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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
rest_n	face_n	file_n	left_a	6,998	5	11.4073	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A20992	The art of warre, or Militarie discourses of leavying, marching, encamping; and embattailing an armie. Of building, defending, and expugning forts and fortified cities. Of ordinance, petards, and fireworks. Of the severall duties of officers, and souldiers. Of the Grecian, and Romane militia, and forming of battaillons; &c. By the Lord of Praissac. Englished by I.C.; Discours militaires. English	Du Praissac, Sieur.; Cruso, John, d. 1681.	1639 (1639)	STC 7366; ESTC S122251	80,136	227

such as used flying weapons The pikes bore a target or a corslet and greves a pike from 20 to 24 foot long and a sword The strongest of them covered themselves with a Macedonian target of brasse being foure foot in diameter All the pikes were called heavie armed They which used flying weapons which were called the light armed carried wicker targets bows darts and slings The heavie armed souldiers were thus disposed of 16 men made a file the first man being the file-leader commanded the whole file the eighth man was the bringet-up of the front-half-file the ninth man was the half-file-leader and the sixteenth man was the bringer-up of the file The whole file was divided into foure equall parts the first souldier of every fourth part was called Enomotarcba and had command over the other three A file File-leader ☉ First Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘   ∘ Second Enomotarch   ∘   ∘ Bringer-up of the ½ file ∘ Half-file-leader ○ Third Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘   ∘ Fourth Enomotarch   ∘   ∘   ∘ Bringer-up of the file ○ A companie had 16 files which made 256 men The officers of a companie were a Captain A. two Centurions B. foure Tetrarchs C. eight Dilochites D. 16 file-leaders I E. 16 bringers-up of the front-half-files H. 16 half-file-leaders G. and 16 bringers-up of the files F. Besides these they had an Ensigne a Sergeant a Trumpet a Rear-commander and a Cryer The figure of a companie The dutie of the officers was to instruct their souldiers in all the militarie motions these motions were to stand right in ranks and files to face to the right left and rear to double files and ranks to perform their countermarches and wheelings To render this more intelligible I will describe each of them apart First the companie is drawn up into a body as hath been shewed before then the ranks and files are made straight and even and they take their distances E. F. is the first file E. I. is the first rank There be three kindes of distances one for exercise which is for every souldier foure cubits of ground which is six foot The second to be ready for battaile expecting an enemie which is two cubits three foot that so the pikes may face every way The third for combat which is one cubit that being so serried they may the more strongly charge the enemie or sustain his charge The figure following sheweth in what order the souldiers ought to be to perform their motions and how they are to reduce themselves when they are commanded as they were This figure is represented in all the following battaillons by these marks o ∘ the white ones signifie the file-leaders or the front of the battaillon in the first standing before the command given and the black ones the ordinarie souldiers The small pricks shew the way by which every souldier moved the figures of men shew in what form the battaillon standeth after the motion according to the command given them and the cypher figures placed in the ranks and files shew which are to stand and which to move or which are leaders and which are followers The standing of souldiers which have made even their ranks and files attending the word of command to perform the exercise To cause all the battaillon to face to the right every souldier must turn his face to the place where his right hand was A battaillon faced to the right hand To cause all the battaillon to face to the left every souldier must turn his face to the place where his left hand was A battaillon faced to the left hand To cause the battaillon to face to the rear every souldier must turn his face by the right hand untill it be where his back was A battaillon faced to the rear To double files or ranks is to put two into one Doubling of files is called doubling the flanks or doubling the depth doubling of ranks is called doubling the front Files are doubled after three wayes either in inplacing the one within the other which is called doubling of files sidewayes In this doubling the even numbers of files mix themselves within the odde numbers and the file-leaders which are to move place themselves behinde them which are to stand fast and every souldier behinde his right hand man A battaillon which hath doubled their files side-wayes Files are also doubled when one is placed before the other which is called doubling of files advancing when the odde numbers place themselves before the even numbers as the following figure sheweth A battaillon which hath doubled files advancing Files are also doubled when the left flank or half ranks of the battaillon stands fast and the right flank advanceth untill it be before the other then causing it to face to the left and to march untill they stand right before them then to reduce their facing Ranks are also doubled