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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05335	Of the interchangeable course, or variety of things in the whole world and the concurrence of armes and learning, thorough the first and famousest nations: from the beginning of ciuility, and memory of man, to this present. Moreouer, whether it be true or no, that there can be nothing sayd, which hath not bin said heretofore: and that we ought by our owne inuentions to augment the doctrine of the auncients; not contenting our selues with translations, expositions, corrections, and abridgments of their writings. Written in French by Loys le Roy called Regius: and translated into English by R.A.; De la vicissitude ou variete des choses en l'univers. English	Leroy, Louis, d. 1577.; Ashley, Robert, 1565-1641.	1594 (1594)	STC 15488; ESTC S113483	275,844	270

industrie they built their magnificent palaces both in PERSEPOLI and in SVSA And the Macedonians vnder Alexander burned Persepoli to the ground and tooke away all the treasures precious moueables other ornaments of Persia. But as these great Lordships were begun and maintained by vertuous Princes accompanied with men at armes on horseback and on foote hardned vnto all labours accustomed to watch to endure hunger and thirst paciently to drink water being skilfull and exercised in armes so ended they vnder loose and voluptuous Lords hauing their subiects depraued and corrupted by deliciousnes proceeding of too much riches NINVS interprising the Conquest of Asia exercised the strongest and lustiest young men of his kingdom long before vnto armes to the perils and dangers of warre and to endure paciently all paines and trauailes The father of SESOSTRIS being aduertised by reuelation that the sonne which should be borne vnto him should be King of the whole world gathered together out of all Egipt all the children that were borne the same day that he was and caused them all to be taught and brought vp in the same discipline and exercises accustoming them to paine to make them endure it continually and to abstain from eating and drinking and to make them by such bringing vp both stronger of bodie and hardier of courage then the rest of whom as being from their youth giuen to vertuous things he was in all his conquests serued valiantly with fidelitie and affection CYRVS being by nature noble and valiant was brought vp after the auncient Persian maner with the young Persian gentlemen called Omotimes because they were all equall in honours in all sobrietie and laborous exercises afterwards when he went to warre making choise of them to accompanie him they were a great helpe vnto his greatnes ARSACES being accustomed to liue on pray in the mountaines and forests with people of like bringing vp established the kingdom of the Parthians Such were the Authors or promotours of these Monarchies alike in vertue and education euen as they also in whose raignes they ended resembled one another in pleasure and pusilanimitie and died wretchedly SARDANAPALVS burning himselfe with all his treasures ASTYAGES vanquished and taken in warre afterward bound with chaines of gold DARYVS the last hauing lost three great battailes and seen prisoners his mother his wife and two daughters as he thought to gather together his forces taken prisoner by thē in whom he had most confidence being in prosperitie then miserably slaine with iauelins and left dead in the way As then these later Princes ran by their vices into most piteous fortunes and little differing th one from thother so the other by their vertues got great praises NINVS was the first that established the greatnes of that domination which was gotten by continuall possession where the former sought not the Empire for themselues but for the glorie of their people and being content with the victorie let alone the Lordship and Seignorie CYRVS is thought alone amongst all the Lords that haue sodainly growen great to haue knowen how to obserue modestie in his prosperities and to bridle his absolute power and aucthoritie with equitie and clemencie SESOSTRIS was so braue and haughtie that whensoeuer he went to the Temple or any whether in publike he caused his chariot to be drawen by fower tributarie kings or other great Lords in steed of horses shewing thereby that none of the other Kings or Captaines was to be compared to him in vertue and prowesse Also the goings of CYRVS out of his pallace which haue since bin imitated by the kings his successors were most magnificent and seruing much to the honour of a Prince and his gouernment SEMIRAMIS as soone as she was borne was cast out into a desert place and full of rockes where there was great store of birds by whom through the will of God she was nourished almost a yeare then found by the Shepheards and brought vp by them In like maner CYRVS euen in his cradle was exposed to the beasts and left in the midst of a forest where a bitch gaue him suck and kept him till such time as a shepheard finding him brought him to his Cabin SEMIRAMIS