you were From your shoulder charge to the Front Right Left Reer Shoulder as you were 4. Port your Pikes This is useful when the Souldiers are to enter either Gate or Sally-port and it is an ease for the Reer half Files to Port their Pikes when the Front is at their Charge From your Port Comport Cheeke Trail your Pikes Port as you were From your Port charge to the Front Right Left Reer Port as you were 5. Comport your Pikes This is necessary for a Souldier upon his March up a Hill to have his Pike Comported From your Comport Cheek Trail your Pike From your Comport charge to the Front Right Left Reer Comport as you were 6. Cheeke your Pikes This is useful for the Sentinel Posture From your Cheeke Trail your Pikes Cheeke as you were From your Cheeke charge to the Front Right Left Reer Cheeke as you were 7. Trail your Pikes This is useful in a Trench to move for security of any breach undiscovered and is seldom used else but marching through a Wood c. From your Trail charge to the Front Right Left Reer Trail as you were From your Trail Order your Pikes 8 Lay down your Pikes Oberve that if your Pikes be laid down when you begin your exercise then your Command must be 1. Handle 2. Raise your Pike to your Open order Order Close order c. You may observe that the Postures of the Pike some are for conveniency and ease to the Souldier as to expedition either in Marchings or other services commanded and the several charges serve either for defence or offence none ought to slight any of these Commands but to put them into practice for at some one time or other they may be useful Here followeth the Postures of the Musquet or Calliver In which I do affirm that the word of Command generally used Make ready is no Posture but a word for brevity presupposing the Souldier to be expert in all and doth include those postures precedent to that Present your Musquet and so from the Presenting of your Musquets the other postures following unto that Give fire which is the completement of all the rest of the Commands given Therefore for the better handling of Arms no Judicious Practitioner in this Art but will confess it is better to be Instructed from Posture to Posture for more comely and swifter execution thereof The Musquetteer being shouldered Command Snap-haunce Sloop your Musquets Let slip your Musquets 1. Vnshoulder your Musquet and Poyse 2. Palm or rest your Musquet 3. Set the Butt end of your Musquet to the ground 4. Lay down your Musquet 5. Take off your Bandeliers 6. Lay down your Bandeliers 7. Face about to the left march 8. Face about to the right and march to your Arms or stand to your Arms. 9. Take up your Bandeliers 10. Put on your Bandeliers 11. Take up your Musquet 12. Rest or Palm your musquet 13. Secure or Guard your cock 14. Draw back your hammer or steel 15. Clear your pan 16. Prime your pan 17. Put down your steel or hammer 18. Blow or cast off your loose corn 19. Bring or cast your musquet about to your left side Handle your Charger Open your Charger 20. Charge with Powder 21. Draw forth your scowring stick 22. Shorten your scowring stick 23. Charge with Bullet 24. Put your scouring stick into your Musquet 25. Rain home your charge 26. Withdraw your scouring stick 27. Shorten your scouring stick 28. Return your scouring stick 29. Bring forward your Musquet and poise 30. Palm or rest your Musquet 31. Fit your hammer or steel 32. Free your cock 33. Bend your cock 34. Present your Musquet 35. Give fire 36. Palm or rest your Musquet 37. Clear your Pan. 38. Shut your Pan. 39. Poyse your Musquet 40. Shoulder your Musquet Match-lock I need not here insert every Command but only add such as are used for the Match-lock wholly laying aside the rest Take your Match from between the fingers of your left hand Lay down your Match Take up your Match with your right hand Return or place your Match into your left hand Open your Pan. Clear your Pan. Prime your Pan. Shut your Pan. Draw forth your Match Blow your Coal Cock your Match Fit your Match Guard your Pan. Blow the ash from your Coal Open your Pan. Uncock and return your Match So you are ready for a March or in the Posture upon the first motion That which is called the Saluting Posture is to be performed from the resting or palming of the Musquet when he shall have an occasion as a Souldier to salute his Friend or to the honouring of any other person deserving And the Sentinel Posture is for the Musquet to be in the Palm of the left hand at his Resting posture But his Musquet to be charged with Powder and Bullet his Cock freed and to be secured with his Thumb so to be ready to execute his charge and commands given c. There is indeed a word of Command sometimes used Reverse your Musquet which is the marching Funeral Posture That is to put the butt end of your Musquet upwards under your left arm holding it in your left hand about the lock of your Musquet Thus I have finished the Postures of the Musquet or Caliver with a Snap-hance and with a Match-lock without a Rest for your further inquiry if there need be I refer you to Lieutenant Barriffe or Captain Ward If I should forget to say something of the excellency as to the use of the Half-Pike and Musquet that is now of use in the Artillery Garden Half-Pike first invented by Lieutenant Barriffe and Mr John Davis of London whatsoever is performed in the exercise thereof it is with greater ease than the Rest and Musquet is And knowing how far it hath been the care of many Souldiers by invention to make the Musquetteers as well defensive as offensive but none amongst many of their Projects was received like this all falling to the ground and this standing as the best being of most excellent service for it serveth as a Rest as a Pallisado to defend the Musquetteer from the Horse When the shot is all spent they may with that Weapon fall in among the Enemy and in the pursuit of an Enemy by reason of the lightness thereof and their nimbleness in Action may do great execution and in Trenches they are good seconds for the Souldiers preservation Those Souldiers that are thus Armed are the best to be commanded out upon any Party because they are the best able to defend themselves and offend their Enemies And when any hedges are to be lin'd with shot West Country that the Musquetteers by their forced service become silent and the ways deep and narrow then the Half-Pike will be of singular service And last of all the Souldâ—er so marching with his Half-Pike and Musquet It is not only a Grace to the Souldier but a Terrour to the Enemy Besides this hath
