57 Rhynland feet a thickness much exceeding this will be superfluous and for no other use than draining the Exchequer And here also your Engineers for the
See the Construction in Dogen pag. 160 161. If they are built before the Courtine let their sides be rather parallel and perpendicular on the Courtine If they cover the whole Courtine as some will have it and as we have express'd in the Figure their defence will be from the faces of those Bulworks that the Courtine lyes betwixt If it does not cover the whole Courtine as others will have it the defence of the sides will be the greater to wit both from the faces of the Bulworks and from part of the Courtine Betwixt the Horn-work and the Courtine there is commonly rais'd a Raveline nay before the work it self betwixt each of its Horns a Raveline or rather an Half-moon may be built To conclude you will add a great deal of strength to this work if you make some Retrenchments But of that afterwards III. Its Delineation 1. Let there be drawn two parallels E I F K for the sides of the Horn-work from the Out-brestwork towards the field at such a distance that if they were produced towards the main Work they might fall in a strait Line with the flanques of the Bulworks or if you desire a less breadth for the Horn-work let them fall within the flanques on the Courtine it self But the ends of these sides must not be above Musquet-shot from the Rampar wherefore they must not run beyond the Rampar above sixty Rhynland Perches Yet these sixty Rhynland Perches use to be counted from the Out-brestwork that so the approaches of the Enemy might be the more infested Joyn E F on which make the Angles F E G E F H twenty five degrees each then bisect one of these F E G with the right Line E L meeting with F H in C then from E G cut off E D equal to F C so will F C E D be the faces of the half Bulworks 3. From the point D and C draw D A and C B equal and parallel to E I and F K for the flanques of the Horns and joyn the Courtine A B the proportion of the flanques D A and C B to the faces will be almost the same as uses to be in Regular Fortifications Also after this manner following the Capital and Gorge lines the Flanques and Courtine will be with more ease determin'd For ⅓ of E F gives the Capitals E N and F M also ⅓ of M N or E F gives the Gorge lines N A M B and there remains for the Courtine A B also ⅓ the right Lines M E N F will determine the length of the Flanques rais'd from A and B and so also the faces E D F C will be found These things being done a Horn-work is delineated such as uses to be stretched before the Courtines in a Regular Fortification the delineation of the rest will be performed almost by the like method having alwayes a respect to the place Note That here is a twofold Practice in building Horn-works 1. That the Courtine might be determin'd by the Faces 2. The faces by the Courtine IV. Its use If Ravelins Half-moons and Horn-works are built about a fortified place the Fortification is accounted most compleat and perfect whose use consists most in this 1. They keep off the Enemy far from the Fortification 2. They are taken with a great deal of difficulty for they are defended from the Courtine from the Bulworks and from the adjacent Works and some Lines from the Out-brestwork it self 3. Being taken and possess'd they can hardly be kept because they lye open towards the Fortification 4. Horn-works are most destructive to the approaches of the Enemy and under their shelter the besieg'd may work counter as occasion shall offer c. PROP. IV. Of the Tonges in French Tenailes I. Their Definition and Kinds THey are Out-works that differ from Horn-works almost only in this that instead of two half Bulworks they have only an external Angle and this sort is called the single one It it called the double one when it hath two outward Angles with one Inward The twelfth Figure shews the single one the thirteenth the double one Now this outward Angle is that which is without the Figure and whose sides incline inwards The inward is that which is within the Figure with its sides running outward II. Their Place The same as that of the Horn-works Yet it will hardly be expedient to lay them before Bulworks by reason of their weakness Of which Num. 4. III. Its Delineation Fig. 12. You must describe a single one after this manner Draw the sides A C B D after the same manner as in the delineation of Horn-works which is already prescrib'd unless these are wont to be shorter viz. than forty or fifty Perches 2. Joyn C D which bisect in F and from F let fall the perpendicular F E equal to ¼ of C D and joyn C E and D E so have you the simple external Angle Fig. 13. Draw the double one after this manner Having drawn the sides A C B D as above joyn C D which being bisected in G from G raise the perpendicular G E equal to ¼ of C D and joyn C E and D E. 2. Produce E G to F till G F be the half of G E and the right Lines C E D E being bisected in K and H joyn F K and F H so will A C K F H D B be the double Tonges or double external Angle IV. Its strength and use They are much inferiour to the Horn-works insomuch that they seem only then to be made use of when some suddain occasion urges Moreover the defect of these Tonges and of all external Angles is this that about its very Angle it affords the Enemy a certain Quadrangular space within which he need not be expos'd to the shot of the Defendants this space is determin'd if the outward sloaping surface of the Brestwork be conceiv'd to be produc'd till it cut the field its capacity is almost equal to twenty three Rhynland Perches which will be easily computed Since then this sort of building is so much against the first Laws of Architecture 't will be almost necessary to raise a Raveline before it The Double Tonges since they have a double external Angle K and H will likewise double the defect already spoken of wherefore they are less used PROP. V. Of the Crown-work I. Its Definition THat work is called a Crown-work that hath on both sides two half Bulworks Fig. 14. and in the middle one or more whole ones Therefore it is the part of some Regular Fortification and seems to have this name given it because it doth as it were incompass part of the Fortification II. Its Place Is the same as that of Horn-works though the Crown-work can cover more of the Fortification than the Horn-work and sometimes they are drawn about Horn-works Their chiefest use is to inclose neighbouring places that might insest the Town as Hills c. and so prevent the Enemy III.