purposing to conquer the Indies and knowing how great an interprise it was and that to put it in execution it behoued her to leuy great forces she assembled an armie of three Millions of foote fiue hundred thousand horsemen and one hundred thousand chariots with which going into India she was put to flight and lost many of her people returning without doing any thing XERXES also going out of Asia into Greece with two Millions three hundred seeuenten thousand fighting men whereof there were fower score thousand on horseback fiue hundred seuenteene thousand on sea was constrained shamefully to retire himselfe seeing his Armie discomfited in many places Likewise DARIVS his father assailed the Scythians accompanied with eight hundred thousand men without reaping any praise of that voiage And CYRVS warring against the Massagetes was by THOMYRIS their Queene discomfited with two hundred thousand Persians and slaine the thirtieth yeare of his raigne SEMIRAMIS and THOMYRIS amongst the women of this former age deserue to be accounted chiefe th one hauing ruled the kingdome of Assyria thother that of the Massagetes and they hauing surmounted in glorie and great deeds all other Queenes that euer were SESOSTRIS diuided Egipt into six and thirtie Prouinces establishing in each of them a Gouernour aswel to receiue the reuenewes of the Crowne and royal tributes as to take careful heed of the affaires concerning the good and conseruation of them DARIVS the first diuided the kingdom of Persia into twentie Satrapies and in euery of them established a Satrape or gouernour parting betweene them his yerely tributes where and how the contribution should be made This Darius going about to set vp his statue aboue that of Sesostris in the Citie of Memphis was put back by the high Priest saying that his deeds were not yet equall vnto those of Sesostris The armies of Cyrus and Sesostris were equall in number of footemen each of them hauing six hundred thousand But Cyrus exceeded Sesostris in horsemen assembling together six score thousand where Sesostris had but fower and twentie thousand but he had xxviij thousand armed Chariots whereas Cyrus had but two thousand OF THE EGIPTIAN PRIESTS or Prophets and of the Chaldees Mages Brachmanes Druides and other Religious and learned people among the Auncients IN auncient time Religion onely was counted wisdom and there were no other esteemed wise but such as deliuered and interpreted it vnto men for ordinarily three things follow each other RELIGION WISDOM and POWER and little would either Lawes or Armes preuaile if they were not holpen by Religion which is the foundation establishment and conseruation of euery common wealth RELIGION imprinteth and retaineth in mens harts the reuerence of GOD and loue of their neighbour ruling the exposition of the holie books and the charges of

curiously many workes which he can not imitate which because they can not speake are called mute or dumbe and vnreasonable creatures And although men are more sociable yet little would the similitude of nature which is amongst them auaile them vnto this societie if they did not vnderstand one an other and would rather chuse to conuerse with the dumbe creatures of diuers kinds then with other strange men which they vnderstand not Speech then being so necessarie to a ciuil man who by reason alone can not haue the companie of an other and being naturally giuen him to declare the conceits and affections of his mind notwithstanding it commeth to passe that the words are not alwaies and euery where the same as the thinges are vnto which they are imposed but do chaunge from countrie to countrie and from time to time according to the vse and custome of those that speake beeing receiued and vnderstood amongst them by their owne agreement and consent From whence proceedeth this varietie of Languages amongst men dispersed ouer the whole habitable earth being so spacious in length and bredth th one not vnderstanding thother but by signes or interpreters But if as there is in all men one first principle of reason and one common interiour intelligence it were possible that there were also but one common tongue to serue in arts and contracts they would loue one another better by the ceasing of that discord which commeth by the diuersitie and ignorance of tongues and employ that time in knowledge of things which they are now constrained to bestow in learning of words Diodorus the Sicilian following the auncient Philosophers hath written that men at the beginning had the sound of their voice confused and not to be vnderstood but that by little and little making distinction they named euery thing by his name And for asmuch as they were then dwelling in diuers partes of the world they did not vse all one speach and language whence it came to passe that they had also different Characters and letters Moses declareth in Genesis how the language of all the earth was confounded in the building of the tower of Babel wherehence hath proceeded the diuision of Nations and the beginning of