the viewing the subsequent Figure you shall the better understand the manner of performing this motion of Square Facing Face Square and March Proper Front Front accidentall Front accident all The Front of the Reere The Words of Command commonly used to produce this precedent Figure are these as followeth if they be 10 in depth and 20 in Ranke The first three Rankes stand The three last Rankes face about The rest of the Body face to the Right and Left then March all To reduce them to their first Order Face all about to the Right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader who then stands at his Front proper Another way of facing Square and Marching upon it The Front proper The Front of the left Flanke The Front of the right Flank The Front of the Reere The words of Command customarily used to produce this Figure are these as followeth Musquetiers face to the right and left halfe-Halfe-files of Pikes faces about to the right then March all To reduce them to their former order Face all about to the right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader In the next Chapter I shall shew the manner of Opening and Closing both of Files and Rankes and then some instructions of doubling them with their use and parts CHAP. LXXXI The manner of opening and closing both of Rankes and Files and how to double them with the use and parts thereunto belonging IN the opening and closing of Rankes and Files there are divers things considerable as first in the motion of Files you are to observe your Leader Secondly in your motion of Rankes you are to observe your right-hand 〈◊〉 Thirdly when Files open to the right the Left-hand-file must stand fast every 〈◊〉 taking 〈◊〉 distance from the File next his left hand Fourthly when they open to the Le then the right hand File stands every File taking his distance from the File next his Right hand Fiftly in closing of Files if it be to the right then contrary to the opening the Right-hand-file stands the rest closing to the right taking then Distance from their next right hand-file Sixthly if you close to the left then the Left-hand-file stands the rest of the Files closing to the left taking their distance in like manner Seventhly when Files close to the right and left then they close inwards taking their distance from the Files within them neerer to the middest of the body Eighthly note when Files are commanded to open to the right and left or by division it must be outward Likewise you must observe when Rankes open forwards then the last Ranke stands every Ranke taking his distance from the Ranke next behind him Secondly when they open backwards then the first Ranke is to stand and every Ranke is to take his distance from the Ranke next before him Thirdly if Rankes close to Front and Reare then the first and last Ranke stands the other taking their distances from them Fourthly if they close Rankes towards the Center or middest then they close towards their two middlemost rankes Lastly you are to observe that in opening of Files and Ranks you are in the acting of it either to face to the right or to the right about these things being considered and you hauing commanded them to even their Rankes and straighten their Files you are to use these words of Command following Rankes and Files to your close order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your Order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your open order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your double distance Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your open order Files close to the right Rankes close forwards to your order Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your close order Files open to the Left Rankes open backwards to your order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your open order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your double distance Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your open order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your close order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your open order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your double distance Files Rankes close to the right and left inward middest to your open order These motions being performed by the Souldiers fairly and with out mistakes you may proceed to exercise them in their doublings and shew them their use and parts as the following Chapter will direct CHAP. LXXXII How an Officer shall exercise his Company in doubling of their Rankes and Files with the use thereof and the severall parts and branches thereto belonging THe use of doublings were invented for the strengthening of any part of the Battell according to the discretion of the wise Commander and are distinguished into these two generalls viz. doublings of length and doublings of depth Doubling of Rankes doth make the number double so much as was before whereby the length of the Battell is extended to the double proportion of ground Doubling of Files or Flankes doth likewise double the number in depth as the former did in length and before wee proceed to particularize these doublings let us take notice of these observations following First that in this motion of doubling there is one part of the body stands firme and the other part moves viz. the standing part is to be doubled the part moving are those that double Secondly observe that the distance for particular and divisionall doublings is open Order in Ranke and File Thirdly observe that the ordinary doublings of Rankes and Files is or ought to be performed by three steps viz first stepping forth with that foote which is next unto the place named Fourthly in the reducement to your former station you must returne by the contrary hand Fifthly observe in doubling of Rankes and Files viz if you double Rankes either to the right or left hand if you double your Files to the contrary hand reduceth them into their former station or in doubling of Files to either hand doubling of your rankes to the contrary will reduce them Lastly observe the severall parts or branches of doublings which are Doublings of First Rankes Secondly Halfe-Files Thirdly Bringers up Fourthly The Reare Fifthly Files Sixthly Halfe-Rankes The first is doubling of Rankes which is performed when every Even-ranke is doubled into the Odde The second is when the halfe Files double their Rankes forwards into the Front The third is when the Bringers-up double their Rankes forwards into the Front The fourth is when the Front halfe Files doubleth the Reare these first foure being doublings of Rankes causeth the length of the Battell to be extended either simply in number
doubling of Files is placed in the Margent And the way to performe it is as followeth First each of the even Files doubleth into the odde Files beginning from the hand named as in this doubling of Files to the Left The Left-hand-file stands fast and the second File doubleth into it by stepping behinde his Left-hand-man at three steppes The fourth File doubleth into the third and so for the rest If your Command be to double your Files to the right then contrariwise the Right-hand-file stands fast the rest of the even Files doubling into the odde accounting from the Right as before from the Left And by the way observe that as in doubling of Rankes any way you are to observe your Right-hand leader So in doubling of Files you are to observe your File-leader so that as neere as possibly may bee you may either in Ranke or File be altogether in one motion Also take notice that this kind of doubling is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth of the Battel is not thereby extended the words of Command used for the reducing of them is Files as you were Bringers up double your Rankes forward to the Right In this doubling of Rankes by Bringers-up as likewise in all other of like nature they that are to move are first to advance their Armes in the next place they must bee sure to observe their Right-hand-men This doubling of Rankes by Bringers-up differeth from the other doubling of Ranks before demonstrated both in quantity and qualitie In quantitie it differeth in regard the other leaves a large distance betweene Ranke and Ranke being double the distance they formerly stood at This contrariwise continuing and preserving the same distance they formerly stood at betweene each Ranke It differeth also in quality because it brings the best and second sort of Souldiers together into the Front The words of Command and direction whereby this motion is produced is placed in the Margent The manner of performing this Motion is thus the tenth or last Ranke which are the bringers up are to passe forwards even in ranke through or betweene the Intervals to the right of them that stand before them untill they come even in Ranke with the Front the ninth Ranke following those which marched from behind them placing themselves in the second Ranke The eight eight Ranke in the third The seventh Ranke in the fourth The sixt ranke or Halfe-files in the fifth or reare of the front halfe-files This doubling maketh a very able Front in bringing the ablest Souldiers together and although the depth of the Battell bee diminished yet the length of it is double in number this doubling is in quantity of number not of ground When you march into your places you must not forget that the Ranke which last toke his place in the execution of this Motion must first march into his place in the way of reducement for as they are led forth by their bringers up contrariwise they are led off by their halfe-file Leaders As for the doubling the Front to the Left hand by Bringers up it is the same onely differing in this that whereas it was to the Right this must bee performed to the Left The Words of Command and direction for reducement of this motion is Bringers up face about to the left march forth into your places Files to the right and left double outwards I will in the first place describe the manner of doubling of Files outwards which worketh the same effect as to double Files to the right and left for the right Flanke is to double to the right and the left Flanke to the left by this doubling of Files to the right and left outwards both the Flankes at one instant are strengthened by doubling their number in depth but it weakeneth the inward part where it taketh two Files cleane away leaving a large intervall in the midst after the word of command is given the outmost File of each Flanke stands and the second File doubles into them the third from each Flanke stands and the fourth File doubles into the third the sixt into the fift and so likewise of all the rest Note that in doubling of Files you must alwayes step behinde the side-man that you are to double into If you would double Files to the right and left inwards it is to be done the contrary way for whereas in the precedent doubling the outmost Files stand and the other doubling outwards in to them Contrariwise in this the two inmost Files shall stand and the rest are to double inwards to them and whereas in the other there is a larger distance in the midst then in any other part but in this doubling inwards the midst will be as close as any other part the words of Command for the reducing of them into their first forme is Files as you were Then the Files which doubled inwards upon the right Flanke are to turne off to the right and those of the left Flanke to the left and so step into their places This doubling of rankes forewards by halfe-files is a motion generally approved of to be very serviceable It differeth from the other doublings by Bringers-up in quality though not in quantity for in quantity they keepe one and the same proportion In quality it differs thus the doubling by Bringers-up doth bring the best and second sort of Souldiers together into the Front the fourth and third sort into the Reare so that the Reare is 4 7 worse then the front But this doubling by halfe-files brings the best and the third together into the front and leaves the second and fourth in the Reare so that the Front is made more able then the Reare by 1 3. Halfe-Files double your Rankes forwards to the right It differeth like wise in motion thus for whereas in the other doubling by Bringers-up the motion was begun by the last ranke ever ranke following the ranke which came from behind him But this contrariwise is directly led forth by the sixt ranke from the front they being ten deepe in File and so is executed more surely and suddainly After the words of Command are give as you see placed in the Margent then the sixt ranke passing up into the first the seventy ranke into the second the eighth Ranke into the third and so for the rest For the reducement the words of Command are halfe-Halfe-Files face about to the left march forth into your places Then as the motion was led on by the halfe File Leaders so in the Reducement they are led off by the Bringers up You may double your halfe-halfe-Files to the left after the same manner of the former only changing to the contrary hand Front halfe Files face about to the left and double your reare to the right This doubling the Reare by front halfe Files is differing from the doubling last discourst of more in manner then matter For they both correspond in Substance onely
Now it remains to demonstrate the way and manner of Files ranking by Conversion in equall parts the word of Command is Files Rank â—our to the left To performe this motion the right-hand File-leader leadeth forth his File the three next men behind him move forwards to the left hand of each other untill they rank even a Brest with their File-leader The next four in like manner ranking to the left do make the second Rank they being but eight deep The File-leader of the second File placeth himselfe next after him that was the half-File-leader of the first which now is become the right-hand man of the second Rank the three next men behind him makes up his Rank and so in like manner for all the rest untill the motion be quite perfected This converts each File into two Ranks and brings all the proper File-leaders and half-file-half-File-leaders to make the outmost File to the right The Bringers up both of the Front and Rear half-Files maketh the outmost File to the left For the reducement of this motion of Files ranking four to the left is thus to bee performed first cause your Ranks to file or invert to the right which being done command every File-leader to lead up his File to the left and so every man will bee in his first station CHAP. LXXXV How an Officer is to exercise his souldiers in three manner of Countermarches which are to be performed two manner of wayes viz. one by File the other by Rank THe next thing to bee performed after you have exercised your men in the doubling of their Ranks and Files is to teach them how to countermarch Wherefore you may first begin with intire Countermarches by File The word of Command which produceth it followeth Files to the right-hand Countermarch As soon as the word of Command is given if they be to countermarch to the right then all the File-leaders are to step forwards with their right-legs and face about to the right-hand every File-leader with his File following him passing down towards to the Rear through the Intervall on his right hand still observing to keep even in Rank with his right-hand man and note That no man must turne untill hee come to the ground where at first his File-leader began the Countermarch This motion is performed when the Bringers up have attained unto the place where before their File-leaders stood Files to the left-hand Countermarch To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is done after the same manner only differing in hands For reducing them into their former stations If you countermarch to the right by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Files to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch is to be performed as followeth the File-leaders of each File are to step side-waies to the right-hand and therewithall to face about to the Rear and so march even in Rank down together between the Intervalls or spaces of ground between File and File no man advancing a foot forwards but turning off the ground they stand on after their Leaders when they are past by them still observing to keep their due distance and so Rank after Rank still turning off to the right untill the motion be performed Files to the left-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground hee stands To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is to be performed after the same manner only differing