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A66045 An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ... Wilkins, John, 1614-1672.; Wilkins, John, 1614-1672. Alphabetical dictionary. 1668 (1668) Wing W2196; Wing W2176_CANCELLED; ESTC R21115 531,738 644

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legs or less black having some dark shining blew on the back being somewhat waved on the breast 6. BLACKBIRD PASSER SOLITARIUS Not canorous ‖ either that which hath on the breast an Area of white or that which is of an ash colour 7. MERULA TORQUATA MERULA MONTANA More beautiful for their colours The Greater ‖ either that which hath a reddish bill the wings and train black the rest of the body bright yellow or that which hath a long black bill a long crest of feathers upon the head tipped with black with transverse streaks of black and white upon the wings 8. GALBULA HOOP The Lesser having the three foremost toes joyned together to the first joynt without any membrane the outmost and middle toe to the second joynt ‖ either the bigger having a Bill somewhat crooked the lesser having a strait strong bill 9. BEE-EATER KING-FISHER Alcyon IV. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT THICK strong BILLS being generally Granivorous may be distinguished into such as do belong either to the Bunting-kind having a hard knob in the pallate of the mouth The bigger being Canorous 1. BUNTING The Lesser not esteemed for singing ‖ either that of a yellowish body or that which is yellow about the throat 2. YELLOW-HAMMER HORTULANE Sparrow-kind without such a knob in the mouth Not canorous The more common and lesser kind living either about houses or in mountains having a reddish head 3. SPARROW MOUNTAIN SPARROW The less common and greater kind with a bigger stronger bill then the other to break the stones of fruits for their kernels ‖ either that without a crest or that with one 4. COCOTHRAUSTES COCOTHRAUSTES CRISTATUS INDICUS Canorous Bigger ‖ either that with a great head and a red breast or that with a cross bill the upper and lower part crossing each other towards the middle said to sing in Winter 5. BULL-FINCH Alpe Nope SHELL-APPLE Cross-bill Lesser considerable for their different colours being either Greenish the Bigger or Lesser 6. GREENFINCH CANARY BIRD Brownish The Bigger ‖ either that whose breast is of a dilutered or that which is variegated with black on the head 7. CHAFFINCH BRAMBLE Brambling The Lesser not red about the bill or red about the bill 8. LINNET RED LINNET V. INSECTIVOROUS the GREATER may be distinguished into such as are of Swifter flight comprehending the Swallow-kind of long wings forked trains short legs being much upon the wing Birds of passage coming in Summer The greater building in Chymneys variegated with black and white having a red spot on the breast or building in Churches of a blackish colour very short feet the biggest of this kind 1. SWALLOW SWIFT Martlet Church-Martin The lesser building about houses of a white rump and feathered down to the toes or building in banks with a broad spot on the breast 2. MARTIN SAND-MARTIN Shore-bird Slower flight Canorous considerable for Singing in the night being of a dark reddish colour 3. NIGHTINGALE Having a long heel the greater or the less living in watery places 4. LARK TIT-LARK Having a red breast or a red train 5. ROBIN REDBREAST Ruddock REDSTART Not Canorous considerable for The delicacy and fatness of their flesh ‖ living either amongst Figs of which there are several varieties the most common and best known being from his black head called Atricapilla or living in holes of the ground and having a white rump 3. BECCAFIGO WHEAT-EAR Having a long train and frequently moving it ‖ either the more common one which is black and white or that which is less common of a yellow colour 7. WAGTAIL YELLOW WAGTAIL Living ‖ either upon stony places or open Heaths or that which creeps in hedges having the back like that of a common Sparrow the breast of a Lead colour with a black bill 4. STONE SMICH HEDGE SPARROW VI. The LEAST kind of INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS may be distributed into such as are Canorous whether of a Greenish colour in the body to be further distinguished by the colour of the Head ‖ either that of a black or that of a yellow head 1 LIGURINUS SERINUS Neck being of an ash colour 2. CITRINELLA Brownish colour and spotted the train more erect 3. WREN Not Canorous being either Greenish considerable for Having a tuft of yellow or red feathers upon the head or being in other respects of the same shape with this but only wanting such a tuft 4. REGULUS CRISTATUS REGULUS NON CRISTATUS Making a humming noise of which there are several varieties not yet sufficiently described 5. HUMMING BIRD Variegated with black and white The bigger with a broad black spot down the breast 6. GREAT TITMOUSE The lesser considerable for having A blewish head or a black head 7. TITMOUSE COLEMOUSE A long train or a Tuft on the head 8. LONG TAILED