starts aside in her discharge causeth errour in the shoot The fourth observation is about the platforme c. The fift observation is about the bullet The sixt observation is the winde c. Note a peece of Ordnance will shoot further from sea to land then from land to sea the thicknesse of the Aâ—re at sea hinders the passage Note in spunging your peece you are to stand on the right side the spunge being drawne out you must give it a knock on the out-side of the mouth of the peece to shake off the foulnesse How to frame Cartrages of Canvas or paper which shall hold the due charge of powder for any kinde of peece if they bee made of paper then the seames are to bee glewed if cloth then towed Some use Formers of Wood made the just height of the Bore to winde the paper or cloth about to fashion it The papers of the Cartrage must be oyled and the canvasse must be tallowed over to defend them from wet How to charge a peece with a Cartrage How to give a Canon her true charge A Ladle containing a true charge for a Canon described An exact Rule to make a Ladle by which shall containe the due charge of any peece of Ordnance How to charge a peece Gunnerâ—like with a Ladle How to finde out the â— 5 part of the bullets circumfereÌ„ce that the Ladle may truely bee made thereby An arithmeticall example c. An observation how to charge a peece of Ordnance truly without ladle cartrages or scales or ballances Observations about the strength and conditions of Gunpowder and accordingly to order the charge to make a perfect shot The three sundry eâ—gredients that powder is made of with the quantities of the composition described How to know when powder is decayed through mutation or corruption three severall wayes According to the weight of the shot the powder must be proportioned whether it be Iron Leade or Stone-shot The difference in weight betwixt a Bullet of Leade Iron and Stone they being all three of one Diameter and Circumference The true quantity of Powder each kinde of Bullet requires for its proportionall charge Zote these proportions have beene observed to doe best execution The length of the Peece is to be considered before a due proportion of Powder can be allowed for its charge A difference in firing the Powder in a long from a shorter Peece An example whereby to finde out the true weight of a great Bullet by having the true weight of a small one performed by Arithmeticall Rules How to know by Arithmeticall Rules the weight of a marble Bullet by an Iron they beeing both of one Diameter By the same Rule to finde out the weight of an Iron Bullet by a Marble being both of one Diameter A Rule to finde out how much one Bullet is higher in Diameter then another A generall Rule to finde out the circumference by the Diameter The use of the following Table described Note to perform this the solid square inches must be found out by multiplying the measure of the known inches of the Diameter of the Bullet cubically and then againe multiply the Cube by 1â— and divide the last Product by 21 and the number in the quotient is the solid square inches The square inch of an iron Bullet weighes foure ounces and so of the rest Mr. Nortons Art of Great Artillery p. 36. Mr. Nortons observations about the true charging a Peece of Ordnance with the due proportion of powder allowed to Bullets of each kinde of mettall prescribed Three things to bee considered in making a true shot The first is distance to the marke The second is beyond the distance of point-blancke The third is under point-blancke The quadrant described with its parts which is to bee made of Brasse or some hard Wood. The mounting oâ— imbasing of a Peece is performed by putting in oâ— drawing out the quines as reason shall direct Read Mr Nortons practice of Artillery pag. 97 98. and it will shew you by example how to performe these things but you shall finde errour committed by the Printer which must be amended The staffe to levell or imbase a Peece of Ordnance described read pag. 13â— how to imbase a Peece by this staffe Note you must place your Rule upon the highest part of the mettall at the breech of the Peece coyning the Peece up or down untill through the fight o◠〈◊〉 the rule be listed to the part or divisioÌ„ in your rule that answers that degree you desire you espie the Cornoâ—ze or highest part of mettall at the Peeces mouth and the marke all 3. in a straight Lyne Note the like order is to bee observed in mounting any other Peece of Ordnance by an inch Rule of what length soever â—â—e be The manner of â—â—aming this Staffe is described pag. 129. The best of a Morter-Peeces Randon is betweene 50 and 45 degrees of the Quadrant For what end Morter Peeces were invented and of the things to bee considered in the true levelling of it for the lesse way shee shootes the higher must her mouth bee raised to some degree above the best of the Randon as is sufficient to reach the marke How to make a perfect Shot in a Morter Peece proved by example Note the due charge of a Morter Peece is 1 10 part of the weight of the shotte in powder shooting upon any Mount above 45 degrees but with 1 2 parts shooting levell or downwards Note your Peece must have the same proportionall charge of powder and shot that it had at 52 degrees Generall Rules â— for the taking the heights by the right Shadow Note in this rule the farthest stationis twice the length of the height of the Altitude adding the distance from the grouÌ„d to your eye Note the farthest station is three times the length of the Altitude if you measure from the Base thereof Note if the Scale of the Quadrant were divided into 100. or a 1000 divisions by so much further from the thing to be measured you may find out the height thereof Divers Rules how to take the true distance from the platforme to any marke assigned by the helpe of the Quadrant Note the higher the Staffe is the further may you measure any distance by this Rule Euclid shewes this 33. proâ—â—â— Booke and the fourth proposition 6 Booke Note you cannot take any far distance unles you ascend some Tree or Tuâ—ret the length thereof being knowne must stand instead of your staffe The Table of the square and Cubique â—oot is joyned to the Table of the severall weights of Bullets page 123. The Demonstration of this proposition is grounded upon the second and fourth Proposition of 6. of Euclid The Demonstration of this Proposition is grounded upon the 29 and 33 Proposition of the first of Euclid Note the Trench is to bee made 7 foot in height and 5 foot in bredth 4. things that hinders the effectual working of a Mine Foure principles each
after this manner following The Canon or ordinary Culverins have about 11. Diameters of their Bore at the touch-hole at the Trunnions 8. and at the necke 6. Diameters in their circumferences But the Canon commonly employed in Batteries have but 9. Diameters at their touch-hole at their Trunnions 7 ½ parts and at their neckes 5 2 ◠in the circumference of their mettalls there Lastly the Demy-Canons are but 1 8 of their Bores in thicknesse of mettall at the touch-hole If any Peece bee more or lesse then they are either re-inforced or lessened and according to the force or feeblenesse of the Peece to allow her a convenient charge of Powder The double Fortified or re-inforced Canons of Batterie have one whole Diameter of their Bore in thicknesse of mettall at the touch-hole and 11 16. at her trunnions and 7 16. at her necke and can endure to burne 34. pounds 1 2. parts of fine powder or 43. 1 2. parts of common powder Contrarily the lessened Canons of Battery is ◠4. at the Chamber at the trunnions 9 16. and at the necke ◠16. of the Diameter of their Bores in thicknesse of mettall the poorenesse and debillity of her constitution in mettall will not endure 25 ½ of fine powder or 31 pound of common powder notwithstanding her Iron Bullet weighes 60. pound Moreover if a Peece of Ordnance bee not truely cast so that one side is thicker in mettall then the other Shee ought to have but such a proportion of powder as the thinnest part will beare otherwise it is in danger of breaking besides it will never shoot right Therefore to examine the Peece you must mount the mouth of it upon a Skidde or peece of Timber then you must divide the circumference of the Base-ring at the Breech into foure equall parts and in the same manner likewise divide the circumference of the Mossell-ring at the mouth into foure parts every particular point of the Base-ring answering unto each point of the Mossell-ring in a right superficiall Line then stretching a chaulke Line from the uppermost marke of the Mossell-ring alongst the Cillender of the Peece unto the uppermost marke of the Base-ring then striking the Line that it leaves a perfect marke behinde it then in the same manner strike the rest of the points so that there will bee foure equall Lines dividing the body of the Peece into foure equall divisions then take a straight rod and put it into the mouth of the Peece holding it close to the side of the concave directly in it as the Lines directeth one Line whereof lying directly upwards the opposite will lye directly to it underneath and the other two Lines will bee on both the sides of the Peece Then take the quadrant and place one side thereof even with the Rod and looke what degree the Perpendicular plumblyne entteth thereon and so turning the Peece that one of the Side-lines may lye upwards as the former Line did and if the plumblyne falls not upon the same degree at each of the 4. Lines the quadrant being applied in manner aforesayd then the Peece is truely Bored Likewise if the Bore of the Peece lye awry in the mettall either to the right or left hand under or over it must bee truely disparted before a true shot can bee made To performe the which take with a paire of Callibres the greatest height of the mettall at the mouth of the Peece and likewise at the Breech abating the lesse out of the greater ½ parts the remainer is the just disparture of the Peece as for example A Culverin that is 19. Inches high at the Base-ring will bee 13. Inches high at the Mossell-ring which 13. Inches abated from 19. rests 6. which being divided into two equall parts the quotient being three Inches shewes the true disparture of the Peece It may also be done by taking a Line and measuring the greatest circumference of mettall in the Base-ring multiplying that measure by 7. dividing the product by 22. the quotient is the Diameter or height of the circumference likewise measure the circumference of the Mossel-ring and multiply that measure by 7. divide by 22. as before the quotient will shew the Diameter of the mettall at the mouth then substract the diameter last found from the diameter of the breech ½ that remains is the true disparture Or for want of Callibres take a cord and measure the greatest circumference of mettall at the Breech then multiply that measure by 7. dividing the product by 22. the quotient is the Diameter or height of the circumference Likewise measure the greatest circumference of mettall at the mouth multiply that measure by 7. divide by 22. as before the quotient will shew the Diameter at the mouth of the mettall substract the Diameter last found from the Diameter at the Breech ◠the remainder is the true disparture Exempli gratia Suppose a Peece of Ordnance 132. Inches circumference of mettall at the Base-ring or Breech and at the Mossel-Ring or mouth 88. Inches To know the