in hand For reducing them into their former stations If first they countermarcht to the right-hand by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Bringers up face about to the right the rest passe through to the Rear and place your selves before your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch doth lose the ground also whereon it formerly stood and takes the ground behind the Rear The manner of the motion is as followeth viz. the last Rank of Bringers up face to the Rear and stand the rest of the Body facing about in like manner and passing through or between their bringers up and placing themselves even in Rank before them The Motion is begun by the Rank next the Bringers up and so continued successively by the rest untill the Countermarch be ended It is to be reduc'd by performing the same motion to the contrary hand or the next subsequent motion following will reduce this into its former station Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch by which the former may be reduc'd is thus to be performed The last Rank or Bringers up are to stand firm and the rest of the Body are to face to the Rear and passe through to the right place themselves behind their Bringers up contrary to the Countermarch last shown in which they plac'd themselves before The motion is also begun by the second Rank from the Rear the rest following successively until the File-leaders are become the Bringers up then face them about after their proper File-leaders and they are reduc'd File-Leaders face about to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Leaders The motion of this Macedonian Countermarch is from the Rear to the Front quite contrary to the Lacedaemonian whose motion was from the Front to the Rear This Macedonian Countermarch makes semblance in the Rear of flight but presently produceth a setled Front when perhaps the enemy with a too early pursuit hath broken the order of array The way to perform this Countermarch is as followeth The File-leaders or first Rank face about to the right the rest of the body passe through between the Intervals or distance betwixt Files to the left and place themselves behind their Leaders every Rank beginning with that next the File-leaders passing through successively and taking their places untill the Countermarch be fully executed This may be reduc'd as the former were by doing the same to the contrary hand or as formerly is said by any intire Countermarch of File or it may bee reduc'd by another Macedonian Countermarch which in the next place shall be described File-Leaders face to the Rear the rest of the Body passe through to the left following your Bringers up placing your selves behind your Leaders By this Macedonian Countermarch the precedent Countermarch may be reduc'd to its former station and it is thus performed The first Rank or File-leaders face to the Rear then the last Rank begin the Countermarch passing forwards between the Intervalls the seventh Rank following the eighth the sixth following the seventh and so likewise the rest untill the whole body bee trans-ferred into the ground before the Front and then joyntly together facing to the right about after their Leaders the Countermarch is ended For reducement take this for a Rule that any intire Countermarch of File
may bee reduc'd by another intire Countermarch by File of what kind or to what hand soever File-Leaders stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders This Bastard Countermarch being partly derived from the Macedonian and Lacedaemonian Countermarches is thus to be performed The File-Leaders stand the rest of the Body advance their Armes The second Rank first passing through to the right and placing themselves before the first Rank the third Rank before the second the fourth before the third and so forwards for all the rest untill the last Rank or Bringers up are become the formost which perfects the motion You may reduce it by countermarching to the contrary hand or if you please you may reduce it by another like it selfe Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch This Chorean Countermarch of Ranks is an altering or changing of one Flank for the other the Battalia still keeping the same ground only the right Flank becomes the left and the left is changed into the right To performe this motion you are to command your Company to face to the right by which the Ranks are become now Files then countermarching them down the Intervalls or distance between Rank and Rank marching forth-right unto the part which was the left Flank with their Ranks File-wise following them Being come unto their ground they face as before and the Countermarch is performed For the reducement let them countermarch to the left-hand back again and they will be in their first station Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his right-hand man on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of Ranks is a falling on upon the left Flank the motion being begun by the right it leaves all the ground the Battalia stood on and assumes in place thereof the ground besides the left Flank turning the aspect to the left It is thus to bee performed The whole Body faceth to the right and then the right-hand File being faced becomes a Rank begins the Countermarch turning down the Intervalls of the Ranks which by this facing is made the distance between the Files and so marcheth forth-right beyond the left Flank every man following of him that was his right-hand man but not stepping forward one foot of ground untill the Countermarch be performed For the reducement of this Countermarch you must command them to countermarch again to the left and they will be as at first or if you please you may reduce it by another of the same kind as followeth Right-hand File face to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Right-hand men This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of Ranks makes a falling on upon the right Flank the motion being from the left Flank to the right leaving all the ground whereon the Battalia stood and in lieu thereof takes the ground besides the right Flank It is performed after this manner The right-hand File faceth to the right and passeth through the Intervalls or Spaces to the right placing themselves before their right-hand men until the left-hand File become the formost Rank if you do this Countermarch by it self then for reducement first face them to their Front proper then let the left-hand Files face to the left and do as much to the left and they will be in their first station Right-hand Files face to the left the rest passe through to the right placing your selves behind your right-hand men This Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks is contrary to the former for it dismarcheth from the enemy upon that Flank where he approaches presents the contrary Flank to receive the Charge It is performed after this manner The outmost File to the right faceth to the left the rest of the Body or Battalia faceth to the right every man passing through to the right and placing themselves behind their right-hand men For the reducement of this Countermarch do but command them to doe as much to the left as first they did to the right and they will be in their first forme Or if you please you may make use of this following Bastard Countermarch to performe the same Right-hand file stand the rest passe through to the right placing your selves on the outside of your right-hand man This Bastard Countermarch of Ranks doth alter both ground and Flank still reserving the Aspect without alteration the manner of acting it followeth The outmost or right-hand File standeth the rest of the Body facing to the right passe through to the right every man placing of himselfe on the right side of his right-hand man and so standing even in Rank the motion still continuing untill the left-hand File is become the right and the right-hand File the left If you command this Countermarch to bee performed alone then to reduce it you must cause the left-hand File to stand then do as much to the left as before you did to the right and they will be in their first forme Countermarch Front and Rear into the midst This divisionall Chorean Countermarch brings your File-Leaders and Bringers up together in the midst and the Ranks that were in the midst into the Front and Rear Every man is to march up into his Leaders ground before he faceth about to countermarch To performe this you must cause the halfe-halfe-Files to face about then the File-Leaders stepping forwards with the right legge are to face about to the right passing down the Intervalls upon the right hand the rest of the Front half-half-Files following their Leaders and not turning untill they come to the ground where their Leaders turned down before them The Bringers up with the Rear half-half-Files at the same instant are to turn down their Intervalls upon the left-hand the rest of their division following them untill the File-Leaders and Bringers up meet together in the midst of the Battell and then having faced all to their Leaders the motion is performed You may reduce it by doing the same thing over again or any other divisionall Countermarch of File File-Leaders half-File-Leaders stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders This Bastard Countermarch doth bring the Leaders and Bringers up together into the midst and saves two facings and is more readily performed than the former The way to performe the motion is as followeth The first Rank stands and the halfe-File-Leaders stand then those of the Front half-Files are to passe through their Intervalls to the right placing themselves before their File-Leaders the second Rank are to place themselves before the first the third before the second the fourth before the third c. The Rear half-Files at the same instant are to perform the like placing themselves before their half-File-Leaders as the other did before their File-Leaders This motion may either bee reduced by acting the same over againe to the contrary hand or else by countermarching the Front and Rear into the midst or by any other
divisionall Countermarches of Files Only observe by the way that as the Front half-Files emptieth the spaces of ground between the Leaders and the halfe-File Leaders placing themselves in the ground before the Front So in the mean time their places are to be replenisht by the Souldiers of the Rear halfe-Files who are to march up and supply their roomes File-Leaders and Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders and Bringers up This divisionall Lacedaemonian Countermarch makes semblance of falling on or charging the enemy both to Front and Rear and leaves all the ground whereon they stood transferring them into the ground before the Front and behind the Rear the ground or place of their former standing being vacant The motion is thus to bee performed The Rear halfe-Files are commanded to face to the Rear and then the Front halfe-Files passe through to the right placing themselves before their Leaders the second Rank before the first the third before the second the fourth before the third c. The Rear halfe-Files at the same instant passing through to the Rear placing themselves before their bringers up To reduce this motion into their former stations if you have not closed their distance you may face them about and so let them returne into their places or else by doing the same Countermarch over againe or to the contrary hand or any such like way will reduce them Note if you reduce them by another Countermarch you must first close their divisions File-Leaders face about Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your File-Leaders and Bringers up This divisionall Macedonian Countermarch doth little differ from the last onely that turned the aspect outwards to the Front and Rear but this Countermarch turnes the aspect inwards toward the midst placing the best souldiers in the midst with a large lane or distance betwixt them through which any great Personage may bee conducted crosse the length of your Battell whereby the bravery of the souldiers may be seene This motion is thus to bee performed The first Rank or File-Leaders face about the last Rank stands the Rear halfe-Files face about and so the Front-division passe forwards and place themselves behind the File-Leaders and the Reare halfe-Files behinde their bringers up Note that when the Rear halfe-Files face about the last Rank which are the bringers up are still to keepe their standing The way to reduce this motion is to bee done either by the same word of Command which produced it or else by any of the precedent divisionall Countermarches Front halfe-Files interchange ground with the Reare passing through to the right This Bastard Countermarch of enterchanging ground is not truely derived from any one particular ground of Countermarch but rather participating of them all and yet in it selfe it differs from them all for whereas the other Countermarches of Files in division did bring their Front and Rear into the midst yet their Front half-Files continued still on the same part and their Rear halfe-Files did not alter into the place of the other But this contrary to any other of the divisionall Countermarches transfers the Front halfe-Files into the ground or place of the Rear halfe-Files and them into the contrary part bringing the File-Leaders and bringers up together into the midst For the performing this motion you must cause the Front halfe-Files to face about passing forwards to the right being led by the bringers up of the Front half-Files between the intervalls towards the Rear The Rear half-Files at the same instant in like manner marching forwards between the intervals on their right hands into the Front untill the Front-division have attained the place of the Rear and they contrariwise the place of the Front For the reducement of this countermarch do as much back again or if you would reduce it some other way you may first make an entire Countermarch of Files and then countermarch Front and Rear into the midst Under two Countermarches it cannot be reduced Countermarch your Flanks into the midst This Chorean Countermarch of the Flanks into the midst by bringing the outermost Files to be the innermost is thus to bee performed You must first command the whole body to face to the right and left hand by division The outermost Files by this facing becomming Ranks every man in the right-hand File being a Leader in his halfe Rank File-wise and so likewise in the left-hand File the same Then you are to countermarch the right Flank to the right and the left Flank to the lelft which you must alwaies observe to doe and your Flanks will meet just in the midst of your Battalia Lastly having faced them to their first Front the Countermarch is ended To reduce them you may either make use of the same Countermarch again or any of these following divisionall Countermarches of Flanks unlesse it bee that of enterchanging of ground Note that upon the Countermarching of Flanks into the midst the right Flank must alwaies observe to turne to the right hand and the left Flank to the left hand for if they should both turn off to the right they will meet wrong or if they turne off both to the left it will be as bad Outmost Files of each Flank face outward the rest passe through to the right and left placing your selves before your outside men This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of half Ranks or Flanks makes shew of charging the enemy with both Flanks but leaves a wast distance of ground unoccupied between the two outermost Files or midst of the Battell the way to performe this motion is after this manner First you must cause your right-hand File to face to the right and the left-hand File to the left the rest of the body faceth to the right and left the right Flank passing through to the right and placing themselves before their right-hand men the second File from the right begins the motion on the right Flank the left Flank in right manner passing through to the left and placing themselves before their left-hand men the second File accounting from the left begins the motion on the left Flank but you must note that the Files become Ranks with the facing For reducement if you will first face them to their proper Front you must command the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to passe through to the right and left-hand inwards and take their place or you may make use of a Chorean or a Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks by division and with a facing and closing their divisions they will bee in their first forme The out most File of each Flanke face inwards the rest passe through to the right and left placing your selves behinde your outside men This Macedonian Counter-March corespondes with the last onely it differs in turning the Aspct inwards whereas the former directed their Aspects outwards and it is thus performed The