of a Hill therefore you must carry with you a Gynn and a Wynch with all the appurtenances thereunto belonging as wind Ropes an Iron Goats-foot with a Crow Pins Truckles Pullies to help you at a dead lift CHAP. XXIX The making of Rammers Spunges Ladles and Cartredges Formers Carriages Wheels Trucks c. with the Height of Shot fit for any Piece FOr the better expedition of this work we have in the former Table shewed the length and breadth of each Ladle always remembring that you cut each Ladle somewhat longer that is allowing so much more as must be fastned to the staff or so much as the staff goes within the Plate The Buttons or heads of the Ladles must be near the height of the shot For Spunges the bottoms and heads must be of soft wood as Birch and Willow and to be one Diameter and three quarters in length and three quarters or very little less of the height covered with Sheeps skin and nayled with Copper nayles so that together they may fill the hollow of the Piece Let the bottoms and heads of the Rammers be made of good hard wood and the height one Diameter of the Shot and the length one third of the Diameter of the Shot To make Ladles for Chamber bor'd Pieces open your Compasses to the just Diameter of the Chamber within one eighth part of an Inch Divide that measure in two equal parts then set the measure to one of them and by that distance upon a flat or paper draw a Circle the Diameter of that Circle is one fourth part shorter than the Diameter of the Chamber Take three fifths of that Circle for the breadth of the Plate of the Ladle But for Cannon the length ought to be twice and two third parts to hold at twice the just Diameter of the Powder As for Example The Diameter of a Circle drawn for a Cannon whose Chamber bore is 7 Inches containeth six and three quarters the circumference whereof is 21 Inches 6 7 and three fourth parts thereof is 12 ¾ and so much ought the Ladle to be in breadth and in length 18 â…” parts By this Rule you may make a Ladle for any Taper'd Piece Take notice for a general observation that a Ladle 9 balls in length and two balls in breadth will near contain the just weight in Powder that the Iron Shot for any piece weigheth Lastly for Cartredges they are generally made of paper Royal or Canvas Take the height of the bore of your piece without the vent of the Shot and cut the cloath or paper of 3 such heights for the Cannon in length 3 Diameters for the Culverin 4 Diameters for the Saker and Faulcon c. half of the height of their proper bores and leaving in the midst at the top or bottome one other such height to make a bottom for the Cartredge cutting each side somthing larger for Sewing glewing or pasting them together you must have a great care to augment the goodness of your powder and likewise the heating of your Piece and so augment or diminish the quantity of Powder Let your Former be made to your Ordnance to the height of your Shot and a convenient length longer than the Cartredge ought to be and tallow it over first that the paper may slip off and then put your paper on your Former If you make your Cartredge of Canvas half a Diameter more is allowed for seams but if you make it of paper half or three quarters of an Inch over-plus for pasting will serve being lapt once about the Former having the bottom fitted upon the end of the Former which must be hard and close pasted by the lower side of the Cartredge then let the lower end of the Cartredge be pasted down hard round about the bottom and let them be well dryed before you fill them and mark them how high they must be filled And if you have no Scales nor weights by you for Cannons put two Diameters and a half for the height the powder must come for Culverin 3 Diameters for Saker 3 and a half Diameters for lesser Pieces four Diameters of the Cylinder For Carriages of Pieces of Ordnance for Land service the Rules are given thus one and a half the length of the Cylender is the length of the Carriage and in depth four Diameters of the bore of the Piece at the fore end in the middle three and a half and at the end next the ground two and a half let the thickness be the Diameter of the Shot the wheels should be one half of the length of the Piece in height but for Saker and Minion you must exceed the former proportion by one twelfth part the Faulcon and Faulconet by one sixth part The Naves the Cheeks called Limbres and wheels are usually made of Elm but the Transoms Axeltreees Fore-Carriage and Cross beams are made of Oaken Timber For drawing of Guns by men in case horses be wanting there is usually allowed to every sixty eighty or a hundred weight of metal to one man according to the nature of the ground whereon they are to be drawn As for Sea Carriages they are so well known to every Carriage-maker that they need not to be spoken of As for fitting Shot to each Piece it is the opinion of most Gunners that every