Diameter of mettall at Breech and mouth and the true disparture you must multiply 132. by 7. the product is 924. this being divided by 22. the quotient is 42 the height of the mettall at the Breech likwise multiply 88 by 7 you have 616 divide this by 22 the quotient is 28 the height of the mettall at the mouth which 28. abated from 42. rests 14. the which 14. being divided into two equall parts yeelds 7. Inches for a part the true disparture of the Peece Moreover if you finde your Peece thicker of mettall in one part then another shee will convey her Bullet towards the thickest side wherefore after with your instruments and such Rules as before is described for the finding it out you understand where the fault lies and which side is the thickest you must to remedy it divide the overplus of mettall in two parts setting the disparture of your Peece one of those parts towards the thickest side of the Peeces mouth and bring the middle part of mettall at the Breech of your Peece that disparture and the middest of the marke taking a direct levell with your eye and laying it in a straight Line Fire being given the shot will hit right but if the thickest part of the mettall bee above then you ought to make your disparture one Inch more if under towards the Carriage then one Inch lesse Now to know how farre such a Peece will shoote wide there is a generall rule set downe by Gunners that so oftentime the length of the Cillender or Concave of the Peece is to the marke and then knowing how much the Peece is thicker on th' one side then the other the one halfe of that overplus being multiplied by the quotient first found the product will shew how much the Peece shooteth wide of the marke as for example If a Governour findes a Canon to be thicker of mettall by two
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s L Reare C S 4. sssss sssss sssss D sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss 6 E ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp 7 S ppppp ppppp ppppp D 2 ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp 8 S 2. sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss 9. E C S. 2. sssss D pppppppppp D sssss S. 1.  sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss  S. 3. sssss  pppppppppp  sssss S. 4. In this precedent Figure you see the divisions of the Company drawne up into an even body or Battalia all the Fell-leaders standing even in Front together making one Ranke CHAP. LXXV How the Officers are to draw both Pikes and Musquets one File sequenting another into a Ring for the better and speedier exercising them in their postures THe Company standing in an even body as the former Figure shewes before the Captaine shall exercise them in grosse as they now stand the easiest readiest and most convenient way is to see every man particularly doe his postures both of Pike and Musquet Wherefore first draw out the body of Pikes from the shot then command the right Wing of shot to face to the left hand and the left Wing of shot to face to the right hand then Marching forwards joyn their Files together so facing as they were makes them stand in an even body That Officer which intends to exercise the Pikes is to draw them into one side of the Field and some other Officer is to take the Musquets and draw them another way a convenient distance apart so that one division may not interrupt the other then either Officers drawing out their Files one following another leading them round into a Ring the Officers standing in the middest every Souldier facing towards him so that hee may see all their actions and likewise they may heare his words of command and observe how hee handles his Armes that they may imitate him and where he sees any one aukeward and ignorant hee is speedily to step to him and to shew him how to demeane himselfe the words of Command and the postures followe in the next Chapter CHAP. LXXVI How an Officer is to demeane himselfe in the Exercising of the Musquetieres and how every Souldier is to observe and imitate him punctually from Posture to Posture THe Officer having disposed his men as before is shewed himselfe standing in the middest of them taking a Musquet in his hand and Bandelieres about him he shall command silence and being presupposed they stand with their Bandiliers on their match betweene their fingers their Musquets shouldred and their Rests in their hands the Officer commands them to 1 Rest your Musquet This Pocture is performed the Musquet being shouldred First by slipping it then bringing about the right hand and grasping the Musquet at the breech and at the same instant drawing in your right heele to your left ankle with a small jutte of the shoulder you raise the Peece and poise it in the right hand being stretcht out with the Musquet-rest in the left hand likewise stretch'd out then bringing about your left hand and foot you meet the Musquet with your Rest placing it upon the ground aslant from you your Thumbe pressing the side of the Barrell and the Forke of the Rest together your right legge being brought a little forwards standing with a full body towards the mouth of the Peece the But end close to your side above your huckle bone 2 Poise your Musquets This Posture is performed by bringing up the right leg to the ankle of the left the Peece being stayed upon the Rest by the pinching of the Thumbe the right hand at the same motion graspes the Peece at the Breech the middle joynt of the fore-finger plac'd under the Pan the upper joynt next the hand just with the breech-pin the Thumbe upon the inside of the Stocke a little pressing downe the right hand and raising the left with the Rest you receive it and hold it at armes end with the mouth plum upwards the Rest in the left hand with the Arme out-stretch'd the right foot being removed side-wayes at the same instant with the right hand the body will stand full and comely 3 Shoulder your Musquet The Musquet being poised you must bring about your right hand drawing up the heele of your right foot to your left ankle and as your Musquet is ready to touch your left shoulder you must at the same instant bring about your left hand over the But end of the Peece with the Rest in it the ground end of your Rest pointing towards your right thigh joyning the Sear◠of the Peece close to your shoulder Note when you intend to poise it as in the former posture you must turne the point of your Rest inwards towarde your left thigh and withall let the Peece slip a little the Breech will lye fit for the right hand to receive it 4 Take your Rest in your right hand fit for march There needs no great commenting upon this Posture onely when the Musquet is shouldred you are take the Rest into your right hand for to be a stay unto you in your march 5 Take your match betweene the fingers of your right hand This Posture is performed by bringing about your right hand and betweene the fore-finger and thumbe thereof take the Match within an inch of the Cole from betweene the little and third finger of the left hand then holding your right hand out from your body 6. Put your Rest string about your left wrist and carry your Rest in your left hand There needs no great circumstance about this Posture onely you having the Rest in your right hand upon a March you now put on the String upon the left hand holding the Rest in it over the But end of the Musquet by which you are in a readinesse to make present use of it 7 Returne your Match betweene the fingers of the Left hand This Posture is performed having the Match betweene the finger and the Thumbe of the right hand you are to bring your Arme about towards the left hand there placing the Cole end of the Match betweene the middle and third finger thereof the light end to the backe of the hand-ward then taking the other end of the Match and place it in like manner betweene the third and little finger by this meanes it is not troublesome but readie to bee
dependancies And first wee will discourse of the true measures and proportions of them which at this day are in use and accounted the most perfectest that ever were invented which wee account now to bee infallible Maximes of this Art View the Figure following CHAP. XXV Of the Measures and Proportions of our moderne Fortresses WE have formerly discourst of ancient Fortresses of their defects and remedies Now it remaines wee should intreate of our moderne workes which are now brought to bee most perfect in regard of those Ancient Fortifications before mentioned And first wee will speake of their measures and proportions the which must serve us for Maximes because they are grounded upon very good and infalible reasons as experience hath shewed and doth teach us dayly I. That Fortresses are composed of many Bulworkes and that the sayd Bulworkes should bee of equall distances and of equall Angles the ground being so large that a Regular worke may bee raysed thereon as neere as may bee equally As for Irregular workes necessity must drive us to make them wanting the commodiousnesse of ground that the Regular Figure should have II. The Bulworkes ought to bee large and spacious to the end they may Re-intrench themselves and the point or Angels as blunt as possible may bee made III. That the entery or mouth of the Bulworke ought to bee from Sixty to Seventy paces viz. Thirty or Thirty five from each end of the Curtin to the midest or point of the entrance into the mouth of the Bulworke IIII. That the defence of the Bulwarkes ought to bee taken from the third part of the Curtin at the least as in all Formes or Figures of 6. 7. and 8. and of those of 9. 10. 11. 12. of the halfe of the Curtin As for the Pentagon it will permit the taking of the fift part of the Curtin because the Angels are not so much pointed As for the square Figure it ought not to bee put amongst the number of Fortresses and much lesse the Tryangle for they onely are to bee raised in places of advantage which are strong by nature or in a Campe or siege of a Towne V. The Line of defence viz. the distance that is taken from the Flanke to the point of the Bulworke opposite to it ought to bee 180 paces viz. five foot to each pace at the least and 200 at the most Although Erard alloweth not above 122â— Toyses sixe foot to the Toyse Amounts to 735 feete But his errour I shall afterwards shew and likewise the reason why I allow 265 foot more then he doth VI The Line of the Flancke ought to bee Thirty paces and if the Shoulders of the Bulworke bee comprised in it then the Flancke ought to bee larger by the third part viz. tenne paces and twenty paces for the formiâ—g of the Shoulders VII The Ditch or Moate ought to bee thirty paces broad and running even by the sides of the Bulworkes VIII In the middest of the Ditch there ought to bee a Cave digged deeper then the rest some foure paces broad IX The Counter-scarpe there ought to bee framed with Stones without Lyme X. Vpon the Counterscarpe there ought to bee an Alley three paces broad with a breast-worke ready to defend them so that they may kneele and lay their Peeces over it to discharge and the Ground is to bee made all even beyond it that the enemy may have no Bancke to defend himselfe XI All the good earth which is beyond the Counterscarpe ought to bee thrown away a Musquet shot from it and all kinde of Stones to bee plac't there in the roome of it which will infinitely offend the enemy being battered about with the shot from the Walles of the Fort. XII