by three wayes either by mixing them one within the other which is called doubling by ranks and here the even numbers of ranks place themselves within the odde numbers A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by ranks Ranks are also doubled by causing the half files to advance untill the half-file leaders come up to the front of the battaillon A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by the half files Ranks are also doubled when the battaillon divides it self at the half files or rear division The rear division again divideth it self into two equall parts at their half ranks the one part to the right the other to the left and each of these parts advanceth untill the half-file-leaders stand even with the front of the battaillon A battaillon which hath doubled ranks on the flanks Countermarching is when every souldier turning his face to the rear doth also change his place so to exchange the souldiers of the one part of the battaillon to another part It is performed by files and ranks and each of these is done three wayes the Macedonian Laconian and Persian or Cretan The countermarch by files is to turn the face to the rear and so to bring the file-leaders again to be foremost The Macedonian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders face to the rear and stand fast then all the rest of each file passe through and stand behinde their own leaders by which means the battaillon leaves before it for the field of combat the ground where it self stood as appeareth by the figure following A battaillon which hath performed the Macedonian countermarch The Laconian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders facing to the rear cause all the rest of their file to follow after them and lead them to another ground leaving that ground behinde them where they formerly stood or rather the bringers-up face about and every man of the file placeth himself before his bringer-up in their due places untill the file-leader come up to the front A battaillon which hath performed the Laconian countermarch The Persian or Cretan

equall such as the fortification of one face is such are all the rest But if it be irregular which is when the sides be unequall as all cities are which are repaired the fortification on all parts must be disagreeing But what forme soever it hath you must observe the rules following as much as may be and labour to make it equally strong on all sides Rules of Fortification That the angles or points of the Bullworks which are called angles flanked be made as great and blunt as may be for the more obtuse the flanked angles be the better and the angles flanking are the more sharp A. B. C. The angle flanked B. C. D. The angle flanking That the shoulders of the Bullworks be made massie enough to resist the violence of the enemie and to hinder him from ruining the flanks which they cover and long enough to cover in sight at least half of the flank of the casemat when you behold it from the point of the counterscarp of the opposite Bullwork The casemat must have of breadth the moytie of the thicknesse of the shoulder and the plain of it of 2 foot high above the plain of the drie moat or of the surface of the water The line of the thicknesse of the shoulder and of the breadth of the casemat is called the line of the flank and the longer it is the better provided that it bring no discommoditie to the other parts F. G. The thicknesse of the shoulder F. E The breadth of the casemat E G The line of the flank That every face of a fortresse must have two flanks that so it may defend it self both on the front and on the sides and the one by the other O. Is the center of the Bullwork O.P. A face of the fort H. Is one flank I. Is the other flank That the lines of defence be not so long that they be without the reach of your shot nor so short that the enemie being lodged on the counterscarp be able with his musket shot to beat yours out of your casemats I. B. and H. D. are the lines of defence That the Bullworks be large and hollow capable of divers retrenchements that there may be formed large flanks and that they may contain good store of souldiers for the hollow room is the place appointed to fight in and to bear retrenchements O. and P. represent the places of the Bullworks The sallie-ports ought to be placed between the shoulders of the Bullworks and the casemats F. The sally-port A. B. H.B. I.D. and D.G. the faces of the Bullworks That the faces of the Bullworks and the curtains be sunk within the moat to the upper line and that upon this line there be a parapet of 8 foot height and a Three foot for the thicknesse of the parapet is surely farre too little Maroloys and others say 20 foot And the Authour himself sayes from 15 to 20 foot in the words following 3 foot thicknesse Then let the way for the rounds be 2 fathom broad therein being comprehended the 2 foot-banks of the parapet aswell of the Bullworks as the curtains S. The upper line or superficies T. The parapet of the curtain V. The way for the rounds X. The foot-banks That the rampart of the Bullworks be 15 foot high on the plain of the citie and that of the curtain twenty five without reckoning the parapet briefly that it be so high as it may keep the houses from being battered and ruined L●t their parapets be from 15 to 20 foot thick and 8 foot high Y. Z. The height of the rampart of the Bullworks Z. θ. The thicknesse of the parapet The ditches must be from 12 