Piece of Ordnance ought to have its Shot within one quarter of an Inch of the Diameter of the bore others do say that the one and twentieth part of the Diameter of the Piece's Cylender is more proper and correspondent for all sorts of Pieces whatsoever Every man may make choice of that which by experience he finds best CHAP. XXX How a Gunner ought to charge a Piece of Ordnance HAving shewed the compleat making of Pieces of Ordnance and the preparing of powder and Shot with the due allowance of powder fit for every Gun with all the Instruments and Materials necessarily belonging to a Piece as to its Rigging and Loading It remains now that we go Artist like to work to charge a Piece and order all things for the best conveniency and that the less danger may follow when you come to Action or Service and for that purpose having planted your Piece upon the plat-form have in readiness powder Bullets Linstocks Scowrers Rammers and the rest of your things Stick up your Linstock to Leeward of you then to work with your Piece First cleer your Piece within with the Scowrer and see that the touch hole be clear and not stopped and so clear that no dirt or filth be in the same Then let him that is by to assist for a Piece cannot be mannaged by less than two bring the Budg-barrel with the powder just before the mouth of your Piece put then your Ladle into the same and fill it and if it be over-full give it a little â—og that the overplus may fall down again into the barrel after this put it gently in at the mouth of the Piece even until the
end of the Ladle be thrust up to the Britch end of the Piece then must you turn the Ladle gently and softly and let it lie within the Chamber of the piece drawing out your Ladle almost to the Muzzle of the Piece put it back again to take up the loose corns which were spilt by the way and to bring them up to the Charge of powder this done the Gunner must draw out this Ladle and take out of the Budg-barrel a second Ladle full by our former Rules given he must know the quantity of powder that his Piece will require and so putting it in the Piece up to the former Ladle-full then you may draw it out and do as you did before that no loose corns may lie in the bottom of the Piece and in drawing out his Ladle he must have a care that he let not fall any powder upon the ground for it is a thing uncomly in a Gunner to trample powder under feet Then take a wisp of Straw Hay or any other thing and put it hard in at the mouth of the Piece then turn your Ladle end for end to come to the Rammer thrust it into the Piece after the wisp and drive it up with it and it will carry all the loose corns which possibly may be scattered in the Mold of the Piece having driven the wad up to the powder give it two or three gentle shoves to make it lie close only but drive it not too hard least you break your powder too much which would hinder its force The wisp or wad being close to the powder draw out the Rammer and put in the Bullet which rowle gently in the Piece up to the wad that was before put in to keep up the powder the Shot being in put in a second wad after the Bullet and thrust it also home to the Bullet Always remembring whilst the powder is putting in and wadding up one be ready at the touch hole and keep it stopt with his thumb that no powder fly out at the touch hole but that it be likewise filled with powder which may be supplyed out of his powder-horn The Gunner that Loads a Piece is to be very careful and indeavour always not to stand before the muzzle of his Piece whilst he is loading the Piece but on one side of the same least a danger or mischief might happen to him And thus the Piece having its due Charge of Powder and Bullet he must cover the touch-hole with an Apron made of Lead or for want of that with dryed Sheep-skin then let him level his piece and set away the Budg-barrel of powder with the rest of his things in some hollow place under the ground covered over safe he must then attend the Gentleman of the Ordnance or other chief Commander their Order or Command before he give fire Touching the Charges of Pieces I have given full instructions necessary thereunto with the weight of powder and Shot for any piece But to say something here touching the quantity of powder proper for a Load we do find some difference amongst Authors Some whereof do maintain that there ought to be allowed to every Piece for its Charge so much powder as half the weight of the Bullet others are of the opinion that the more powder is put into a Piece the swifter and farther the Bullet will flye urging many reasons to prove it But experience the Mistress of this Art instructeth us better for if a Piece be loaden with two thirds of the weight of her Shot in powder it sends the Bullet or Shot going more swiftly and will carry it farther which hath been very many and often times tryed so that at this time 't is without contradiction Again others do maintain that if one should forcibly Ramme the Bullet then the powder might take fire before it cast forth the Bullet and then would cause the Bullet to flye farther than otherwise it would do but you must consider in so doing you either endanger the breaking of the piece or else the making it crooked and unserviceable because your ordinary Pieces will not bear so great a Charge of powder This hath been tryed by the Sea side before his Excellency Prince Maurice of famous memory where first one and the same Piece was Loaden with ten pound of fine powder to see how far She would carry the Bullet the place being marked where the Bullet rested The Piece was loaden again with nine pounds of powder which shot as far as when the Piece was Loaden with ten pounds of powder But last of