TIT. CRESTED TIT. VII AQUATIC BIRDS living about and NEAR WET PLACES having longer legs and long slender bills for their more convenient going and fetching up their food in such places may be distinguished into The Plover-kind whose bills are about one inch and a quarter long The bigger having A tuft on the head being in the body and wings of a dark and white colour 1. LAPWING Puet No tuft ‖ either that of a greenish colour wanting a back claw or that of a grey colour with a very small back claw 2. GREEN PLOVER GREY PLOVER The lesser being without any back claw ‖ either that of a greyish colour caught by imitation or that which hath a black fillet about the eyes and a forked train 3. DOTTEREL SEA LARK The Redshank-kind whose bills are about two inches long The bigger considerable for Having a red bill and legs or for having a kind of ruffe about the neck of the males of great variety of colours being pugnacious 4. REDSHANK RUFFE Being mixed of black and white ‖ whether the greater having transverse streaks of black and white on the train or the lesser having only the exterior feathers of the train white 5. TRINGA MAJOR TRINGA MINOR The lesser having white bellies ‖ either that whose back is grey or that of a dark brown colour 6. KNOT STINT The Woodcock-kind whose bills are about three inches long whether having Strait bills Frequenting fresh waters of a fulvous colour spotted ‖ the greater or the less the male of which latter is much less and of a shorter bill then the female 7. WOODCOCK SNIPE Frequenting salt waters ‖ either that of a black and white colour with red bill and legs wanting a Postica or that of a grey colour having a Postica 8. SEA PY GODWIT Crooked bills ‖ either that of a grey colour or that whose feathers are of an elegant scarlet excepting the wings which are black 9. CURLEW GUARA BRASILEANA VIII AQUATIC BIRDS living much in the water
them stinging the hand upon the touch 6. TETHYA SEA NETTLE Of Fish FISH may be distributed into such as are Viviparous and skinned whose figure is either OBLONG and roundish I. FLAT or thick II. Oviparous whether such as do generally belong to Salt water to be further distinguished by their Finns on the back whether such the rays of whose finns are Wholly soft and flexile III. Partly soft and partly spinous having TWO FINNS on the back IV. But ONE FINN V. Figure whether OBLONG VI. FLAT VII CRUSTACEOUS COVERING VIII Fresh water being scaly IX I. VIVIPAROUS OBLONG FISH may be distributed into such as are Cetaceous breeding their young within them having lungs and no gills and but one pair of finns ‖ either the greatest of all living Creatures of which there are several species one without teeth or a tube to cast water another with teeth and such a tube and another with a large long horn or that other Fish of a less magnitude which is gregarious often appearing above water 1. WHALE PORPOIS Dolphin Cartilagineous said to hatch their young ones within their bellies whose mouths are placed under their noses whether such as are more Proper to the Sea having generally a double Penis wide mouths and five apertures on each side instead of Gills to be further distinguished by their having Long snouts or prominencies ‖ either in the fashion of a Saw or in the figure of a Sword being without those apertures on the side common to the rest 2. SAW-FISH SWORD-FISH Rows of very sharp teeth ‖ the Greater or the Lesser 3. SHARKE GLAUCUS Lips rough like a File but without teeth ‖ the Greater or the Lesser 4. HOUND-FISH SPOTTED HOUND-FISH Thorns on their backs ‖ either joyning to the former part of the Finns or obliquely crossing the rays of the finn 5. THORNBACK DOG HOG-FISH The aperture of their mouths nearer to their noses then any of the other sorts of Dog-fish and being spotted ‖ either with large black spots or with smaller spots 6. GREATER DOG-FISH LESSER DOG-FISH A head like the head of a Crutch with the eyes at the ends of the transverse growing to a vast bigness or having a very long slender tail 7. ZYGAENA FOX Common to salt and fresh water having gills but no teeth their mouths being placed under their noses ‖ either that whose body is pentagonous having five rows of bonny lamins not properly scales four strings hanging before the mouth or that which is more round 8. STURGEON HUSO II. VIVIPAROUS CARTILAGINEOUS FISH whose bodies are not long and round may be distributed into such as are Flat and broad distinguishable by some peculiarity in their parts as to Length of the Tail being either Spinous having a sharp serrated thorn on the tail counted venemous ‖ either that whose snout is less or more prominent 1. PASTINACA AQUILA Not spinous ‖ either that whose back is smooth or thorny 2. FLARE THORNBACK Snout being sharp ‖ either that whose body is shorter in proportion to the breadth or that whose body is longer 3. RAIA OXYZYNCHOS Maid SQUATINO-RAIA Breadth of the head having a thick short tail in the fashion of a Battledore ‖ either that which hath five purple spots on the back or that which hath one round