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religion_n	government_n	language_n	manner_n	40,315	5	10.7927	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A69789	The history of Poland. vol. 2 in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the antient and present state of that kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical ... : with sculptures, and a new map after the best geographers : with several letters relating to physick / by Bern. Connor ... who, in his travels in that country, collected these memoirs from the best authors and his own observations ; publish'd by the care and assistance of Mr. Savage.	Connor, Bernard, 1666?-1698.; Savage, John, 1673-1747.	1698 (1698)	Wing C5889; ESTC R8630	198,540	426

Frederic Augustus the Present King of POLAND The History of POLAND IN Several LETTERS to Persons of Quality Giving an Account of the Present State of that Kingdom VIZ. Historical Political Physical and Ecclesiastical The Form of Government The King's Power Court and Revenues The Senate Senators and other Officers The Religion Diet and little Diets with other Assemblies and Courts of Justice The Inter-regnum Election and Coronation of a King and Queen with all the Ceremonies The present Condition of the Gentry and Commonalty as likewise The Genius Characters Languages Customs Manners Military Affairs Trade and Riches of the Poles Together with an Account of the City of Dantzic The Origin Progress and Present State of the Teutonic Order and the Successions of all its Great Masters Likewise The Present State of Learning Natural Knowledge Practice of Physick and Diseales in Poland And lastly A Succinct Description of the Dutchy of Curland and the Livonian Order with a Series of the several Dukes and Provincial Masters To this is also added A Table for each Volume And a Sculpture of the Diet in Session With some Memoirs from Baron Blomberg VOL. II. By BERNARD CONNOR M. D. Fellow of the Royal Society and Member of the College of Physicians who in his Travels in that Country Collected these Memoirs from the best Authors and his own Observations Compos'd and Publish'd by ●ir SAVAGE LONDON Printed for Da● Brown without Templ-Bar ' and A. Roper and T. Leigh both in Il et-street 1698. D R. CONNOR ' S PREFACE IN my PREFACE to the First Volume of this Historical Relation of POLAND I have mention'd my Incapacity for Matters of this Nature both because I was only Twelve Months in that Kingdom and because I have no Talent or Genius for History I thought Writing it by way of LETTERS in Imitation of some of our Neighbours would be more easie to my self and more acceptable to the Publick I am proud to have this happy Occasion of giving the Honourable Persons I write to so publick a Testimony of my Respects I am sorry in the same time I cannot have Leisure to honour my self in writing to the Noble Persons mention'd in the Second Volume as I have had in the First I follow a Profession so remote from HISTORY particularly a Polish one that it neither allows me Time nor leaves me any Inclination to attend any other Business I hope notwithstanding the Persons I promis'd to write to will be pleas'd to excuse me for not being able to keep my Word to them as I flatter'd my self I could since the ingenious Gentleman I desir'd to undertake this Work will give them the same Satisfaction he having already assisted me in my First Volume and having had all my Memoirs for this Second THE Antient and Present STATE OF POLAND PART II. The Present State LETTER I. To His Grace THOMAS Lord Archbishop of Canterbury Of the Form of the Government in Poland and of the King's Power Court and Revenues My LORD THAT high Station wherewith the King has Recompenc'd Your Merits and the great Trust His Majesty has reposed in Your GRACE during his Absence shews his Confidence in Your Ability as well to Govern the State as the Church Since therefore being lately Invested with a share of the Regal Authority you had occasion to know more intimately Our King's Power and Prerogatives I thought my self oblig'd to give Your GRACE an Account of those of the King of Poland to the end that comparing both together you might more sensibly perceive the Excellency of our Own Constitution which makes the Greatness of the King inseparable from the Interest of the People For when the Executive Power is as vigilant to see our Laws obey'd as the Legislative has been provident in making them England can justly boast of a much greater Happiness than either Poland or any other Kingdom