make ready the Place and Instruments for Execution He after the Guards were set brings Lentulus himself to the Prison as the Praetors also did the rest Within the Javl there is a certain place call'd Tullianum after a small Ascent to the left hand about Twelve Foot under ground being wall'd about on every side with an Arch of Stone over head but nasty dark offensive to the Smell and frightful to the Sight Into this Dungeon Lentulus being let down the Lictors or Executioners according to their Orders strangl'd him with a Halter Thus fell that great Patrician descended from the Illustrious Family of the Cornelii that frequently had held the Consular Dignity of Rome meeting that fatal End which the Course of his Life and his Actions justly merited In the same manner also Cethegus Statilius Gabinius and Ceparius were executed at the same time While these things are thus transacted at Rome Catiline of all the Men which he had rais'd himself and those that Manlius had muster'd together made two Legions and fill'd up his Cohorts proportionable to the Number of his Men. Then as Voluntiers or Friends came in to him he made an equal distribution of their Number insomuch that in a short time he compleated both his Legions whereas before he had but Two Thousand in all Of these not above a fourth part were arm'd with Souldier like Weapons the rest supply'd by Chance and Fortune carry'd either Country Pike-staves Javelins or Stakes made sharp at the end But when Antonius approach'd with his Army Catiline keeping the Mountains bent his March sometimes towards the City sometimes towards Gallia carefully avoyding Combat with his Enemy for he was in hopes of numerous Reinforcements so soon as his Confederates had accomplish'd their work at Rome In the mean time he refus'd the Assistance of Slaves and Servants of which a great Number had resorted to him at the beginning confiding in the strength of the Conspiracy and deeming it might also disadvantage his Interests to have intermix'd the Complaints and Cause of Free Citizens with Slaves But afterwards when News was brought to the Camp that the Conspiracy was discover'd and that Lentulus Cethegus and the rest were executed the greatest part whom hopes of Plunder and desire of new revolutions had inveigl'd to the War dropt from him with the rest Catiline swiftly retires through the rough and difficult Passes of the Hills into the Territory of the Pistorienses with a Design to steal away privately under the shelter of the Woods and Mountains into Lumbardy But Q. Metellus Celer lay with three Legions in the Territory of Picenum rightly conjecturing Catiline's Intention considering the distress of his Affairs Therefore having intelligence of his March by certain Fugitives he presently raises his Camp and posts himself at the foot of the Mountains where Catiline must come down in his March for Hither Gallia Nor was Antonius far behind as he that follow'd the nimble Fugitives with a numerous Army through more level and less incumber'd ways Catiline therefore when he perceiv'd himself enclos'd with Hills and numerous Enemies that all things had fail'd his Expectations in the City and that there was no safety in flight nor hope of Succour believing it his wisest course in such a condition to try the chance of War he resolv'd to hazard his Fortune with Antonius And to that purpose at the Head of all his Army he made this Oration to his Souldiers I am convinc'd by Truth of History and Experience fellow Souldiers that Words afford no addititon of Courage unto Men or that a Generals Harangue renders a sloathful Army stout no Cowardly numbers Valiant Only what Courage is by Nature or generous Practice inherent in the Soul of every Man so much displays it self in Battle The Person whom neither Glory nor Dangers can excite in vain we seek with Speeches to inflame for Consternation stops his Ears However I have call'd ye here together partly to inculcate some few things into your Breasts but chiefly to unfold the cause of this my suddain Resolution You understand too well fellow Souldiers how great a Calamity the sloath and negligence of Lentulus has brought upon himself and Us and how I am debarr'd from Marching into Gallia in Expectation of considerable Succours And now you likewise know as well as my self what is the desperate condition of our Affairs at present Two Armies of the Enemy one from the City another from Gallia lie posted in our way To stay longer in these Parts had we never so great a Desire scarcity of Provision and other Necessaries will not permit And wheresoever we design our March we have no other way but what our Swords must open Wherefore I exhort ye be resolute and still prepar'd for vigorous Encounter and when ye are ready to joyn Battle that you carry Riches Honour Grandeur your Liberty and your Country in your hands If we