the diuersitie of Tongues by the pride and presumption of men As in trueth it is a punishment for sinne that we haue so many which are changed vncessantly at the pleasure of the common people forging daily new words by the birth of which the former must needes decay Euen as the seasons of the yeare do spoile the earth of her flowers and fruites and do after cloath it a new with others Likewise time maketh words to fall and vse maketh new to spring in their places and graceth them making them to be in request vntill that being by age consumed by little and little they come also to die because that in the end both we and all things that are ours are mortall But such change and varietie commeth ordinarily of the mingling of diuers Nations and of great faires and armies where are people of diuers languages who assembling and communing together do continually forge new wordes which do either endure or perish according as of custome they are accepted or reiected And howbeit that speech is natural vnto men yet do they not speake but artificially nor do they learne it but in hearing others speake first their mothers and their nurses and afterwards the common people Wherefore it behoueth that the first which imposed names on things hauing no other of whom they might learne them did miraculously learne them in that tongue wherein the nature and trueth of things agreed with their originals and Etimologies which men euen to this present haue endeuoured to seeke in all tongues in the significations of words The Hebrewes attribute this honour to their tongue which they account the first and most auncient of the world Herodotus writeth that Psamneticus King of Egipt being desirous to know which was the first language gaue two young children of poore parentage to a Shepheard to be kept forbidding any word to be spoken in their hearing but commaunded they should be kept a sunder and that at certaine howers there should goates be brought to giue them suck which he did for a desire he had to heare what word these children would speake first And it hapned after two yeares when the Shepheard opened the doore to come in to the children they fell downe both at his feete and holding vp their handes pronounced this word Bec which is as much to say as Bread in the Phrygian tongues And so it was found that the Phrygians were more auncient then the Egyptians and their language the first Vitruuius the Architect speaking somewhat grossely of this matter saith that while men dwelt yet in the forrestes in some of the thickest places the trees shaken by the force of the windes and beating violently one against an other stroke fire wherat those that were neere being astonished fled and afterwards comming neere again when the noise was stilled they found that great commoditie came to the bodie by the heat of the fire and putting wood into it so maintayning it they called the rest and shewed vnto them by signes the good that came of it In this first assemblie their voices issuing diuersly out of their brests the words were made as they offred themselues by the which signifying oft the same things they began to speak at aduenture so formed the languages amongst them Pythagoras did attribute soueraine wisdom to him which first found out names for euery thing And Plato affirmeth in his Cratilus that it was done by a power more then humaine for in trueth man could not of him selfe without the helpe of God discerne innumerable thinges contained in the world by their proper names which otherwaies had remained vnknowen I say the Heauen his parts and mouings the fixed and wandering Starres the Elements with their qualities wyndes raines haile snowes thunders and other meteors birds beasts fishes herbs plants trees graines minerals stones pearles their natures and properties seas gulfes climates hauens ports isles riuers lakes pooles lands countries people nations villages hamlets townes and cities The inward and outward partes of the bodie sences and their obiects odours sauours smels and tasts maladies and their remedies infinite humaine actions victuals garments lawes magistrates iudgments gouernments ceremonies warfare reuenewes moneies so many arts and occupations with their instruments so many persons with names and surnames the affinities and alliances betwixt them The controuersie also in times past hath bin great amongst the learned whether words were imposed at the will and pleasure of them that speake or els by art and natural reason The varietie and continuall mutation which is seen in tongues made some think that this imposition was casual and arbitrarie founded on the consent and custom of men Others said that sithence the names are as instruments ordained to present things vnto vs which do