outmost Files of each Flanke are to face inwards and the rest of the body are to face to the right the left are to face outward those of the right Flanke passing through the right and placing themselves behind their right hand men those of the left Flanke passing through to the left and placing themselves behind their left hand men the motion is to be begun by the second File from each Flank For the reducement of this Counter-March you must first face them to their first Front then commanding the two innermost Files to face outwards and the rest are to passe through to the right and left inward placing themselves behind their right and left hand men which being done the whole body will stand faced to the right and left outwards then being faced to their Leaders they are reduced into their first stations Or you may make use of the Counter March next before or of the next following or of any other divisionall Counter-March of Rankes which doe not interchange ground The outmost file of each flanke stand the rest passe through to the right and left place your selves on the outside of your right and left hand men This divisionall Bastard Counter-March produceth the same effect which the other two next before it wrought onely differing in the Aspect for the Lacedemonian turned the Aspect outwards the Macedonian turned the Aspect inwards and this keepes the aspect still directed the same way To performe this motion you must command the outmost File of each Flanke to stand the rest of the body are to face to the right and left outwards viz the right Flanke passing through to the right and the left Flanke to the left those of the right Flanke placing themselves on the outside of their right hand men in like manner those of the left Flanke are to place themselves on the outside of their left hand men It may be reduced eyther by any of the foregoing divisionall Counter-Marches of Rankes or else being faced to any of the Flankes then the Rankes become Files And by divisionall Counter-marches of Files you may reduce devisionall Counter-marches of Rankes or by Rankes Files onely you must observe some facings yet you may reduce this motion by commanding the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to face to the right and left inwards and so march into their places Interchange Flanks This exchanging of Flankes or Bastard Counter-march is differing from all the other divisionall Counter-marches of Rankes for this transferres the right Flanke into the place of the left and the left Flanke into the place of the right it is very proper to receive a sudden charge from the horse for so soone as they shall bee commanded to enterchange their Flankes they face to the right and left inwards and then the inmost Files of the Pikes begins the motion the rest of each Flanke following orderly likewise the Pikes are to port so soone as they begin to move and are to charge as they see occasion if neede bee the Pikes may charge at the foot the Musquetiers giving fire over their shoulders if the Pikes have too large a distance they may close at their owne pleasures as soone as they have past through For reducement you may interchange ground againe or otherwise you may Counter-march your Flankes into the middest and then an intire Counter-march eyther of Rankes or Files will reduce them And this shall suffice to finish this discourse of Counter-marches wishing every commander to be ready and well verst in all of them but principally to make use of the three first intire Counter-marches of Files as also the same of Rankes for those you cannot possibly omit in your drillings the rest you may dispense with all at your pleasure And having thus exercised your men in these motions of Counter-march the next things you are to teach them are wheelings and they are of two kinds as in the next Chapter shall more fully be demonstrated CHAP. LXXXVI How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in the motions of wheeling with the description of their kindes and uses with their severall words of command placed in the Margent WHeelings are of two kindes viz. wheelings Anguler and wheelings on the Center and these are eyther intire or divisionall The use of intire wheelings is to turne the Aspect of the front proper eyther to the right to the left or to the reere eyther for the gayning of the Wind Sunne or some such like advantages or to entertaine their enemy with their best Souldiers and for your better performing of these motions of wheelings you must first close both your Rankes and Files to their order which is three foote both in Ranke and File and likewise upon all wheelings you must be sure to observe your Leader and follow him keeping your due distance your Musquets are all eyther to be poyzed or shouldred your Pikes are to be advanced further observe that upon the exercise of the motions whether it be distance facings doublings or Counter-marches or wheelings the Musquetiers ought to bee all upon one and the same Posture eyther poyzed or shouldred and the Pikes in like manner eyther shouldred or advanced the words of command followes in the Margent and the directions how to performe the motions right against them Wherefore first you are to command them to Wheele your Battell to the right This Anguler wheeling transferres the Aspect or Countenance of the front proper into that part which was the right Flanke it also remove the Battallia from the ground whereon formerly it stood and placeth it on the part before the front the Hinge of the motion is the right corner man which hath the leading of the right hand File he with a gentle motion moveth to the right and every man the more remote his place is from the right Angle the swifter must be his motion because he is to go a greater circumstance For reducement wheele your Battallia to the left in the like manner as it was wheeled to the right but withall note that this will not bring you backe into the same ground you formerly stood on because it hath advanced you the length of your Battallia before the place of your first Front wherefore to reduce you into the same place you stood on first you must face your Battallia to the right and being so faced whele your Battell to the left which being performed face to the left and then they are compleately reduced to their first forme and station This also is an Angular wheeling and transferreth the Aspect of the Front proper towards the Reere it is performed after the same manner of the former onely the motion is twise as much wherefore observe the directions in the former Note the ground you formerly did possesse will bee twise the length of your Battallia to the left of your left Flanke For the reducing them as well to their first ground as their first aspect you must
least in danger crosse the Reere of Pikemen The words of command and direction you shall finde in the Margent which produceth this latter forme of firing the words of command being given to fire to the Reere and right Flanke The outermost File of Musquetiers presents to the right and the last Ranke of Musquetiers presents to the Reere and so both give fire the rest of the body in the meane time marching a reasonable pace The right hand File on the right Flanke and the last Ranke of the Musquetiers in the Reere of the Pikes having fired the File facech to the left after their File Leader and so marcheth up betweene the Musquetiers of the same division and the Pikes the Rankes also wheeling off to the right and placing it selfe next after the Reere of Pikes and if you please you may make an Intervall or space betweene the Musquetiers in the Reere that so one part may wheele off to the right on the outside the other part wheele off to the right and march up betweene the Intervalls into their places The first File file upon the Flanke and the first Ranke in the Reere that presented having given fire and wheeled cleare of the body the next File and ranke is to present and give fire after the same manner wheeling off and taking their places as aforesaid and so successively the rest both Files and Rankes gives fire observing the same order and having given fire once twice or oftner over they are still reduced to the same they were before the firing began then draw your shot from the Reere to the left Flanke againe and they will be in their first forme and station Musquetiers give fire to both Flankes marching up betweene the Pikes and your owne divisions This kinde of firing to both Flankes marching may be upon some occasions serviceable and the shot after they have given fire may be eyther placed betweene their owne divisions and the Pikes or betweene the midst of the Pikes for their better securitie the shot being placed upon both the Flankes of the Pikes as we left them in the former discourse you must make use of the words of command and direction which is placed in the Margent which will produce this forme of firing The command being given the outmost file of each Flanke presents outward the rest of the body still continuing of the march the presented Files in the interim giving fire then facing after their proper File-Leaders who are to leade them up betweene the Musquetiers of their owne divisions and the Pikes in the time of their wheeling away the next two outermost Files are to present firing after the same manner and leading up as before the rest successively doing the like untill they have fired all over which brings them to their former places Advance your Pikes and stand face to the right and left Musquetiers give fire and Flanke your Pikes This kinde of firing to both Flankes upon a stand is produced by the words of command and directions placed in the Margent onely observe the Musquetiers are placed upon both Flankes of the body of Pikes as you left them in the precedent discourse The words of command being given the whole body both of Pikes and Shot are to face to the right and left hand and then the formost Rankes of Musquetiers which before the facing were the outermost Files are to present and give fire and then wheele off by division Ranking even with the formost Rankes of Pikes and leaving sufficient Intervalls for the rest of the Musquetiers to march betweene them and the Pikes The next Ranke presenting and firing after the same manner but not advancing forwards onely firing upon the same ground and wheeling off by division afterwards passing downe betweene the Intervalls and so ranking after their Leaders but you must observe by the way that they that were outermost when they gave fire are likewise to be so when they have taken their places All the Rankes of Musquetiers having fired and wheeled off as before the Pikes if neede be may charge and the Musquetiers giving fire over againe wheeling off outwards and placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisious Having advanced your Pikes and faced your body to their first Front all your Musquetiers will be in Front and Reere and then if your halfe Files about and give fire after the same manner formerly discoursed of to the Front and Reere having faced them againe to their first Front they will be reduced as at first into their ordinary square CHAP. XCIIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in a Triple way of giving fire to the Front BY this triple firing to the Front the precedent forme of firing to both Flankes standing may be reduced for the Musquetiers of the Reere division opening to the right and left and sleeving upon the Flankes of the Pikes untill the Leaders of the Reere division who then were the halfe File-Leaders ranke even with the Front of Pikes and those in the front division are placed before the Pikes in the Front securely covering them from the enemy The word of command and directions that produceth this forme of firing is placed in the Margent Musquetiers of the Reere double your Front of Pikes by division The one halfe of the shot being placed before the front of the Pikes and the other halfe placed upon eyther flanke even with the first Ranke of Pikes and the word of command being given then the first Ranke of Musquetiers both of front and flankes presents to the front and gives fire wheeling off to the right and left by division The Musquetiers of the front division being wheeled off as aforesaid close by the flankes of their owne Musquetiers passe directly downe betweene the Intervals and place themselves even in Ranke behind the Musquetiers of the Reere division which are upon the flanks like wise the Musqueters that fired at the same time on the flankes wheele also off the right flanke to the right the left flanke to the left marching directly downe even with the reere Rankes of the Pikes and there place themselves againe even in ranke with the last ranke of Pikes this done the rest of the rankes successively give fire and doe the like every ranke taking his place after the ranke that fired last before them the other Rankes mooving one ranke forwarder the Musquetiers having given fire once over and falling off according to this direction they will all be reduced to the Flanke againe as at first View the figure in the next page The Figure of the Triple firing to the Front Front Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant CHAP. XCV How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire three wayes at once viz. to the Front Reere and right Flanke IN performing this firing three wayes at once first you may suppose the Musquetiers to be placed upon eyther Flanke of the Pikes then by commanding the halfe Rankes of the left to double
they differ in circumstance After the words of command and direction are given as is exprest in the margent then the Front halfe Files are to face about to the left the Pikes being all advanced and the Musquetttiers all either poized or shouldred and so being led by the halfe File Leaders to the Reare they March directly forwards to the right of the other part of the body which stood faced in opposition vntill the Leaders of the doubling have ranked even in ranke with the bringers up the rest ranking even with the other standing Rankes according to their places If this doubling be used in service then the whole body is to face about to the reare being the part to be doubled but in way of exercise the Commander may keepe his place and the doubling being performed and the whole body faced to the leader Then for reducement you may command Files to the Right intire adllancing then every man falling before his Leader will reduce each man to his first station Or otherwise you may command Front Halfe-files face about to the Left march forth into your places which they performing accordingly will reduce them Front halfe-files double your Reare to the Right by Countermarch This kind of doubling of the Reare by the Front halfe Files is performed contrary to the former for it is done by way of the Lacedemonian counter-march and doth produce the same effect to the reare as doubling the Front by Bringers up doth into the Front the counter-march by which it is performed is a counter-march of losse of ground where note one part or moitie of the body countermarcheth thereby not altring the number of the length and depth of the figure but onely transferring one part into another You must further observe that if the reare be doubled to the right then the counter-march must bee to the left If the doubling be to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Left If the doubling bee to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Right The way to reduce them is if the Commander stand at the head of that part that is doubled to Command Front halfe-files face about to the Right March forth into your places But if he keepes his first standing and having faced them to him Then Front halfe-files march forth into your places To double the Reare to the Left is the same onely changing the hand Halfe Rankes to the Right by Countermarch double your left Flanke Halfe-rankes or Flankes are then sayd to be doubled when the depth of the Battalia is increased to double their former proportion of number or place or both this doubling of halfe-rankes to the left Flanke by Countermarch is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth still retaines the same proportion onely augmented by one man but the length of the Battalia is diminished