vanquish all these things will be secure plenty of Provision Municipal Towns and Colonies will be at our Devotion But if through Cowardice we turn our Backs then all the World will be our Enemies no place nor friend will shelter them whose Arms could not protect ' em Moreover Fellow Souldiers the same necessity binds not them that strictly obliges us We Combate for our Country our Liberty and Lives 't is only a superfluous kindness in them to defend in fight the Usurpation of a few the reason wherefore you should be more daringly mindful of your Ancient Vertue You had your choice to spend your ignominious Lives in shameful Exile or else to live at Rome your Patrimonies and Fortunes lost in Expectation of other Mens Estates But because these things seem'd base or not to be endur'd you determin'd to follow these resolutions If these your last determinations please not the more need of Courage at this time For no man but the Victor Exchanges War for Peace And to expect Security in Flight when we have thrown away our Weapons that were the Protection of our Bodies that 's a peice of Real Madness Always in Battle they are most in Danger who are most afraid for daring Boldness guards yee like a Wall When I consider your Persons Fellow Souldiers and put an estimate upon your Actions my hopes of Victory are exceeding Great Your Valour Age and Stoutness all encourage me Moreover your Necessities which renders even Cowards Valiant nor will the nature of these narrow passages permit the Enemy to surround us with their numbers However if Fortune frown upon your Valour beware that unreveng'd you do not lose your Lives or choose to be taken and be massacred like Sheep rather then fighting like Men to leave the Enemy a Bloody and mournful Victory Having thus spoken after he had made a little Pause he commanded the Trumpets to sound and leads down his Men in good order into a Champion ground Then sending away all the Horses to the end the danger being
Arts. But hapning to live in those unfortunate times of Faction and Popular siding when Vertue and Learning wanted their due Encouragements His Inclinations being deprav'd in a City so corrupted he was easily vanquish'd by voluptuous Allurements So that being call'd to public Employment so soon as his years render'd him capable of it he suffer'd many Misfortunes through the Iniquity of the Times in regard the Commonwealth was then turmoyl'd and beset with Sylla 's Party However this is certain that Salust had a ready Wit and was well versed in all kind of Learning though his chiefest Excellency lay in writing History Wherein he was much beholding to Atteius Philologus the Grammarian who furnish'd him with an Epitome of all the Roman Atchievements to pick and choose what he pleas'd himself He was a Tribune of the People the same year that Clodius was slain by Milo Seven hundred and two from the building of the City at what time Pompey the Great was Consul alone for several Months without any Collegue In that Tribuneship wherein hs got no repute at all he was a great Enemy as well to Cicero as Milo for that being taken with Fausta the Daughter of L. Sylla he was order'd to be well scourg'd by Milo and not so discharg'd neither till he had paid a sum of Money For which Gellius brings the Testimony of M. Varro in a Book which he Entitled de Pace And several other Authors among the rest the Author of the Invectives against Salust ascrib'd to Cicero says That he was expell'd the Senate for his Fornications and Adulteries by Appius Claudius Pulcher and L. Calpurnius Piso then Censors in the year from the City built 703. Of which expulsion Dio likewise makes mention Suetonius also in his Book of the Famous Grammarians relates how he was Lampoon'd by Leneus the Enfranchiz'd Bondman of Pompey the Great who never scrupl'd to call him Glutton Whoremaster Varlet and Debauchee a Monster of Contrarieties in his Life and Writings In Confirmation of which Lactantius says of him That he was a slave to his Lusts and defil'd his own Sentences by the wickedness of his Life So hard a thing it is for a Man to say well and do well However by the favour of Julius Caesar when he came to have the Power in his own hands he recover'd his Senatorian Dignity was made Questor and then Pretor in which Employment he was commanded by Caesar then bound for Africa against Scipio to sail with part of his Navy to the Island of Cercina to fetch Corn. Afterwards when Juba was kill'd and his Kingdom reduc'd into a Province Caesar left him with an Army Proconsul or Deputy Lieutenant of Numidia where by Peeling and Polling the Country he so well lin'd his Coffers that he bought a whole Forum or Market-place in Rome where now stands the Temple of Sta Susanna The Village of Tiburtum and those Gardens which still to this day retain the Name of Salustian Caesar forgave him his depredation