of Europe Having My LORD not been a full Twelve Month at the late King of Poland's Court I cannot pretend to be throughly acquainted with that Kingdom yet I find that like most other Countries it has undergone several Changes in its Constitution since the middle of the VIth Century at which time it began to be a distinct Nation during the Reigns of the two great Houses of Piastus and Jagello Ever since the time of Lechus its Founder the Kings thereof have been Elected to the Crown after an Hereditary manner tho' not by an Hereditary Title They have really been Absolute and their Will went for a Law for then they made Peace and War when they pleas'd Levied as many Troops as they thought fit Punish'd or Pardon'd at Pleasure and Rewarded where they saw Convenient And all the Administration either of Public or Private Affairs was so wholly lodg'd in the King's Hands that I have heard the Poles themselves say That Sigismund II. the last King of the Jagellonic Family was to the full as Absolute as either the King of France or Denmark is now Whilst the Kings of Poland thus maintained a Supream Power over their Subjects they exceedingly enlarged their Dominions were both fear'd Abroad and belov'd at Home Commanded Potent and Numerous Armies into the Field Executed most Enterprizes speedily and were almost always sure of Success and this because they did not then as now depend upon the lingering Determination and tedious Conclusions of a Turbulent Diet. But the Family of Jagello being once Extinct by the Death of Sigismund II. who had resign'd his Kingdom to the Senate and Polish Gentry and given them full Power and Authority to dispose thereof as they thought fit the Crown of Poland was anew declared Elective to the end that all the Princes of Christendom who had due Merits and Qualifications might have a Right to Aspire thereunto This gave occasion to most of the Princes of Europe ever since to Court the Polish Nobility after their King's Death And that either to get the succeeding Election determined in their own Favour or else to have some of their Friends Advanced to that great Dignity but this most commonly rather with regard to their own private Interests than out of any Respect to the Person they desired to Promote as the Houses of Austria and Bourbon have always practis'd The Gentry of Poland therefore observing that several Princes at a time always Aspir'd to their Crown and considering that not one of them had more Right than the rest as likewise that it lay altogether in their Power to choose whom they pleased resolved Unanimously to Elect none but such as should Condescend nay Swear to observe the Terms and Conditions they proposed Hereby the Poles by degrees have clip'd and limited the Antient Power of their Kings and have reduc'd them to the Bounds we now find them to have that is barely to a third Part of the Grand Diet For the Poles knew very well that no Prince would be so Imprudent as to scruple Submitting to

about the good of the Publick Next the four Supreme Counsellors or Ministers of State meet twice every Year that is on the Epipbany and Trinity Monday at Mittaw and sit at least five Weeks to exercise and do Justice The First Week is usually spent in State-Counsels where the Princes Presence and Authority is likewise requir'd The second is taken up in judging Appeals from inferiour Courts The Third in determining Criminals Cases The Fourth in settling Ecclesiastical Affairs And the Fifth in hearing Complaints of and receiving Petitions from the Subjects The degrees of demanding Justice in Cities in all extraordinay matters are these First The Gentry apply themselves to the Supreme Starosta for it must be observ'd that the inferiour Starostas have little jurisdiction but in small matters Secondly In Case of Appeals they have recourse to the supreme Councellors Court In Criminal Cases where the life of any Nobleman is concerned immediate Application is made to this Court and the four Supreme Starostas are oblig'd to assist there If any of these Starostas happen to be absent one that is inferiour may be deputed in his room Thirdly Appeals may be made both in Criminal and Civil Cases to the Court of Poland which the Curlanders term Judicia Post-Curialia Ecclesiastical Courts are held by the four Supreme Councellors before mention'd in conjunction with a Sur-intendant and four Provosts The Inferiour City Courts belong to the City Magistracy or to the Neighbouring Starostas within whose Jurisdiction the Offender lives Appeals in these