both in number and place the right Flanke being wholly inserted into the left Flanke after the words of Command is given that produceth this motion which you shall finde plac'd in the Margent then the halfe Rankes to the Right are to face to the Right and then even in Ranke together they are to counter March betweene the Intervalls untill to the outmost File to the Right be come into the outmost File of the Left Flancke the body being 20 in Ranke or brest then the second into the nineteenth the third into the eighteenth the fourth into the seventeenth the fifth into the sixteenth and the rest in like manner The use of this doubling is to strengthen one of the Flanckes by bringing more hands to doe present execution the other Flancke being in more surety The way for reducement of this motion is after this manner the halfe Rankes last doubled being faced to the Right then they which were the Last which tooke their places in the motion now are the first which take their places in the reducement orderly Marching in Ranke together untill they come to their places then facing to their Leader they become Files againe The left Flancke may in like manner double the right by Counter-march the difference is this The right Flancke stands the left Flancke is inserted into the Right as before the Right was into the Left Halfe Files double your front to the Right intire If in this doubling of Halfe Files to the Right intire it should be performed as the body stands in an ordinary Square Flanked with Musquetiers then it would produce a mixture of Armes wherefore to avoid this before you enter upon this doubling of passing in through or betweene your halfe Ranckes Cause your halfe Files to double the Front to the Right intire which being performed you may then proceed to the doubling of your Flanckes any way you please without Mixture of Armes This doubling of the Front by Halfe-files to the Right intire is thus performed After the words of Command are given the halfe-files are to face to the Right then marching out forwards untill the left-hand File belonging to the Reere be marcht past the right halfe-halfe-file belonging to the Front then facing to the left they march up even abreast untill the File-Leaders of the halfe-halfe-files to the Reere bee plac'd even in ranke with the File-leaders of the Front all the rest of the rankes placing themselves even with the other rankes This manner of doubling halfe-halfe-files is a doubling both of number and place for the length of the Battell is not onely double so many a-brest as they were before but they also have extended their Length to double their proportion of ground which formerly they did occupie now you are to conceive that this doubling of Halfe Files which I have now discour'st of is performed for this purpose that when the Halfe Rankes of the Right double the Left Flanke there shall by this meanes bee no mixture of Armes Halfe Rankes of the right double your left flanke In the next place let us demonstrate the way how the Halfe Rankes of the Right should double their Left Flanke which is thus performed the Left Flanke stands the Halfe Rankes of the Right are to face to the Left and then the inmost File of the Right Flanke all the Files of the Right Flanke being by this facing become Rankes is the Leader of this motion marching forth Right to their Left hands betweene the Intervalls of the Rankes of the left Flanke untill the twentieth File accounting from the Right Flanke which now is become a Ranke have placed themselves orderly in the fortieth File which is the outmost File of the Left Flanke the nineteenth in the nine and thirty the eighteenth in the eight and thirty and so of all the rest this doubling is of number and not of place For reducement to both these doublings first cause the halfe Rankes which last doubled to face to the Right and so to march out into their places They that last tooke their place in the motion are the first
onely differing in hand The Words of Command which reduceth it are Front halfe-Files face about to the left March forth into your places Halfe Ranks of the right double your left Flank intire to the right This doubling of the left Flank by advancing the right Flank and placing it before the Leaders of the left Flank which is a doubling both of number and place being very usefull for the strengthning of any Flank where it shall seem needfull And if you desire to have your Musketires to double even with the Musketires of the contrary Flank then you must first cause the half Ranks of the right Flank to march forth-right untill the Rear-Rank of the right Flank be advanced about 3 foot before the Front of the left Flank and then cause that Flank so advanced to counter-march their Ranks to the right and then all your Musketires will be together and the Pikes likewise by themselves The manner of performing this motion according to the words of Command in the Margent is as followeth First the left Flank stands and the right Flank marcheth forth-right untill the Rear of the right Flank be advanced before the Front of the left Flank as before is shewed then face them to the left and cause them to march untill the Pikes are even in Rank with the Musketires which perfects the doubling For the Reducement let the halfe Ranks that doubled face about to the left and march untill they are cleer of the left Flank then cause them to face to the right and to march straight down into their places then the Commander being at his first Front faceth them all to him which reduceth them as at first The left Flank may also double the right Flank intire after the former manner only changing the hand the Command for reducement is Halfe Ranks that doubled face about to the Left march forth into your places Half Ranks of the left double your right Flank by division This motion of doubling Flanks by division doth make a strong form of Battell to give fire three severall waies at once The manner of performing it after the word of Command is given as followeth The Rear half-Files of the left Flank face about to the right and then both the Front half-Files and Rear half-Files march forth-right untill they are clear of that part of the body that stands then each division faceth that way which they are to double which the Front half-Files must do to the right and the Rear half-Files to the left so march forth-right untill the doubling be performed For reducement if the Commander stands at the right Flank which is the part that was doubled then the reducement is as followeth the half Ranks that doubled are to face about inwards and march forth-right untill they are clear of the right Flank which stands then the Front half-Files face to the left and the Rear half-Files to the right and then close their division The Commander going to his first Front and facing the whole body to him they are reduc'd as at first If that the right Flank would double the left Flank by division the way is the same only differing in the hand The words of Command to reduce it are Halfe Ranks that doubled Face about inwards March forth into your places Double your Ranks to the right intire This doubling of Ranks intire to the right is a doubling both of number and place and in some sort worketh the same effect as the doubling of half Files doth to the right intire but differeth in regard of the parties which are the doublers and in the distance left after the doubling The motion of this doubling ought to be thus performed After the word of Command is given for the doubling to the right as in the Margent is exprest then every even Rank faceth to the right The right hand man of each Rank becoming the Leader of his Rank likewise leading them forth and in their March of moving forwards a little bending to the left that when the left-hand man of each Rank which are the bringers up of the motion are clear of the standing part of the body by only facing to the Front they may stand even in Rank with the rest of the Company For reducement of this doubling you must observe that the left-hand men are the Leaders of the motion wherefore command the Ranks that doubled to face to the left and march forth-right into their places Or you may command the halfe Ranks of the right to face to the left and double the left Flank this will work the same effect with the former To double Ranks to the left intire is to bee done after the same manner onely observe the difference of the hand This kind of doubling may also be done by division The words of Command used for this reducemeâ—t are Ranks that doubled face to the left march forth into your places Double your Files to the right intire advancing This kind of doubling of Files intire to the right advancing is also a doubling both of number and place for it increaseth the depth to double their former proportion of number as from ten to twenty It also gaineth so much ground the more before the Front as formerly the Battell did contain by transferring the even Files of the body into the ground before the Front of the odd Files But this doubling doth diminish the number of the length of your Battell although it preserves their place The manner of performing this motion of doubling is thus to be done first the word of Command being given as in the Margent is specified the odd Files are to stand beginning your account from the outmost File to the hand named the Musketires and Pikes of the even Files are to advance their Arms and follow their File-Leaders every File-Leader leading his File forth-right before his next File to the right untill the bringers up of the even Files are orderly placed before the Leaders of the odd Files For reducement Let the Files that doubled face about to the left the bringers up of each File leading them forth-right downe the distance or spaces which are on their left hand untill they are come even with the Rear and then stand and face about to their Commander and they will bee in their first forme and station The doubling of Files to the left intire advancing is after the same manner only differing in the hand The words of Command used for this reducement are Files that doubled face about to the left march forth into your places Files double your depth to the right every man falling behind his Bringer up This kind of doubling of the depth of Files to the right doth sympathize with the former doubling last discourst of both for number and place only it differeth from the other both in the manner of executing and in some sort of the matter executed for whereas the other doubling by advancing of Files did
transferre all the even Files into the ground before the Front contrariwise this doubling doth transfer them into the ground next behind the Rear And as in the other doublings half the File-Leaders did remain in the Front and the other halfe were halfe-File-Leaders Now in this doubling halfe the File-Leaders are to remain in the Front and the other half are brought down and plac'd in the last Rank of the Rear and those which were Bringers up are now in this motion become the middlemost Ranks The manner of performing this doubling is thus first having given the word of Command that produceth this motion as is specified in the Margent then every man falling behind his Bringer up the even Files accounting from the hand named immediately are to face about to the right and the Bringers up of each of the even Files are to turne behind the Bringers up of the odd Files that stand And so every man as hee commeth downe to the Reare turneth to the left behind him that marcheth down the next before him untill those that were Leaders of the even Files are become the Bringers up to those that were the odd Files The reducement is thus to bee performed according to the words of Command used for that purpose Bringers up that now are double your Ranks forwards to the left The instructions for this doubling the Ranks forwards by the Bringers up into the Front is discourst of in the beginning of this Chapter where you shall find in the Margent the manner of doubling of Ranks by the Bringers up described In the next Chapter following I shall endeavour to shew the difference between Inversion and Conversion with the words of Command and Reducement belonging to those motions CHAP. LXXXIIII Of Inversion and Conversion with their words of Command whereby those motions are produc'd and the way of reducing them described FOR Etymologie of these words you may be pleased to observe that Inversion doth alwaies produce File or Files and Conversion Rank or Ranks Inversion consists of the Files filing or of Ranks filing but Coversion consists of Ranks ranking to the right or left Or by increase of Files ranking by even or uneven parts and of Ranks wheeling to the right or left But in performing these motions there is a larger distance of ground required than in any other motion The words of Command with their severall reducements are as followeth Files File on to the Right Left This word of Command is performed by causing the right-hand File to march away single the second File from the right falleth into the Rear of the first the third behind the second the fourth behind the third so consequently all the rest of the Files fall into the Rear of their next right-hand Files untill all the whole Company become one File This was invented to passe narrow Bridges or straight Paths in Woods where but one at once can passe for the reducing of these into their former stations the word of Command is File-Leaders Lead up your Files as your were which is performed every File-leader leading up his File to the left of him that marcheth before him until all the File-leaders are even in Rank together and their Files orderly following of them For the Files filing on to the left may bee performed after this precedent manner only altering the hand c. This filing by division is to bee performed after the same manner the precedent was onely this difference that Files File to the right and left by division The right-hand File of the Companie and the left-hand File of the same begin to leade forth at one and the same time in their severall places viz. The Files of the right Flank falling likewise behind the right-hand File the Files of the left Flank falling in like manner behind the left-hand File so that if the bodie of Pikes bee flankt with Musketires then this filing by division bringeth all the Musketires into the Front-division and the Pikes into the Rear of them The word for reducement is File-Leaders Leade up your Files as you were Ranks File to the Right Left To performe this all the Ranks are to bee inverted to the outmost File to the right Wherefore let all your Files bee closed to their order or close order and your Ranks opened either forwards or backwards to double distance or twice double distance according to your number of men in Rank Then let every Rank move after his right-hand man untill all the Ranks stand right in one File after the right-hand Leader of his Rank If the Commander will performe this upon a March then the Ranks shall not need to bee opened to any distance but let them take their distance in the execution of it which is the easiest way thus to performe it viz. The right-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right all his Rank facing to the right and marching likewise after him The right-hand man of the second Rank falling immediately after the left-hand man of the first Rank all his Rank in like manner following of him The right-hand man of the third Rank falleth into the File after the left-hand man of the second his Rank likewise following of him and so of all the rest of the Ranks untill they become one File this kind of filing by Ranks is sooner performed than Files filing and is readier to bee reduc'd to make resistance against any opposition in the Front The word of Command to reduce them is Files Ranke as you were The manner to performe this reducement is if they were ten men in the formost Rank then the first tenne men rank to the left into the Front as they were at first The next ten men next after them which makes the second Rank The third ten men ranking to the left makes the third Rank and so of all the rest untill they be reduc'd into their first forme or station As for Ranks filing to the left c. it is to be performed after this very same manner only it differeth in the hands for in this the left-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right and all his Rank facing to the left marcheth likewise after him and so of the rest If you desire to avoid the mixture of Armes you may march forwards your Musketires of each division and close them before the Pikes and invert them first or you may march forwards your Pikes first and leave the Muskets to come in the Rear or you may invert the Front-division of Shot then the Pikes and last the Rear-division of Shot Ranks File to the Right Left Ranks filing to the right and left is a doubling of the depth by an unequall proportion for in other doublings either the number of length or depth is augmented But this doubling of Inversion makes their depth so many times more in number as there are Files to double or halfe so many if it be done by division the use of it is to avoid the Shot of