but he could never wipe of the Ignominy of being so sharp a Reprover of other Men's failings who was so Vicious himself He Marry'd Terentia Cicero 's Wife after her being Divorc'd from her Husband and at the Age of threescore Years some say threescore and two died presently after the Murder of his Patron Julius Caesar and was Buried in the same place where he was Born leaving behind him those living Monuments that will preserve his Memory so long as Learning endures THE WAR OF CATALINE BY Caius Sallustius Crispus IT behoves all Men that labour to excel all other Creatures to make it their chief Endeavour not to wast their Lives in Silence like the Brute Beasts form'd by Nature prone to the Earth and only Slaves to their Bellies But our whole strength and vigor is sòated as well in the Mind as in the Body We make more use of the command of the Mind than of the service of the Body The one we share with the Gods the other is common to us with the Beasts Whence it appears to be a nobler way to purchase glory rather by our Ingenuity than our Strength of Body and because the life it self which we enjoy is but of short continuance to render our Memories the longest that we can For the Spendor of Form and Riches is frail and transitory but Vertue is accounted Illustrious and Eternal 'T is true the Contest has been long among Mortals which most prevail'd in War vigor of Mind or strength of Body For first before we begin it behoves us to consult and after deliberation nothing more requisite than speedy Execution Thus both defective of themselves the one becomes effectual by the assistance of the other Therefore at the beginning Kings for that was the first Title of Soveraign Dignity upon Earth predominant in several places some made use of their Parts and Ingenuity others exercis'd their Bodies Then also was the Life of Man without Ambition while every one was pleas'd with what himself enjoy'd But after that in Asia Cyrus in Greece the Lacedaemonians and Athenians began to subdue Cities and Nations that they made Ambition of Dominion the cause and foundation of War and measur'd the extent of Glory by the spaciousness of their Territories then Danger and Business taught the world that War was chiefly manag'd by Wit and Ingenuity So that if the Vertue and Magnanimity of Kings and Emperors were alike in Peace as in War Human Affairs would be less subject to inconstancy nor should we see such Changes such Revolutions nor such Topsy Turvies in the world For Empire is easily preserv'd by the Arts by which it was at first acquir'd But when Sloth instead of Industry when Ambition and Pride instead of Equity and Moderation invaded once the Breasts of Men then their Fortune with their Customs underwent a universal change Thus is Empire always translated to every one that is most excellent from the Inferiour and less Brave The toyls of Plowing hazards of Navigation and expence of Building all submit to Vertue as being obedient to her Instigations But many Men addicted to Luxury and Sleep Illiterate and void of Education consume their Lives like Travellers upon the Road to whom quite contrary to Nature their Body is a Pleasure but their Soul a Burden Now their living and their dying I look upon to be the same as being both buried in Silence But he it is who seems to me to live and enjoy a Soul who finding himself employment labours for the Fame of some great Action or some noble Science Though in such a vast variety of business Nature chalks out distinct and various Roads for differing Undertakers Among the rest 't is highly Commendable to act well for the Common-wealth nor is it absurd to speak well in its Honour for thus may Fame be purchas'd both in Peace and War since many are applauded that acted themselves and many that wrote the Atchievements of others And for my own part
equal the Souldiers might be the more encourag'd himself a foot Embattles his Army as his number and the Nature of the Place would permit For finding that the Plain lay between Mountains on the Right and rugged and steep Rocks on the Left he made a Front of Eight Cohorts The rest he drew up more close in Reserves Out of these he brings all the choice Centurions and Honorary Reformades together with the stoutest of all the Common Souldiers well Arm'd into his first Array To C. Manlius he gave the Right to a Commander of Fiesoli the Left Wing Himself with his enfranchiz'd Bondmen and some of Sylla's old Souldiers that had been distributed into Colonies he posted himself next to the Eagle which as they said had been the Standard which Marius made use of in the Cimbric War On the other side C. Antonius being then sick of the Gout because he could not be present at the Battle gave the Command of his Army to his Legate M. Petreius He plac'd the Veterane Cohorts which he had rais'd of a suddain in the Front and behind them