trivial Courts can be made no farther than to the Supreme Starostas whose Sentence is Final The Executors of Justice in Curland are term'd die Man-Richters who in Civil Cases after a third Summons to satisfy the Plantiff and upon Non-performance or Non-Plea levy the Debt or Demand by way of Distress The Trade of Curland consists in much the same Commodities as in Poland The Corn of Curland and Livonia is fought after by the Dutch more than that of Poland by reason that it is better prepar'd and cur'd here than in other Countries for they are accustom'd to dry their Corn in the Straw as we do Malt and afterwards to thrash both together But this consumes a great deal of Wood and therefore the King of Sweden has forbid it to be practis'd any where within his Dominions I had almost forgot to acquaint you Sir that this Dutchy of Curland in case the Duke thereof wants Heirs-Males is to revert to the Crown of Poland in like manner as Ducal-Prussia is to do from the Elector of Branden burg Thus Sir I have endeavour'd to make what use I could of my short time and imperfect helps to entertain you but which I have a great deal of reason to despair of accomplishing unless I could have produc'd something more Accurate in its kind nevertheless I hope you will dispense with my Inabilities and accept the Good Will of SIR Your very Humble and Obedient Servant J. S. FINIS THE TABLE VOL. I. A ALexander King When Crown'd and how long Reigned Page 67. His Wars and Death 68. His Character Ibid. Alexander Prince His Character 189. Affected by the Queen ibid. B BOleslaus I. His Wars 26. Institutes XII Senators his Assistants Ibid. His Character and Death ibid. II. How long Reign'd 29. His Wars Marriages and Vices ibid. Flight out of the Kingdom and Death 30. III. His Sir-name and Wars 31. c. His Marriage 32. Valour and Success 33. Death Issue and Character ibid. IV. When Elected and how long Reign'd 35. His Wars ibid. His Death 36. V. His Sir-name and Guardians 43. When Elected and how long Reign'd ibid. His Marriage ibid. His Troubles 44. Retires into Hungary ibid. Returns 45. Farther Troubles and Wars ibid. His Death ibid. Batori vide Stephen Bishop Of Cracow Lord over 13 Cities 223. His Chapter ibid. Bresty City It s Description 234. Braclaw Pal. Chief Cities and Towns 277. Descriptions ibid. Braclaw City It s Description 277. Belsko Pal. Description 280. Division into Districts ibid. Chief Cities and Towns 281. Their Descriptions ibid. Belsko City It s Description 281. Byelsko Cap. of Podlachia It s Description 297. Broscia Pal. One district 330. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Descriptions 331. Its Arms 332. Brescia City It s Description 331. Bears Nourish Children 342. Story of one ibid. Assertion confirm'd by the King 343. Another account from the Dutch Embassador ibid c. A third Account from Hartknock 348. C. City The First 6. The Second ibid. Cracus His Death 13. His Issue ibid. Cracow When and by whom built 12. University by whom Founded 59. Taken by Stratagem 132. Where Situate and how distant from other Places 238. Whence its Name ibid. Its Division Castle and Cathedral 238 c. When first made a Metropolitan See 240. How many Churches ibid. Its University and Professors ibid. c. Its Colleges 241. Vice-Chancellor ibid. Monasteries and Mendicants 242. Its Houses ib. Mayor of Cracow 248. Government of the Castle 249. Chrobry vi Boleslaus I. Casimir I. Queen Regent during Minority ibid. He becomes Monk ibid. Recall'd upon Agreement with the Pope ibid. His Marriage Wars Death and Issue 28. II. When Elected and how long Reign'd 37. Surnam'd the Just and an Example ibid. c. Eases his Subjects of Taxes 38. Conspiracy against him ibid. Disappointed 39. His Wars ibid. Death and Issue ibid. III. Surnam'd the Great 50. When Elected and how long Reign'd ibid. Makes Peace with Teutonic Knights ibid. His Conquests ibid. Good Deeds ibid. Character other Wars and Death 55. IV. When Elected and how long Reign'd 63. His Marriage ibid. Assists the Prussians 64. Routs Teutonic Order ibid. Obtains advantageous Peace ibid. His Issue 65. His Death and Age. Curland and Semigallia First Duke 77. Enjoy'd by his Posterity ever since ibid. Common Wealth Jocular of Babina 79. Candidates for the Crown After the death of Sigismundus Augustus 85. After the Abdication of Henry of Valois 87. After the death of Stephen Batori 104. Two of these come into Poland 108. After Uladislaus VII 125. After John Casimir 140. After Michael Wiesnowiski 155. After John Sobieski 235. Courts