in this motion the File leader is first to move unto that hand the Command is given And if six deep the half file leader is to advance the same way To reduce this Command Ranks file or invert to the right Then every File-leader lead up his File and rank to the right OR As you were 2. The uneven parts of Files ranking is when there is such an increase either of two three or more in each Rank so exceeding the Rank before it and these exceedings are termed in Arithmetick A Progressional Increase Or else by the decrease of each Rank following after 2. Command Files rank three first then by increase to the right two in each Division of Musquetteers and Pikes These are termed half Rombes or Wedges For Exercise sake you may make a Wedge or half Rombe of all twelve by 3. Command Files rank first two and by increase two from the whole Body You may alter the mixture of Armes at your discretion 4. Command is in the nature of a Rombe Files rank first two and by increase and decrease two in each Rank Divisionally both of Musquetteers and Pikes The reducement of these three last Commands is Ranks file as you were These Rombes and half Rombes or Wedges were much of use in the Graecian Wars Read the Tact. of Aelian pag. 108. But being not now so much in use I shall not spend much time in them but leave the desirous to the view of Captain Ward 5. Command Files rank to the Right or Left into the Front 6. Command Files rank to the Right or Left by wheeling into the Front I shall demonstrate both in this by Wheeling only observe there must be so much distance between each file as will contain each in rank To perform them Command Files open to the left to your double distance Ranks close forward to your close Order face to the right wheel all to the left until the whole Body be brought into one intire Rank 5. 6. Figure To reduce this Command Face to the Reer then the first six to the right wheel to the right When all have wheeled by sixes to the right then face them to their Leader and close their Files at discretion 7. Command Files rank into the Front and Reer by Division To perform this Command Files open to the left to your order Ranks close forward to your close order Half files face about to the right and face to the left then move all into the Front and Reer and make two intire Ranks When the distance is set Observe that those in motion are to face to the right flank To reduce this Command Front half files face about to the left reer half files face about to the right then wheel all into their respective Files then face them to their Leader and close their files at discretion Here might be inserted for variety and curiosity some more words of Command of Conversion of files ranking into the midst by Countermarches and by Wheelings But by what is demonstrated already you 'l find enough in them and I must look to be censured by some for what is done and conceiving the remainder to be useless I shall omit them to avoid a further censure and proceed to the Conversion of Ranks ranking in equal Parts 1. Conversion of Ranks ranking in equal Parts Observe that in Ranks ranking you may perform it with any number more or less as place and occasion may serve containing in every Rank an equality in Number And it is to be understood after this manner When there is twelve more or less marching a breast and by reason of some narrowness of passage or some other intent the Commander causeth his Souldiers to rank either two three five or seven c. according to the place or occasion 8. Command Ranks rank two to the right To perform this Command The two first in Rank to the right advance forwards the next two of the same Rank in the Reer of them until the first Rank have made six Ranks and in all 36 Ranks To reduce this Command Ranks rank twelve to the left Observe that the first rank stands the rest are to advance two and two until the whole rank of twelve be complete in one rank 9. Command Rank two to the right and left 1. Outward then 2. Inward To perform this outward Command The two outmost men upon the right and left hand advance forwards the next in the same Rank are to follow dividing themselves two to the right hand and two to the left hand so when the Work is finished there will be eighteen Ranks in each Division To reduce this Ranks as you were OR Rank twelve to the right and left inward 2. To perform it Inward Ranks rank two to the right and left inwards Command The two inmost men of the right and left hand in the midst of the Battail advance forwards the next in the same Rank are to follow two from the right hand and two from the left until the Work be finished making eighteen Ranks To reduce this Command Ranks as you were OR Ranks twelve to the right and left outwards I shall demonstrate one Figure of Ranks ranking in unequal parts which is rather to satisfie the curious than of any absolute necessity Vnequal Parts 10. Command Ranks rank 1 3 5 7 9 11. by increase and decrease as they stand in a Body To perform this The right hand man of the first rank march forth then the three next of the same rank follow in the reer of him then five more out of the same rank to make the third and what is wanting in the first rank of the Body to make good the fourth in Figure must be taken out of the second in body and so to proceed in the remainder both for its increase and decrease until your Command be produced To reduce this Command Right hand men rank twelve as you were 11. Command Ranks rank intire to the Right or Left into the Front To perform this Let the first rank stand every rank else face to the right and move away to the right successively placing themselves on the right hand of each rank until they all stand in one intire rank in the Front Figure 11. To reduce this Command Ranks rank as you were OR Ranks rank twelve to the left the second falls into the reer of the first the third into the reer of the second and so all successively until they be reduced 12. Command Ranks rank intire into the Front every man placing himself on the outside of his Right or Left hand man by Countermarch To perform this to the right hand man The first rank stands the rest moves away to the right on the outside of the right hand man The precedent reducement will reduce this OR Ranks rank twelve to the left each placing himself on the outside of his left hand man 13. Command Ranks rank 1. Outward 2. Inward into the Front 1. To