face them to the right and then wheele then to the left about which being performed face them again to the left and they are reduced perfectly to their first forme station Further observe that every following wheeling is a reducement unto that which is placed next before it and the wheeling next before may reduce that next following as to wheele your Flankes into the front by wheeling your Flankes into the Reere it is reduced or to wheele Front and Reere into both Flankes if you wheele both Flankes into the Front and Reere they are likewise reduced as before Wheele your Battaile to the right on the same ground This wheeling on the Center is more suddenly performed then the Angular wheelings and may be done in farre lesse ground for the left Flanke advanceth forwards still wheeling to the right the right Flanke contrariwise facing to the left and so falling backwards if you have an odde File then the middle File leader must be the Center of the motion but if you have an even number of files then the middlemost file leader from the left or if your wheeling bee to the left then the middlemost file-leader to the right must be the Center This hath beene used by the Grave van Nassaw in the Netherlands For the reducement you must wheele your battell to the left on the same ground and they will be in their first forme and station Wheele your Battell to the right about on the same ground This wheeling is also a wheeling on the Center or midst of the Front whereby the aspect of the Front proper is transferred towards the Reere and withall the Battell is remomoved from off the ground whereon formerly it stood and is placed upon the ground before the front it requires the very same action the former did onely the motion is double to the other To performe this motion every man of the left Flanke is to observe duly his right hand man and the right Flanke must keepe even and straight after their left hand man which becomes their Leaders filewise untill they have attained their ground after which they face as before making an even Front For the reducement wheele your Battell to the left about upon the same ground and they will be in their first forme Wheele off your front by division This motion of wheeling by division in great Battallias is very efficatious to oppose severall enemies at one and the same time with the front of your Battallia whereby your ablest Souldiers will bee first brought to action but if you wheele off your Battell by division and joyne them againe when they be in the Reere then all your Musquetiers are brought from the flankes into the midst of your Battallia and your Pikes will be upon the flankes this motion is easie to be performed for all the file-Leaders to the right flanke are to wheele about to the right the rest of each file following their Leaders the file-Leaders likewise of the left flanke are to wheele about to the left and then joyne or close their divisions To reduce them you must wheele them off againe by division or the wheeling next following will performe it Wheele your Front inwards to the Reere This divisionall wheeling of the Front inwards to the Reere may serve for a reducement unto the precedent wheelings and so it brings the Musquetiers to the flankes againe but if you performe this motion the company being first reduced then it brings the Pikes to the flankes if you chance to be anoyed with Horse in the Reere upon a March you having gayned some place of advantage as aside hill or the like then by wheeling your front inwards to the Reere you may perswade the enemy you are taking your flight but you shall be ready to entertayne his aproches with a setled orderly body for your shot will bee in the middest and the Pikes impaling their flankes so as the Horse can have no power over the shot to route them but they shall bee able to give fire upon them continually this motion is thus to bee performed The right hand file-Leader with all the Leaders of the right flanke are to advance forwards and so are to wheele about to the left every file still keeping close to their right hand file likewise the left hand file-Leader with all the Leaders of the left flanke are to advance forwards and wheele about to the right every file of the left flanke closing close to the left thus the outmost file of each flanke will meet and become the innermost the front being metamorphis'd into the Reere For reducement you may wheele them againe off to the right and left by division or else wheele your front inward to the Reere Wheele your Flanks into the Front This divisionall wheeling of the flankes into the front is Cosen-german to a doubling for by it all your shot are brought from both the flankes into the front and thereby so many shot more are brought to doe execution accordingly as the depth will permit This motion of wheeling your flankes into the front will not onely secure your shot but also is very proper to baricado up any passage with your Pikes so as the enemies horse will be defeated of their expectations upon the first motion of dividing every devision wheeleth about his owne angle untill the outmost file Leaders of each flanke meete together in the midst then facing to their Leader performes it For reducement of this motion wheele your flankes into the Reere or else foure times the same although the further way about Face all about to the Right and wheele your Flanks into the Reere This divisionall wheeling of the Flankes into the Reere is also neere akind to a doubling and is to be performed as the other in all respects for this wheeling brings your two outmost Files to be the first Ranke the bringers up of the right and left hand files meeting together the bringers up of the left flanke meeting face to face with the bringers up of the right flanke and so being faced to their Leader they which before were compleate files are now become halfe Rankes eyther to the right or left but you must note that before you beginne to wheele you must face your body about to the Reere and then the action will be all one as if you wheeled your flankes into the front It shall neede no further explayning in regard in the motion before this it is fully exprest But by the way take notice that in all wheelings you must observe to follow your Leaders which must be understood as well of those which are accidentally become Leaders by reason of facings as of those which be the first and propet Leaders as for example in this wheeling you must note that the bringers up are become the Leaders of the motion also you may further observe that the two middlemost bringers up are the Hinges of the wheeling For the reducement of this wheeling the
then your best way will be to wheele your Flanke into the Front and then face them about into the reere and with your charged Pikes defend your shot which will be in the reere of the Pikes after they have wheeled as aforesaid The Body standing in this forme the shot may sleeve up by way of Extraduction or otherwise you may cause your Pikes to charge at foote and the Musquetiers to give fire over them For reducing them having thus fired you must command them to wheele their Flankes into the Front and to face about after their proper File Leaders and they will be in their first forme A second way to give fire in the reere is to place all your shot marching in the reere of the Pikes The manner of performing the motion is as before is shewed But the placing of the men after they have given fire may be diversly performed As to wheele off by division placing themselves in the Front of the Musquetiers next behinde the reere of the Pikes Or if the Body be Large to wheele all off to the right through distances for that purpose made and so to march into the Front of the Pikes Or otherwise they may wheele off by division and Flanke their Pikes and so give fire over againe as at first If in giving fire in the reere your Musquetiers wheele off and place themselves before the Front of the Pikes then to reduce them you may either wheele the body about and give fire in Front causing your Musquetiers to fail off by division and to flanke their Pikes Or if you will reduce them with out a firing cause your Musquetiers to open to the right and left and the Pikes to march up into the midst and then facing them to their Leader and they will be in their first forme Let these Instructions suffice for the giving fire in the reere desiring every Commander to be uery carefull and punctuall in exercising their shot in these kinde of firings in the reere It being a thing of great Consequence and very aduantagious for the preservation of Foote troopes from the fury of a prosecuting enemie that would seeke to cut them off or at least deterr them from ariving at their place of strength where they may be secured In the next place shall be shewne the wayes of giving fire in the Flankes so that a Companie may be made compleate in their performances of Exercise CHAP. XCI How a Commander shall exercise his Company in giving fire in the Flankes with the Circumstances there unto belonging THe Manner of giving fire in Flanke is used in two respects The first is when the Enemie shall make his aproaches to charge your Troopes on the Flanke in a march The second is when as by some sudden attempt or ambushment the whole Body of an Army is ingaged and so forced to stand and to face to the right or left or both by which facings the flankes become Fronts accidentall and their firings will be after the same manner of the firings in Front wherefore I will indeavour to shew such firings in Flanke as are of use in a march which are these following The first is for the outmost File to give fire and stand untill the next File hath fired Secondly after they have given fire in Flanke they are to be led up betweene Musquetiers and Pikes The third way of firing in Flanke after they have performed it they are led off by the bringers up The forth way after they have given fire they are placed as sleeves upon the contrary flanke of Pikes The Fifth way is after they have given fire in flanke they are drawne up betweene the inmost Files of Pikes of these I shall discourse severally in their due places In the meane time suppose all your Musquetiers to be placed upon the right wing of your Pikes and casting your eye into the Margent you shall finde the words of Command which produceth this firing in the Flanke Musquetiers give fire to the right and gather up your Files The Command being to give fire to the right presently the outermost File to the right faceth outward and presents the rest of the body still marching forwards Then the presented File gives fire and stands facing againe to their first Front by that time the body will be marched cleere of the standing File then the next outermost File presents and fires in like manner the body facing as before having fired they in like manner facing to their first Front and stand a Serjeant Leading up the File that first fired on the outside of the File that last fired Then they both stand together untill the third File hath given fire after the same manner and then the Serjeant Leades up the two Files even with the third which last fired And after this manner all the Files of Musquetiers are to face to the Flanke and give fire successively and stand untill the Serjant Leades up the rest of the Files which fired even with the Front of the File which last fired Thus having all fired over they are to march up againe even with the Front of Pikes and this reduceth them as at first Musquetiers give fire in flanke march up beâ—eene the Pikes and Musquets The second manner of giving fire to the Flanke is a more secure way then the former and yet full as Serviceable for matter of execution for this way after the shot hath fired they shall be secured from the Enemies shot farre better then the former and also the body shall continue more intire without seperation And this forme is of very good use when two Enemies are divided by a River or by some such like meanes secured from the Incursions of Horse for then the shot being drawne up betweene the innermost Files of the Musquetiers and the outermost File of Pikes to the right your skirmish may be continued as long as occasion shall serve The words of Command which produceth this forme is placed in the Margent And the way to performe this motion of firing is as followeth Onely take notice that as in the former manner of firing the shot were placed upon the right flanke of Pikes after the same manner they are placed now with a distance betwixt the outerflanke of the Pikes and the inmost flanke of the Musquetiers for the shot to march up into after they have given fire The outermost File of Musquetiers being Commanded to face to the right and present the rest of the body marcheth away and the standing File gives fire This done and the body is marched cleere of the standing file the next file presents to the right and the file that first gave fire faceth to the first Front and is led by a Serjeant crosse the reere of Musquetiers up into the distance between the Musquets and Pikes The Musquetiers are still open to the right as they march that so there may be Roome for one File to march betweene them and the Pikes And
so successively each file having fired marcheth up next unto the right flanke of Pikes when all your shot hath given fire once over they are reduced as at first Musquetiers give fire to the right wheeling off after your bringers up and placing your selves betweene your divisions The third way of giving fire in flanke differeth nothing from the former But onely their manner of wheeling off and placing them doth differ for you remember in the former that the File of Musquetiers after that they had given fire were led off by their proper File-Leadere but this must be led off to the contrary by their bringers up and this indeede if the body bee upon a slow march is the readiest and quickest way and doth more speedily secure the shot after they have given fire The Pikes and Shot being placed in Battallia as before is described you may take the words of command and direction which produceth this firing as it is placed in the Margent and the way of performing this firing is as followeth Frst you must presuppose your body to be marching as before is shewed upon all these firings in Flanke with their Pikes shouldred The command being given the outmost File presents to the right and gives fire then faceth to the right after their bringers up who leadeth them off crosse the Reere of Musquetiers marching them up betweene the divisions the bringers up supplying the File-Leaders place and marching even in Ranke in the Front with the File-Leaders and the file Leader of the same File becomming the bringer up in the Reere The Files of Musquetiers or Pikes according as the Command shall be given are as they march to open thereby giving way to the Musquetiers after they have fired to come up betweene the divisions and so soone as the first file that fired is cleare from the right Flanke the second File is then to present and give fire and in like manner to wheele off as before and so to march up betweene the Pikes and Musquetiers every File successively giving fire and wheeling off as aforesaid This firing may be performed as often as the Commander pleaseth Never the lesse if it be twise performed the men are reduced as at first every man possessing his right place There is another way for the bringers up to wheele off and each of them to leade off his File untill he comes to the Reere of his division which is betweene the Musquets and the Pikes and there hee is to stand and ranke with the bringers up the rest that follow passing on forwards by way of introduction and every man ranking before him that was his Leader in the wheeling off untill the proper File-Leader be come into his place againe and after this way they may give fire each firing being his owne reducement Musquetiers give fire to the right placing your selves on the outside of the left Flank of Pikes The fourth way of giving fâ—re in the Flanke differeth nothing from the