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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A26235	A treatise of fruit trees shewing the manner of planting, grafting, pruning, and ordering of them in all respects according to rules of experience gathered in the space of thirty seven years : whereunto is annexed observations upon Sr. Fran. Bacons Natural history, as it concerns fruit-trees, fruits and flowers : also, directions for planting of wood for building, fuel, and other uses, whereby the value of lands may be much improved in a short time with small cost and little labour / by Ra. Austen.	Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.	1665 (1665)	Wing A4240; ESTC R29129	167,009	399

many of the ensuing particulars are but only Queries set down by the Author wherein not having experience he desired further light from it which I have endeavoured herein to resolve and wherein I have perceived a manifest mistake I have for the Truths sake and profit of men discovered it I hope without any reflection upon the Worthy and Learned Author who I verily believe would have encouraged any Experienced man in the like undertaking not seeking himself as he professeth but the truth in these things for the good of future Generations Let it be observed also That the Experiments set down by the Author in his Natural History are of two sorts as himself saith Experimenta Fructifera Experimenta Lucifera Experiments of Light and Discovery such as serve for the illumination of the understanding for the finding out and discovering of Natural things in their Causes and Effects that so Axioms may be framed more soundly and solidly And also Experiments of use and profit in the lives of men Now the Observations upon these Experiments tend also to the same ends I have endeavoured to improve them for most advantage and therefore have so much enlarged especially upon many of them and where I have been more brief and the thing required further discovery I have referred to it in my Treatise of Fruit-trees where it is spoken too more fully And that there may be a brief view of what is contained in the ensuing Experiments and Observations I have set down the chief particulars in the Table following all which I recommend to thy Use for thy Profit R A. AVSTEN OBSERVATIONS Upon some part of Sr. FRAN. BACONS NATURAL HISTORY The V. CENTVRY WE will now enquire of Plants or Vegetables And we shall do it with diligence They are the principal part of the third days work They are the first Producat which is the word of Animation for the other words are but the words of Essence And they are of excellent and general use for Food Medicine and a number of Mechanical Arts. Experiments in Consort touching the Acceleration of Germination THere were sowen in a Bed Turnip-seed Wheat Cowcumber-seed and Pease The Bed we call a Hot-bed Horse dung such as will heat when laid together laid a foot high supported on the sides and mould laid thereon two or three fingers deep The Turnip see and Wheat came up half an inch above ground within two days after the rest the third day This is a noble Experiment for without this they would have been four times as long in coming up It may be tried also with Cherries Strawberries and other Fruits which are dearest when they come early Though a Hot bed conduce much to the speedy springing up of Seeds Stones Roots c. yet the end cannot be attained hereby they will not come to ripeness earlier the others for profit unless there be a continuance and concurrence of Causes from first to last all along without intermission For the hasty and sudden springing up of seed upon a Hot-bed is but a forcing of Nature for a little while and serves to excite for the present while the heat continues in it but what shall carry on the springing and growth of these things to perfection when the heat of the Hot bed is over surely as the Cause of springing and growth becomes weaker and weaker until it cease altogether so also will the effect of that heat that is The growth of the Plants Steeping of Wheat in fat Waters and other Liquors is a rich Experiment for profit if the goodness of the Crop answer the earliness of the coming up c. Steeping of Seeds Kernels Stones c. is chiefly to excite the spirit of the kernels or seed and to make them the sooner and more easily to open spring up out of the Earth which some kinds have much need of as Aprecots Almonds and other thick hard stones As for Wheat and such like seeds steeping will excite the spirits and o●en● the grosser parts and hasten their spinging up But I conceive the vigour and virtue gotten by such steeping will be soon gone it will not be lasting as the natural properties of the seed Whatsoever is natural in Seeds Plants c. doth continue aud cannot fall off or be lost but that which is accidental and from Art is but of short continuance and soon over like the virtue of a Cup of Wine or a meals Meat to our bodies so that the end will not be attained unless the same help be renewed and often repeated by watering of such steeped seeds with the same Liquors from time to time till they come to perfection Strawberries watered now and then as once in three days with water wherein hath been steeped Sheeps-dung or Pigeon●-dung will prevent and come early This is a good Experiment and profitable to make the Berries earlier and fairer so it be seasonably and moderately done I conceive the morning is best before the Sun be hot but water them not too often nor too much lest it make the ground too rank and fat which is not good for Strawberries it makes them commonly run into great leaves and strings and to bear Fruits less Dung or Chalk or Blood applyed in substance seasonably to the Roots of Trees doth set them forwards c. Too great a quantity of these things will hurt especially young Trees as the best meats and drinks immoderately and unseasonably taken hurt men Blood or Flesh or the like applied to the Roots of old Vines or other Fruit trees being decayed or old will refresh them greatly Let this be done before Winter or in Winter time that the virtue thereof may soke into the Roots and the Earth about them before the spring And also that it may not be noysome or offensive in Spring or Sommer after Dig up the earth and bare the Roots as much as may be and poure in the Blood or lay the Dung Flesh or any fat substance to the Roots afterwards cover it with the mould all over Otherwise take a Barre of Iron and make many holes among and about the Roots of old Trees especially where the ground is bad and poure in blood of Beasts fat water or such like this will much refresh the Trees Fruit-trees upon a South or South-east wall will bring forth their fruits early It is true that the South wall is best and the South east next to Plant choice Trees upon to come early the Reason why the West-wall is not so good as the East for early budding and ripening of fruits I conceive is mainly because there is usually more rain and moisture and greater and more winds out of the West in Spring and Sommer then out of the East which do much cool the Trees and Fruits and so retard Also May-Cherries or other kinds which naturally bud and bring fruits early being planted as is here said against the back of