of Justice none 90. Batori erects two call'd Tribunals ibid. Were to determine Civil Causes without Appeal ibid. Cosacks How so term'd 94. Us'd to make Inroads ibid. To whom compar'd ibid. Reduc'd to a Discipline ibid. Whence their Name ibid. Extent of their first Dominions 95. A Conjecture about this Country ibid. It s present Extent 96. Their Buildings ibid. Character ibid. Religion 97. Fasts ibid. Language 98. Customs and Manners ibid. Abundance of Flies and Locusts ibid. Their Customs and Manners in Peace and War 99. Their Rebellion 146. Are favour'd by the Turks ibid. Produces a bad Peace ibid. Conti Prince of Pretends to the Crown of Poland 205. Proclaim'd King by the Primate 206. Sent for into Poland 207. Favour'd by Prince Sapieha ibid. Comes to Dantzic ibid. Gives

ones in the Suburbs The Inhabitants of this City and Suburbs are generally Germans and computed to be upwards of Two Hundred Thousand Souls whereof the greater Part have adhered to the Auspurg Confession ever since the Year 1525. and the Lutherans alone are admitted to a Share in the Government Yet all other Sects are tolerated and allow'd a free Exercise of their Religion The Publick Buildings of this City are First Their Churches whereof there are two very famous viz. St. Mary's and St. Peter's the former of which is by much the stateliest Fabrick in all Prussia being very highvaulted and having in it exceeding fine Organs Besides it is said to have 48 Altars 3722 Windows and a Font made at Antwerp which cost 24000 Rix-Dollars or 5400 Pounds Sterling Next There is the Town-House where the Magistrates sit This is a very magnificent Fabrick with an exceeding high Spire It has abundance of noble Inscriptions in several Rooms into which it is divided The Court of Judicature here is very fine being all built with Free-Stone and nam'd Arlus-House from its Founder In this City are three Magazines whereof one is very considerable and plentifully provided with all kinds of Stores and Ammunition for Land-Forces Here is no University but however a very famous College with Professors of all Faculties yet who do not give the Degree of Doctor Here is likewise a tolerable Exchange for Merchants to meet in The Palace of St. Dominick a beautiful Edifice A College for Jesuits c. The Jurisdiction of Dantzic extends to above 40 English Miles Circumference It sends two Deputies to the Diet of Poland as I have observ'd before in the First Volume of this Book The Absolute Government of it is in the Hands of Thirty Senators Elders or Magistrates whereof the greatest part are Persons of Learning tho' some few are Merchants but of no other Trade None of the Clergy can be of this Magistracy tho' any Foreigners may yet none of any other Religion but the Lutheran except the Calvinist whereof there must always be Four in the whole Senate The Senators when once created continue the same for Life The first and chiefest among them are the Four Burgomasters or as they call them Proconsuls out of which a President is chosen every Year Under these there are Thirteen Consuls who chuse the aforesaid Burgomasters out of their Body as often as they die away They likewise have the Chusing of all other Officers belonging as well to the Old as the New City There are Twelve Scabins or Judges for all manner of Process from whom there lies Appeal to the Thirteen Consuls and Four Burgomasters and from thence to the Court of Poland The Thirtieth Senator is their Syndic or Orator who is like a Master of the Ceremonies to receive and compliment any Foreign Ministers or Agents He takes Place of all the Scabins as the Consuls and Burgomasters do of him The King nominates every Year out of the Consuls or Burgomasters a Burgrave to represent his Person in the Senate And all Sentences of Death must be sign'd by him in the King's Name for no body can be executed here without such Signing I may take notice to Your Excellency that there is a Distinction in Executing Criminals of this City for Natives must always be executed before Arlus-House and Foreigners near one of the Gates of the City where the Prison lies All that are executed in the City are beheaded But all Thieves and Robbers are to be hang'd about two Miles out of Town at a famous Gallows supported by four Pillars of Brick To represent the Grievances of the People and to maintain their Privileges there are an Hundred Burghers chosen to inspect the Conduct of the Senate They have likewise a Vote in Electing the Clergy in Conjunction with the Senate Within this City