the rest of his Men for a Reserve Himself Riding about from Rank to Rank calls every one by their Names encourages and intreats 'em to be but mindful that they fought against unarm'd Robbers for their Country their Liberty their Altars and their Houshold Gods This Man an old Souldier who had been for above thirty years together either a Tribune or Prefect or Legate or Pretor and all along acquitted himself with great Honour knew most of the Souldiers was acquainted with their stoutest Actions and by bringing 'em fresh to their Memories greatly inflam'd their Courages Now then Petreius having diligently observ'd the Enemies Array and given out his last Orders by sound of Trumpet Commands the Signal of Battle and the Cohorts at the same time to move slowly forward The same did the Enemy but when they were so near to one another that the Lighter arm'd might well begin the fight with their Missive weapons the Legionaries never stood to throw their Piles as they were to do but running with a hideous shout on both sides to the Combat began a close fight foot to foot with their Swords The Veteranes mindful of their Pristine Bravery bore vigorously upon the Enemy nor did their Opposites make a Timorous Resistance so that the Combat was sharp on both sides All the while Catiline with the most active and smartest of his followers kept still in the head of his Men succour'd those that were over-power'd supply'd the places of the wounded with fresh Men frequently charg'd in Person and perform'd all the Duties of a stout Souldier and experienc'd Commander Petreius therefore perceiving that Catiline made a stouter Resistance then he expected orders the Pretorian Cohort to Advance and Charge the very thickest of the Enemy and then it was that all things went to wrack on Catiline's side his Men being every where disorder'd and every where put to the Sword which done the Legate flew upon both the Enemies Wings at the same time with the same fury Manlius and the Faesulane fell among the first But as for Catiline when he saw his Army routed and himself left naked with a small Remainder remembring his Descent and his Ancient Dignity he threw himself into the thickest of his Enemies and was there slain with his Sword in his hand But after the Battle was over then you might see the wonderful Audacity and Resolution that had reign'd in Catiline's Army For generally the place which every one had stood on when alive the same when dead he cover'd with his Body Some few indeed whom the Pretorian Cohort had routed in the middle lay more dispers'd yet all had receiv'd their wounds before and no man turning his back Only Catiline was found at a distance from his own Men among the Carcases of his Enemies with some remainder of Life retaining in his Countenance that Fury and Fierceness of Mind which inspir'd him when alive and the last thing remarkable is this that of that whole Number neither in the Fight nor in the Pursuit was any Free-born Citizen taken Prisoner so equally merciful had they all been to their own and the Lives of their Enemies Nor can we say that the Army of the Roman People enjoy'd a Victory to be rejoyc'd at or at the expence of little Blood For not a Man of forward Bravery but either fell in the Battle or was carry'd off desperately wounded So that of many that either out of Curiosity or greedy of Plunder going to view the Field of Battle turn'd up the Carcases of the Slain there were hardly any but either knew their Friends their Guests or their Kindred and some there were who knew their Enemies Thus Joy and Sorrow Mourning and Gladness variously affected the Victorious Army The End of the Catilinarian War C. Crispus Sallustius's JUGURTH OR JUGURTHINE War 1. FAlsely does Human kind complain of the Condition of Life as if it were too frail and short and rather under the Dominion of Chance then Vertue For entertaining contrary thoughts we shall find that there is nothing greater nothing more excellent then Man himself and that he neither wants power nor length of years but only Industry For the Captain and Commander of human Life is the Soul which while it journeys with an eager pace toward Glory through the paths of Vertue is sufficiently prevalent powerful and eminent not needing Fortune's aid which neither can bequeath or take away from any Man his Probity his Industry or any other vertuous Endowments But if enslav'd to lewd desires we plunge our selves in Luxury and Corporeal Pleasures by degrees accustom'd to pernicious sensuality when we have once mispent our Parts our Strength our precious Hours in Sloath and Oscitancy the Infirmity of Nature is then accus'd for that the Guilty lay the blame of their folly upon the difficulty of Business Whereas if Men were but as sedulous in laudable Professions as they are eager in the pursuit of things unprofitable and many times