The halfe Moones which are plac't in every Angle betweene two Bulworks ought to bee forty paces viz. twenty on either side and the defence thereof ought to bee alwaies taken as neere as possibly may bee towards the Curtin the Ditch therof being foure Paces at least in breadth XIII The Ditch or Moat ought to bee Thirty foot deepe being well stored with all kinde of Fish which may bee a great helpe to sustaine them in the time of a Siege XIIII The Wall or foundation of the Fort ought to bee thirty foot high XV. The Rampier above the foundation of the Wall ought to bee likewise 30. foot in height and 20. foot broad both Curtins and Bulworks are to have a Parrapet answerable and a foot-step for the Muskatiers to step upon to make them of sufficient height to discharge their Musquets over XVI Vpon the entery or mouth of every Bulworke there ought to bee a Cavaliere eight foot high and twenty paces large So that three or foure Peeces of Canon may bee planted there for the making of Counter-batteries XVII The place of the Hankes ought to bee fifty foot broad and 75. or 80. foot long XVIII The rightnesse of the Shoulders ought to bee 50. foot long in such sort that it may shoot right to the point of the opposite Bulworke XIX That such Sally-Ports as are necessary ought to bee 15. foot broad made under the Wall in the Hancke betweene the Shoulder of the Bulworke and the end of the Curtin to bee Brick't over like a Vaute and at each end of it a very strong foulded Gate These Sallyes are for the Souldiers to passe into the False-Bray to defend the Moat and the foot of the Bulworkes and Curtins XX. The False-â—ray ought to bee 15. or 16. foot broad from the foot of the Bulwork to the Moat At the very foot of the Rampiers is planted a bed of quick-set two foot broad which will not onely hinder the enemy from sudden running through it but also stayes up such earth as shall bee battered downe from falling into the Moat Next the Moat the False-bray hath a breast-worke three or foure foot high for the Musquetiers to shoot over to defend the Moate XXI That above the end of the Shoulder called the Orillion there ought to bee an Imbracer for to place a Peece of Ordnance to batter against the Ruines that the Enemy should make in the face of the Bulworke XXII That the Rampiers ought to bee made as much sloping as they are high which is their naturall sloping pinching inwards that the Water may shoot off View the Table following and reason will not only allow it But will also reprehend Mounsier Bellay page 21. who allowes onely one foot slope in 8. or 10. foot height So that a Wall being 60. foot high by his Rule shall have but 6. foot slope which would make it so steepe that without the battering of the Canon every shower of Raine will wash it and moulder it downe Observe your best Fortifications as Zutphen and Densburge in Gilderland are by this rule framed XXIII That such foundations of Stone or Bricke-workes as are made against Waters or otherwise to beare up the Fortifications of Earth ought to bee 5. foote broad below
the battering of the Enemies Ordnance CHAP. XXXVII The manner of framing a Skonse with sixe Points or Angles THis Figure following is a kinde of Fort and is used in the Intrenching or Belaguring a Towne round it is spacious to hold 200 Souldiers or more as occasion shall bee offered You may perceive by the Lines drawne how every Angle is Flanked one from the other It is made of good Earth very substantially after the same manner the former are you shall see how they are scituated in the Page in the Figure of the Fort Beleagured CHAP. XXXVIII The manner of framing a halfe Moone This precedent Figure is a kinde of a halfe Moone and is thus formed because it lies open to some Curtin or Bulworke behind it so that if the enemy fortunes to gain it hee shall be beaten out from the Bulworke that Flankes it the Brest-worke of it ought to be of the same thicknesse and height that the former Redouts were CHAP. XXXIX The manner of framing a Horne-Worke THere are two kinde of Horne-Workes which are to be made without the Fort of great height and strength being the onely place of safety for all the out-workes to Retreate into when occasion is offered it likewise safeguards the Counterscarpe keeping the Enemy from approaching it defends the Workes of the Fort from being battered by the Enemies Ordnance it lies open to the Fort so that if the Enemy should gaine it they should bee Repulst from the Bulworkes It is to bee scituated betwixt two Bulworkes and it hath its defence from them they Flankering each side The other fashion'd Horne-worke is made out with two Points and is of greater strength then this as in the next Page wee shall discourse of It is called a Horne-worke from the fashion being like a Beaugle-horne some halfe-Moones are of this forme but not of halfe the greatnesse this is to bee of in regard this is alwaies well Man'd For those that have the Workes against the Enemy one night are relieved the next and here they repose themselves the third night they take their ease in the Towne The manner of framing of a Horn-worke described with divers Ou◠workes belonging to it whereby it may be defended from all Assaults most proper to be placed before some weake Bulworke of a Towne beleaguered or any other part of the Walls thereof that may seeme easie for the Enemie to batter downe By the Letters you shall find each Circumstance described belonging to this worke A. The Front of the Horne-worke H. The Ditch of the Towne-walls B. The Ditch 30. foote broad I. A Fortification before the Out-workes 140. spaces distant from the Horne-worke C. The halfe Moone  D. The Parrapet K. A three-pointed Fortification before the Front and corners of the Horne-worke E. The Ditch without the halfe Moone L. The Ditch F. The Counterscarpe M. The Pallizadoet upon the Counter-scarpe about the Ditch G. The Towne-walls  Place this Horne-worke betweene Folio 90. and 91. CHAP. XL. A second kinde of Horne-worke with its proper place THis second kinde of Horne-worke is of greatest strength to resist the Enemie next the Bulworke they are to open toward the Workes of the Fort and to be scituated betwixt two Bulworkes that it may bee Flanquered by them These are made without the Mote and Counterscarpe a Musquets shot or not all so much according as the scituation shall permit These ought to be alwaies in readines if the Towne be a Frontier and according as the fieldding may be favourable for the Enemies Intrenchments their to raise one of these Workes or if any place of the Wall of the Fort should be weaker then the rest Wee had three of these ready raised at Zutphen in Gelderland to prevent the Enemies approches in those great Marshes about the Towne there is no watch kept in them except the Enemy be at hand They are to be framed as your Bulworkes Canonproofe and of height sufficient to secure the Walls of the Fort Likewise they must bee well Pallizadoed and strongly Man'd View the Figure The Figures of the three famous Batteries which were raised by Spinola at the Seige of Breda CHAP. XLI The description of the Redonts Forts and Batteries which were raysed by Spinola at the Siege of Breda YOu must observe in these Precedent Figures both of the Forts and Batteries which were raised by Spinola at the Siege of Breda Those sides of them which looked towards the Towne were made Canon-proofe viz. 25 foot thicke The first of the three Batteries was 160 foot long and 125 foot broad in the Reare and Flankes of it it had a Wall 15 foot thicke saving that one side of this Wall was thicker then the rest rising with a walke and a Parrapet on the inside in the Front it was lined with two exteriour Angles the face of it rising with Nine open Windowes for so many Peeces of Ordnance to play out at each Window was 2 foot 1 2 wide opening wider outwards by degrees On the inside a Groundselling was raised like a bed of Turffe and Faggots 8 foot in heigth and 35 foot broad covered over with Plankes for the speedy removing and recoyling of the Artillery Behinde this Groundsell was a place of Armes 130 foot long and 50 foot broad The outside of the Wall under the Canon Windowes was Pallizadoed with sharpe long Stakes Before the Battery there is a halfe-Moone raised wherein was a Guard of Musquettiers and compassed with a Counterscarpe and Pallizado these were for the safety of the Battery Round about the Battery a Ditch was suncke seven foot deepe and 48 foot broad the sides of the Ditch were cut sloping from the top to the bottome so that in the bottome it was but 38 foot broad Vpon the outmost shore of the Ditch was plac't a long Pallizado to hinder all sudden assaults View the Figure The second and third Battery had their dementions much after the former onely the least being the second Batery had a Fort about it for its defence by the Figures you may perceive the difference both in their length bredth and corners The foregoing Forts which Spinola raised against Breda I have drawne the Figures of them which if you please to view you may observe that the Walls of them were 28 foot thicke at the bottome and so were raised 15 foot high with a Parrapet upon the toppe of the Wall for the safegard of the shot 6 foot high the Parrapet the Wall was made sloping and Pallizadoed round the Ditch about these Forts were 22 foot broad 10 foot deepe and 12 foot wide in the bottome View the Figures A Battery raised by Spinola at the Siege of Breda upon the Heath neere Osterhout A Battery joyning to a Fort raised by Spinola at the Siege of Breda upon the Heath towards Osterhout CHAP. XLII Divers choise Observations worthie to be taken notice of concerning the Beleaguering of a Fort Collected from the famous Siege