and its Jurisdiction there are no Bishops but only a College of the Clergy who have no Power except to examine such as are design'd to be Elected Priests by the Senate and Centumviri the manner of whose Election is this The Candidate first makes his Application to the Clergy to examine him which done they give him a Certificate that they think him capable and allow him a Liberty to preach After which the People or Congregation of some Parish present him to the Senate and Centumviri desiring he may be Elected for their Minister when by Plurality of Voices he is Elected accordingly and thereupon sent back to the College of the Clergy to be Ordain'd which is perform'd by Imposition of Hands Reading of Prayers and some other Ceremonies This is likewise the Manner of Electing and Ordaining the Clergy in most Lutheran Countries In this City there are four Roman-Catholick Churches whereof one is the King's Chappel and the rest are for Monks There are also two for Calvinists where the Senate has no Power to nominate the Clergy I may here observe to Your Excellency That in Dantzic there is a particular Custom relating to Marriage which is That there is a Roman-Catholick Official a Priest who by his Power can oblige any Person to marry a Woman that he has but promis'd or given any Present to whatsoever though the Party never meant any such thing which occasions a great deal of Confusion and Disorder As for the King's Power in this City he can save any Body's Life that he pleases tho' condemn'd to die by the Magistrates To him half the Port-Customs come And one Mill brings him in every Hour of the Day and Night 24 Gold Ducats This Mill is mov'd by the Rodawn which runs thro' the City It grinds such a great Quantity of Corn all the Year round that its Revenue amounts to 4320 Pounds Sterling to the State and the King beside the Profit made by the Proprietors The City is oblig'd to put the King's Effigies on one Side of their Coin tho' they commonly have their own Arms on the other When the King comes thither they are to treat him and his Court for three Days together But however he can bring but a few of his Guards into the City The Dantzickers are oblig'd to have always a Secretary at the Court of Poland who as Dr. Connor says in his Time was one Mr. Alberti an ingenious Gentleman now or lately Syndic of Dantzic As for the City-Privileges They can coin their own Money without the King's Leave chuse their Magistrates make their own Laws and determine absolutely in Matters of Debt to the value of 500 Guilders but where the Action exceeds that Sum an Appeal lies to the Tribunal of Poland Yet in such Case the Appellant is oblig'd to lay down 100 Guilders in the Town-house before he can proceed and this is to deter People from making such Appeals for the Dantzickers do not much care that any of their Money should get into Poland but where they cannot help it This

to be in English Hands ibid. * Whence had its Name 114 * U. Vilna Bishop of His Diocess 43. Vilna Castellan of Preferr'd wherefore 55. Varmia Bishop of His Jurisdiction and See 44. Votes Intended Limitation like to produce a bad Effect 104. Who have them in Election of a King 144. Volunteers What in Poland 17 * Examples ib. c. * Selected out of the Gentry 18 * Universities Two in Poland and Lithuania 75 * Chief Studies there ibid. * Have no solid Learning 78 * W. Women Polish Their former and late Fashions 197. Very modest 200. Exception 201. Their Liberty restrain'd ibid. War Two Qualities necessary there 26 * Z. Zuppars What 80. Vide Mines FINIS From the Year 550 to the Year 1698. Former Power of the Kings of Poland A. D. 1574. Advantage thereby Why European Princes Court the Polish Gentry Nobilities Resolves thereupon Abridge the Antient Power of their Princes And Constitute a Republic Division of the People of Poland The Diet. It s Power Motives for a mixt Government A Motive II. Motive III. Motive Advantage of a mixt Government Division of the Republic Kings present Power and Prerogatives His Happiness Unhappiness A great Inconvenience to the State Instances of Poles Affections to their Kings Modern Kings Power Abroad and at Home The great Respect paid him His Titles and other Prerogatives His Pension Houshold-Officers and Guards Queen Consorts Court how maintain'd Kings Patrimonial Estate and Perquisites Late King 's great Riches The Crown Revenues Queens Revenues The King's Power limited in several respects Nobility only capable of Preferment Other Limitations of the Kings Power Inconveniences