extreamly hazardous they would rather govern then be govern'd by Fortune and would advance themselves to that degree of Grandeur that instead of being Mortal they would become Eternal in Glory 2. For as all Mankind is compounded of Soul and Body so do also all our Affairs and all our Studies follow some the nature of the Body others of the Soul Therefore lovely Form superfluous Riches strength of Body these in a short time all decay but the glorious Atchievements of Wit and Parts are like the Soul Immortal Lastly as there is a beginning so there is an end of all the Blessings of Body and Fortune all things rising set again and as they grow grow old But the Soul Incorruptible Eternal the Guide and Ruler over all Mankind acts and possesses all things not possess'd it self And the deprav'd humor of those Men is so much the more to be admir'd
who were of opinion that Adherbal was to be supported and that the Death of Hiempsal was to be severely reveng'd But among all the rest chiefly Emilius Scaurus Nobly descended indefatigable factious ambitious of Power Honour and Wealth but one that cunningly knew how to conceal his Vices For he perceiving the notorious and scandalous Bribery of the King fearing as oft it happens in such cases least a Pollution so licentious should bring an Odium upon him checkt his inordinate Desires and kept his Avarice within bounds 16. However in the Senate that Party carry'd it which preferr'd Reward and Favour before Truth A Decree was therefore made That Ten Commissioners should divide Micipsa's Kingdom between Adherbal and Jugurth In which Commission L. Opimius was the Chief a Person of great Eminency and then Potent in the Senate for that being Consul after C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius were slain he had prosecuted more severely the Victory of the Nobility and gratify'd their Indignation with a great slaughter of the Plebeians This Person though at Rome he had not found him favourable to his Interests Jugurth receiv'd with all the caresles imaginable at length profuse in Gifts and Promises he so brought it to pass that Reputation Fidelity Justice laid aside he preferr'd the Kings profit above all things With the same Baits the Numidian tempted the rest of the Commissioners and the greatest part swallow'd the Silver Hook only some few valu'd their Credit above Gold In the Partition that Part of Numidia which Borders upon Mauritania far the better Country both for the Richness of the Land and Number of Inhabitants was assign'd to Jugurth The other more beautiful for Prospect then beneficial as being full of Havens and replenish'd with fair and sumptuous Buildings fell to Adherbal's share 17. Here the Occasion requires That we should give a brief Description of the Situation of Africa together with a slight Account of those Nations with which we were either at War or joyn'd in Alliance Though as to those Places and Nations which by reason of the Heat the Rudeness of the Country and Vastness of the Desarts are less frequented I find but little Discovery made the rest I shall dispatch in as few words as may be In the Division of the Terrestrial Globe most Geographers have allow'd a Third Share to Africa though some few there are who acknowledge no more then Two Parts Asia and Europe affirming that Africa belongs to Europe It is bounded to the West by the Streights between our Sea and the Ocean to the East by a steep Descent which place the Inhabitants call Catabathmos The Sea adjoyning Tempestuous and ill furnish'd with Havens the Soyl fruitful in Corn and abounding in Pasturage but naked of Wood the People healthy patient of Labour and generally long-liv'd unless cut off by War or destroy'd by wild Beasts as being seldom injur'd by Diseases only they are pester'd with several sorts of venomous Creatures And now what Race of Mortals first inhabited Africa who succeeded them and how they came to be intermix'd one among another although it vary from that Report which generally prevails among most Men nevertheless according to what was translated for our Use out of the Punic Books which were said to be King Hiempsal's and as the People of that Country believe it to be I shall concisely declare 18. The People that first seated themselves in Africa were the Getulians and Libyans rude and barbarous whose Food was the Flesh of wild Beasts or the Grass upon the Ground like so many Herds of Cattel They were neither govern'd by Customs Laws nor under any Command roving and wandring where Night constrain'd there they took up their present Quarters But after that Hercules dy'd in Spain as the Africans believe his Army compos'd of several Nations having lost their Leader while many sought to lay the Foundations of particular Dominion shatter'd into several Parties Of that Number the Medes Persians and Armenians crossing over into Africa