charging great Ordnance with their due proportion of Powder and Shot to every particular Peece with sundry other circumstances thereto belonging CHAP. XLIX Observations in charging great Ordnance with their due proportion of Powder and Shot to every particular Peece belonging with their Ladles Tampions and Spunges and all kinde of Circumstances Fit to be learned of every Commander both concerning Peeces Powder and Bullets WEE having travailed thus farre in observing what our famous Gunners of this latter Age have through their industry and experience found out to perfect and beautifie this noble Art which is now brought to a most excellent perfection I hold it most fit to discourse of every particular branch in an orderly way and to performe this I shall indeavour to picke and cull out of the ablest Authors their best practicall experiments and so briefly and distinctly handle them that the ingenuous Commander may profit thereby And first not forgetting how wee have formerly shewed the nature and quality of all kinde of Ordnance their due due strength and Fortitudes with divers accidents that may hinder their true shooting Now remaines divers further Observations and Curiosities which may not bee omitted in lading or charging them Gunner-like Wherefore having Powder Bullets and Match with other implements in readinesse for Service and before you charge your Peece you must cleere the Touch-hole and spunge the Peece well A Peece of Ordnance is eyther to be laded with Cartrages or with the Ladle Cartreges is the readiest way they are framed eyther of Canvas or paper royall For the making of these in a due proportion that they may neyther hold more nor lesse but a due charge You are to take the height of the Bore of the Peece without the vent of the shot then cut the cloth or paper of the breadth of three such heights and if it be for a Canon the length must be three Diameters of the Bore for a Culverin 4 and for a Saker Fawlcon and other inferiour Peeces 4 ½ parts of the height of their proper Bores Note you are to leave in the middest top and bottome one other such height at each of these places to lye over and make a Cover and a bottome for the Cartreges moreover you are to augment or diminish these Cartrages according as your Powder is in strength or weaknesse or according as your Peece is hot If your Peece bee an ancient cast Peece Taper bored the former of Wood must be made accordingly that the Cartreges may goe to the bottome if Chamber-bored the Cartrage must be layd in a thin instrument called a Chassela which will convey it into the Chamber but if right bored your Rammers head put it close home and with a three-square sharpe priming iron make a vent through the Cartrage at the Touch-hole so that the priming powder that is to take fire may come to the powder in the Cartrage The next thing considerable is to know how to give a true charge with a Ladle First we are to consider as formerly I have sayd whether the Peece be double fortified or not or whether inferiour in mettall a double fortified Canon is to bee charged with two Ladles full of powder the Ladle is to bee two Diameters and a halfe of the shot in length the socket of the Ladle-plate that is fastened on to the Staffe is to be one Diameter more of plate the breadth of the plate of this Ladle must be two Diameters Or rather observe this Rule take a Cord and measure the Circumference of the Bullet in the middest laying the same measure to an inch Rule then divide the same measure 5. into equall parts Note that three of these parts is the just breadth the plate of the Ladle ought to be of which being orderly placed on the Staffe as before and bent circularly serves to hold the powder in the other 2 â— parts being cut off and so left open serves to turne the powder into the Peece the Length of this Ladle is to be made according to the fortifying of the Peece with mettall For a Canon the length is to be 23. inches 1 â— parts For a Canon Serpentine 22. inches a French Canon 21. Demi-Canon eldest 22. Demi-Canon ordinary 20. Demi-Canon 21. inches and so for all inferiour peeces according as the Table in the beginning of this discourse doth plainly demonstrate To charge with this Gunner-like so soone as this Ladle is filled so full that it may be strucke off with a Rule the same being put into the mouth of a Peece and your thumbe being fixed upon the upper part of the Staffe so thrusting it home to the bottome of the concavitie of the Cillender turne the Staffe so as your thumbe falles directly under the Staffe so the Ladle will disburthen it selfe orderly Now to know the â— 5. parts of the Bullets Circumference that the Ladle may fitly hold her true charge Lay the measure of the Bullets whole Circumference to an inch Rule then multiply the same by 3. and divide the Product by the Denominator 5. the quotient will justly tell the breadth the plate ought to be of As for example You shall finde in the Table a Canon whose Bullet is 7. inches high in Diameter this will be 22. inches in the Circumference that multiplyed by 3. makes 66. which divided by 5. the quotient is 13. inches 1 2. the true breadth of the plate for a Canon Ladle of 7. inches Diameter But if it should so happen that neyther Ladle nor Cartrages were to be had nor ballances ready to weigh out the due proportion of powder for a charge then thrust your Rammer into the Cillender of the Peece just to the Touch-hole and there marke the Staffe even with the mettall at the peeces mouth then pull the Staffe backe three Diameters for the Canon and 3 1 2. for the Culverin and 4. Diameters for the Saker â—awlcon and the rest inferiour Peeces Likewise marke there another marke betweene these two markes is the place of distance the powder will supply in the Chamber of the Peece Then take Paper Parchment or Cloth as long as the distance betwixt the two markes then being wrapped up round equall with the Bore of the Peece onely 1 20. part lesse the sides and bottome being glewed fill it with powder and gently put it into the mouth of the Peece and thrust it home with the Tampion and see there be just so much powder as will occupie the place betweene the two markes so as the last marke be equall to the sâ—atte of the mouth the Rammers head being home to the powder But by the way let us take some observations of the mixture of Gunpowder so that the Gunner may not deceive himselfe in the over or under-charging his Peece according as the strength or weaknesse of the powder shall happen by meanes whereof it shall be impossible to make a true shot
Bullet of Iron to the like Bullet of Marble Stone shall beare such proportion as 18. to 48. as before is shewed and therefore I multiply the weight of the Iron Bullet knowne being 240. l. by 18. the proportion the Stone Bullet beareth thereto of which ariseth 4320. this being divided by 48. the quotient is 90. l. Thus much shal the Marble Bullet weigh that is in Diameter equall with the Bullet of Iron of 12. inches Diameter After the same manner take the height and weight of a Stone Bullet being 12. inches Diameter which weighes 90. l. and multiply this 90. l. by 48. the Iron Bullet beareth to the Stone which Product being divided by 18. which is the proportion the Stone beareth to the Iron the quotient will be 240. the number of pounds the Iron Bullet weighes After the same manner a Leaden Bullet being of the same Diameter that either an Iron or a Stone Bullet is of by knowing the proportion betweene Iron and Leade or Stone and Leade you may finde out the weight either by the other as before is shewed Moreover if there be two Bullets one higher in Diameter than the other if you want a paire of Callibre Compasses to take the just height you must take a Cord and guirt the Bullet or Bullets whose height you desire to know just in the midst then lay the measure to an inch Rule observing how many inches or other measure the same containeth which being done multiply the said measure by 7. and divide by 22. the quotient will shew you the just Diameter then abating the lesse Diameter from the greater the remainer will shew you how much the one is higher than the other As for Example If the Circumference of one Bullet be 20. inches and the Circumference of the other 30 inches in working as above is taught I finde the Diameter of the lesse Bullet to be 6 4 â— and the Diameter of the greater Bullet to be 9 6 â— so abating the lesser from the greater the remainer is 3. inches 2 11. parts of an inch shewing the great Bullet is so much in height more than the lesse To finde out the Circumference of any Bullet there is a generall Rule for it first the height of the Diameter being knowne you are to observe in the next place that the height of the Circumference is as 7. to 22. As suppose the Diameter to be 12. inches which 12. I multiply by 22. the Product is 264. which being divided by 7. the quotient is 37 â— the true Circumference of a Bullet 12. inches height Likewise having the Circumference of any Bullet you may finde out the height of the same but this is to be wrought contrary to the former conclusion As suppose the Circumference to be 37 â— â— as in the former demonstration you may perceive Therefore first you are to reduce both the whole and broken numbers being 37 â— 7. into his proper fraction and it will be 264 7. then observing Archimides doctrine multiplying by 7. and dividing by 22. the quotient will be 12. so many inches is the Diameter of the same Bullet And for your greater ease I have borrowed Master Nortons Table wherein is plainly shewed the height or Diameter from one inch to 14. with the weight of every particular Bullets Diameter both of Iron Leade and Stone fitted to the Assize of our English Measure of inches and parts Likewise according to our weight of Haberde-pois of 16. Ounces to the Pound the left Margent is to finde out the height of the shot in the first two Columes of inches and quarter of inches in the two second Columes under the title of Iron pounds Ounces you shall finde the weight thereof The like may bee understood if the shot be Leade by the third Columes or of Stone by the two last Columes each under his proper Title and over against the height assigned As for Example An Iron shot of 6. inches the weight will appeare to be 30. l. and if it were of Leade it would be 45. l. and of stone 11. l. 4. ounces view the Table following onely learne these Rules following for your helpe if an exact Table should be wanting First take the disproportion that Iron beares to Leade and Leade to Marble Stone for as formerly is shewed Iron is in weight to Leade as 30. to 46. Leade to Stone as 72. to 18. and Stone to â—ron as 18. to 48. An Iron Bullet of 6. inches Diameter that weiges 30. l. to know what a Leaden Bullet of the same proportion weighes First multiply the weight of the Iron Bullet knowne being 30. l. by 46. the disproportion Leade beareth thereto there ariseth 1380. which being divided by 30. the quotient is 46. As appeares in this Table Secondly if you would know what a Stone Bullet weighes of the same proportion a Leaden is of being 6. inches Diameter and weighing as in the quotient before is shewed 46. l. and likewise observing the disproportion in weight to be 72. to 18. as before you must multiply the weight of the Leaden Bullet knowne being 46. l. by 18. the disproportion the Stone beareth thereto so ariseth 828. which being divided by 72. the quotient is 11 â— 4. and thus of the rest of those weights A Table shewing the height and weight of Iron Leade and Stone-shot The use of this Table is demonstrated in the fore-going Page Inches high Quarters Iron pounds Ounces Leade pounds Ounces Stone pounds Ounces 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 4 1 1 â— 0 0 6 0 3 1 2 â— 0 0 9 0 4 1 2 1 3 1 0 0 13 0 5 â— 4 2 0 1 1 1 11 0 7 2 1 1 9 2 0 0 9 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 12 2 3 2 14 4 3 1 0 3 0 3 12 5 0 1 4 3 1 4 12 6 9 1 8 3 2 6 1 8 1 2 0 3 3 7 5 9 14 2 7 4 0 8 15 11 5 2 13 4 1 10 10 15 15 3 10 4 2 12 10 17 15 4 3 4 3 14 14 21 5 5 9 5 0 17 5 24 12 6 3 5 1 20 1 30 0 7 8 5 2 23 2 35 10 8 14 5 3 26 6 39 9 10 10 6 0 30 0 46 0 11 2 4 6 1 34 0 51 0 12 12 6 2 38 0 57 0 14 3 6 3 42 0 63 0 15 12 7 0 48 0 72 0 17 10 7 1 53 0 79 8 19 14 7 2 58 0 87 0 21 12 7 3 64 0 96 0 24 0 8 0 72 10 106 8 26 12 8 1 78 0 117 0 28 8 8 2 87 3 130 8 32 8 8 3 95 0 141 8 35 10 9 0 101 0 150 0 37 10 9 1 109 6 161 8 40 4 9 2 121 10 181 13 44 2 9 3 132 11 198 5 49 8 10 2 138 0 207 0 51 10 10 0 164 2 246 0 61 2 4 11 0 184 0 275 8 69 8 11 2 216 0 324 0 81 0 12 0