former but in the manner of placing the Files that they may be the better defended from the fury of the enemies Horse after they have given fire upon them in the Flanke for the same purpose therefore after the shot have fired they are to be drawne up on the outer-side of the left Flanke of Pikes for their safeguard if there bee any Rivers Ponds Ditches Hedges Marish grounds or the like whereby the Horse may be disabled from performing any execution against them and then the Pikes are to make their best defence if neede be charging at the foote closely seried together with their Swords drawne so that the shot may give fire over them Now by the way you are to presuppose that the shot and Pikes are ranged in forme as before is described in the former wayes of firing in the Flanke and taking with you the words of command and direction placed in the Margent you shall perceive the manner of firing and placing of the men as followeth First the outermost file having presented to the right the rest of the body continueth the march whilst they in the meane time are giving fire which being done and the body cleare the next outmost File presents The File that last fired in the interim facing to the left after their proper file-File-Leader who leadeth them crosse the Reere both of Musquets and Pikes a good round pace sleeving them upon the outside of the left Flanke of Pikes the next File having in like manner fired doth also troope up on the outside of the File led off before Every File having given fire and placed â—â—â—mselves as before is described then the Pikes may charge Having â—â—â—en fire to the right Flanke and drawne all your shot upon the left â—â—nke you may cause them in like sort to give fire on the left Flanke 〈◊〉 bring them back againe to the right Flanke by which meanes they will be reduced into their first forme Or if you would reduce them without firing then either passe your Musquetiers through betweene your Rankes of Pikes or else let your whole division of shot be drawne crosse eyther the Front or Reere of Pikes into their places Or if you please your shot may give fire in Flanke by division the first fire sleeving on the left Flanke the rest of the Files still falling betweene the Pikes and the Musquetiers that wheeled off before the last before them and this is a very good way of firing and may be reduced with doing the same way backe againe Musquetiers give fire to the right marching up betweene the midst of the Pikes The fift way of firing in a Flanke and bringing them off betweene the midst of the Pikes is to be used at such times when as you would secure your shot from the enemies Horse there being no other naturall strength to defend them and upon occasion you may draw three or foure Files of Pikes more or lesse according to your number or the danger crosse the Musquetiers both in Front and Reere which 〈◊〉 in the midst betwixt the Pikes which may serve for an impalement 〈◊〉 defend the shot both in Front and Reere as in Flanke The forme â—f this battell is after this manner the shot are placed upon the right â—â—ing of the Pikes as is described in the former firings and the Pikes are divided in the middlemost File leaving such a proportionable distance as may conveniently receive all the Files of shot after they have fired The word of command and direction you shall finde placed in the Margent The command being given for the outermost File to present to the right as formerly is shewed in the other firings in the Flanke the rest of the body still marcheth on untill that the outermost File hath fired and is faced to the left againe following their Leader He now leading them off to the left marched up in the distance which is made betweene the middlemost Files of Pikes who are then to open to the right and
is to divide the Musquetiers they being drawne into a body as aforesaid into two equall parts or Divisions if there should bee an odde File in one of the Divisions it makes no matter Next you are to draw up your body of Pikes betweene those Divisions of Musquets fronting them with the Musquets in an even line Or otherwise you may draw your Musquetiers upon the left wing of your body of Pikes their Front and Rankes being placed even one against another you are to command the Pikes to open their Rankes and to order their Pikes the Musquetiers are to have all their Musquets Rested Then commanding the right-hand-division only to shoulder their Musquets and to face to the Right-hand Then commanding them to March even through the Rankes of the Pikes an ordinary distance beyond them and causing them to face to the left-hand will bring them into true order with the Pikes Next you are to command the residue or left wing of Musquets to shoulder their Peeces and to face to the right hand and advance them forwards to the side of the Pikes observing their distance betwixt them then facing them to the Left hand makes them stand even with the Pikes Or if you please you may make use of a third way to draw your Musquetiers upon either Wing of your Pikes Your Pikes being first drawne into a square body and your Musquetiers in a like square body being drawne up to the reare of the Pikes You may command them to double their Front to the Right and left hand by Division which is in this kind performed One halfe of the Files of Musqueteirs are to face to the right hand and the other halfe to the left hand either Division marching after they are turned right forwards about sixe foot beyond the flankes of the Pikes Then that Division of Musquetiers which marched towards the left-hand you are to command them to face to the right hand And the division of Musquetiers that marched to the right hand you are to command them to face to the Left Then both the divisions of Shotte at one instant in an even order are to March up by the side of the Pikes untill they front even with them These things being thus performed you are to command your Musquetiers to shoulder their Musquets and slope them You are likewise to command your Pikemen to advance their Pikes and then begin to exercise them in their Motions as followeth having first ordered them in their distance for Motion at six foote both in Ranke and File CHAP. LXXIX How a Commander shall exercise his Company in grosse in their proper Motions after hee hath drawne the Shotte upon either Wing of the Body of Pikes with the words of Command for the performance thereof as also for the reducing them to their first station HAving duly performed those Circumstances specified in the former Chapter and now standing in the head of your Company the Lieutenant in the Reare and the Serjeants upon either Flanke after you have commanded silence and also to stand right in their Rankes and Files you shall command them to Faces to the right hand This Motion is performed only by turning your body to the place where your right hand stood not moving your right foot at all but turning it a little upon the ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this word of Command As you were so turning to the left hand againe brings them to their former station Faces to the left hand This motion is performed by turning your body to the place where your left hand stood bringing your left legge somewhat about and onely turning your right foot a little upon the Ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command As you were so turning off to the right hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the right hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the right hand so that your face stands where your back parts did and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command To the left hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the left hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the left hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the left hand so that your face stands where your backe parts did and to reduce them to their former Station you must use this word of Command To the right hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the right hand brings them to their first Station These motions of facing being perfectly done you shall command the whole Company to front to the right hand and cause them there to begin anew the aforesaid motions where ten to one you shall finde them anew to seeke so fronting them from hand to hand round about will make them perfect otherwise they will be to seeke as oft as you alter your Front CHAP. LXXX Of Facing Square and how to performe it The usefulnesse of Facings and the severall parts thereof FAcings are so usefull and necessary that a Commander may as well dispence with any one of the grounds of Discipline as with them for upon all occasions in Service they are usefull and not onely sooner executed than any other of the motions but may be needfull when wheelings and Counter-marches cannot be used as in a strait There are no more than foure faces intire besides Angular as in the precedent Chapter is shewed But as for your divisionall there be divers which I have omitted Intire Facings are so called when the aspect of the whole Companie is directed one way Divisionall Facings are so called when the aspect of the Souldiers is at one and the same time directed divers wayes as to the Front and Reare the Right the Right and Left or to all foure at once c. Angular Facings are so called when the Aspect of the Companie is directed to the right Corner man which is the right Angle or to the left Corner man which is the left Angle or to the foure Corner men which are termed the foure Angles These Angular Facings amongst the Grecians were of great use for they made use of them by reducing out of the Square a Diamond Battell and from the Diamond they reduc'd two Triangles by cutting or dividing the same in the middest at the two flat Angles and of two Triangles they framed a Sheere Battell and of three or foure Triangles they framed their Saw-Battell c. Now for the instructing of your Souldiers how to Face Square if the body bee but eight in depth you must command the two first Rankes to stand fast likewise the two last Rankes are to face about the rest of the Body are to face to the Right and Left if the Body be deeper then you must command more Rankes to the Front and so likewise to the Reare and in
great Ordnance it serves also for a guard for any great Personage or Commander to passe through It is also commonly used for the Lodging of the Colours The manner to performe this motion is the same with the last precedent motion differing only in this that whereas in the former all the whole Ranks turned to the right behind their right-hand men in this motion the left Flank or half-Ranks to the left fall into the outmost File to the left and the halfe-Ranks to the right behind their severall right-hand men For reducement the word of Command for it is Files Rank to the right and left inwards as you were viz. the Ranks which before inverted into Files now are to convert into Ranks as they were The nature of this motion which is performed by conversion produceth Ranks as the former motion of Inversion did Files Wherefore you may use this word of Command Ranks Ranke 3. 5. 7. or 9. to the right 4. 6. 8. or 10. to the left By increase 2. 4. 6. 8. c. to the right By increase 1. 3. 5. 7. c. to the left Intire to the right into the Front Intire to the left into the Front By division into the Front The word of Command to reduce these into their former station is Rank Ranks as you were Ranks Wheel to the Right Left Right and left Files Rank 3. 5. 7. or 9. to the right 4. 6. 8. or 10. to the left By increase to the right 1. 3. 5. 7. c. By increase to the left 2. 4. 6. 8. c. To the right To the left into the Front The word of Command to reduce these into their former station is Ranks File as you were Now observe that the severall parts of this motion which is distinguished by the name of Conversion consists of Ranks Ranking In equall parts In unequall parts Intire into the Front By division into the Front By wheeling to the Flanks Files Ranking By equall parts By unequall parts Intire into the Front First of Ranks ranking in equall parts it is thus to be understood when there are 12 or 20 more or lesse marching a Brest and the Commander finding his passage narrow or for any other intent commandeth his Ranks to Rank 3 or 6 a Brest or 5 10 or any other number every Rank holding equality of number Secondly observe that Ranks then Rank by unequall parts when they Rank by increase or decrease as for example when the first Rank shall be 3 the next 5 then 7 9 c. which is commonly used in triangular figures as the Horsemans-wedge or the Diamond-Battell Thirdly observe that Ranks then rank intire into the Front when the first Rank stands the second Rank placeth it self upon the right or left of the first the third by the second the fourth by the third and so forwards for all the rest untill all the Ranks according to their Cōmand either to the right or left are become one Rank in the Front Fourthly observe that Ranks then rank by division into the Front when the second Rank and all the rest of the Ranks behind open to the right left the one part going to the right and the other to the left ranking even with the first as is shewed in the former and all these being joyned together makes one intire Rank Fifthly observe that Ranks then rank to the Flank or Flanks when either the right-hand man of each Rank or left-hand man or both together are as it were the Hinge of the motion the residue of each Rank wheeling about them to the right or left or to each hand by division untill that every Rank bee brought into the distance which was before the Rank between the right-handman of the Rank next before and the right-hand man of the same Rank you stand in If it bee to the left then they wheel into the distance between the left-hand Leaders of each Rank If it bee by division then halfe the Rank wheeleth to the right and the other halfe to the left which produceth two Ranks Sixthly observe that Files then rank by equall parts when they rank 3 4 or 5 a Brest be it more or lesse still keeping the number of men in Rank of due proportion If you rank three a Brest either to the right or left and your Files be but ten deep then the first nine men makes three Ranks and the fourth Rank must be made up by the Leader and the next that follows him of the second File and so for all the rest If you rank five and the Files be ten deep then every File makes two Ranks c. Seventhly observe that Files then rank by unequall parts when they either rank by progressionall increase or by decrease as when every Rank exceeds the Rank before it by two three or foure bee it more or lesse or else that each Rank decreaseth after the same manner Eighthly observe that Files then rank intire into the Front when there is so much distance between File and File as will contain each File Rank-wise every man in the File marching forwards to the right or left as shall bee commanded untill he stand even in Rank with the Leader of his File which brings the body into one Rank As for Ranks wheeling by Conversion to the right and left or Ranks ranking to each Flank by wheeling it differeth from Ranks filing both in manner and matter In differs in manner thus whereas in Ranks filing to the right and left the right and left-hand File-Leaders preserve and continue their places in this wheeling by Conversion to the right and left you shall find it contrary to Ranks filing for the innermost File-Leaders become the outmost men in that part where the Front stood the other File-Leaders rank even within them for when the word of Command is given for wheeling you are to wheel your aspects unto the hand or part named whereby you either become a Rank or Ranks and not Files This way of wheeling is a very speedy motion for a great body if they have their due distance to give fire to one or both Flanks The manner or performing it follows Ranks wheele to the right and left by division To perform this wheeling by division the right and left-hand men of every Rank are to become the hinges of the motion the rest of each Rank wheeling by equall division to the right and left about and above the right and left-hand Leaders untill they become Ranks to the Flanks If you will avoid mixture of Arms then place all your Muskets in Front or Rear or else wheele only your Muskets and leave your Pikes standing or else it may be done the body marching at length the Muskets being in the Front Rear division The word for the reducemēt is Ranks Rank as you were which is performed by facing to the Rear and then to wheel back into their places then face to their Leaders and they will be in their former station