took possession of those places that lie upon our Sea But the Persians nearer to the main Ocean who made use of the Keels of their Ships the Bottoms turn'd upward for Cottages for that there was no Timber in the Country nor had they any conveniency of buying or exchanging out of Spain by reason that the wideness of the Sea and ignorance of the Language prevented Commerce These by degrees by intermarriages intermix'd the Getulians among themselves and because that in search of convenient Habitations they sometimes try'd one Country then another they call'd themselves Numidians And as yet the Buildings of the wild Numidians were oblong and bow'd on both sides like the Keels of Ships With the Libyans the Medes and Armenians joyn'd for these liv'd nearer the African Sea The Getulians more under the Sun not far from the scorching Heats and these built themselves Towns betimes For being separated only by a narrow Streight from Spain they had settl'd a Trade one among another Their Name also the Libyans by degrees chang'd calling them instead of Medes Maurs according to the Pronunciation of their Barbarous Idiom As for the Persians they grew potent in a short time and afterwards retaining the Name of Numidians by reason of their Multitude they left their Parents and took possession of those Places which being next to Carthage are call'd Numidia Then both together confiding in each others Strength they compell'd their Neighbors either by Force or through Fear to submit to their Jurisdiction thereby gaining both a Name and Reputation to themselves but They the greater that advanc'd as far as our Sea for that the Libyans are not so warlike as the Getulians Lastly The lower part of Africa was for the most part possessed by the Numidians while all the rest being vanquish'd and subdu'd acknowledg'd only the Name and Government of the Victors 19. Afterwards the Phoenicians partly being too numerous at home partly through desire of Dominion having prevail'd with the People and others no less covetous of Novelty to follow 'em built Hippo Adrumetum Leptis and other Cities upon the Sea-Coast Which being afterwards much enlarg'd some serv'd for Srength and some for Ornament For as for Carthage I think it proper rather to say nothing at all then to be too concise Time calling us another way Therefore from Catabathmos which Place divides Egypt from Africa observing the Tide of the Sea the first City is Cyrene a Colony of the Island of Thera now Gozi in the Aegaean Sea then the two Syrtes between which Leptis and then the Altars of the Phileni Which was the Limits of the Carthaginian Empire next to Carthage All the other Countries as far as Mauritania the Numidians possess and next to Spain are the Moors Beyond Numidia the Getulians inhabit some in Cottages others more barbarously roving from place to place Beyond them lie the Ethiopians and then the Desarts all parch'd up by the scalding heat
have betray'd the Commonwealth to the Enemy not by strength of Arms nor force which had been more unworthy for you to have done then dishonourable for them to suffer but by the Examinations Confession of Jugurth himself for if he have surrender'd himself certainly he will be obedient to your Commands but if he contemn your Orders then you your selves may judge what that same Peace or Surrender is from whence Jugurth obtains the Impunity of his Crimes whence some few Powerful Noblemen heap such Treasures to themselves whence so much Loss and Shame befals the Common-wealth But perhaps you have not had enough of their Lordly Domineering and those then these Times please your humor better when Kingdoms Provinces Laws Privileges Judgments War and Peace all things Divine and Human were in the power of a few but You that is to say the People of Rome to your Enemies invincible and Lords of sundry Nations thought it a sufficient happiness to breath For who among ye durst refuse to be a Slave But for my part though I do think it the most hainous thing in the world for a man to have an Outrage done him and yet the Malefactor go unpunish'd yet could I willingly endure that you should pardon the most abhorr'd of Men provided they were Citizens did I not think your Clemency might prove pernicious For They whatever vexation and interruptions they may meet with will never lay to heart their doing mischief unless they be depriv'd of the power of acting but your Fears will be eternal when you find that either you must be Slaves or vindicate your Liberty by force of Arms. For what hope is there either of Fidelity or Concord They resolve to domineer and you desire your Freedom they to do Injustice you to prohibit 'em Lastly They use your Allies as Enemies and your Adversaries as Friends Can there be Peace and Friendship in Minds so diametrically opposite Wherefore I desire and exhort ye not to suffer an outragious piece