240 0 360 0 90 0 13 0 305 0 457 8 114 8 14 0 389 2 583 8 146 8 A Table shewing the Square Root unto 3848. and the Cubicke Root 238328.  1  1024 32 32768 4 2 8 1089 33 35937 9 3 27 1156 34 39304 16 4 64 1225 35 42875 25 5 125 1296 36 46656 36 6 216 1369 37 50653 49 7 343 1444 38 54872 64 8 512 1521 39 59319 81 9 729 1600 40 64000 100 10 1000 1681 41 68921 121 11 1331 1764 42 74088 144 12 1728 1849 43 81307 169 13 2197 1936 44 85184 196 14 2744 2025 45 87120 225 15 3375 2116 46 97336 256 16 4096 2209 47 103823 289 17 4913 2304 48 110592 324 18 5832 2401 49 117649 361 19 6859 2500 50 125000 400 20 6800 2601 51 132651 441 21 9261 2704 52 140608 484 22 10648 2809 53 148877 529 23 11197 2916 54 157464 576 24 13824 3205 55 166375 625 25 15625 3136 56 175616 676 26 17576 3249 57 185163 729 27 19683 3364 58 195112 784 28 21952 3481 59 205379 841 29 24389 3600 60 216000 900 30 27000 3721 61 226981 961 31 29791 3844 62 238328 The Square Root  The Cubick Root Square Root  Cubick Root I have adjoyned this Table of the Square and Cubicke root to the Table of the height and weight of iron Leade and Stone Bullets because Mr. Norton conceives that a man of a small capacitie and practice may finde out the weight of any Bullet by the helpe of this Table of the Cubick-root As for Example Suppose an Iron Bullet of 4. inches Diameter and 1 2. now by dividing the Cube of the Shot by 8. and take the quotient for pounds and each unite of the Remainer for two Ounces and so the Cube of 4 ½ being 91. and divided by 8. the quotient will be 11. l. and the 3. remaining will be 6. ounces the like in all kindes may be done for Stone-shot by the Rule of 3. onely Saying if 48. the proportion of Iron give 202. ounces what shall 18. the proportion for Stone give 76. ounces which is 4. l. and 12. ounces for the weight of the Stone-shot which is 4. inches 1 2. in height Now to proceed in our discourse the powder and length being considered of the Peece and the Bullets weight observed to the end that a convenient proportion of powder be found answerable to the heavinesse or lightnesse of the Bullet For if one proportion of powder should be taken for the three severall weights of Bullets being of divers mettals as this Table doth distinguish the disproportion betweene Iron Leade and Stone there would prove an infinite variation and confusion As Mr. Norton well observeth that a mans hand is able to throw a weight of foure pound Leade further than a weight of 20. pounds of Iron or then two pounds of feathers As he exemplifies it by a Saker having made 3. shots the proportion of powder being 12. pounds as the leaden shot weighes in this case the shot of Leade will out-range the other two and that of Iron will out-range that of Stone But the quantitie of powder being altered to 8. pounds as the Iron shot weigheth then the Iron will out-range the Leade and the Leade the Stone-shot Thirdly these Bullets being severally shot againe out of the same Peece with the proportion of 4 pounds of powder then will the Stone-shot out-range the Iron and the Iron the Leade Bullet Moreover this observation is not to be forgot the higher a Peece is mounted the more doth the weight of the shot resist the powder and the lighter the shot is the easier it is forc'd out of the Peece so that if the Bullet weighes either too much or too little for the force of the powder the motion thereof will be various Wherefore he holds the Leaden shot requires for its due charge the whole weight of ordinary powder or 4 â— of Corne-powder and the Iron-shot 4 5. of ordinary powder or â…” of the best and the Stone â…” of ordinary or ½ of the best This shall suffice next we are to intreate of the Levelling of Ordnance with the instruments for that purpose shewing the severall proportionall ranges according to the mounting or imbasing of the same as followes CHAP. L. Divers Rules and observations to bee used in levelling of Ordnance by the Gunners quadrant Scale Inchsight Rule and other Instruments very materiall for every Commander to understand IN levelling of Ordnance to make a true shot there is three things considerable The first is the distance to the marke assigned within the reach of the Peeces levell called point-blancke and in this there is neither mounting nor imbasing of the Peece The second is when the marke assigned is farre beyond distance of a true levell or point-blancke and for the bullet to reach this the Peece is to bee mounted unto some one degree or other of the quadrant according as the distance of the marke shall be found Thirdly if a Peece of Ordnance be to shoot at a marke which lyes under the true levell of point-blancke then accordingly shee is to bee imbaâ—ed Now from these observations there is a fourth ariseth of equall consequence to bee observed with the former viz. the finding out the true proportion of distance or paces of ground whether it be to shoote beyond or under or neere the true levell of point-blancke If both Art and judgement be not used in this it will prove impossible ever to mount or imbase a Peece to any point to performe a perfect shoot Wherefore I hould it best to discourse of the diversity of wayes used by most experienced Gunners in levelling of Ordnance wherein we shall be something large in regard the subject requires it and in the next Chapter I shall discourse of the instruments and rules which which are to bee used in taking a true distance of paces to any marke assigned And in this our present discourse I shall first describe a quadrant and then shew the use of it and so breefely proceed to other instruments invented for the like uses with such due observations as befits this Theame for indeed this quadrant is an instrument by which divers conclusions belonging to this Art may be wrought This Gunners quadrant is a Geometricall instrument containing in circumference one quarter of a circle divided into 90. equall parts or degrees in the outmost limbe and in the second limbe within there is 12. equall parts or divisions and likewise each of those are subdivided by meanes of parallels and diagonalls into 10. equall parts so that each side will be thereby found distinctly divided into 120 equall parts the use of them is to take all Geometricall mensurations both of distances heights breadths and depths which are either accessible or inaccessible as shall in the next Chapter bee declared But as for the degrees and points principally they are to helpe the Gunners practice
used upon all occasions 8 Vnshoulder your Musquet This Pcture is performed by turning the point of your Rest outwards towards your left knee and withall letting the Musquet slip a little downe your breast the Breech of the Peece will lye faire for the right hand to take it with a graspe just under the pan with the middle joynt of the fore-finger the uppermost joynt next the hand against the Breech-pin and the thumbe upon the Stocke on the inner side and with a small jutte the left hand with the Rest being taken off from the Stocke the right hand will poize it up standing with a full body the mouth of the Peece right up and armes out-strecht as more plainly in the first Posture is discourc'd of not forgetting to let the foot act with the hand 9 Joyne your Rest to the outside of your Musquet The Musquet being poised you are to step forward with your left leg and withall bringing your left hand with your thumbe prest against the inner side of the Forke of your Rest then drawing in your right elbow you gently let the Musquet and the Rest meet the upper side of the Forke plac'd against the out-side of the Stocke the thumbe pressing the lower and the end of the Rest lockt in the inâ—ide of the But end of the Peece it rests in an equall ballance in the left hand 10. Open. 11. Cleere 12. Prime 13. Shut your Pan. The Musquet and Rest being joyned together with your two fore-fingers thrust betweene the Barrell and the tippe of the Pan thrusting them side-wayes makes it open with ease then with the boale of your thumbe prest downe into the Pan and wrung about cleeres it then take your Primer in your right hand and knocking it gently against the side of the Pan untill the concavity of it bee filled then with your fingers shut ti and a little turning the butte end of your Musquet from you give te a jogge or two 14. Cast off your loose cornes The Musquet being primed and the Pan shut you are to turne the butte end from your right side a little distance as the Peece rests upon the Rest then with a shogge or two shake off the superfluous cornes of Powder to prevent taking of fire when you try your Match 15. Blow off your loose cornes 16. And cast about your Musquet to your left side This posture of blowing off the loose cornes is to be performed either the Musquet being rested as I have said before or when the Musquet and the Rest are joyned together for the first you are onely to stoope with your head and with a puffe or two blow them off otherwise you are to bring the Musquet towards your head tilluing the pan somewhat from you and with a sudden strong blast beate them off so that when the Match is tryed it may not indanger the firing Now for the casting about your Musquet after the loose cornes be blowne off it is but slipping backe your left legge and you holding your Musquet and Rest together in your left hand with your right hand you convey the butt end of the Peece on to the left side and in the motion turne the stocke upwards and letting your Rest slip you may easily charge 17. Trayle your Rest. 18. Ballance your Musquet in your left hand This posture is performed after the Musquet is brought about to the left side stepping forward with your right foot and at the same instant you bring about your Musquet and withall your right hand graspes the barrell of the Peece some foote from the mouth untill the Rest bee slipt and trayled and the Peece ballanc'd in the left hand fit for to charge 19. Charge 20. with Powder Bullet This Posture is performed after the Musquet is ballanc'd in your left hand by taking one of the Charges of your Bandelieres in your right hand and pulling the lidde of it off with your teeth then thrusting the mouth of the charge into the bore of the Peece giving it a shogge or two that the Powder may empty into it then giving the Peece another jogge with the butt end of it against the ground to make the Powder sinke to the bottome of the barrell then having your bullet ready in your mouth and taking it in your right hand betweene your forefinger and thumbe setting your right legge forwards towards the mouth of the Peece as you bring your hand to the same letting the bullet drop in with a jogge to sinke it to the Powder or by ramming it downe with the Gunne-sticke 21. Draw forth 22. Shorten your scowring-stick This Posture is performed by drawing forth the Scowring-sticke with the right hand at three even pulls the lower side of your hand towards the upper end of the Musquet the Scowring-sticke being thus produc'd you are to shorten it against your breast your hand slipping downe almost to the lower end of it so that with ease it may bee put into the mouth then thrusting it downe part of the way at the second motion and ramming downe the Powder at the third 23. Put your Scowring-stick into your Musquet This Posture is performed as before is said after the Scowring-sticke is produc'd and shortned the right hand holding it close by the lower end the right foote being set out a pretty step towards the mouth of the Peece is with ease put in and rammed downe 24. Ramme home your charge This is performed after the Scowring-sticke is entred the Bore of the barrell about a handfull then at two motions more you thrust it downe to the Powder or Bullet giving a good jobbe or two downe that the Bullet may bee home to the Powder 25. Withdraw 26. Shorten 27. Returne your scowring sticke This Posture is performed by taking the Scowring-stick in your right hand the upper-side of your hand towards the mouth of the Peece so that all your fingers takes the stick flat about the middle the joynts upon the outside of it and the thumbe upon the inside then making three even distinct pulls in withdrawing it turning your hand so as the small end of the sticke is towards your breast then shortening it against the same you have it fit to returne into the stocke which is to bee done likewise at three even portions 28. Bring forward your Musquet and Rest. This Posture is performed after the Scowring-stick is returned by drawing backe your right foote and bringing your Musquet with your left hand before you so as the barrell of the Peece may be towards your breast the Rest is to trayle after by the string that hangs upon your wrist 29. Poyze your Musquet and recover your Rest. This Posture is performed your right heele being drawne in towards the small of your left foot at the same instant your right hand is to take the Peece below under at the great screw then poyze it upwards setting your Right foot out againe then bringing your Rest forwards with your left hand so farre