to 16 fathome broad and from 5 to 6 deep beneath the covert way being drie if it may be having a small ditch in the middle of 20 foot broad and as much or more in depth If the moat be full of water it must be 20 fathome broad and from 4 to 5 fathome deep and divided by a dam of earth of 30 foot thick The town wall must be high enough because the depth of the drie ditch which giveth height to the wall is here filled with water M. S. The breadth of the ditch M. N. The depth The covert way must be from 3 to 4 fathome broad having a parapet of 10 or 12 foot high the moytie of it being sunk into the plain L. M. The breadth of the covert way K. L The height of the parapet of the counterscarp The parapets must be of earth or of unburnt brick except the outward row which must be of burnt brick to resist the injurie of weather If the curtains be long there must be a cavallero set on every point but if they be short there will need but one which shall be on the middle of them They must be so high as they may command all the works and the hillocks without if there be any and if it may be They are commonly raised 10 foot above the rampart Their length is taken from the number and qualitie of the Artillerie which you would plant thereon and their breadth dependeth on the length and reversing of the pieces of Artillerie and of a parapet of three fathomes and a half thick ♃ ♂ The height of the cavallero upon the rampart The pieces of ordinance nearer to the center of the fort must command those which are farther off raising the one above the other from 8 to 10 foot That all the walls of the Bullworks and curtains turn their Front from the opposite places which command them leading them bias-wise that so the batterie be not raised perpendicularly upon it and that the bullet may glance by means of the bias and sloap and that they be not commanded nor seen from farre off The market place of the citie or such places where the grand watches are kept must be covered in the middle to shelter the battaillons from the rain and there must be pent-hous●s along the streets which lead to the rampart to the same end The streets ought to be 6 fathom broad at the least that so the waggons and Artillerie may passe the freelier The stairs to passe to the covert way of the counterscarp must be just in the middle of the curtain between the two flanks of the Bullworks ♄ Stairs of the counterscarp There must be half moons made on the forepart of the curtains right over against the angles flanking on the counterscarps having their faces defended by Bullworks open behinde that so they may be defended by the curtain being 12 foot high from the plain having a ditch of 25 foot broad and 15 foot deep beneath its covert-way ♉ A half moon Before the half moons you must advance tenailles or hornworks and at the head of them half Bullworks and before them redouts casting the earth on that side towards the citie which will serve for a parapet These works must be 10 foot deep and 15 foot broad and must be desended

Generall of foot Of the light armed foot called Psyllagi Number of men Files The Greek names of the troops The names interpreted The Greek names of the officers The officers names interpreted 4.   Dimoeria Half a file Dimoerites Half file-leader 8. 1. Lochia A file Lochites A file-leader 16. 2. Dilochia Two files Dilochites A Lanspassado 32. 4. Systasis A squadron Systasiarchos A Corporall 64. 8. Pentecontarchia A centurie Pentecontarchos A Centurion 128. 16. Hecatontarchia A companie Hecatontarchos A Captain 256. 32. Psyllagia A double companie Psyllagiarchos A Colonels assistant 512. 64. Xenagia A brigado Xenagiarchos A Sergeant major 1024. 128. Systema A double brigado Systemarchos A Lieutenant Colonell 2048. 256. Epixenagia A regiment Epixenagiarchos A Colonell 4096. 512. Stiphos One wing of the battaile Stipharchos The Sergeant major Generall of foot 8192. 1024. Epitagma The battaile of light armed foot Epitagmarchos The Lieutenant Generall of foot Of the horse Number of men The Greek names of the troops The names interpreted The Greek names of officers Officers names interpreted 36 Embolos Half a troop Embolarchos A Lieutenant 64 Archia A troop Archos A Captain 128 Epilarchia A double troop Epilarchos Sergeant major 256 Tarentinarchia Foure troops Tarentinarchos Lieutenant Colonell 512 Hipparchia A regiment Hipparchos Colonell 1024 Ephipparchia A double regiment Ephipparchos Sergeant major Generall 2048 Telarchia One wing of the horse Telarchos Lieutenant Generall 4096 Epitagma The grosse of Cavallrie Epitagmarchos Generall of horse Of the Romane Militia in the time of Polybius CHAP. XVII THe Romanes managed their martiall affairs after this manner They chose out of all the people such as were most fit to bear armes as well for the Infanterie as for the Cavallrie Concerning the Infanterie the poorest and youngest of them were appointed to be Velites the next above these to be Hastati they which were in the flower of their age to be Principes and the ancientest to be Triarii The armes of these foure sorts of souldiers were these The Velites bore a sword a javelin or dart three foot long and an inch thick with an iron at the end one foot long a target of three foot in diameter and an head-piece of leather some bore slings and some bows The Hastati and Principes bore each of them a target two foot and an half broad and foure foot long or foure foot and an handfull a sharp-pointed sword and