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rest_n	face_n	file_n	rank_n	3,985	5	11.5138	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A20992	The art of warre, or Militarie discourses of leavying, marching, encamping; and embattailing an armie. Of building, defending, and expugning forts and fortified cities. Of ordinance, petards, and fireworks. Of the severall duties of officers, and souldiers. Of the Grecian, and Romane militia, and forming of battaillons; &c. By the Lord of Praissac. Englished by I.C.; Discours militaires. English	Du Praissac, Sieur.; Cruso, John, d. 1681.	1639 (1639)	STC 7366; ESTC S122251	80,136	227

C. The subject of the book The subject of this book is the Art of Warre which hath two parts Preparation and action Preparation there must be of men money instruments and victuall The action is performed in the field or in fortresses That which is performed in the field considereth the marching encamping and embattailing of the armie And that of fortresses considereth their fabrick guard expugning defence and releef The generall heads have their particular dependences being the common practices which are daily observed as the examples the figures and the chapters following do shew A table of the chapters Chap. 1 HOw a Prince is to prepare himself to make warre to raise an armie and the manner of marching pag. 1 Chap. 2 Of encamping the armie pag. 15 Chap. 3 Of embattailing the armie pag. 26 Chap. 4 Of the building of forts pag. 31 Chap. 5 Of the defence of fortresses pag. 48 Chap. 6 Of the taking of fortresses by petard or any other surprise or by treacherie pag. 50 Chap. 7 How to besiege and expugne cities pag. 61 Chap. 8 Of taking fortresses by famine pag. 82 Chap. 9 Of the defence of fortresses against the petard and other surprises and treacheries pag. 85 Chap. 10 Of the defence of fortresses against sieges pag. 91 Chap. 11 Of the defence of fortresses against famine pag. 102 Chap. 12 Of releeving places besieged pag. 103 Chap. 13 Of Artillerie the foundings mixtures an● measures of ordinance pag. 104 Chap. 14 Of the offices of militarie men pag. 12● Chap. 15 Of fireworks pag. 150 Chap. 16 Of the militia of the Grecians pag. 158 Chap. 17 Of the Roman militia pag. 185 Chap. 18 Of the forming of battaillons pag. 196 How a Prince is to prepare himself to make warre to raise an armie and the manner of marching CHAP. I. A Prince being resolved to make warre be it offensive or defensive ought to make such provision of men instruments money and victuall as he shall know to be necessary for his enterprise In making his provision of men he is to choose such as are fit for counsell for command and for souldierie For his counsels such whose age prudence experience and study renders capable of such imployments For commanders in his armies he is to choose men of authoritie respect prudence experience and good fortune Each of them having made such proof of their courage sufficiencie and good successe in their severall charges as it be apparently known to all men chiefly choosing such as are born courageous and are habituated in all the exercises of warre as to handle all sorts of armes to know all manner of militarie motions to form all sorts of battaillons to range armies in battalia to make them march encamp embattaile to erect fortifications to assault places of strength and to defend them to make the trenches and place the batteries briefly that they know all the functions of warre For souldiers whether they be Infanterie or Cavallrie they ought to be elected such as are strong stout and of fitting yeares giving them such armes as are most fitting for them and disciplining them For the politick part that they be sober and continent in their sustenance abstemious from play and women modest in their speeches apparell and all other actions Concerning the militarie part they are to be instructed in the use and exercise of the sword musket and pike and to be taught how to encamp entrench and make their huts how to keep themselves in order and to be expert in all motions requisite for the forming and ready dividing of such forms as shall be desired To this end the Captains Lieutenants and Ensignes ought to be very carefull to instruct and discipline their souldiers The militarie discipline for the foot is this The musketiers ought to be exact in the use of their musket and rest together to shoulder properly to make ready and present all after one and the same manner whether it be upon entring into the guard to passe a muster or to go to the charge To give fire either by themselves by files by ranks or in a volly The pikes to shoulder asloap and levell advance trail charge to front and rear And both pikes and muskets how to wear their swords how to keep their ranks and files to take their distances both for muster and fight To use their motions to the right left and rear To double open close and to reduce both files and ranks to countermarch and wheel A. A calliver shouldred The French continued the calliver longer then other nations B. A calliber firing C. A musketier shouldred D. A musketier firing E. A pike ordered F. Advanced