as the string will permit you shall easily receive it and so with a full Body stand poysed 30. Ioyne your Rest to the outside of your Musquet The Posture is performed after the Musquet is poyzed by drawing in your left heele towards the small of your right foot your left hand holding the Rest close by the forke and your thumbe pressing the end of the forke close you bring it to the Musquet then joyning the Rest to the out-side of the Musquet and locking them fixe together by pressing the lower side of the forke with your thumbe the Peece lyes firme in your left hand in one even ballance your right hand being at freedome and your left legge set out againe 31 Draw forth your Match This posture is performed by drawing in the right heele to the small of the left foot at the same instant bringing your right hand with a kinde of circumference towards your left you are to take the Match betwixt the thumbe and second finger then holding it out towards your right side at the same instant you are to set out your right legge againe your Musquet being held in a due height 32 Blow your Cole Having taken the Match from between the little finger and the third finger of the left hand betwixt the thumbe and second finger of the right hand within an inch of the coale of it then bringing it towards your mouth turning your head towards your right side stooping very little you gently blow it your right legge being let out forwards 33 Cock 34 Fit Your Match Having blowne your Match as aforesayd you are to bring it with a little circumference to the Cocke and are to fit it into the same with your thumbe and finger not screwing it in having before directed the widenesse of the Cocke to the thicknesse of the Match your left legge being set forwards with the knee somewhat bending out 35 Guard your Pan. Having tryed and governed the Match with your thumbe and second finger to the end you may set it higher lower shorter or longer and your left heele being drawn towards the small of your right foot you are gently to lay the two fore fingers of the right hand full upon the Pan to defend the Powder from the sparkles of the Match 36 Blow the ashes from your Cole Having guarded your Pan as aforesayd and your left heele being drawne towards the small of your right foote you are gently to raise the Peece up towards your mouth and without stooping blow off the ashes from your Cole 37 Open your Pan. Having blown off the ashes from the Cole standing in the same posture as aforesayd you are at the same instant handsomely with your middle finger to shove aside the Pan lid and removing your left legge forwards with the knee bending out 38 Present upon your Rest. Your left leg being set out as aforesayd and your right hand having graspt the Musquet with your thumbe in the small of the Stocke and your middle finger plac't against the tricker then having plac'd the Musquet in the Rest the mouth of it being kept at a reasonable height and the lower end of your Rest being set forwards the Butt end of your Peece will be plac'd full upon your right breast then setting your right legge somewhat out side-wayes standing with a full body towards the mouth of your Peeece you shall bee ready to give fire 39 Give fire breast high Having as before is shewed presented well viz holding the Musquet and the Rest in the left hand bearing the right Arme or elbowe somewhat up and turning a little the body to the left side the left knee bowed and the right legge straight and not laying your cheeke to the Stocke before you shall set the Musquet to your breast then taking your ayme breast high without starting or winking you are gently to pull downe the tricker and so give fire with a full body upon the Enemy 40 Dismounte your Musquet joyning your Rest to the outside of your Musquet You having discharged must pull in your right legge a little then thrusting your Musquet a little forwards you shall joyne your Rest to the outside of your Musquet holding it in an even ballance in your left hand not forgetting to hold the mouth up especially if it hath not gone off for feare of hurting any man 41 Vncocke and returne your Match Your right heele being drawne towards the small of your left foote you are to bring about your right hand in a comely manner and with your thumbe and second finger pull the Match out of the Cocke and returne it betweene the two last fingers of the left hand 42 Cleere 43 Shut your Pan. You standing in the same posture as before after you have returned your Match you are with the thumbe of your right hand to run the Pan and cleare it that no sparkles may remaine then with your fore-finger you are to thrust the cover of the Pan close after you have blowne off the sparkles 44 Poize 45 Shoulder your Musquet After you have cleared and shut your Pan you must graspe your Musquet with your right hand close by the britch-pin as in the second Posture is shewed then raising the Musquet with your left hand you poize it up holding the mouth of it right upwards your right arme being stretched out your rest remaining in your left hand likewise extended then drawing your right heele to the small of your left foote at the very instant your right hand brings the Musquet to your left shoulder your left hand with the Rest in it being ready the same moment to embrace it at the butt end the Seare being thrust close to your shoulder then removing your right legge againe to his former station you stand upright with a full body 46 Take the Match betweene the fingers of the right hand To performe this view the posture before described at the figure 5. onely the Match is to bee placed betweene your fingers of your right hand as before it was in the left 47 Take your Rest into your right hand clearing your string from your wrist This is to be performed first by drawing in your right heele to the small of your left foote and withall bringing your right hand to your left you receive the Rest clearing your left wrist from the string 48 Returne your Rest into your left hand the String loose This is performed as the former Posture is at the Figure 47 in reverse 49 Return your Match into your left hand This is performed as the former Posture is at the Figure 5. 50 Vnshoulder your Musquet and Poize This is performed as the former Posture is at the Figure 8. 51 Rest your Musquet This is likewise performed as is shewed in the former Posture at the Figure 1. 52 Set the But end of your Musquet upon the ground You are to dismount your Musquet off the Rest then placing the But end of it upon the ground close by the outside
readinesse for the same purpose on eyther side of the shore no sooner were the Shippes stayed but the Ordnance played upon them to their great detriment many of them being suncke and the rest battered Some haue caused a Massie chaine to be conveyed over a Heaven or Channell also long peeces of Timber linck'd together hath beene a meanes to hinder shipping for otherwise it is a difficult thing to offend the passage of shipping or boates especially by night as was probable at the same Siege there being as Grimstone recordeth 70 shot made at one Fleet in that Channell yet not one of them suncke nor damnified View the Figure CHAP. CCLVII The manner of making a Battery to floate upon the water that the Ordnance may shoot the leveller invented at Ostend by Duke Albertus THis Floate was invented at Ostend to plant their Ordnance on it that they might strike the Vessels betweene Wind and water as they came into the Heaven the manner of framing it was on this wise First there were divers strong large Pipes or Hogsheads made purposely upon the which divers Beames or Rafters were strongly fastned crossing every way to hold the Pipes together then there were divers Plankes fastned upon the toppe of the Rafters after the fashion of a floore of a house round the sides were wooll-packes fixed to shelter the Enemies shot this Floate lying thus levell with the water gave the Ordnance fit opportunity to shoot at a better certainty upon eyther side of the Heaven was one of these Floates planted not one right against the other but a certain distance wide so that if one mist his shoot the other should indeavour to hit The figure of it followes CHAP. CCLVIII. The manner of framing the Engine called the Saulciffe which is to be used against a beleaguered Towne to shelter both Horse and Foote THis Instrument was invented at Ost-end for the safegard both of Horse and Foote the manner of framing of it was after this manner They tooke divers Bords or Plankes of Deale-wood and framed them in manner of a Hogshead or Pipe but so great that a Horseman might ride behinde it and not be discovered the Concavitie of it was filled with Dunge and sand it was hooped with broad Iron hoopes it was twenty foot long there were fiftie or sixtie men to rowel it this did the Arch-Duke wonderfull service in preserving his Souldiers both from the Cannon and Musquet it being alwayes rowled before those that went to Intrench themselves or to releeve such Guards as were dangerous and within shotte of the Walls of the Towne by this devise they could goe as neere to the Enemies workes as they listed the Figure followâ—â— CHAP. CCLIX How to stop up the passage of Vessels and Boates in a Channell or to mend a breach in an arme of the Sea THe best and presentest way to stop and damne up a Channell or a breach is to fill the Hulke of old cast Ships Hoighes and Boates with earth and so conveying them to the fittest place where the water is narrowest and shallowest and there to sinke them Likewise by filling old sackes full of Earth or Sand and casting them into the water will damme up a small Haven and will hinder the passage of all kind of Vessels from releeving a besieged Towne and by this the breach of an arme of the Sea may bee stopped but first it must be well pyled to stay the Vessells and Earth from being washed away wherefore they must take the opportunity of a low-water to worke in and have sufficient helpe to lay the foundation sure for feare of blowing up Moreover if you feare the water will decay some weake place of the banke then there must be a stancke made to shelve off the force of the water also if there be any Skonees or other Workes that the water beates against the Wall and decayes it by dashing against it then for the preventing of it there must bee Mattes made of Sedge and Bulrushes which must be staked downe before