all this piece of Ordnance being Loaden or Charged with 7 pounds of the same powder it carried her Bullet further than the two former Shots whence one may observe that a piece of Ordnance may be over-Charged and therefore a good Gunner ought to have a singular care to give unto his Piece her due measure and Charge CHAP. XXXI Of the Office and Duty of a Gunner with all his Properties Endowments and qualifications HE that intends to be a Master Gunner and would not abuse himself nor others of the same profession must be qualified according to our Instructions following viz. He ought to be well skilled in Arithmetick and to understand the Extraction of the Square and Cube Roots and to have knowledge in Geometry according to our Instructions in the second part whereby he may be able to take heights depths breadths and lengths and to draw the plot of any piece of ground to make Mines and Countermines Rampars Baskets of earth and such like things used in time of war as well offensive as defensive He ought most chiefly upon Land-Service to be well skilled in the making Plat-formers with Defences Troniers Gabbions Loops Parapets of Earth and Faggots of 23 or 24 foot high two foot high of Earth bed upon bed unto eleven foot high and after three foot Terra plene to raise the Tronniers and Loops so that for the Cannon it be three foot wide in the Barbe and within twelve foot wide without the lower part thereof to descend Scarp-wise the better to discover the Enemies avenues and offend them more freely for avoiding the blast and Smoak and ruine it would else make for Culverin two foot and a half within and nine foot without will serve and for less Pieces the less measure If the Battery be to be made with Gabbions they being filled with Earth without Stones moistned and Rammed 7 foot in Diameter three Ranks between two Pieces if the place will permit or two at least and three Rows also one before the other setting one between two so that if one Rank will have three the second will have two and the third one but it will be hard to make a safe Battery with Gabbions Cannon or Culverin proof Concerning Plat-forms Let the platform for a Cannon have thirty foot for reverse and 27 foot for a Demy-Cannon and he ought to see that his plat-forms be even or rising one foot
length and so to charge through every man betaking himself to his Sword or otherwise as occasion shall serve For when we assault our Enemy with our Carabines and if time will permit it with one Pistol what need have we of such tedious firing by Files or by Ranks I shewed those firings only for exercise sake which the experienced Souldier thinks useless for when our Horse are in a readiness for execution they must fire intire which I conceive to be most offensive except the Enemy retreates and wheels off there will be but little use of a second Pistol Tacticks of Aelian 107. There was also among the Grecians used divers formes of Buttalia's called Rombes of Horse and a wedge of Horse The Rombes were according to these Figures Some were made of Files and Ranks some neither filing nor ranking others ranking but not filing as Captain Ward hath set it out at large Likewise in those dayes they used the Wedge which they accounted to be of more singular service than the Rombes and is thus described But neither of these being used in our Exercise and Mode of fighting I shall give you Euclid's definition of a Rombe That a Rombe is a square figure that hath the sides equall but the Angles not right two of them become sharp and two of them blunt c. Thus I have passed over the several formes of the Exercise of the Horse briefly both in their facings and Battalia's and I shall conclude these Collectives of the Cavalrie as is needfull for the Exercise of a Country Troop it being but one part as an Introduction to Military Art I need not plead any thing for this Art In it selfe it is commendable Empiredoms Kingdomes Nations Princes and People can testifie enough no Nation can subsist without experience in it It being asked the question What part of the world brought forth the most Valiant men for War Aelians Tacticks 38. Answer was made they were found to be in all places where youth was bred up in the shame of Vice and had audacity to undergo any Peril for Vertues sake The Lacedemonians were accounted the most valiant People of Greece History will tell you the reason Therefore to conclude None are born Souldiers one may have an Inclination to War more than an other but experience cometh not without Industry and pardon me if I boldly affirme that the English Nation are a Warlike Nation which if we should neglect our duties herein the Commander to be industrious and the Souldier diligent we shall make our selves a by word or scorn to other Nations And our Gracious Soveraign at a loss in his designes and expectations The more we ingrave this Art in our minds the more courage we shall have and the better enabled to fight for and pray God save the King I cannot but give you the saying of M. T. Cicero in Commendation of this Art above any other Art whatsoever Rei Militaris virtus praestat caeteris virtutibus and further saith after many other reasons to prove the same That all other Arts do rest in safety under the Banners of this Art Military THE ART OF DRILLING Or New Mode of EXERCISING A Foot-Company BEING Collective Instructions Methodically composed with their several Figures for the young Souldier By Capt. Thomas Venn LONDON Printed 1672. TO THE Honourable RALPH STAWEL ESQUIRE One of the Deputy Lieutenants of the County of SOMERSET and Colonel of a Regiment of Foot in the same AS it hath been your Pleasure to accept of the Command of a Regiment of Foot so it is your design to