thereby Why he is paid so great Respect Cities present their Keys upon his Approach Why he can raise no Forces without Consent of the Diet. His Legitimate Issue greatly Respected His Illegitimate as much slighted Means to continue the Crown in one Family Why the K. of Poland can't imitate him of Denmark Not Unhappy because he cannot secure the Succession to his Family Crown and Court Officers Gentlemen Pensioners Horse-Guards Court Officers in Lithuania And in several Provinces Chief Officers of Queen's Court. Principal Officers of Primate's Court. What peculiar to him The Senate and its Office Senators by whom made and their Oath Four to attend the King and wherefore Senators not suffer'd to travel * Vide Sueton. Cap. 42. in vita Jul. Caesar Tacit lib 12. Annal. cap. 23. This Title not bestow'd by its self Senator's Office Extreamly prize their Dignities Their Division and Subdivision Diocesses of Poland Peculiar Jurisdictions of the two Archbishops Ecclesiastical Senator his Power and State His Power as Inter. Rex Why entrusted so much His See Two other Bishops in Leopol Those of the Greek Perswasion Their Tenets Ceremonies and Ornoments His Bishoprick and Power His Residence and Precedence His See Precedence and Authority Several Places of Residence His Diocess His Diocess His Jurisdiction and See His Jurisdiction and See His Diocess Here is a Greek Bishop Likewise Bishop of Curland yet has no See His Precedence and See His See translated and wherefore Honorary A Greek Bishop formerly Primate of Moscovy Honorary Honorary Each Bishop has a Kind of little Court Their Precedence in the Diet and large Revenues Religion in Poland and Lithuania Conversion and several Perswasions of the Poles Socinians expell'd 1658. 1673. Lutherans and Calvinists and other Religions in Poland The Roman Catholick prevails and always prefer'd Privileges of Regular Clergy Their dissolute Lives Fasts how observ'd in Poland Manners of the Secular Clergy The Poles Behaviour at Church Their Churches Division and Subdivision of Lay Senators Palatins c. with their Precedence 1. Lay-Senator Preferr'd and wherefore 1130. * Duglossus lib. 4. Annal. Polon p. 369. Preferr'd for what Reasons † Lib. 2 Cap. 3. p. 504. Preferr'd and why Wherefore preferr'd and how chosen Honorary Palatinate Why he has the Title of the Province Honorary Palatinate Honorary Palatinate Formerly Seat of Teutonic Knights Honorary Palatinate Greatest Part Honorary Honorary Palatinate Duty and Office of Palatins * Hartknoch lib. 2. cap. 3. p. 506. c. Vice Palatins and how qualify'd Duty of Castellans Their Division Qualifications Office and Titles Greater Castellans and their Precedence Lay-Senator Honorary Honorary Honorary Honorary Lesser Castellans No enjoying Plurality of Offices Castellans how call'd in Polish The ten Crown-Officers Those of the Kingdom precede Lay-Senator His Office Power and Authority Duty and Privilege His Perquisites Deputy and who officiates in Cases of Absence Qualifications of these of the Kingdom * Lib. 2. Cap. 3. p. 528. Both have Seals and equal Authority Their Office and Power Succeed each other How ought to be Qualified Their Office and Authority A remarkable Breach of Trust Contend for Precedence but refus'd it Extra-Senatorial Officers Great Generals Have equal Authority Their Power and Duty King's Interest to head his Army Present great Generals Dignity successive Lieutenant-Generals and their Office Chief Commander of the Guards Other great Officers in the Army Camp-Notaries Captain of Guards against Incursions Great Secretaries and their Authority Referendaries and their Office Cup-Bearers Carvers Sword-Bearers Court-Treasurers and their Office Treasurer of Prussia Associates to Judges Chief Notaries Registers inChancery Escheator Commissioners of Custom House Governours of Mines Governours of the Mint Court-Officers Civil Officers of Districts Vice-Chamberlain and his Office Chamberlains Judge and Assistant Prothonotary Head Collector Other Officers and why so call'd Military Officers of Districts Starostas with Jurisdiction Vice-Starostas c. Jurisdiction of Starostas Starostas without Jurisdiction Burgraves and their Office Revenue of Starostaships Zuppars what What the Diet is By whom call'd and where and how often meet Manner of calling it and Proceedings thereupon Where the little Diets meet I. In Great Poland * Vide Herburt Voce Comitia p. 92. and in Edit Polon p. 257. Podlachia and Masovia II. In Little-Poland III. In Lithuania IV. In Prussia V. In Russia VI. In