cutting on both sides and very stiff an head-piece of brasse with crests and plumes two piles of wood the one slender as a dart three cubits long with an iron at the end and one thick one an handfull in thicknesse three cubits also in length at the end whereof there was an iron of the length of the pile half whereof was driven into the wood which was fastened strongly thereunto the other half extended with a sharp point being furnished with hooks This iron next to the wood was one finger and an half thick the finger being accounted at foure barly kernels and the handfull at foure fingers breadth The Triarii bore the same armes which the Principes did saving the piles for in steed of them they bore pikes The Hastati used to bear them in former time and had their name from thence but they quitted them to take piles The Hastati Principes and Triarii bore a breast-plate of brasse or iron a foot square and the richer sort armed themselves with scales or mails fastned together with hooks In a legion there were 4200 men of the foure sorts of souldiers aforesaid Velites Hastati Principes and Triarii divided after this manner There were 600 Triarii 1200 Principes 1200 Histatï and as many Velites As well the Hastati Principes as Triarii were divided each into ten parts called Maniples so that in a legion there were 30 Maniples without reckoning the Velites for they were equally distributed amongst each Maniple The Hastati being 1200 divided into ten Maniples each contained 120 men so much were those of the Principes and 60 those of the Triarii and dividing the 1200 Velites by 30 to serve for such as used flying weapons to the Maniples aforesaid it will appear that every Maniple of Velites contained 40 men One Maniple of Hastati one Maniple of Principes and one of the Triarii with the Velites made a Cohort for there were ten Cohorts in a Legion and six Maniples in a Cohort namely one of the Hastati one of the Principes one of the Triarii and three of the Velites The Velites fought disbanded keeping neither rank nor order and it was their dutie to begin the skirmish and battaile but the Hastati Principes and Triarii were ranged into Maniples All the Maniples of the Hastati stood in one front so did those of the Principes in the rear of them and those of the Triarii in like manner in the rear of the Principes The distance of the Maniples was such that one Maniple might stand betwixt two of them because that if the Hastati were repulsed they might retreat into the intervalls or spaces which were between the Maniples of the Principes and so fight together And if both Hastati and Principes were defeated they might retreat between the Maniples of Triarii and so fight again all together as well Hastati and Principes as Triarii The form of a Legion embattailed B. B. are the Maniples of Hastati C. C. those of the Principes D. D. those of the Triarii The pricks which are about the Maniples represent the Velites Over every Maniple were two commanders called Centurions a first and a second when both of them were present with their Maniple the first commanded the right flank and the second the left and if one of them were absent he which was present commanded the whole Maniple In every Maniple were two Ensignes one under each Centurion and two Sergeants Every ten men had also a commander called a Decurion and over all the Legion there were six Tribunes or commanders in chief Every Legion had 300 horse divided into ten troops called Turmes every one of which had 30 souldiers three whereof were Decurions or file-leaders and three bringers-up The first file-leader called the Prefect commanded the troop in his absence the second and in eithers absence the third did it In every troop there was a Cornet Three Turmes in a companie B. The file-leaders C. The three Cornets The Romanes made use of their Allies in their warres and had a like number of foot of their Allies as they had of citizens of Rome and the Legions were alike in form armes and number of men but concerning the Cavallrie the Allies were double the number of the Romanes It is true that of the foot they took the fifth part and of the horse the third part for extraordinarie and the rest of the foot they divided into two equall parts which they placed on the flanks of the armie and called those on the right hand The right wing and

those on the left hand The left wing so that when the Roman Legions consisted of 4200 men the wings of the Allies were 3360 and the Maniples of the Hastati and Principes each of them were 92 of the Triarii 60 and of the Velites 30. And the troop of extraordinarie foot in every wing was 840 men The Cavallrie of the Allies for every of their Legions was 600 horse double the number of the Romanes of these they took a third part namely 200 for extraordinarie and divided the remaining 400 into ten Turmes each of them of 40 horse over which there were a Cornet a Prefect three Decurions or file-leaders and three bringers-up as amongst the Romanes These extraordinaries were imployed for guards for the Consuls and for troops of reserve in combats When foure Legions were ranged in battaile all the Roman Cavallrie was on the right hand that of the Allies on the left hand and the extraordinarie Cavallrie of the Allies was placed on the right hand of the Roman horse and the extraordinarie Infanterie of the Allies was ranged between the Legions and the wings over against the Triarii Foure Legions ranged in