G. Shouldred levell H. Sloaped I. Charged K. Trailed L. Charged at foot M. Charged to the rear A B C D E F G H I K L M Concerning the horse they ought to be instructed how to manage their horses and armes Their horses to the right and left to advance stop retreat Their armes how properly to put on and wear their defensive ones and to make good use of the offensive as how to charge and present their carbines and pistols and to finde out the unarmed parts with their swords A troop of horse being to be mustered marcheth three in rank but to be embattailed it ought to be so disposed that for every three in rank there be one in file so that a troop of 108 horse shall have 18 files and 6 ranks The distance of ranks ought to be both for the length of the horse as for the spaces between them of six a Paces here are to be understood steps and not geometricall paces of 5 foot paces and of files one pace To make one grosse of many battaillons the troops ought to be ordered into so many ranks as the flank of the battaillon shall be intended to contain horses and then to draw up the troops flank to flank The provision of instruments of warre is principally of armes and horses Of armes both offensive and defensive Of offensive as Artillerie muskets carbines pistols pikes halberts partisans half-pikes Of defensive as head-pieces casques gorgets cuirasses pouldrons vanbraces corslets taces targets c. And of draught horses in abundance for the train of the Artillerie munitions and victuall The provision of money is to be made by a gathering of it together long before hand in the most abundant measure that may be by the preserving of it diligently without imploying of it upon vain and unprofitable things and by distributing of it where it shall be found necessarie and in needfull things not to be niggardly The provision of victuall consisteth in the collection and duration of it the conservation and distribution Having made all these preparations and filled the magazines there must be choice made of some citie there to make the staple of amunition to put the train of Artillerie in equippage and there to take the muster of the armie as well of the Infanterie and Cavallrie as

such as used flying weapons The pikes bore a target or a corslet and greves a pike from 20 to 24 foot long and a sword The strongest of them covered themselves with a Macedonian target of brasse being foure foot in diameter All the pikes were called heavie armed They which used flying weapons which were called the light armed carried wicker targets bows darts and slings The heavie armed souldiers were thus disposed of 16 men made a file the first man being the file-leader commanded the whole file the eighth man was the bringet-up of the front-half-file the ninth man was the half-file-leader and the sixteenth man was the bringer-up of the file The whole file was divided into foure equall parts the first souldier of every fourth part was called Enomotarcba and had command over the other three A file File-leader ☉ First Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘   ∘ Second Enomotarch   ∘   ∘ Bringer-up of the ½ file ∘ Half-file-leader ○ Third Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘   ∘ Fourth Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘ Bringer-up of the file ○ A companie had 16 files which made 256 men The officers of a companie were a Captain A. two Centurions B. foure Tetrarchs C. eight Dilochites D. 16 file-leaders I E. 16 bringers-up of the front-half-files H. 16 half-file-leaders G. and 16 bringers-up of the files F. Besides these they had an Ensigne a Sergeant a Trumpet a Rear-commander and a Cryer The figure of a companie The dutie of the officers was to instruct their souldiers in all the militarie motions these motions were to stand right in ranks and files to face to the right left and rear to double files and ranks to perform their countermarches and wheelings To render this more intelligible I will describe each of them apart First the companie is drawn up into a body as hath been shewed before then the ranks and files are made straight and even and they take their distances E. F. is the first file E. I. is the first rank There be three kindes of distances one for exercise which is for every souldier foure cubits of ground which is six foot The second to be ready for battaile expecting an enemie which is two cubits three foot that so the pikes may face every way The third for combat which is one cubit that being so serried they may the more strongly charge the enemie or sustain his charge The figure following sheweth in what order the souldiers ought to be to perform their motions and how they are to reduce themselves when they are commanded as they were This figure is represented in all the following battaillons by these marks o ∘ the white ones signifie the file-leaders or the front of the battaillon in the first standing before the command given and the black ones the ordinarie souldiers The small pricks shew the way by which every souldier moved the figures of men shew in what form the battaillon standeth after the motion according to the command given them and