Volhynia VII In Samogitia Qualifications for and Manner of voting in little Diets Who and how many chosen Deputies With their Instructions Proceedings in little Diets * Hartknoch lib. 2. cap. 6. p. 682. c. Deputies how chosen † Hartknoch lib. 2. Cap. 6. p. 689. Cannot be Senators Their Salaries When first sent Vide Constitut An. 1581. p. 375. Their general Meetings Diet divides into three Nations Speaker how chosen and Heats thereupon How occasion'd Next Proceeding Further Proceedings Reflection of Hauteville Speakers Request for the Deputies His Authority Proceedings in the lower House Conference s with the Upper and Nuncios Power Confirm'd and encourag'd Their Privilege * Constitut An. 1649. Committees How long sit Upper House how employ'd Manner of breaking up Session in the lower Two Houses join'd Speakers Power devolves to great Marshal Where the King suspends his Opinion What requir'd to establish a Law Where it cannot be printed Session of the Diet limited Wherefore Affairs treated of in the Grand

the Gentry and Citizens Rusticks and their Condition Work on Sundays Pay rigid Duties c. Their Edibles and Custom at grinding Corn. Their Habits Carriages and how made Houses Employments within and without Doors Why little Horses here Qualifications for Marriage Character of these Rusticks Samogitia differs from Lithuania Sturdy Drinkers rewarded Proof of great Age. People more robust here Manners in Husbandry Strange way of Pruning Trees Peculiar manner of Sowing Ways of ordering Corn. Peculiar Customs in Prusia Habitations and Furniture Meat and Drink The Pospolite or Polish Militia Who obliged to serve in the Horse Who in the Foot and Penalty for neglect in both Who are excused from serving The great numbers of the Pospolife formerly and now The manner of their being Raised and Mustered Things required in vain of the Polish Cavalry Meet at the General Rendezvous A Division of the Army and first of the Horse Heavy Armed Light Horse A Division of the Foot A further account of the Cosacks Proceedings in their Counsells of War Way of fortifying their Camps and Boats Their Power What the Polish Foot are and how employed Hired Foot and their Condition Why so much used and their Arms and Liveries Gentry how far obliged to March with other particulars Hungarian Foot when first hired Auxiliaries what Example Quartarians what and whence so called Volunteers what in Poland Examples Selected out of the Gentry Causes that weaken the Polish Force Four things required to defend a State Manner of paying the Army The Rokosz and its manner of proceeding Example Other inconveniencies which suppress the Pole's Power Means propos'd to avoid these Inconveniences but ever-ru●'d ●reat Force of Cavalry notwithstanding with Examples Two Qualities necessary in War Soldiers Pay from what it arises and how raised Provisions and Ammunition what Gun-Founders Foreign For Fortifications Pretended Advantages thereby Generals their Power and Duration Lieutenant Generals their Power Other Generals Officers Other Officers of the Army Some few particulars of the Poles Jus Belli Poles not much enclined to Trade and why Commidities Exported and Imported But little Money and why Coin most current in Poland Contributes to Poverty Other Coins Poles not very rich and why Particulars of Trade Concerning Salt No Fulling or Paper-Mills Concerning Leather and Fish Manner of Fishing Honey and its Produce Former Trade of Prussia ●antzic here Si●ate By whom built and whence so called How distant from other places It s Division and Strength One of the Hanse Towns Parishes Buildings Streets and Gardens Inhabitants their Number and Religion Churches Town-House Three Magazines A College Exchange c. Jurisdiction and Government Senators and their Division The Twelve Scabins and Syndic Burgrave to represent the King Centumviri their Power Manner of Electing and Ordaining Priests Four Roman Catholick Churches King's Power and Revenues here City-Power and Privileges Force by Land and Sea First Coin in Prussia Present Coin in Dantzic How often taken and regain'd Admitted to Vote in Election of Polish Kings Origin of Teutonic Order Who built their Hospital of Jerusalem Their Order confirm'd and by what Title Another Hospital with their removal into Germany and Prussia Marienburg built For sake Prussia and wherefore Their Statutes Habit Number and Manners Are much favour'd by several Princes Great Masters in Prussia I Great Master 1190. II Great Master 1200. III Great Master 1206. IV Great Master 