giuing to some force without lightnesse to others lightnesse without force he armed some and for those which were without armes he inuented other succour Those which he had inclosed in a little body he lifted them vp into the aire with feathers or commaunded them to craule on the earth He fortifyed such as were growen into a great Masse with their Masse it selfe And likewise he proceeded with the rest giuing to euery one his vertues After he had so furnished them to th end they should not distroy one another he gaue them meanes to defend them th one from the other and to remaine abroad without couert Clothing some of them with thicke heare little houses or shells and skales of diuers sorts with feathers or hard skinnes against the vntemperatenes of Winter Sommer and of the same things made them beds and natural couches ioining to their feet clawes nailes and callosites to their heads hornes teeth and tronks then distributed to them food making some to eate grasse on the earth others to feed on fruits roots of trees others more greedy to deuoure one another Prouided that they which liued on pray should be in some sort barren and the others that were subiect to be deuoured more fruitful to th end that the kind should continue For the diuine prouidence hath bin wise therin making al fearful beasts and such as are good to ●eed on very fruitful lest by being often eaten there should faile of the kind euen as hurtfull and harmeful beasts are of small increase Therefore the hare is very fruitfull and alone of al kind of venison surchargeth the burden in his belly because that men beasts and birds do prosecute him to death Likewise the Cony is sound so ful of rabets that some of them are yet without heare others somewhat riper and others going out of the belly But the Lyonesse which is the strongest and hardiest of all beastes neuer bringeth but one and but once in her life But Epimetheus being not very wise he gaue all to the brute beastes reseruing nothing for man whom he left alone without force without power without propertie starke naked without armour without clothing vnhosed and vnshood without conuenient food and wanting all things In such sort that he could not resist other creatures being then more excellent then himselfe For the staggs ran swifter the beares and Lions were stronger the Peacock was fairer the fox was craftier the Emmet more diligent and the snayle better lodged then he Euery beast found a medicine fit for his malady and hurt whereof man was ignorant Of this came such a confusion that men perished by little and little thorough diuers sorts of cruelt●e In such sort that their kind had soone bin consumed without the aduise of prudent Prometheus who seeing so great a fault to redresse it stole from Vulcan and Minerua the artificial wisedom togither with the fire being not possible to obtaine it or to vse it without fire and so did distribute it to mankinde by meanes whereof men began for their common commoditie to assemble togither for feare of the be astes and to th end to resist them helping one another and seeking here and there after safe places for their habitation they learned to make houses and garments to auoid the sharpnes of cold and the force of heate to reserue fruits for their necessitie to prepare armes for their defence and to finde out other commodities for their life Which finally necessity it selfe being inuentour of all things maketh knowen particularly to the vnderstanding of men vnto whom were giuen for helpes their hands speach and reason Reason to inuent speach to cōmunicate the hands to accomplish that which they should either inuent themselues by reason or learne of others by speach for no other creature doth speak in deed for as much as speach proceedeth of reason nor hath hands though peraduenture somewhat like vnto handes Wherefore man hath first found out by reason the most necessary thinges as food clothing and armes and afterward such as serue for pleasure ornament and magnificence he hath imposed names on euery thing inuented letters of diuers sorts and sundry kinds of writing made all arts both mechanical and liberall proceeding so farr as to measure the earth and the sea to reduce by instruments the mighty masse of heauen scarse to be comprehended by vnderstanding and to propose it before our eyes Moreouer the same Plato affirmeth that before men liued in company and spake togither or that they had begun to inuent and exercise arts for as much as they alone of al other creatures did participate of the diuine nature being indewed with an immortall soule that they by reason of this diuine affinitie did thinke first that there were Gods and so honoured them and prayed to them from thence had religion her beginning publicke gouernment iudgement negotiation and traficke by Sea and by land lawes were established magistrates created innumerable trades inuented houses villages and townes builded consequently cities castles and fortresses and then kingdoms and Empires erected Wherehence hath succeeded the greatnes and excellency of mankind such as we see it at this day From thence I say began religion which is more natural to men then all their other arts and inuentions no nation in the world hauing bin found so rude so cruel barbarous but that it had some appearance of religion For howbeit that the greater part