of Violence to go unpunish'd The public Treasury is not robb'd nor Money violently extorted from your Friends which though offences of a high Nature yet now adays are lookt upon as meerly Trifles No the Authority of the Senate is betray'd to a most bitter Enemy the Common-wealth is set to sale both at home and abroad which unless they be narrowly examin'd unless the Guilty be brought to condign Punishment what remains but that we must live in Servitude to those that have committed these notorious Crimes For to act without fear of punishment that 's to be a King Not that it is my meaning you should be glad to see your Fellow-Citizens were all involv'd in equal Crimes but that you should distinguish and be careful how ye pardon the wicked lest thereby you occasion the destruction of the Good Besides that it is much more beneficial to the Commonwealth to forget a kindness then an injury For good men only grow more careless if neglected but bad men more audacious To which we may add That if Offenders were but duly punish'd you would not stand so frequently in need of Tribunitial Aid 32. By these and such like Reasons often urg'd Memmius perswades the People of Rome That Cassius who was then Pretor might be sent to Jugurth and that he should bring him to Rome upon the Public Faith to the end that by the Confession of the King the Misdemeanors of Scaurus and the rest who absconded upon the score of taking Bribes might be made manifest While these things were thus transacted at Rome they who were left by Bestia to command the Army in Numidia following the Example of their General committed many and most facinorous Enormities Some there were who corrupted with Gold deliver'd back the Elephants to Jugurth others sold the Fugitives others robb'd and spoyl'd the Provinces that were at Peace Such a violent rage of Avarice had canker'd their very Minds like a general Contagion But Cassius the Pretor the Choice being reported by C. Memmius to the Terror of the Nobility goes to Jugurth and perswades him fearful and guiltily mistrustful as he was in regard he had surrender'd himself to the Roman People to make trial rather of their Clemency then their Force and privately gave him his own Word which he thought to be equal to the Public Faith Such was the high Reputation of Crassus at that time 33. Upon that Jugurth contrary to the Grandeur and Majesty of a Prince comes to Rome in pitiful and sordid Habit And though he were endu'd with a vast Courage and Confidence above measure being confirm'd by all whose Power or Impiety had encourag'd him to act what he had done however he made sure of M. Bebius Tribune of the People to the end that by his Impudence he might be safe from all dangers of Popular violence But Memmius summoning an Assembly of the People together though the Commonalty were hainously incens'd against the King and some commanded him to be laid in Irons and others unless he reveal'd his Confederates threaten'd him with Capital Punishment according to the Custom of their Ancestors yet consulting more their Honour then to gratify their Fury he made it his business to qualify their Heats to appease their Indignation and lastly to convince 'em that the Public Faith was to be observ'd Then silence following and Jugurth being produc'd Memmius made a Speech wherein he rips up all his Misdemeanors both at Rome and in Numidia lays open his Crimes committed against his Father and his Brothers telling him withal That altho the People of Rome were well inform'd already who were his Agents and Assistants yet they were desirous of farther proof and discovery from himself that if he confess'd the Truth he had great Encouragement to rely upon the Clemency and Faith of the Roman People but that if he would not be ingenuous he would do his Confederates no kindness but would certainly ruin himself and all his Hopes 34. When Memmius had made an end and that Jugurth was commanded to answer C. Bebius the Tribune whom Jugurth had largely Brib'd as we told ye before commands the King to hold his Tongue and although the Multitude who were present at the Assembly being highly incens'd threaten'd the Tribune not only with their Looks and hideous Clamors but with all those other acts of Violence that Anger makes use of yet nothing could deter his Impudence so that the People brake up their Assembly contemn'd and scorn'd on the other side Jugurth Bestia and the rest whom that same Examination strangely disorder'd resum'd fresh hopes much more enliven'd then they were before 35. There was at that time at Rome a certain Numidian by name Massiva the Son of Gulussa and Grand-child to Massinissa who because he was an Enemy to Jugurth when the three Kings were at variance upon the Surrender of Cirta and murder of Adherbal fled out of Africa This Man was perswaded by Sp. Albinus who was Consul the next year