have it complete for Officers Men and Arms that they should be well disciplin'd in Military Art and being commanded to serve you in the same I thought it my duty to present to your view some Collections and other Observations in the Art Military for the Exercise of the Foot and I am confident of your Honours care to see what ever is or may be amiss in your Regiment to be completed not only in the certainty of your men but also for some certain days to be allotted over and above two or three days Musters that are only for the Muster-masters due for your Commanders to be impowred for to appoint some private Exercisings for the better fitting and preparing of your souldiers for publick services To which end I may presume to say that what I have presented you with is none of the least or worst parts of Military Order which if it passeth my Countries acceptance by your favourable countenancing of it I may give it a Supplement to make it completer not destroying my Title as he who did supplement Mr Elton's complete Body Yet I would not have the Eltonist take it amiss that most of our Worthy Cruso's Works are Verbatim supplemented to his complete Body of Art Military to make it complete c. Sir I have not Embellished this with curiosity of Language but rendered it for the meanest capacity that none may be wanting in the Rudiments of Military Discipline which diligently look'd into will make the younger sons of Mars the better able to perform their Duty when ever his Majesty shall call for it And now most Noble Sir True Heir of Honour and Vertue your Pardon for my boldness and your favourable construction of my weak endeavours commands me to subscribe an obligement by the title of SIR Your faithful and Obedient Captain T.V. Verses FOr your experience in this Art of War With silence hear what your Instructions are Perform your Postures with a manly grace Observe your distances and learn to face To right and left about and as you were By Division Intire and Anguler Then to your doublings of your depth and length When you perceive your Army wanteth strength Inverting Files converting of your Ranks Brings ablest men in Front or Reer or Flanks Your Counter-marches you must next perform Of dangerous use in fight in field or storm The Chorean and Lacedemonian And the faining Macedonian Then last of all your motions learn to wheel Which doth conclude this Martial Art to Drill Wherein were all our Trained Bands well skil'd They 'd leave their Ground to march into the Field And not be scar'd and frighted with Alarms For want of use in Handling of their Arms Which Bingham Hexham Barriff Elton Ward And many others too as I have heard Besides my self who now have written part That from us all you may learn all this Art And were I worthy humbly should advise Our Lord Lieutenant and their Deputies To charge their Muster-master when they view Defaults of Arms contempt of Persons too To see their Arms to be the Persons own And not then borrow'd only to be shown And muster in Person to fight by spell Against our Foes or Traytors that rebel Of whom our Church or State can't be afraid With fixed Arms and ready men well paid Which will Restore to England and its Crown The Subjects Honour and their King's Renown
labour and honour may be equally divided By the way you may observe whereas the Serjants of every company are to be assistant to the Serjant-Major of that particular Regiment for the dividing of their several Corporalships or squadrons files or half files for the making up of any body form or figure according to directions c. So the Serjant-Majors of Regiments are to assist the Serjant-Major of an Army to bring in what divisions or bodies soever shall be called for and the Serjant-Major General is so to do to the Martial of the Field And that his duty may be performed with all careful severity the Serjant-Major is allowed his Hakney to speed it from Company to Company to see that every Company be in his true form and not to suffer any man whatever through Pride Stubborness Neglect Covetousness of Pillage or by any other dilitory and weak excuse to break out of his rank or to disproportion any part of the body by any rude or uncomely posture but severely to rebuke the same and compel a speedy reformation But out of an Army both in field or otherwise then the office both of a Serjant-Major and Marshal shall be in himself he shall summon Courts of War with the assistance of his Captains to proceed to trial against offenders he shall proportion all allodgments encampings and with his best skill fortifie the same and shall upon fight draw the battel yet with this limitation to take directions from his superior Officer c. And as you see he is to take care of all Watches and Guards about that Regiment so if there be no greater Officer than himself there to give the word and to appoint the Court of guard and Sentinels but if there be a superior Officer then the Serjant-Major shall receive it from him and so give it to the Captains and other such inferior Officers as shall have the guard that night In short a Serjant-Major ought to be dutiful to all his Superiours by whom he is to be directed he ought to be an experienced Souldier and of a valiant and undaunted behaviour 4. The Office of a Quarter-master 1. He shall in all changing of lodging attend the Quartermaster General and take the place assigned by him for the quartering of the Regiment in such form as the Quarter-master General shall direct him and there he shall appoint lodgings to the Colonel and the Officers according to their places that they are to take in the Regiment both in town and field 2. He shall lodge suttlers of that Regiment in the hindermost part of the quarter at such