farre forth in a straight line untill they have ranked even with the first ranke of Pikes not forgetting to leave there a distance betwixt the Inermost Musquet of each Flanke and the outermost File-Leader of the Pikes So soone as the first Ranke hath given fire and wheeled away the second Ranke is to give fire wheeling off as before and passing down betweene the Intervalls of the Flankes placing themselves after their Leaders The same is every Ranke successively to doe untill all the shot be drawne from before the Front placed on the Flankes of their Pikes But when all the shot in the front hath discharged unto the two last rankes then the Pikes are to porte and when they have all fired and wheeled away then they are to charge their Pikes then advancing their Pikes again the Battallia stands reduced as in its first forme Musquetiers make ready to give fire by Introduction to the right Files of Musquetires open by division to your open order You shall finde in the Margent the words of Command that produceth this forme of giving fire by way of Introduction it being a kinde of advancing against the Enemie and of gayning ground although not used in these our Moderne warres but in way of exercise It is to be performed two wayes The first when the motion is begun by the second Ranke from the Front The other when it is begun by the bringers up wherefore observe before the firing begin you must open your Files of Musquetiers to their open order so that the shot may passe betweene the Intervalls of each File to give fire in the Front The maner and forme of this kind of firing by Introduction may be thus performed The Pikes being flanked with the Musquetiers the first ranke of each flanke is to present and give fire and having fired they stand and make ready againe in the same place The second Ranke passing forwards before the first doe there also fire and stand The third Ranke then passing forwards after the second and standing even in Ranke with them that first fired that so soone as the second Ranke hath fired they may presently step before them and fire in like maner In this firing still the ranke which is next to fire stands even in ranke with them which last fired untill those which stand presented have first given fire after which they then passe before them the Ranke which was their next followers passing forwarde Ranking with those which last fired every man following his Leader successively untill the bringers up give fire and stand in the Front of all and then this forme will be like the figure of a Horne battell All the while that this firing by Introduction is continued the Pikes may be shouldred if there be no feare of the Enemies Horse If you continue this firing twice over the Musquetiers will have their right place which being done march up your Pikes and Ranke them even in Front with the shot and they are reduced The second way of firing by introduction The first Ranke or File Leaders are to give fire as before and to stand The last Ranke or bringers up in the interim of their firing marching up and ranking even with the second Ranke the rest follow their bringers up as they doe when bringers up double their Front the first Ranke having fired the bringers up step imediatly before them present and give fire the rest still successively doing the like untill every ranke have given fire once over observe with all that the File Leaders are to give fire twice over being the first and the last and then to stand the Pikes marching up even with their Front of Musquetiers And thus they are reduced as at first If the two first rankes of Pikes in every Battallia should have bowes fastned to their Pikes they might do good service against the enemie whilst the shot performes their duties in giving fire The words of Command which produceth this forme of a Diamand Battell is in the Margent Amongst the Ancients it hath bin of great account but in these late ages Musquetiers Ranke 1 3 5 7 9 c. by increase to the left Files of Pikes ranked by decrease after your Musquetiers not used in the warres The manner of forming it is thus first you must cause your Musquetiers of the right flanke to open to the right to a sufficient distance for the receiving the shot of the left flanke Then you must Command the left flanke of Musquetiers to passe through into the space of ground on the right This being done for to frame this battell you must command your Files of Musquetires to ranke 1 3 5 7 c. by increase to the left then you must command the Files of Pikes to ranke by decrease after the Musquetiers The Musquitiers may give fire from this forme of Battell two wayes principally the first is the giving fire in Ranke viz. the first man or point of the diamond is first to give fire then he is to wheele off to the right and place himselfe just behind the single Pikemen in the Reere then the next Ranke consisting of three men are to give fire and to wheele off by division and are to place themselves in Ranke behind the single Musquetiere as they were before the firing began next the Ranke of five Musquitiers gives fire wheeling off in like manner by division ever observing that where the number is odde and they commanded to wheele off by division there the greatest number alwayes goes to the right And after this manner every Ranke gives fire successively and place themselves after their Leaders as before is shewed when all the shot have given fire and are wheeled off then let the Pikes charge which will be fiveteene in the first Rank the rest decreasing having advanced your forme will stand like two wedges with their points joyned If you would reduce your men from this forme without giving fire then let the Musquitiers stand and the Pikes face to the Reere and then the wedge will stand faced in opposition Next you may command them to interchange ground the Musquetiers advancing forwards into the ground of the Pikes and the Pikes moving into the ground of the Musquetiers and then by facing the Pikes to the former front the body will stand in forme of a diamond againe If you would give fire from this forme in regard all the Musquetiers are placed in the Reere the body must face about so the firing will bee contrary to the former But if you wheele them about then they may give fire the same way However after fire is given they must wheele off by division and place themselves in the Reere of the Pikes even in Rank againe as they were when they gave fire Thus having all fired over wheeled away the Pikes may charge being againe advanced the body wil stand in form of a diamond The second way of firing on this Diamond forme is
by way of Counter-march and is an oblique firing for whereas in the other firing by Rankes in the Diamond Battell each Ranke fired by increase of two beginning with one and ending with 15. 17. or 21 c. according to the quantitie of your Souldiers in a Ranke this second kind of firing contrary wise may beginne with 15. 17. or 21 c. and end with one still decreasing two and to performe this firing your Files must be at open order because the Musquetiers must Counter-march downe betweene the Intervals of their owne Files to the right every Musquetiere that findes him-himselfe without a Leader being to present and give fire and then to Counter-march to the right and to place himselfe in the Reere of his owne File behind the Pikes when the first Ranke if it consists but of 15. have given fire then the next Ranke of 13. is to present give fire and Counter-march still placing themselves in the Reere of their owne files next there fireth 11. then 9 c. And in this manner of firing they that fire together stand neither in Ranke nor File but obliquely when all the shot have fired and are Counter-marcht into the Reere of their owne Files then the Rankes will become two and two of a number Your men standing in the forme before described if you please you may produce another forme by facing them all to the Reere then command your Musquetiers to march ten or twelve paces your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers will make resemblance of a hollow wedge and your Piks of a sollid wedge Lastly to reduce all these severall formes into the first proper square battell first let the sollid wedge close forwards into the hollow of the other then let the shot make ready present and give fire as before viz. every Musquetiere that findes himselfe without a Leader is to give fire and Counter-march to the Reere of his owne File and the rest doing the like successively when they have all fired and are all Counter-marcht cleare let the Pikes charge and then the body of your Battallia will have the forme of a Diamond againe Next face them all to the Reere and command the Rankes to file 8. c. to the right which being done passe the shot through which belongs to the left flanke into their places and close the Musquetiers to the right Flanke to their due distance and then they will stand in their proper reducement Wheele your Flankes into the front and face the body to one of the flanks and wheele your battell into a Convex halfe Moone The manner and use of the severall wayes of firing belonging to this forme of the Convex half Moone or semi-circuler Battell is a forme which our Schoolemaster in the rudiments Julius Casar did highly esteeme of it makes shew but of a few Souldiers in regard of the rotunditie of it yet being drawne out in Length it makes a very long Front it may be for the Landing of Souldiers in the enemies country or being secured in the Reere with Rivers Bogges Ditches or the like it hath beene accounted very prevalent to be opposed against an Armie of greater power It may be framed either with the shot outermost or innermost or lined If your battell be in forme of a Hearse then wheele them to the right and left about untill they have attained this forme of a Semicircle but if in a square then you must make use of those words of command plac'd in the Margent which will produce this Convex forme Having brought your Souldiers into this Semicircle you may face them all inwards the better to heare such speeches or orations as shall be by the Commander delivered unto them but for to receive a charge from the enemy you must face them outwards there must be certaine intervalls or distances betwixt each division for the shot to wheele off and march downe in The outmost Arch or first ranke of each division is to present and give fire those of the right Flanke wheeling off to the right and the left Flanke to the left placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions of Musquetiers still making good their Leaders ground the rest of the Rankes are to doe the same until they have all given fire Never the lesse if the enemies horse should bee too potent then let them give fire by division as is shewed before passing quite through their intervalls and placing themselves in the Reere of the Pikes every ranke is to make good his Leaders ground Thus also are the rest of the Musquitiers to give fire placing themselves in the concave part of the body as aforesaid following the Pikes which now makes good the Musquetiers ground the Pikes may eyther charge over hand or upon occasion at the foote drawing forth their Swords over their left arme and couching downe their heads by which meanes the Musquitiers may play over their shoulders for the first ranke having fired may kneele downe and charge againe and so the second ranke may give fire and kneele in like sort making ready againe and so all the rest untill the first ranke riseth up with the rest and give fire over againe So the skirmish may be continued the Pikes still opposing the Horse Pikes stand Musquetiers face to the reere and march until your are cleere of your body of Pikes Then face inwards and close your division then face to your Leader and double your Rankes For the reducement of this forme and to bring every Man to his place Let your shot either by firing or passing through be brought into the place they were in before they first gave fire then face the whole body to one of the flankes and march them untill they have evened their Rankes and straitned their Files this done then if all your Pikes be upon the right flanke wheele your right flanke into the midst if on the left flanke wheele Front and Reere into the left flanke This being preformed the Commander must passe to his proper file-Leaders and face the whole body to him and they will be in their first forme This way of firing by extraduction is also a firing in Front it is of singuler good use in a Strait or narrow passage where the wings and Reere may be secured from the fury of the Enemies Horse you must fill the mouth of the Passage with your Pikes and if the length of your Company be not sufficient to doe it then double your Rankes and your Pikes being charged Your Musquetiers being in the Reere are to march up into the Front and give fire as in the next place shal be demonstrated onely first by the way observe the words of directions placed in the Margent which produceth this forme The battel being ordred as a foresaid Let the first Ranke of Musquetiers which are those that followes next after the Pikes face to the right and march forth File-wise up close by the right flanke of Pikes untill he that is
the conductor of them become into the Front of the Pikes then he is to leade them quite crosse the Front of Pikes untill he have attained the further part of the Front to the left which being done they are all to stand present and give fire You must observe withall that he in this firing that was the right hand man of the Ranke and was the Leader of the motion now becomes the left hand man when he gives fire and when they have fired they are to wheele off to the left close by the left flanke of Pikes and so to fall into the Reere of the Musquetiers In the Interim whilst that the Ranke that first fired is wheeling away the second ranke is marching into their places to give fire And in this maner they may maintaine their skirmish so long as they please the Pikes either porting or charging all the while The Musquetiers in their time of their crossing the Front are to couch or stoope under their Pikes that they may be no impediment to them in their charge There is another way of firing by extraduction which is that the Right hand Leader of Musquetiers placeth himselfe before the right File Leader of Pikes the rest all faling beyond him but this is a more imperfect way then the former and not worth the further describing For Reducement you must command your Pikes to stand and your Musquets to double their Front by division But if you want roome to doe it then first double your Files to the contrary hand of that which you doubled your rankes and so having doubled by division as a foresaid they will be reduced as at first Wheele your flankes into the front face to your Leader The firings belonging to a broad fronted battell are of singular use either offensive or defensive The words of direction that produceth this forme is in the Margent and the maner of performing it is thus first cause your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers to march untill the reere ranke of Musquetiers be advanced a little space before the Front of the Pikes then let the Musquetiers face inwards or in opposition and close their division and then face to their Leaders And if you would bring more hands to fight double rankes to any hand But the speediest way to produce thus forme is to wheele both flankes into the Front For the manner of firing there are Intervalls made for each division to the right that so they may either fall into the reere of the shot and there continue the firing or else fall into the reere of the Pikes and be thereby secured from the enemies horse Wherefore be pleased to observe the words of Command whereby this forme is produced which is placed in the Margent For the performance of this firing the first ranke is to present and give fire then wheele off to the right all passing downe the Intervalls to the right and placing themselves in the reere of their owne shot the Musquetiers making good their Leaders ground Likewise after the next rankes have fired they are after the former Manner to wheele off and to place themselves This way they may give fire once or twise over and then make use of a second way And that is to place themselves in the reere of the Pikes either standing or advancing Or if neede be the Pikes may close their divisions and charge at the foote the Musquetiers giving fire over them For Reducement If you make this forme of battell by wheeling your flankes into the front