the Earth and Hurdles made with Oysiers Also for the Landing up of some shallow place where the water runneth but in Winter time or in great Stormes the best way is to set it thicke of Oysiers which will speedily grow and keepe up the Sand and Rubbish from washing away so that in a short time it will be landed up View the Figure following CHAP. CCLX The manner how to make a Bridge with Cord to convey Souldiers over a Moate or River by meanes whereof they may speedily Scale the Walls of a Towne THis kind of Bridge is used upon all surprises of Townes and Forts which are to be taken in upon the sudden it being so light that two or three men may bring it twelve or fiveteene miles in an evening and place it over any narrow water so that their Souldiers may march over abreast the manner of framing it is after this fashion First there are two woodden Rowles made of strong light wood either of them being twelve foot long one of these Rowles have at each end a Winch which may be taken off and on like to a Grindstones this is to wind and strayten the Ropes that they may lye tyte at each end and in the middest of the Rowles are to be holes bored thorow wherein must be fastned foure strong Ropes but if there be more Ropes it will be the stronger at every footes end there may be one if the Bridge be twelve or ten foot broad then it is but boring so many holes and drawing so many Ropes thorow then you are to take Cord and knit it with Mashes like the Mashes of a Flue so that a mans foot cannot slip thorow this Cord being knit all the way fast to the Cordes one end of this Bridge is to be transported either by one or two that can swimme or in a Leatherne Boate made for that purpose the ends of the Rowles are to bee staked downe strongly either with Iron stakes made for that purpose or with woodden Next it is to be straitned out straite with Winches and made fast you are to note that over these Ropes and Mashes there is Canvasse stitched downe to make the Bridge firme that they may not faulter with their feet in passing over View the Figure following CHAP. CCLXI How to make a firme Bridge both for Horse and Men to march over and to transport their Ordnance over any River although as broad as the Thames EArle Charolois in the warres of France termed the Holy League being to passe over the great River of Seine he caused divers Casks to be made of very strong bord or Clampall strongly hooped and of a great bignesse upon which he fastned Rafters and Plancherd it over placing divers strong Anchors to stay the Bridge from the force of the streame over this Bridge as Commines reports marched a hundred thousand men with all their provision and Ordnance The States of the Netherlands have a kinde of
Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse the Ordnance being plac'd covertly in the midst and also upon the Wings IN this first figure following you may perceive at the letter A foure hundred Shot upon either Flank before the maine Battell these are to surprise the enemies Ordnance which is to bee supposed are planted upon a Hill further you may observe sixteene Battalia's the Ordnance being planted in the maine Battell betweene the divisions thereof having foure hundred Musketiers ordered before them and by them obscured and as soone as the enemy is approacht within distance those Musketiers are to divide themselves on either hand so that the Shot may have free passage to disorder the enemies Troopes upon which advantage the other Battalia's are to advance forwards and furiously to charge the enemy in his disorders The Horse are oblique-wise plac'd upon either Flanck Note before the Horse gives their charge the Musketiers at A are to sally forth to surprise the Ordnance Likewise the Shot before every Battalia are to make their passage through the Intervalls downe the sides of the Battalia's into the Reare of all and from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks if occasion offers otherwise aide their owne men in the skirmish all the Shot before the Battali'as are in number twelve hundred If according to the King of Swedes Discipline these Battalia's were ordered but six deepe in file then there would bee sufficient men spare to Impale this Battell whereby it would be of a farre greater strength besides there would be a quantity spare to line the Horse-Troopes which is a thing of great consequence and very prevalent as is formerly shewed and by this following figure you may see CHAP. XVII The sixt way of Imbattelling an Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse with the Ordnance planted on the Hilles before the Battell as also on the Reare and Flankes being fit for all attempts IN this subsequent Battell which we are now to describe you may perceive fifteene Battalions of Foote ordered in Marshall array in the right Wing or Vantguard are three Battalions containing 500 in each of them Flankt with Musketiers before every one of which are also ranged ten files of Musketiers three in the right Angle three in the left and foure in the midst just before them every File containing ten men in depth these Shot are to make their way through the spaces of the Battalions in the Reare of all and so from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks in the maine Battell are three Battalions containing three thousand men viz. in each a thousand these are Flankt with Musketiers and have also Musketiers before them in the same forme with the rest in the Reare-ward or left Wing of the Battell are likewise three Battalions containing 500. men a piece Imbattelled as the rest with Musketiers before them also behind these Battalia's are foure other Battalia's plac'd and have also in each of them 500. a piece with Musketiers advanc'd before them these are for seconds as you may perceive them Martialled just against the Intervalles or Spaces of their opposite Battallions these Spaces are 200. foote distance in breadth so that the said foure Battalions may passe through them these likewise have Shot before them in the same manner the former had These with the rest may March forth to skirmish with the enemy or stand firme to second them upon their retreat or remaining in the Reare they may sally out and charge the enemy upon the Flanks or if occasion be they may assist the Horse if they be too weake for the enemy The rest of the Battalions are but twelve foote distance one from the other and at three foot order The divisions of Musketiers are allowed six foot that they may the better fall through having given fire In the Reare of all are two Battallions of a thousand in either of them standing just behind the three Battalia's of the maine Battell About a Furlong wide of the Flanck of these are 800. Horse marked B viz. 400. in each placed oblique-wise the better to start forth and inviron the enemy in like manner are the Horse Marshalled in the outmost Flanks of therest but in greater numbers as by this following figure you may see By the Wings of these two Battalia's are two field-Peeces plac'd ready turned and bent to the Rear these are to discharge upon the enemy if he should with Horse or Foot give upon that part if not then may these Peeces with ease bâ—e brought to some other place which may be more apt to annoy the enemy The rest of the Ordnance are planted upon two hills opposite against the enemies Flanks these are to break their order and distresse them and for their better security there are seven hundred Musketires to guard them and if need be there must be a greater Force There should be a slight Trench raised before them or pallizado'd about the better to defend them from the enemies Horse and Foot These forms of imbattelling I found in the Prospective-glasse of Warre and have here inserted them for the benefit of the ingenious Souldier CHAP. XVIII A seventh forme of Imbattelling an Army consisting of fifteen thousand Foot and five thousand Horse impaled with Redouts and a Ditch of combustible stuffe to prevent the Horse from assaulting either the Flanks or Rear THis figure following represents to your view an excellent forme of imbattelling very strong and secure the principall Strength of the Armie are brought to fight at the first encounter Wherefore first observe the main-Battell to consist of five Battalia's in each of them are one thousand six hundred Pikes and Muskets the Muskets are orderly ranged before the Pikes each Battalia hath one hundred and sixty Files and ten deep which amounts unto in all the five Battalia's eight thousand men After the main-Battell is a second Battell plac'd which is termed the Battell of succour and that consists of four lesser Battalia's and hath in each of them seven hundred Pikes and Shot Betwixt the said Battalia's there is a convenient space or distance of ninety six paces for the main Battalia's to retrait into when they shall be overcharged with the enemy The manner of retraiting is thus all the first five Battalia's are evenly and easily to retrait with their face towards the enemy holding them play with their Shot upon the right and left Flank of the second Battell are the two outter most Battalia's of the first Battell to retrait on also the other three Battalia's are to enter into the spaces betwixt the four Battalia's of the second Battell and there to stand even with them in Front whereby there will be nine Battels to re-charge the enemy afresh for these two thousand eight hundred fresh men will bee a great heartning and strengthning of the rest which were wearied and discomfited in the first encounter But if it should so happen that the enemy should over-wing
planting is desiphered A reason produc'd why the Musquet is not of validity to secure the Workes from the Flankes The Musquet is not able to beate downe the Enemies Galleries wherefore they must have Canon shot planted on the Flankes The fond opinion of the French Engineers The defence of the Bulworke is to be taken from the third part of the Curtin It is most safe to take the defence from the third part of the Curtin Reasons why the Mote ought not be brimfull The Worke in the middest of the Mote is of great defence and safegard as you may perceive in the precedent Figure The first thing to bee done in an Assault is to batter the tops of the Walls Note this Work within the Mote must not be made so low that the Counterscarpe may command it for then it will bee of no force When to mount the Canons for Battery How to cast the earth for your safegard How to preserve the Galleries from shooting downe How to prevent an Assault Werefore Out-works were devised Passages by water carefully to be fortified All warlike instruments are to bee in a readinesse to repel the Enemy from the Breach Divers things considerable in the defending a Breach By the ceasing of the Canon you may know when the Enemy intends to enter the Breach Divers considerations for a Generall before he enterprizes any attempt against the Enemy How those should defend themselves in the Fort against the Assailants How the Musqueteers ought to be demeaned at the Enemies first approaches They use to plant the foot of the inside of the Walles with Osiers and Willowes to make Baskets and mend Breaches How the Enemy ought to draw his Trenches What the Defendants ought to doe the Enemy having gained the halfe Moone How the Assailants may hinder the defence of the Cunette or Ravelin How to prevent the breaking of Granadoes How the Defendants ought to