distance as the Quartermaster General shall appoint 3. His place is to lodge on the back side of the Quarter behind the lodgings of the Lieutenant-Colonel 4. The Office of the Provost 1. He shall see all Proclamations Orders or Decrees that shall be published by the Provost-Martial of the Army likewise to be published in the Regiment whereof he is Provost 2. Also he shall keep all the Prisoners committed to him and once a week give notice to the Provost-Martial-General of all the Prisoners within his charge and of the cause of their committance 3. Furthermore He shall oversee all the Victuallers of the Regiment that they shall neither at unreasonable prices nor at unlawful hours sell their victuals and shall on the other side be watchful that no wrong be done and if any be that forthwith the party doing wrong shall be brought before some officer that hath Authority to yield redress and to that end he shall go about the Quarters once every forenoon once in the afternoon and once in the dead time in the night if it may be conveniently performed 4. He shall have an accompt given him every night of the Victualer what victual is in the quarter and he shall carry the notes thereof to the Provost-martial of the Army 5. He shall when preys or booties are brought in after the Provost-martial general hath divided them to the Regiments divide them to the several Companies he is Provost-martial of 6. He is to see the quarters kept clean and sweet all garbage and filth buried nothing that may annoy the quarters suffered to be at such a distance as shall be appointed by the Provost-martial of the Army 7. He shall lodge in the midst of the Victuallers of the Regiment 8. He shall come to the Carriage-master for directions where the baggage of that Regiment shall march where they shall assemble and what wayes they shall go which directions he shall perform and after he hath given the first place to the Colonels baggage he shall place by turn the rest as the Companies do march 9. Also he shall see the wayes made for the Carriages accompanied with men sufficient and with instruments to help and amend every thing that is amiss in the wayes or Carriages and if any carriages be unable to go he shall provide that it may be no hindrance to the rest The Officers of a Foot Company 1 The Office of a Captain 1. He hath proportionably the same Command over his Company as a Colonel hath over his Regiment and so also all his Officers and Souldiers are to obey him 2. When he receiveth his Company and his Arms he is to chose his men and to sort them to his Armes as he thinks fit c. 3. He shall chose his Officers such as either have had the like place before or are of Experience and good government or such as have made themselves known to be fit for the like 4. He shall divide his Company into Corporalships 5. He shall take care and labour to teach all his Souldiers the carriage and use of their Armes to keep their order in marchings and imbattailings and to understand all manner of motions and the beat of the drum and to this end he shall have usual times of Exercising which shall be once a day at least till his men be perfect 6. In the marching of his Company alone he shall be in the head of his Company going toward the Enemy and in the Reer-ward coming from an Ennemy 7. In Marching with the Regiment he is to receive his directions from the the Serjant-major of the Regiment and to carry the several sorts of weapons as shall be by him directed and to every one of the divisions of his Company appoint such an officer as the Serjeant-major shall direct and for his place it shall be where the Serjeant-major shall assign 8. In imbattailing he is to order his Company as the Serjeant-major shall direct him and to be himself where his Colonel or superiour Officer shall appoint him 9. In lodging he shall take that according to his degree and place in the Regiment and see that be ordered according to direction 10. He shall have his quarter kept sweet for healthfulness for quiet for order especially in the night 11. If his whole company be to march he shall draw off his company and stand in arms attending
besides the flancquing defence F C D E could scowr only one point of the round Towers B C A because round bodies cannot be touched by right lines but in one point only At last Art conquered it self and found out that way of defence which we now use turning the Walls into Rampars and the round Turrets into Bulwarks fitted with face and flancque and enclosed the whole Fortification with right or streight lines To conclude it is brought so to pass that the Enemy let him stand where he will shall lie open to the Shot of the defendants and all the parts of the Fortification mutually defend one another Being about to treat of this last manner of fortification I will keep such Order that when I shall have expounded the terms that are used in this matter I shall then propose the Rules and Principles of the Art and thus instructed at last God willing we will fall upon the practice it self CHAP. II. The Terms of Military Architecture are Expounded 1. A Fortification is a Place having such a Circumference whose each part receives from other parts a Flancquing or side Defence besides the fore-right Defence they yield themselves So that all parts mutually scowre one another One part is said to scowr or flanque one another Fig. 5 when it can defend it with the parallel shot of a Gun So the part of the Circumference X B C scowrs the part F G the part A E F scowrs C D So of the rest 2. To delineate a Fortification is to describe the out-lines of the Fortification 3. A Regular Fortification is built upon a Regular Figure hath all its parts equal and like placed 4. A