the cypher figures placed in the ranks and files shew which are to stand and which to move or which are leaders and which are followers The standing of souldiers which have made even their ranks and files attending the word of command to perform the exercise To cause all the battaillon to face to the right every souldier must turn his face to the place where his right hand was A battaillon faced to the right hand To cause all the battaillon to face to the left every souldier must turn his face to the place where his left hand was A battaillon faced to the left hand To cause the battaillon to face to the rear every souldier must turn his face by the right hand untill it be where his back was A battaillon faced to the rear To double files or ranks is to put two into one Doubling of files is called doubling the flanks or doubling the depth doubling of ranks is called doubling the front Files are doubled after three wayes either in inplacing the one within the other which is called doubling of files sidewayes In this doubling the even numbers of files mix themselves within the odde numbers and the file-leaders which are to move place themselves behinde them which are to stand fast and every souldier behinde his right hand man A battaillon which hath doubled their files side-wayes Files are also doubled when one is placed before the other which is called doubling of files advancing when the odde numbers place themselves before the even numbers as the following figure sheweth A battaillon which hath doubled files advancing Files are also doubled when the left flank or half ranks of the battaillon stands fast and the right flank advanceth untill it be before the other then causing it to face to the left and to march untill they stand right before them then to reduce their facing Ranks are also doubled by three wayes either by mixing them one within the other which is called doubling by ranks and here the even numbers of ranks place themselves within the odde numbers A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by ranks Ranks are also doubled by causing the half files to advance untill the half-file leaders come up to the front of the battaillon A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by the half files Ranks are also doubled when the battaillon divides it self at the half files or rear division The rear division again divideth it self into two equall parts at their half ranks the one part to the right the other to the left and each of these parts advanceth untill the half-file-leaders stand even with the front of the battaillon A battaillon which hath doubled ranks on the flanks Countermarching is when every souldier turning his face to the rear doth also change his place so to exchange the souldiers of the one part of the battaillon to another part It is performed by files and ranks and each of these is done three wayes the Macedonian Laconian and Persian or Cretan The countermarch by files is to turn the face to the rear and so to bring the file-leaders again to be foremost The Macedonian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders face to the rear and stand fast then all the rest of each file passe through and stand behinde their own leaders by which means the battaillon leaves before it for the field of combat the ground where it self stood as appeareth by the figure following A battaillon which hath performed the Macedonian countermarch The Laconian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders facing to the rear cause all the rest of their file to follow after them and lead them to another ground leaving that ground behinde them where they formerly stood or rather the bringers-up face about and every man of the file placeth himself before his bringer-up in their due places untill the file-leader come up to the front A battaillon which hath performed the Laconian countermarch The Persian or Cretan

equall such as the fortification of one face is such are all the rest But if it be irregular which is when the sides be unequall as all cities are which are repaired the fortification on all parts must be disagreeing But what forme soever it hath you must observe the rules following as much as may be and labour to make it equally strong on all sides Rules of Fortification That the angles or points of the Bullworks which are called angles flanked be made as great and blunt as may be for the more obtuse the flanked angles be the better and the angles flanking are the more sharp A. B. C. The angle flanked B. C. D. The angle flanking That the shoulders of the Bullworks be made massie enough to resist the violence of the enemie and to hinder him from ruining the flanks which they cover and long enough to cover in sight at least half of the flank of the casemat when you behold it from the point of the counterscarp of the opposite Bullwork The casemat must have of breadth the moytie of the thicknesse of the shoulder and the plain of it of 2 foot high above the plain of the drie moat or of the surface of the water The line of the thicknesse of the shoulder and of the breadth of the casemat is called the line of the flank and