is ignorant what God how they ought to worship him yet al notwithstanding do agree that we ought to honour pray and feare one God the authour of all things which is confirmed not only in the first and most auncient nations as the Ethiopians Indians Armenians Chaldees Hebrewes Assyrians Egyptians Greekes Romains and Gaules but also in the Goths Vandales Sarazens Tartarians Turkes Persians Cathayans or Chinoys And not onely in our hemisphere but also amongst the Antipodes and Sauages of the new found lands of whom heretofore we neuer had any knowledge They which haue nauigated thither haue found many people liuing yet as the first men without letters without Lawes without Kings without common wealthes without arts but yet not without religion who beleeue that the soules of the dead go into other places according to such workes as they haue done in this life To intertaine it haue bin appointed cerimonies praiers ordained temples edifyed oratories chapels hospitals almeshouses cloisters and couents Sacrificers or priests haue bin instituted and much respected in all Countries And if it pleased God that hee woulde be worshipped thoroughout all the world in one selfe same maner men shoulde be deliuered of great hatred and cruel discorde happening amongst them thorough the diuersitie of Religions AT THE beginning men were very simple and rude in all thinges little differing from beastes They did eate in the fieldes and mountaines the rawe fleshe of beastes or herbes with their rootes stalkes and leaues which the earth brought foorth of his owne accorde and in

for warre and fitter to make slaues and drudges then our owne seruants The most honourable amongest them neuer liued equally familiarly or ciuilly but continue all their life to doe outrage vnto some and seruice vnto others as people of depraued natures By their aboundance of riches they decke their bodies magnificently hauing their mindes base and vile by their Monarchie And being resident in Court they learne to humble them selues and to haue a cowardly hart worshipping a mortall man and calling him God and making lesse account of Gods then of men Those also which inhabite towardes the Sea who are called Satrapes doe not dishonour the Persian discipline but perseuer in the same manners behauing them selues disloyally towardes their friendes and cowardly towardes their enemies and humbling themselues on one side and swelling on the other they dispise their allies and honour their aduersaries XENOPHON comparing the raigne of Cyrus and of his successours and rendring a reason of the chaunge of manners which happened in that nation sayth that before time not onely the king but all priuate men also were wont to keepe faithfully and constantly their promise made either by oath or by touching of handes yea euen to those which had done some offence worthy of death but this faithfulnesse was afterward lost For before if any one had hazarded himselfe in perils for the King had subdued some nation taken a Towne or done any vertuous exployte the King raised him vnto honour but sithence traitours and such as to creepe into fauour kept neither promise nor faith were most reckoned of in Court After whose example all the inhabitants of Asia haue run into all iniustice and impiety Also afterward they became more licentious in ill doing and more couetous and so consequently more wicked For they raunsomed and constrayned to pay money not only such as were culpable of crimes and guilty of great misdeeds but also those which had not done any iniust or dishonest act wherhence it came to passe that not onely malefactours but al those of the richer sort were in continuall feare and would not yeeld themselues to the most mighty and durst not approach or trust to the king neither be of his bandes of ordinance neither go to warre vnder him By meanes whereof it was more then lawfull for those which made warre on them to forrage and spoile their Countrey without fight and to the people to reuolt without feare of punishment as well for their impiety toward the Gods as for their iniustice towardes men Moreouer they became more faint of courage and vntoward of mind and disposition not vsing any discipline either of body or mind hauing lost and left off that maner of exercising themselues which was commaunded them and all rules of good life For before there was a law amongst them that they should not spit nor blowe their noses which was not ordained to make them retaine the humours within their bodies but to th end that by exercise all those humours should be consumed and they haue their bodies stronger and liuelier now the custome not to spit nor blow their noses remained still but to take paines at any labour or exercise there was no such matter They had also an other Law to eate but once a day to thend to haue the rest of the time free to bestowe on their busines and it is true that they did eate but once a day but they began it early in the morning and so continued eating and drinking til night when they go to bed Before they dranke