Regular Figure is that which hath equal sides and angles such is the Figure H K R P M N all whose sides K R R P P M M N N K and angles N M P R K are equal among themselves About this a Circle may be circumscrib'd that shall have the same Center H as the Figure hath The Angle of the Center is that which is contain'd between two Semidiameters K H R H. The Angle of the Circumference or of the Figure is that which was contain'd between the sides of the Figure as M P c. 5. An Irregular Fort is that which is built on an Irregular Figure an Irregular Figure is that which hath neither Sides nor Angles equal 6. A Bulwork or Bastion Fig. 6 is that part of the Fort B D H L M which most of all runs into the field 7. A C B D Are the flanques of the Bulwork 8. D H C G The face of the Bulwork 9. B F M F The gorge or neck of the Bulwork 10. F H E G The Capital lines 11. A B The Courtine 12. If the flanque of the Bulwork be divided in the point 2 and on the inside you take 5 3 equal to 2 B and joyn the points 2 3 the part 3 D or that curved Line within it is called Orillon or eare of the Bulwork and the rest of it 3 5 is called the Flancque Couvert but the use of these Orillons are almost out of date 13. C Q. The flanque prolonged 14. Q G The front or surface 15. B G The fichant line of defence 16. R G The flanquing line of defence 17. K B The flanque of the Courtine called by the French the second Flanque it is that part of the Courtine which lies betwixt the flanque of the Bastion D B and the flanquing line of defence KG 18. E F the side of the inward Polygon or Figure 19. G H The side of the outward Polygon or the distance of the Bastions 20. P E P F The Radius of the inward Polygon or Figure 21. P G P H The Radius of the outward Polygon 22. E P F The Angle of the Center Vide def 4. 23. A E O The Angle of the Figure Vide def 4. 24. N G C The Angle of the Bulwork called in French Angle Flancque 25. K C A I D B The Angle of the flanque and flanquing line of defence called in French Angle de laflancquant du flancque 26 C K A D I B The Angle of the flanquing Line of Defence and Courtine called in French Angle flancquant interieur 27. A C G The Angle of the flanque and face 28. G T H The Angle of defence in French angle flancquant exterieur Angle de tenailles 29. D S H The Angle determining the flanque Angle forme flanque There are several sorts of Fortifications as to their Magnitude 30. A Fort Royal Is that whose fichant line does not exceed a Musquet-shot and is used most in fortifying Cities and great places 31. The middle sort of Fort Royal Is that whose fichant line is less than Musquet-shot but the distance of the Bulworks more 32. The lesser sort of Fort Royal Is that whose Bulworks are distant just Musquet-shot Those that are less are called Castles Forts c. We shall expound the Orthographical terms or the Profile commonly called the uprights in the 7th Chapter following CHAP. III. The Canons or principal Rules of Fortification 1. THe end of Fortification is that few may resist many 2. The form of the Fort must be such that all its parts may receive an oblique flanquing-side defence beside the fore-right defence they afford themselves 3. Therefore each part of the Fortification must flanque and be flanqued The manner of flanquing is this The face which is the weakest part of the Fortification is defended by the flanques of the Bulwork and Courtine as also by the opposite Fig. 5 face The flanque of the Bulwork are defended by the Courtine and the Courtine by the Flanques Vid. fig. 5. Fig. 6 4. The shorter and obliquer the defence lines are so much the stronger and surer Now the Lines of defence will be so much the obliquer as the Angle of defence G T H shall be acuter Fig. 5 5. The Fichant line B G A G must not exceed a Musquet-shot that is 750 or 720 feet The Bullet may be carried farther but not to do execution at a mark The Fichant line among all the Lines of the Fort is the chief and doth it self determinate the bigness of all the rest Note When we shall make mention of feet you must understand them to be Rhyneland feet 6. Above all care must be taken to make the flanquing parts of the Fortification as large as you can 7. Therefore let the flanque of the Bulwork be of a just bigness and make the second flanque as large as you can For that Fort is far the strongest which keeping the Rest of the Maxims hath also flanques in the Courtine 8. Let the Courtine be of a just length let it be more than the face and the flanques of the Bulwork joyn'd because it is the strongest part of the Fort. Fig. 6 9. Let the Angle of the Bulwork N G C be able to resist the force of Canon and consequently not less
which I hold to be exceeding good and necessary all but the 16th which says That the Angle of the Flanque and Courtine must always be a Right Angle As for the reason of that Position we shall see more hereafter For I do assert the contrary and say That it ought always to exceed 90 degrees which Angle is the onely thing that makes the difference in the form of my Ground-Lines from those now in use besides that I take greater Parts and other Profiles The truth is the Flanques are the most considerable parts of a Fortification and those wherein lies its chiefest Strength and therefore the Structure of those is of so much the greater consequence But now the reasons of those who would have the Flanque evermore perpendicular to the Courtine are these that follow viz. Because all Shots coming from thence flie parallel to the Courtine and that by night all parts of the Courtine may be better defended and that when it is very dark the Souldiers holding their Musquets in a right Angle to their Breasts must needs hinder the Enemy from