the longer it is the better provided that it bring no discommoditie to the other parts F. G. The thicknesse of the shoulder F. E The breadth of the casemat E G The line of the flank That every face of a fortresse must have two flanks that so it may defend it self both on the front and on the sides and the one by the other O. Is the center of the Bullwork O.P. A face of the fort H. Is one flank I. Is the other flank That the lines of defence be not so long that they be without the reach of your shot nor so short that the enemie being lodged on the counterscarp be able with his musket shot to beat yours out of your casemats I. B. and H. D. are the lines of defence That the Bullworks be large and hollow capable of divers retrenchements that there may be formed large flanks and that they may contain good store of souldiers for the hollow room is the place appointed to fight in and to bear retrenchements O. and P. represent the places of the Bullworks The sallie-ports ought to be placed between the shoulders of the Bullworks and the casemats F. The sally-port A. B. H.B. I.D. and D.G. the faces of the Bullworks That the faces of the Bullworks and the curtains be sunk within the moat to the upper line and that upon this line there be a parapet of 8 foot height and a Three foot for the thicknesse of the parapet is surely farre too little Maroloys and others say 20 foot And the Authour himself sayes from 15 to 20 foot in the words following 3 foot thicknesse Then let the way for the rounds be 2 fathom broad therein being comprehended the 2 foot-banks of the parapet aswell of the Bullworks as the curtains S. The upper line or superficies T. The parapet of the curtain V. The way for the rounds X. The foot-banks That the rampart of the Bullworks be 15 foot high on the plain of the citie and that of the curtain twenty five without reckoning the parapet briefly that it be so high as it may keep the houses from being battered and ruined L●t their parapets be from 15 to 20 foot thick and 8 foot high Y. Z. The height of the rampart of the Bullworks Z. θ. The thicknesse of the parapet The ditches must be from 12 to 16 fathome broad and from 5 to 6 deep beneath the covert way being drie if it may be having a small ditch in the middle of 20 foot broad and as much or more in depth If the moat be full of water it must be 20 fathome broad and from 4 to 5 fathome deep and divided by a dam of earth of 30 foot thick The town wall must be high enough because the depth of the drie ditch which giveth height to the wall is here filled with water M. S. The breadth of the ditch M. N. The depth The covert way must be from 3 to 4 fathome broad having a parapet of 10 or 12 foot high the moytie of it being sunk into the plain L. M. The breadth of the covert way K. L The height of the parapet of the counterscarp The parapets must be of earth or of unburnt brick except the outward row which must be of burnt brick to resist the injurie of weather If the curtains be long there must be a cavallero set on every point but if they be short there will need but one which shall be on the middle of them They must be so high as they may command all the works and the hillocks without if there be any and if it may be They are commonly raised 10 foot above the rampart Their length is taken from the number and qualitie of the Artillerie which you would plant thereon and their breadth dependeth on the length and reversing of the pieces of Artillerie and of a parapet of three fathomes and a half thick ♃ ♂ The height of the cavallero upon the rampart The pieces of ordinance nearer to the center of the fort must command those which are farther off raising the one above the other from 8 to 10 foot That all the walls of the Bullworks and curtains turn their Front from the opposite places which command them leading them bias-wise that so the batterie be not raised perpendicularly upon it and that the bullet may glance by means of the bias and sloap and that they be not commanded nor seen from farre off The market place of the citie or such places where the grand watches are kept must be covered in the middle to shelter the battaillons from the rain and there must be pent-hous●s along the streets which lead to the rampart to the same end The streets ought to be 6 fathom broad at the least that so the waggons and Artillerie may passe the freelier The stairs to passe to the covert way of the counterscarp must be just in the middle of the curtain between the two flanks of the Bullworks ♄ Stairs of the counterscarp There must be half moons made on the forepart of the curtains right over against the angles flanking on the counterscarps having their faces defended by Bullworks open behinde that so they may be defended by the curtain being 12 foot high from the plain having a ditch of 25 foot broad and 15 foot deep beneath its covert-way ♉ A half moon Before the half moons you must advance tenailles or hornworks and at the head of them half Bullworks and before them redouts casting the earth on that side towards the citie which will serve for a parapet These works must be 10 foot deep and 15 foot broad and must be desended