and there having given fire as foresaid Then you must cause them to give fire over againe and so fall into their former places for you must observe that the second firing will cause the body to face to the Reere which then becomes a Front accidentall and then by wheeling your Flankes into the Front againe and facing them about to the right will bring them into their first station or if you would reduce them without giving of fire over againe then you must Command your shot to double their Front by division that being done you are to wheele both Flankes into the Reare then facing to their Leaders you must againe Command the Musquetiers to double their Front by division and they will be in their first forme and station CHAP. XC How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire to the Reere with the severall wayes there to belonging and how they ought to be performed HAving in the former discourse shewed the diverse and sundry wayes of giving fire in the Front It seemes now requisit I should doe the same Office in demonstrating the severall wayes of giving fire in the Reere Wherefore after the Commander hath taught his Souldiers these wayes or at least the chiefest of them in giving fire in the Front he must performe the like paines in exercising them in their firings in the Reere And first having Commanded them to face about into the Reere or wheele them about or performe it by Counter marching The Company we presuppose stands in Battallia with the wings of shot upon each flanke of the body of Pikes the Pikes being shouldred you may cause them to march easily forwards the Enemie being supposed to appeare in the Reere Command your last ranke of Musquetiers to face about present and give fire wheeling off by division File-wise marching uptoward the Front and there placing themselves before the foremost ranke of shot the outmost man of each ranke being the Leader up of those which have fired where first taking their place on the outside the rest wheeling about them and ranking even with them on the inside ever observing that they ranke even with the second ranke of Pikes the rest of the shot also doing the like and in this manner to continue the firing as occasion shall require This kinde of firing may easily be performed if Souldiers will but observe these following directions viz when the last ranke of Musquetiers have presented to the reere and are giving of fire then the ranke which marcheth next before them must blow open and present at three motions still keeping along even with the body of Pikes untill that lastly they present to the reere by which time the ranke that last fired will be wheeled away The next ranke so soone as the other hath presented is likewise at three motions to doe the same and so successively for all the rest every ranke observing upon each rankes firing to loose one and to march one ranke neerer to the reere of the battell that so that part may still be kept absolute Captaine Swan at the giving over of Deventer in Gilderland by Stanly and Yorke did defend himselfe from the enemies Horse by giving fire in the reere untill he had gained a place of strength which honorable performance will never be buried in oblivion But suppose the Enemies horse shall still pursue your troopes in the reere you having gained some straight or place of aduantage
the forlorne hopes in regard they are first to charge the enemy these troopes being thus ordered are to be taught how to advance and retreat performing all actions as ample as if the enemy were encountring with them This kind of exercise will make them ready and orderly in their performances otherwise it may prove dangerous to bring them to the encounter A Generall is to animate his souldiers in time of need to take paines as the valiant Emperour Vespasian who was the first man that carried a Basket of earth to the Fortification that his souldiers might not thinke scorne to imitate him it is the sober obedient minde and the hard painefull body that makes the noble souldier A Generall must take away all hope of refuge from his souldiers in time of Battell as William the Conquerour and Julius Caesar did send away their shipping that there souldiers should hope for nothing but either victory or a grave and in many Battells troopes of horses have been placed in the reare of the Army to put to the sword all such as turne head to looke for refuge It is not sufficient for a Generall to get a victory but also to know how to use it for many times security and negligence after a conquest hath bred utter ruine as appeared by the history of Bayan Chinsan who was Generall to the Tartarian Emperour after he had vanquisht his enemy at Cinguinguy by their carelesnesse disorders and drunkennesse were set upon in the night by the remnant remaining who put them all to the sword It is very dangerous for a Generall to present battell to an enemy in such a difficult place that he is devoyd of all refuge or possibility to escape whereby urgent necessity may make an enemy desperate If a Generall sees his horse-troopes too weak to encounter with the Enemies then he must give order for divers shot to march up in file with the horse then seeing their advantage to breake out from them and gall the enemy these shot would be often exercised with the horse to make them apt to give an assault and also upon occasion to reunite themselves into a body to make a defence If a Generall drawes out any Winges of shot to charge and skirmish with the enemy any farre distance before the body of the Army then they ought to be backed with a guard of Pikes which are to rescue them from the charge of horse as also to aide them if they should joyne pell mell with the enemies forlorne hope but this is to be performed long before the bodyes of either Armyes can meet which kind of skirmishes are for divers good ends as first to discover and winne some ground of advantage or to give the souldiers courage by seeing how those loose bands doe valiantly foyle those of the enemy in which skirmishes some politicke stratageme is to be used to skare and affright the enemy for any unexpected accident will seeme strange to an Army although it be never so small and will be ready to disorder them he that commands these troopes must be very wise and circumspect left hee falles into the enemies stratagems which may discourage the Armie Also a Generall is not to trust to a seeming victory for many times good successe at the first in a battell occasioneth the overthrow of many great actions as we have the example of Theoderick Generall of the Germans his army being very potent had gotten the best of William Earle of Flanders at the first encounter which made the Germans confident and the rather secure in regard their strength exceeded the Flemmings but the Flemmings being rather desperate than resolute and by the valour of the Earle they had so reunited their broken troopes and with a furious charge did so shake and disorder the Germans that many of them were slaine and the rest put to flight If a Generall or some other great Commander or if any part of the Army should be cut off by the enemy it is best to keep it from the knowledge of the rest of the Army lest it dishearten them If an Army bee to march in the darke to avoyd confusion command must bee given that every souldier shall carry the end of his Leaders pike or weapons from making any noise and by that means they shall keep right in their ranks A Generall in time of battell must be very wise and discreet to give order when the skirmishers of the loose-banded Maniples shall make their recreat and to what place also when the Horse shall charge and what part of the enemies divisions they shall assault and to give order what foot-men shall be drawne out to succour them if occasion be also what Battalia's shall advance forwards and when to retreat likewise when the whole body of the Army shall charge and what divisions shall pursue the victory alwayes remembring to keep the maine Battell stedfast and not to move in pursuit after the vanquisht enemy also to have Officers in the time of fight to gather together such stragling souldiers as shall bee disrank't and in disorder and so make a body of them in the reare of the Army There are sundry opinions about the place of a Generall in the time of giving battell but questionlesse the best and securest place is before the battell of succour but at the first he may stand in the front of the maine battell untill such time as the forlorne hopes are beaten in he is to ride upon a small Palfrey having a guard of able gentlemen in like sort attending him the which he may send to and fro upon all occasions to give Officers intelligence of his pleasure If a Generall shall perceive fresh aids are approaching then let him use his best endeavours to give the enemy battell before they arrive and also to draw out a convenient force to meet those aids and give them battell in some place of greatest advantage If a Generals victuals amunition or pay begins to faile then let him endeavour to give his enemy battell if he suspect Supplies but if he knowes his enemy is in want either of victuals amunition c. or that sicknesse mutinies or the like are in his Army so that any hope be that his Army may of it selfe dissolve then a Generall must stand strongly upon his guard and by all meanes avoid joyning battell as was practised by the Prince of Orange about fourteene yeares since when Grave Hendrick Vandenberg marcht over the river Ysell in a great frost by the Towne of Duesburgh into the Vello with ten thousand men where his Excellency and the States of Holland might have given him battell with a great deale of conveniency but he rather suffered him to pillage the Dorpes and burne where he pleased because hee knew hee could not stay long nor march far from the river lest the frost should have broke and he disappointed of his returne If a Generall hath had victory triumphed on his side a little
and how to bring home your own men in safety and if a fore game cannot possibly be attained then the wise Gamesters seek by policie to disband their men so that they may bee hit which in the winding up many times turns the wheel of Fortune so that hee that had lost in all likelyhood hath now gained an after-game beyond releefe for as in this game there are two principall things which attend the winner viz. Cunning in handling his Dice and Judgment in placing his men so it is in a well fought Battell to atchieve the victory For I must compare Shot to the Dice which by their cunning and quick discharge and the multiplicitie of volleys that one side gives more than the other is for the most part a principall cause of victory Wherefore where most Shot are or may bee brought to fight there is the most likelyhood of successe What wonderfull effects hath Shot wrought by discovering of suspected places and by laying of Ambushcadoes there being two kinds of Ambushments as first those that are cunningly laid to endammage the enemies Battell in time of fight which are to be compounded both of Pikes and Shot and many times Horse are joyned with them These have fallen upon the Flanks or Rear of the enemies Troops and have much dismaid them Or such Ambushes as are laid in Woods Mountains Forrests Rocks Banks of Rivers Caves hollow Pits Hils deep Waies and the like these are usually either Muskets or Fire-locks and are fittest for that service because their quicknesse and expedition giveth them advantage to assail their enemies although the ground be never so unequall And lastly for the stopping guarding or securing any Passage which the enemy may take for his advantage if it bee of any far distance from the Army there are none so fit as the light-armed unlesse you have some Troops of Dragones for they may soon travell a long way riding behind the Horsemen which most usually are sent with them for their succour these may with far more speed and ease be conveyed than the Pikes in regard their Armes are more cumbersome and cannot but make great noise by their clattering whereby the designe may be discovered Wherefore let us conclude that Shot are the principall members as the armes are to the body of an Army if they bee wisely and advantagiously plac'd and made use of And to conclude this Chapter with the advice of Monsieur la Noüe those Battels saith he that dare stand the third charge of the enemy they shall never need to fear the rest for he that first flieth is surest to perish for then every cowardly Curre will run after and worrye a whole flock of Sheep which so long as they face him and keep their standings dares do nought but bark at them And as formerly I have said that at the famous Battell of Dreux a Battalia of valiant Switzers which stood to their tackling after all the rest of their Army was routed taking their opportunitie charged their enemy and gained the victory And thus much concerning this subject of the use and commodity of Maniples of Shot the next Chapter shall more largely treat of all kinds of Battels with such observations as the famous Generals in former ages observed as most advantagious CHAP. XXVI Divers and severall Observations of the ancient Grecians in framing of Battels with severall uses and circumstances belonging to them as also the order and rules by going paces to know any seat or peece of ground how to imbattell either Horse or Foot thereon according to the proportion thereof I Having formerly treated of divers things considerable both before and after Battell and having described both by Word and Figure severall Formes In this Chapter I intend to discourse more fully of the Nature of framing of Battels with severall uses and circumstances belonging unto them And by the way I shall touch such kind of Battels as the Ancients did frame for advantage to oppose one the other And although in this later age experience hath found out stranger weapons than former ages were acquainted with as the Musket and great Ordnance and wee have rejected the ancient Bowes and Bils whose forme to imbattell them was far different from ours yet wee must retain their policie in distinguishing which form of Battell is most prevalent to oppose any kind of Figure that shall be by the enemy marshalled against us Wherefore first take speciall observation that there is no kind of imbattelling but upon some speciall occasion may bee suddenly reduc'd and framed into another forme and so haply from one forme into divers Now the learned Generall is not to seek his principall skill when hee should make use of it and as before I have said if I should discourse of these severall wayes of reducing one forme into another it would deserve a Treatise by it selfe Wherefore let us be content to be as briefe as the subject shall permit in discoursing of the advantages one kind of forme of Imbattelling may have of another Now both reason and experience tels us that if a Battell be so framed that it may over-Front the enemies there is great advantage in it as Aelian in his Tacticks doth plainly shew and this may bee performed two wayes especially as first if the breadth of the formost or main Battell extends its Wings wider than the enemies then it is easie either for the body of the main Battell to retrait orderly and the two Wings to stand firme whereby the enemy may bee intrapt unawares or otherwise the Wings advancing forward and this likewise may be two wayes performed either by having the outmost Maniples of the Wings double the depth in File to the Body which being advanc'd forwards towards the Flanks of the enemy there will bee ten Ranks before the Body which may charge the enemy upon the Flanks or else being of an even depth with the Body the File-leader of the outmost File of each Wing is to advance a distance before the File-leader of the second File and so the second before third and the like of the rest of the Files inwards towards the Body of the Battell which causeth them to stand in apt form to charge the enemies Flanks So that reason shewes the charging an enemy in Front and Flank is ods two to one A second ods the Grecians found out by framing their Battel called Hyperkerasis and this only differs from the former in that they advance forwards only but one Wing which chargeth the enemy upon the Flank and this is thus performed in a double respect either because there is a want of men to extend the Front of the Battell in such breadth as that they may over-Front them on both the Wings or haply the situation will not permit them But this questionlesse is a great advantage and ought not to be neglected if it possibly may be put in execution These two are the only forms for advantage