approaching the Courtine as may be seen in Fig. 1. These reasons being well scann'd and examin'd appear so weak that they are scarce worth the answering nevertheless I shall briefly refute them The first reason is because the Shots flie all parallel with the Courtine whereupon I say whether the Flanque be perpendicular to the Courtine or no the Shots may for all that flie parallel with the Courtine for the Souldiers know not how to make a Right Angle in setting their Musquets I do also affirm That onely one Musqueteer can with one Shot clear the whole Courtine at once and all the rest must incline to it for if they do flie parallel then those who give the Assaults must have Wings likewise that so they may be shot in the Air in case those within are to defend the upper part of the Wall or else the Shots must flie onely the height of four or five foot above the Horizon as out of the Fausse-bray that so they may keep parallel to the Horizon whereas contrariwise the Flanques in these Fortifications are eighteen or twenty foot high and all Shots go downwards and therefore hit the Horizon in one place onely The principal duty of a Musqueteer is that by night-time he turn himself with his Musquet towards the place where he heareth a noise or seeth fire or something else to which neither the Perpendicularity nor the Obliquity of Flanques can give any advantage or become the least hindrance And these parallel-shots are onely Imaginary found out upon the Ground-Lines which in the Profile come far otherwise as Fig. 1. Num. 1. sheweth The Musquetteer A standing upon the Flanque which is Perpendicular to the Courtine cleareth the upper part of it in case the Musquetteer B do the same and Shooteth parallel with A but then his Bullet flieth so far from the Wall as he himself standeth off from his fellow and so likewise all the rest that stand along in the same Line Whence it followeth That those who assault must be upon the Wing or in the Ayr or else are not to be hit by these parallel-shots but let the others without the Point A as C D c. not Shoot parallel with A then their Shots cannot hit either the Courtine or Moat or Bridge but in one place onely which in an Oblique Flanque of an equal height will be the same Now as for my Flanques I order them after another Method and therefore they are of far greater Advantage then the former or any other that were ever yet in use which any Artist may easily conceive when he vieweth onely the Figure although no Explanation or Animadversion were made upon it in case he will but declare his judgement without partiality according to right reason and the practice of War The Flanques or Defending-Lines are the chiefest part of the Fortification and ought therefore to be considered in the first place They have been altered several times already but never with any advantage comparable to what is obtained by these which advantage is distributed and has an influence upon all the parts of the Fortification The Flanques with Casematts are odious in the United Provinces because their Orillons could not stand unless they were Walled up with Stone which is too chargeable as likewise by their Cutting and Retiring of the Flanques mounted with Canon the entrance of the Bulworks came to be too little which in my Work is otherwise Those who view my Bulworks and do not understand the Profiles may also imagine that they are made with Casematts but it is very far from that and there is something else in it which hereafter shall be sufficiently declared and explained onely let no man flatter himself with an opinion that forasmuch as so many brave Captains and Engineers have employed the best of their understandings and endeavours to arrive at the utmost perfection of this Art of Fortification it cannot be but that they have attained unto it Whereas in the late Wars it hath been observed and is daily seen that the best Fortresses made after the manner aforesaid can scarce resist so much as two Moneths and it is altogether needless to produce Examples of that which so many Histories do attest Besides all this we are to know that the bravest Captains and Engineers of this Age knew very well the imperfection of the Modern Flanques and therefore they have made it their business to think of it and the truth is many have conferred with me about it but I did not find the Inventions propounded by them practicable in all places and in this Countrey it hath not been minded because the Spanish did seldom or never Attacque any place of consequence with an industrious force but being Besieged in any of their own places did easily Surrender it without troubling themselves much with the knowledge of Engineership But I shall leave this Subject and come to my purpose which is not to teach the Grounds or first Rudiments of Fortification but onely to Instruct the Ingenious Lovers of that Art how to reform those errors which in these late furious and industrious Wars have been rightly discovered in the Modern Fortifications I stile them furious and industrious because no History gives a relation of any War that was carried on with greater fury or of any Cities that were taken with greater industry In the sequel of this Discourse I shall manifest the Errours of Modern Fortification and in order thereunto I shall begin first from the Ground-Lines and propound a part of a Regular Fortress of Eleven Bulworks according to the practice of Fryday and other Modern Mathematicians whose Method I esteem to be much better then those of former Ages But before I proceed the Enemies of Strong-Holds ought in the first place to be known which are Sappes Spades Pikes Canon Mines and Musquets managed by Souldiers and Commanded by skilfull Captains