Liquid things let the moulds be made partible in the middle that they may be opened Also Trees or fruits may be with inscriptions and engravings upon them by writing with a Needle or Bodkin or Knife when the Trees and fruits are young and as they grow greater so the letters or figures will be more plaine If men be not content with the natural form of fruits they may if they have so much leisure to spare put them into moulds as is said to make them of an Artificial form As for inscriptions figures and shapes upon fruit-trees that is as the Author says performed by scoring through the Bark with the point of a knife in the Spring or Sommer what letters or words or figures a man pleaseth which as the Tree grows will become more plain and discernable and that for many years after I use to make a Letter or two or three or more upon all young Trees that I gra●t whereby to know the several kinds of fruits and sometimes if the stock be grafted high I engrave the Name of the fruit at length which is a satisfaction to others also when removed and sent abroad or if any be stolen and found again they may thereby be known And I have perceived the Letters plainly nine or ten years after or more But as for the prescriptions of some Authours about these things they are vain and ridiculous who direct to write upon the kernels of seeds that we sow and set and upon the Buds that we Inoculate what letters or shape we please and the fruits coming thereof will have the same upon them See hereof Treatise of fruit-trees pag. 185. You may have Trees apparelled with flowers or herbs by boring holes in the bodies of them and putting into them good mould and setting slips or sowing seeds therein those Roots of a more Ligneous nature will perhaps incorporate with the Tree it self This is a Curiosity indeed which may be done as the Authour sayes by making holes in Trees and putting in good mould care must be taken to make them slope-ways downwards that so both mould and moisture may keep in them about the roots of things that are set But yet I should be loath to spoil a good Tree thus for it must needs make it rot and perish in a certaine time howsoever for one or two of indifferent kinds it may rather be admitted for satisfaction in this Curiosity Beauty in flowers is their preheminence It is observed that Gilly flowers Violets c. that are coloured if they be neglected and not watered nor new moulded nor transplanted will turn white And it 's probable that the white with much culture may turn coloured I doubt not but that the flowers aforementioned and divers other kinds will not only loose the beauty of their colours if they be not sometimes removed into new and better mould but also that they will in time change from double to single or else be much smaller then they will be in fresh strong mould Therefore every other year at least let the mould be changed more or less lay about all their Roots some good fresh black mould And that we may have every year new young Roots and that the best kinds may be increased the slips must be laid in Sommer as I shall here shew how though it be a common thing and well known amongst many yet for the sake of those that know it not and desire it I shall briefly speak of it About the beginning of Iuly and for six or seven weaks afterwards slips may be laid thus Observe the fairest and biggest slips upon the Roots and with a sharpe Knife cut half way through the slip on the outside near to the bottome just from a joynt and cut the slip upwards through the middle of it about half an inch or little more in length then with a small hook stick fasten the cut part down into the mould yet so as that the slip be not broken or parted from the Root wherein it grows so do to the rest of the slips upon the same Root or to as many as you please having so done then mould them all up with fresh mould that is cover all the cut parts on every side with mould then water them and press the mould close about them and so let them rest Afterwards in a month or five weeks these slips so laid will have taken Root especially if their mould have been watered now and then then they may be cut off from the old Root and taken up and so set again in fresh good mould prepared in the Garden plat for that purpose Or else they may be let alone until the Spring after and then set These young vigorous Roots set in good mould and watred now and then with fat water will have large flowers especially if in Iune we break off most of their buds and suffer only some few six or eight or tenne flowers upon a Root these the Root will easily maintain and each of them will have the more nourishment then when they are suffered to spindle up as many as nature will such must needs be smaller flowers the root being overburdened The Clove-gllly-flower is of all other the best for use it is well known how useful they are to make Syrups which are very Cordial they are good for Sallets prepared with Sugar to use all the year long and have the best smell of any other therefore increase these as much as may be not only of slips for slips of these will grow without laying better then of other kind of flowers but lay many of them also for more certainty as is shew'd before And among these prefer those which are largest and of the deepest colour and those that are without Horns as they call them they also are increased of seed as other kinds I have been the larger upon this particular and somewhat digressed from the Experiment which chiefly concerned colour because hereupon mainly depends the goodness and flourishing of a Garden as to these kinds of flowers for if we know not the best way to propagate flowers nor to plant and order them being prepared the Garden will be but poor Whites are more inodorate for the most part then Flowers of the same kind Coloured we find also that blossomes of Trees that are white are commonly inodorate as Cherries Pears Plums Whereas those of Apples Crabs Almonds and Peaches are blushy and smell sweet I conceive this Experiment was not throughly weighed and tryed for to my Observation white Flowers have generally as much smell as those coloured to instance in the white Rose the ordinary kind and the white Musk Rose I suppose they have as much smell especially the Musk Rose as Red Roses or Provosts or Velvet or Marble and some other coloured kinds yea and more too And as for some white flowers as the white Lilly and some other kinds their smell is more full