1210. V Great Master 1240. VI Great Master 1252. VII Great Master 1263. VIII Great Master 1275. IX Great Master 1283. X Great Master 1290. XI Great Master 1297. XII Great Master 1307. XIII Great Master 1309. XIV Great Master 1322. XV Great Master 1325. XVI Great Master 1329. XVII Great Master 1339. XVIII Great Master 1342. XIX Great Master 1348. XX Great Master 1379. XXI Great Master 1388. XXII Great Master 1394. XXIII Great Master 1404. XXIV Great Master 1406. XXV Great Master 1414. XXVI Great Master 1323. XXVII Great Master 1432. XXVIII Great Master 1450. XXIX Great Master 1467. XXX Great Master 1468. XXXI Great Master 1480. XXXII Great Master 1489. XXXIII Great Master 1498. XXXIV Great Master 1512. Dantzic B sieg'd by Albert. Siege rais'd by the Poles Albert submits to Sigismund Great Masters in Germany XXXV Great Master 1531. XXXVI Great Master 1543. XXXVII Great Master 1566. XXXVIII Great Master 1572. XXXIX Great Master 1587. XL Great Master 1619. XLI Great Master 1624. XLII Great Master 1627. XLIII Great Master 1644. XLIV Great Master 1664. A Prince of Neubourg Elected of the Order Ceremony of Creation Elected likewise Coadjutor Present State of Teutonic Order in Germany Two Universities Chief Study there Learning formerly Oriental Languages dis-regarded Present Languages in Poland Polish hard to Pronounce Reasons why the Poles affect Latin Have no solid Learning How far that of Divines extends Their Divinity Lawyers their number and study Who seldom go to Law A suppos'd Judgment on a Lawyer Physicians and their Abilities Not allowed to study till qualified Discourges Learning Natural Observables and Rarities Of Wood and Earth Strange Waters and their Effects Monstrous Fish Fowls of odd Qualities Beasts of strange kinds Rarities communicated to Dr. Connor Argentum Fulminans made by chance Other Experiments Dr. Bernitz's Chs●t of Rarities Manner of making Glass Odd Method of Curing Wounds Practise of Physick What Medicines us'd Diseases what Venereal how Cur'd by a Quack Surprizing particulars Diseases peculiar to the Poles and first the Plica It s Description Unaccountableness Symptoms Neither Bleeds nor is painful Said to be Contagious and Hereditary Common to Men and Beasts Superstition concerning it and other cases Where most common It s Cure by a Jew Causes Asserted but Question'd Another account of the Plica Hairs Canular The Rose and its Cure Present bounds and extent of Curland It s Soil and former State When wholly Conquered Converted to Christianity by degrees I Bishop in Livonia 1180. II Bp ABp of Riga 1194. III ABp of Riga 1194. I Absolute Master of Livonian Order 1205. II Absolute Master 1223. III Master 1238. IV Master 1240. V Master 1248. VI Master 1250. VII Master VIII Master IX Master X Master XI Master XII Master XIII Master XIV Master XV Mast r XVI Master XVII Master XVIII Master XIX Master 1488. III. Absclute Master 1513. IV. Abso-Master V. Absolute Master VI. Absolute Master 1560. Residence of this Order I. Duke of Curland 1561. II. Duke 1587. III. Duke 1602. IV. Duke 1639. Discovers Tobago and enjoys it Is depriv'd of it Proposes means to recover it Agreement between the K. of England and D. of Curland Grant of Trade in Africa Upon what Conditions Grant of the Island Tabago Under what Considerations Duke obliged to Aid the King in War A Letter sent hereupon but with little Effect French beg the Island of their King A second Letter from K. Charles A Letter Intercepted The Duke sends Governours Makes a Contract with a Captain Description of Tobago Why necessary to be English Hands Tobacco whence so call'd Duke James's Marriage and Issue VI Duke His Marriage and Issue 1683. VII Duke 1698. D. of Curland Vassal to Poland His Privilege and Power Revenue and Court Chief Officers Qualifications of Supreme Stagostas Conditions of Gentry Addition concerning Livonian Order Principal Master how and where chosen Marshal of the Order Number of Comendadors Number of Advocates Title Habit and Arms of this Order Geographical Description of Curland Cities and Towns of Goldingen Vinda Residence of Knights Pilten Richest Gentry in Curland Mittaw It s Castle Streets and Houses How distant from other places How often Conquer'd Bauske Religions in Curland Two Roman Catholick Churches Calvin●● Church at Mittaw Government of Curland The Parliament Court of Supreme Councellors Degrees of demanding Justice Ecclesiastical Courts City Courts Ministerial Officers Trade of Curland Corn in great request and wherefore Where Curland is to revers to Poland