Battalia by Maniples A. The Cavallrie of the two wings of Allies H. I. K. The Hastati Principes and Triarii of the first Roman Legion E. F. G. The Hastati Principes and Triarii of the second Roman Legion L. M. N. The Hastati Principes and Triarii of the right wing of the Allies B. C. D. The Hastati Principes and Triarii of the left wing of the Allies Q. The two extraordinarie Cohorts of the left wing of the Allies R. The 2 extraordinary Cohorts of the right wing of the Allies T. The Imperator or Generall N. The Legate of the right wing D. The Legate of the left wing O The Cavallrie of the two Roman Legions P. The extraordinarie Cavallrie of the Allies When the Legion consisted of 4000 men more or lesse it was divided according to the aforesaid proportion as when the Legion contained 5100 men the Velites Hastati and Principes were each of them 1500 and the Maniples of the Hastati and Principes 150. Concerning the Triarii they never increased nor diminished their number of 600 nor their Maniples of 60 and the Maniples of the Velites were of 50 men a piece The Legions have oft-times been augmented for in Romulus his time they contained 3000 foot and 300 horse In the time of Camillus they were 4000 foot and 300 horse In Caesars time 5000 foot and 600 horse And in the time when the Sabines joyned themselves with the Romanes it consisted of 6000 foot and 600 horse When the armie was thus strong the Legions were ranged in battalia by Cohorts and not by Maniples As when Caesar fought against Afranius he placed in every Legion foure Cohorts of Hastati three of Principes three of Triarii The Velites were about the middle of the armie and the horse on the flanks Five Legions ranged in battalia by Cohorts A. B. C. Ten Cohorts of a Legion D. E. F. Ten Cohorts of another Legion G. H. I. K. L. M. N. O. P. are three other legions each of them being divided into ten Cohorts R. The Cavallrie of Allies Q. The Roman Cavallrie S. The extraordinary Cavallrie of the Allies T. V. The extraordinarie Cohorts of the Allies Concerning their manner of encamping it was also such as is here shewed by a quartering of two Roman Legions And if the armie were greater they lengthened the camp on the right and left hand If there were two armies together they made two equall quarters which they joyned on that side of the Pretorian gate The quartering of foure Roman Legions A. The Pretorie which contained 200 foot square B. The treasurie 200 foot long and 100 foot in depth C. D. The two Legates tents the ground for each of which contained 50 foot in depth and 100 in length E. The Prefects over the Allies whose lodgings were square each side having 150 foot their tents were 12 in all T. The Tribunes of two Roman Legions their lodgings were square of 150 foot aside and 12 tents F. The lodgings of the Cavallrie of the Evocati amongst the Allies having 80 foot to 125 in breadth G. The Ablecti amongst the Allies having 120 foot to 112 in breadth H. The quarter of the foot of the Evocati amongst the Allies having 80 foot to 238 in breadth I. That of the foot of the Ablecti amongst the Allies containing 120 foot upon 252 in breadth K. The extraordinarie Cavallrie every lodging containing 80 foot in depth for 167 in length L. The extraordinarie Infanterie having 70 foot for 200 in breadth every quarter N. The quarter of 20 turmes of the Roman Cavallrie each having 100 foot square O. The Triarii of the Roman Legions the quarter of each Maniple had 100 foot in front and 50 in depth P. The Principes of the Roman Legions the quarter for every Maniple was 100 square Q. The Hastati of the Roman Legions each Maniples quarter was 100 foot square R. The Cavallrie of the Allies the quarter for their turmes was 34 foot in length and 100 broad S. All the Infanterie of the Legions of the Allies every Cohort having 100 foot in front and 200 a Observe that from the Decumane gate there runneth a street which divideth the two Legions which have all their quarters facing outward and their backs meeting at that street both fronting to their alarm-places X. in depth V. The streets being 50 foot broad X. The alarm-place being 200 foot broad Y. Z. Two streets each of them being 100 foot broad ♉ The Pretorian gate ♀ The right hand gate ♂ The left hand gate ♊ The Decumane gate ♎ Void places reserved to lodge strangers The manner of forming all sorts of battaillons CHAP. XVIII The authour followeth other writers in this chapter which some since have also retained but are in my opinion of little use and savour of curious impertinencie FIve sorts of battaillons are ordinarily made namely square of men square of ground doubled when the front is to the depth according to a proportion given and the broad fronted battaillon The space which every souldier requireth marching in battalia is three foot in front and seven in depth To make a battaillon square of men Suppose the number of men be 100 take the square root of 100 which is ten which is the number of men which must be placed in front and also in flank As in the figure following To make a battaillon square of ground Suppose the number be 105 men multiply it by three which is the space which every man occupieth in front it will produce 315 divide this number by 7 which is the space which a man requireth in depth it will produce 45. Take the nearest square root to this number which is 7 and that is the number of men which must serve for your files After this divide your 105 men by 7