aperture for each gill a vast mouth with stringy substances on his head and back 4. CRAMP-FISH TOAD-FISH Sea-divel Situation of the mouth which opens at the end of the snout and not underneath as the rest of this tribe having a more oblong body and a very rough skin with finny substances standing out from each side like wings 5. SCATE Angel-fish Thick and short ‖ either that which hath no tail but resembles the head of a Fish cut off with one tooth in each jaw and one hole for each gill or that which is of a reddish colour and spinous 6. MOLE LUMP III. OVIPAROUS FISH whose back FINNS are wholly soft and flexile may be distinguished into such as have Three such soft finns on their backs namely the Cod-kind which use to be preserved for humane food by salting either the Shorter and thicker whether Larger ‖ either that which hath a kind of beard or that of a black coloured back 1. COD FISH Keeling COLE-FISH Lesser ‖ either that which hath a black spot on either side or that which is of a softer body having very small scales being the least of this kind 2. HADDOCK WHITING Longer and more slender ‖ either that whose flesh when salted looks yellow and is more brittle or that other of near resemblance to this whose hinder finn seems to be two by reason of its rising up higher in the further part tho it be properly but one 3. LING. HAAK Poor Iohn Two soft flexile finns either the Bigger whether the Tunny kind having very small scales scarce discernable with several pinnulae both above and below besides their finns being of a shining blew on the back and a silver colour on the belly and sides the Larger ‖ either that which hath no streaks on the sides or that which hath oblique transverse streaks from head to tail 4. TUNNY PELAMIS Lesser having oblique transverse streaks more undulated 5. MACKEREL Flying fish having large spotted finns like wings with two long strong thorns behind the head to which may be adjoined for its affinity in flying that other Fish which hath but one soft finn on the back with large scales near his tail 6. KITE-FISH SWALLOW-FISH Least kind distinguishable by their having The lower pair of finns connected ‖ latter having a shorter head and more tumid jaws 7. SEA GUDGEON PAGANELLUS The rays of the former finn on the back rising up much higher then the membrane which connects them ‖ either that whose former pair of finns are connected or that which hath a hole instead of gills whose eyes stand more close together 8. JOTO DRACUNCULUS Little black spots in the figure of Lozenges 9. APHUA GOBITES One soft flexile finn distinguishable by their Being of the Herring kind namely scaly without teeth of a bright silver colour on the belly and a dark shining colour on the back presently dying when taken out of the water having generally a row of sharp prickles under the belly whether the Larger More common being gregarious swimming together in great multitudes ‖ the greater or the lesser 10. HERRING Sprat PILCHARD Less common being somewhat bigger and flatter then a Herring with several black spots on the sides coming up into Rivers 11. SHAD Lesser ‖ either that which is more proper to salt water being long and roundish having the upper mandible much more produced then the other or that which lives in Lakes being of a broader figure then the former 12. ANCHOVY CHALCIS Sarda Being of the Horn-fish kind having a longer slender body and
being FISSIPEDES ‖ may be distinguished into such as are Not swimming but wading comprehending the Crane-kind having long necks and legs long and strong bills whether Sharp pointed bills either such whose necks are Longer considerable for Building in Fenny places being hairy on the head having the wind-pipe reversed in the form of the Letter S and being Herbivorous or building on Houses and Chymneys of a black and white colour with red legs and bill making a noise by the collision of the beak being Piscivorous 1. CRANE STORK Having a thicker bill somewhat crooked and shorter then the others of this tribe with scarlet coloured wings or having a tuft of bristles on the head 2. PHAENICOPTER GRUS BALEARICA Being of an ash colour having a tuft of feathers standing out behind the head building on trees being Piscivorous with one blind gut ‖ either the greater or the lesser 3. HEARN ARDEA CINEREA MINOR Being of a white colour in other respects like the former the greater or the lesser 4. GREATER WHITE HEARN LESSER WHITE HEARN Shorter neck ‖ either that which is fulvous and spotted being Piscivorous having one blind gut or that which is white with a red bill 5. BITTOUR BRASILEAN BITTOUR Broad and round pointed bill like a Spoon Piscivorous of a white colour 6. SHOVELAR Spoon-bill Swimming either The Diving-kind being much under water and finn-footed viz. with a membrane standing off on each side of the toes having downy feathers and wanting a train ‖ either the greater having a longer bill or the lesser having a shorter bill 7. GREAT DIDAPPER Dabehick LITTLE DIDAPPER The More-hen-kind whose bodies are somewhat compressed