no wine and abhorred all dronkennes but sithence they gaue themselues to wine and thought it no shame to be dronke They were wont to go so oft on hunting that it suffised to keepe them in breath and their horses also but they left off that as they did other good things Moreouer the order for their children to frequent the Court remained but the discipline of ryding horses and vaulting was altogither lost And whereas in times past the children learned iustice by seeing causes iudged according to right and reason that was altogither abolished because that none ouercame in iudgement but those which gaue most money They vsed before in their liuing the discipline and continence of the the Persians and did onely weare the magnificent habit of the Medes but they afterwards suffered the Persian constancy to be extinguished and obserued curiously the delicacy of the Medes It suffised them not to haue their beds made very soft but their feet also trode vpon tapistry lest their going on the pauement should make any noise The seruice of the Table and things inuented for magnificence were augmented from day to day with new licourousnes and delicacies In the winter it was not enough for them to haue their head body and feete couered but they vsed to weare double gloues In Summer the shadowes of the trees could not content them but they had men about them which inuented other kindes of shades to coole them after a strange fashion Their auncient custome was to be alwaies on horseback and neuer on foote to th end to make them good men at armes but now they had more clothes and couerings on their horses then on their beds and cared not so much for matter of armes and horsemanship as to be sat at their ease How should they not then become more effeminate and faint in matters of war then they were before For then it was the custome of the Countrey for those which held lands to furnish men at armes and to send them forth to seruice likewise to giue good pay to garrisons whensoeuer there was occasion for defence of their countrey but since that time porters cookes bakers cupbearers tasters waiters on the bathes seruants of the table ryders horskeepers such as carry and recarry meate groomes of the Chamber for their downlying and their vprysing barbers and trimmers persumers and painters and others of such like occupations were they which the rich men sent in steed of men of armes to the warre to th end that they should bring them their pay Euen those which seemed the best shewed themselues cowards knowing the euill recompence which they were to looke for And finding in themselues their owne cowardise they went about no expedition without the Greeks whether it were to make warre in their Countrey or that the Greekes assailed them thinking that they could not ouercome without their helpe and that which is more they holpe themselues with the Greeks themselues to make warre against the Greekes They were indeed a great multitude but vnprofitable in fight as it was clerely knowen by the valiancy and hardines of the Macedonian ALEXANDER who with xl or l. thousand fighting men at the most ouercame three times DARIVS the last King of the Persians who led fower or fiue hundred thousand and brought him into such extremity that thinking to reunite himselfe in the third ouerthrow he was traiterously taken by BESSVS gouernour of Bactria which

which they called Pilum and threw it when they began their fight Some w●●te that besides their pauois they caried also a pike namely the Greek souldiers But that seemeth impossible because they must needes haue enough to do to help themselues with one of these weapons apart and to vse them both together were an vneasie and a verie difficult thing for the pike alone requireth both hands and the pauois on thother side serueth only for defence to couer themselues because it was not verie maniable And the target also could not well be handled but would be in a maner vnprofitable except at the beginning of the battaile they holp themselues with their pike hauing their target at their back and that comming so neere together that the pike serued them to no farther vse then they abandoned it to take their Target wherwith and with their sword the souldiers holp themselues in the presse The GREEKS did not lade themselues with such heauie armour as the Romains but they gaue themselues therwithall much more to carrie the pike especially the Macedonian Phalanges which carried pikes called Sarisses of ten cubites long wherwith they assaied to break the rankes of their enemies without going out of their owne But seeing that the ROMAINS conquered all the world we may well think that they were the best armed of all The fashion of this time is to arme the footman with good Curets and a cask or headpeece which seemeth to be sufficient for the defence of a man● and is better then the harneis of the auncients Touching weapons to offend we carrie a sword somewhat longer then theirs Our other armes are the pike the halbard partisan harquebuze and many others not so vsuall