make their Composition with the Enemy Note if there bee 60. men to guard the passage the Redout must be 60. feet square on all three sides allowing 3. feet for each man to use his armes in viz. 20. men on 1 side A Redout made oâ— Turffe used by Spinola at the Siege of Breda A Fort made of Turffeused by Spinola at the Siege of Breda The Description of the Redouts The Description of the Forts The Description of the rest of the Forts and Redouts The parts a Master of the Ordnance is to be indued with Those that wait upon the Ordnance must lodge neere his owne Peece day and night to be in readinesse to execute such commands as shall be delivered to them The Gunner must be carefull in giving directions for the safe placing and keeping the Munition and Powder These Tooles ought to be marked with the Gallowes hee that steales them dyes without mercy Note there is but 14 ounces haberde poyze to each of these Venetian pounds The description of Ordnance re-inforced Master Norton sayes these kinde of peeces requires the just weight of powder with the iron cast shot for their due charge A difference in legitimate Ordnance in regard of their debility in mettall The nature of bastard peeces re-inforced lessened Ordinary Basiliske or Bastard Double-Culverin Serpentine or Bastard Culverin Aspike or Bastard demi-Culverin Pellican or Bastard quarter-Culverin Bastard Fawlcon Bastard Rabinet Base The description of the lessened Bastard peeces their weights and the distances of conveying their shot To what use the Canon is imployed in service and of their severall kindes The particular use of the Culverin in service and of their seveâ—all kindes Note these kinde of Ordnance shoot iron bullets but if the markes bee soft substance then stone bullets will doe as well and save great charge The use of the Canon Periors and of their severall kindes The fashion and boâ—e of outlandish Periors Note the difference betweene the lower end of the Chase and the upper end of the Chamber is this the upper end of the ChaÌ„ber is called the Orloe or Relish The Canon Priors before mentioned shoot â— 3. parts of the weight of the Stone-shot in corne powder onely abating proportionably 5 pound of powder for every 100. weight of shot The length of the Canon Perior are about 8. Calibres of their Bores at the mouth of the Chase the thicknesse of the Chambers are 2 â— parts in mettal at the touch hole The length of the Portingall base is about 〈◊〉 times â—her Calibre the sling-pace 12. The murtherors port-peeces and Fowlers 8 at the most besides their Chambers and their Chambers about 3 times the Diameter of the Bore in length and weighes the 6 or 8 part of the whole Chase. These peeces are likewise used in besieged Townes to shoot blazing Fire balls in a darke night into the Enemies Workes to discover what they are a doing â—or it the Enemy bee approached to the foot of the wall to undermine it or to enter a breach when no other â—â—ot can hinder them then these will worke good effect You may charge these peeces with cartouches Note the Wadde betweene the Tamkin and the Shott is to save the Shott from being broken by the Tamkin The Petardire must bee carefull to avoyd the danger of her reverse by retyting in a side line from it They are to be cooled with vineger and water or wine lees or urine and water Three differences in Fortification of each sort of Ordnance The difference of Peeces described How to tertiate peece of Ordnance How to konow when a Peece is reinforced Note every Peece 〈◊〉 Ordnance that is truly Fortified with mettall ought to contain as much mettall in thicknes round about so farre as the Chamber where the powder lyeth as the Bullet is in height How to know when one side oâ— the Peece is thicker then the other How to know when a Peece of Ordnance is truely bored How to despart a Peece of Ordnance Arithmetically heâ— bore not lying right Note which side of the Peece is thickest of mettall towards that side the Bullet will faile because the thinner side is more smart and the thicker side more dull in heating A generall rule to know how farre a Peece that is thickest of mettall on one side will carry wide to any marke assigned Rules to be observed in laying Ordnance upon their carriages so that they may shoot truely Lovis Collado and Alexander Bianco differ about the dimentions of the carriages The second observation is about the wheeles and the parts belonging to them The third observatioÌ„ is about the trunnions if not plac't in a diagonall lyne with the Axis of the Peece it will shoot wide Note the trunnions ought so to be plac't as â— parts of the circumference of the peece may bee seene in that place whereas the trunnions are set and one right against th' other If the cariage or trunnions â—ares lye higher or lower one then the other or the carriage bee to wide so that the peece lye not fast but
Souldier should grouÌ„d his worth on The obedient behaviour of the Turkes in their warres Sixe speciall vertues required in a Souldier An Illustration of Authoritie by the draughts of Pictures How Souldiers must be obedient to thâ—r Officers bee they of never so low a degree Plato in lib. 1. de Legib There may bee use made of the Treason but the Traytor shall nere be trusted The duty of a Governour of a Garrison The office of the Maior of a Fort. A Corporall is to order his Watch by the burning of a peece of Match so many inches for an houre The Maior by the Governours commandement is to see every Captaine exercise his company twice aweeke at least in the Summer time and the Squadrons upon the guard in the Wintâ—â— every night In every Bulworke ought to be a Corps 〈◊〉 Guard and over each Port for the Souldiers to guard by night in The Mayor must see his store-house be fild with Ammunition and Victuals fit to entertaine a long Siege Note it is not above one or two Companies of a Regiment that guards in the out-workes at one time Vnlesse some trees or bankes may safegard them Hist. Italy Comines lib. 1. Pag. 22. Daniel 2. 28. Comines Deut. 4. 2. Ioshua 1. 7. and 7. 13. Pro. 30. 6. Revel 22. 18. Numb 16. 3. The bound him and cut off his eye-lids and set him in a hollow tree upright filled full of sharpe nayles there continuing in horrible paine till hee dyed Numb 10. 12. Lactantius Virgil. Tertul. Rom. 13. 1 2. Proverb 19. 12 Titvs 3. 1. Astra regunt homines Sed regit astra Deus Joâ—â—â—ille cap. 16. Licurgus his witty answer De Bello Gallico lib. 6. 1623. Tacitus Strab. lib. 3. of the Venet. Tacit. lib. 4. cap. 5. Aristot. lib. 4. de anim cap. 6. The wonderfull loyaltie and valour of Proâ—esâ—lâ—us Heylin Heylin Knollâ—s Xiphilinus Two things requireable in a valiant Souldier to make him fit to undergoe the greatest misery warre can reduce him unto The definition of griefe and sadnesse Three kindes of sadnesse which blemish the valour of a Souldier Philip de Comines Treasury of time Strabo lib. 7. Pezelin Slâ—id Heylin Vpon some occasions Souldiers ought not to misconster the forbearing to joyne Battell and take it as cowardise A second reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a Coward The third reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a coward The first observation of an Army indued with valour Second observation Third observation The fourth simptome of valour in an Army The fift simptome of valour in an Army The sixth Simptome The seventh Simptome The eight Simptome How valour may bee begotten and bred Ioshua 1. vers 6. 7. A safe argument to prove the lawfulnesse of duells Numb 5. 26 27. The Combat is denied to a Christian in action sufferance and right Miracles only pertaine to the power of God Murther may happen by Combats The act of Combat killeth charity Naturall equity is for the conservation of mankind and combat is for his destruction The two maine precepts of naturall equity are broken by the act of Combat King Iames his observation upon Comb. Pag. 2. Pag. 3. Ibidem Pag. 4. Pag. 6. Pag. 8. Pag. 9. Pag. 4â— The distinguishing of abuses from whence quarrels arise Pag. 45. The party offending is to be immediately committed The Lye ranckt with the highest Verball wrongs Pag. 50. pag. 52 pag. 53. pag. 54. pag. 56. pag. 57. Ibidem pag. 67. pag. 8â— pag. 86. pag. 87. 〈…〉 pag. 88. pag. 90. pag. 93. pag. 97. pag. 98. pag. 100. Pag. 17 Pag. 113. Pag. 114. What orders the Governour gives him in charge â—he is to let his Captaine understand of it If the Guard bee at a Port then the Serjant is to guard with his Holbert all the day with the Squadron and many times all night in times of danger Ensigne Epps at the Battell of Flanders c. If it bee in the darke or night season Note the Captaine is not to release any prisoner that is committed by any of higher authority without their consent Quem 〈◊〉 oderunt quenquisque odit perisse experit Many times the Captaines themselves are sent for to take the Word themselves and the Orders if they be of importance The Serjeant-Major is to draw the Billeâ—s from the Major Generall and the inferiour Officers to takâ— them from him He is to have a Catalogue of the just number of the Army together with the true sortment and division of every weapon and in his memory he must have the formes of all kind of Battells Some have held that the Earle Marshall iâ— chiefest in the Generalls absence and ought to have the principall command of the Armie In the Discourse of the marching of an Army you shall more fully reade how to dislodge a Campe by night The especiall Officers named for the private councell of Warre The three usuall words of command in time of Service Note the Musquetiers of the right Flanke are to make the Van. Note that betweene each division in march there ought to be 12 foote distance viz. 6 foote before the Officeâ— and 6 foote behind Note in march the Files must be at order and the Rankes at open order Note in all the Postures of a Musquet the hand and foot must move at one instant for the better grace of the posture Note the Musquet is rested when this Posture is to be performed The Musquet being shouldred it is to bee poised as I have shewed you in the first Posture here mentioned at Resting your Musquet Note after the Musquet is setled on the shoulder the Rest must hang almost perpendicular towards the ground Note here they begin to make ready which they may doe eyther standing or marching This Posture is as usually done when the Musquet and Rest is joyned together Note you ought to take the Peece in such an even ballance that the butt-end rests not against the ground Note the Souldiers must be placed in their distance for Motion sixe foote both in Ranke and File When your Souldiers begin any motion let them advance their Armes when they come to a stand and have performed their motion let them order their Armes As for the causing your Souldiers to face to the right and left or to the right and left inward or to the right angle or left angle or to the foure Angles I leave it to the discretion of the Commander either to doe it or leave it and the like for the facing of halfe files It is nccessary for Souldiers to move 10. or 12. paces upon every motion of facing whether entire or Divisionall Of the several distances you shall reade before The manner of doubling of Files described The manner of doubling of Rankes by the Bringers-up described The manner of doubling of Files outward and inward described Of doubling Files to the right and left inwards The manner of doubling of Rankes by