side-wayes whether Finn-footed having a membrane of Scollopt edges on each side of the toes a bald head being of a black colour 8. COOT Not finn-footed ‖ either the greater which hath a little red baldness or the lesser having a long red bill 9. MOOR-HEN Water-hen GALLINULA SERICA IX AQUATIC PALMIPEDE Birds whose toes are joyned together with a membrane may be distinguished into such whose bills are either Flat and blunt being Herbivorous The greater ‖ either the biggest of a white colour having black legs or the lesser the males of which are commonly white 1. SWAN Cygnet GOOSE Gander Gosling The middle kind ‖ either the bigger of a beautiful colour the head of a dark green the body white with large spots of orange colour or the lesser having reddish legs 2. SHELDRAKE DRAKE Duck The least kind ‖ either the bigger having the bill and legs of a lead colour or the lesser being from the eyes to the hinder part of the head of a greenish colour 3. WIDGIN TEALE Sharp being generally Piscivorous The Solan-goose kind having the four toes joyned together ‖ whether White ‖ either that which hath a long bill hooked at the end laying but one Egg or having a great bag under the bill 4. SOLAN-GOOSE PELLICAN Black the greater used for catching of Fish or the lesser 5. CORMORANT SHAGG The Puffin-kind frequenting desart Islands wanting a postica going upright laying but one Egg whether such as build their nests Within the ground in holes ‖ either that which is more common in Europe having the top of the head the back wings and train of a black colour the rest white the bill somewhat compressed upwards short of a triangular figure and red at the point to which may be adjoyned that American Bird of a like shape to this but bigger 6. PUFFIN PENGUIN On the ground chiefly rocky places making their nests together ‖ either that with a compressed black bill hooked at the end having a white line on either side or that of a longer bill less sharp not hooked 7. RAZOR-BILL GUILLAM The Diving-kind being much under water having round serrate bills hooked at the end ‖ either that which is variegated with black and white or that which is of a cinereous colour on the back with a red head and a tuft upon it 8. DIVER DUNN DIVER The Gull kind being much upon the wing as Swallows commonly of an ash colour ‖ either the bigger or the lesser having red bill and legs with a forked train 9. GULL Sea-mew SEA SWALLOW S●ray Besides the common sort of Swans there is a wild kind called Hooper having the wind-pipe going down to the bottom of the breast-bone and then reversed upwards in the figure of the Letter S. Besides the common Goose there are several sorts of wild ones whereof one is black from the breast to the middle of the belly called Brant Goose Bernicla or Brenta To the Widgeon-kind may be reduced that other fowl about the same bigness the two middle feathers of whose train do extend to a great length called Sea-Pheasant Anas cauda acuta To the Teal-kind should be reduced that other fowl of the like shape and bigness but being white where the other is green called Gargane To the Gull-kind doth belong that other Bird of a long slender bill bending upwards called Avogetta recurvi-rostra Of Beasts BEASTS may be distinguished by their several shapes properties uses food their tameness or wildness c. into such as are either Viviparous producing living young WHOLE FOOTED the soles of whose feet are undivided being used chiefly for Carriage I. CLOVEN FOOTED II. Clawed or multifidous the end of whose feet is branched out into toes whether NOT RAPACIOUS III. RAPACIOUS living upon the prey of other Animals having generally six short pointed incisores or cutting teeth and two long fangs to hold their prey whether the CAT-KIND having a roundish head IV. DOG-KIND whose heads are more oblong V. OVIPAROUS breeding Eggs. VI. I. WHOLE FOOTED BEASTS may be distinguished into such as are either of Solid hard hoofs considerable for Swiftness and comeliness being used for riding 1. HORSE Mare Gelding Nag Palfrey Steed Courser Gennet Stallion Colt Fole Filly Neigh Groom Ostler Slowness and strength in bearing burdens having long ears ‖ either the more simple kind or that mungrel generation begotten on a Mare 2. ASSE Bray MULE Softer feet having some resemblance to the Cloven footed-kind by reason of the upper part of the hoof being divided being ruminant having a long slender neck with one or two bunches on the back 3. CAMEL Dromedary Multifidous kind having little prominencies at the end of the feet representing toes being of the greatest magnitude amongst all other beasts used for the carriage and draught of great weights and more particularly esteemed for the tusks 4. ELEPHANT Ivory II. CLOVEN FOOTED BEASTS may be distributed into such as are Horned and Ruminant having two horns Hollow not branched nor deciduons being common both to the males and females useful to men both living and dead whether the Bigger being useful both by their labour and flesh 1. KINE Bull Cow Ox Calf Heifer Bullock Steer Beef