amongst souldiers and the target although there is little reckoning made thereof except it be for an assault and besides there are few that vse it but the Captaines The Harquebuze hath bin found out but few yeares sithence and is verie good so it be handled by such as are skilfull and readie yet now adaies euery one will be a harquebuzier whether it be to get the more pay or to be the lesseloden or els to fight the farther off The Halbards are a new kind of weapon lately inuented by the Switzers which are verie good if they be strong and will cut well and not light ones such as the Italians vse And in like sort are their Partisans which being stronger and better steeled then they are would serue well against naked men but against those that are armed can do no great seruice Amongst other armes which are lesse in vse are the long bow and the crosbow which may do verie great harme to men that are not well armed both by reason of their readines in shooting which is verie sodaine and also for the surenes of their blowes which are seldome in vaine Concerning the Pike if the Switzers haue not bin the inuentours therof yet at least wise they haue first brought it in vse because that they being poore at the first and desirous to liue in libertie were constrained to fight against the ambition of the Princes of Germanie who by reason of their riches and power intertained many horsemen which the Switzers could not do and for this cause made their warres on foote Then were they constrained to defend themselues against the Cauallerie of their enemies to hauerecourse to the auncient maner and therhence to chose some kind of armes for defence against horsemen which necessitie made them either to maintain or bring in vse againe the orders of the time past without which footmen are altogether vnprofitable wherefore they took pikes as verie seruiceable weapons not only to sustaine the assault of men at armes but also to ouercome them By meanes of which armes and by the affiance which they haue in their good order they haue taken on them such boldnes that fifteen or twentie thousand of them durst vndertake to stand against a world of horsemen The example of the force which these people haue showed to be in armes of footmen are the cause that sithence the voiage of king Charles the eight other Nations haue imitated them namely the Spaniards and Almaines then the Italians and Frenchmen following the order which the said Switzers keepe and the maner of the armes which they beare but for order there are few like vnto them We must labour then to gett this order or if it be possible to forme or finde out some more safe by meanes whereof we may defend vs from euery one and be preferred before all others To do this it seemeth to such as are most expert in this matter that we ought verie well to arme the bodies of our souldiers to the ende that the rankes may be so much the harder to be broken especially such as serue before in steede of a wall or vantmure and all the rest if it be possible euery one according to his weapon And it must not be thought strange that we lode these men with so much Armour for it is to arme them surely in such sort as they ought to be armed that meane to stande to it and not as they which arme them selues lightly who beeing euill couered and armed thinke rather on flying then of ouercomming taking example by the Romaines who armed their souldiers which were ordered in batalions as heauily as possibly they could to make them the firmer against their enemies and that feeling their bodies so loden with harneis they should not looke to saue themselues by flight but either to die in the place or to get the victorie Vegetius complayneth of the souldiers of his time that they went too lightly armed and followed not the Auncients which were alwaies wont to ouercome their enemies because they were euermore well armed and that such as were ill armed were ordinarily ouercome in all their battailes The souldiers also must harden their bodies vnto paine learne to helpe themselues with those armes and weapons which they beare to keepe their order in marching thorough the Countrie and the maner of encamping or lodging together in a campe which are the principall points that an Armie ought to know The Nations which heretofore haue had ordinances or companies of footmen haue alwaies made one principall number of the men which they leuied which although it hath bin diuersly named yet hath it bin euer almost equal in number because they haue all ordained it of six or eight thousand men which number by the Romains was called a Legion because they leuied their men by election of the Greekes Phalanx of the Gaules Caterue of the Switzers and Almaynes Hourt that is to say a Battalion which the Italians and Spaniards do also vse But they haue of late began to call it a Regiment The greatest disorder that they can commit which ordaine a battalion is in this that they take no heed but only to make the head strong in which they place the Captaines and all the valiantest and best armed