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reason_n law_n nature_n positive_a 3,197 5 10.6866 5 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A54625 A treatise of taxes and contributions shewing the nature and measures of [brace] crown-lands, assessments, customs, poll-moneys, lotteries, benevolence, penalties, monopolies, offices, tythes, raising of coins, harth-money, excize, &c. : with several intersperst discourses and digressions concerning [brace] warres, the church, universities, rents and purchases, usury and exchange, banks and lombards, registries for conveyances, beggars, ensurance, exportation of money/wool, free-ports, coins, housing, liberty of conscience, &c. : the same being frequently applied to the present state and affairs of Ireland. Petty, William, Sir, 1623-1687. 1662 (1662) Wing P1938; ESTC R33399 59,466 94

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than_o that_o upon_o place_n which_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o world_n do_v not_o unless_o it_o be_v that_o those_o who_o make_v such_o law_n be_v rather_o borrower_n than_o lender_n but_o of_o the_o vanity_n and_o fruitlessness_n of_o make_v civil_a positive_a law_n against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n i_o have_v speak_v elsewhere_o and_o instance_a in_o several_a particular_n 4._o as_o for_o the_o natural_a measure_n of_o exchange_n i_o say_v that_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n the_o great_a exchange_n can_v be_v but_o the_o labour_n of_o carry_v the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la but_o where_o be_v hazard_n emergent_a use_n for_o money_n more_o in_o one_o place_n then_o another_o etc._n etc._n or_o opinion_n of_o these_o true_a or_o false_a the_o exchange_n will_v be_v govern_v by_o they_o 5._o parallel_v unto_o this_o be_v something_o which_o we_o omit_v concern_v the_o price_n of_o land_n for_o as_o great_a need_n of_o money_n heighten_v exchange_n so_o do_v great_a need_n of_o corn_n 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they_o be_v a_o public_a charge_n 3_o the_o common_a and_o general_a cause_n which_o increase_n and_o aggravate_v the_o burden_n of_o pay_v tax_n 4_o the_o cause_n that_o excite_v foreign_a and_o offensive_a war_n ibid._n the_o cause_n of_o defensive_a and_o civil_a war_n 5_o a_o cause_n of_o unnecessary_a ecclesiastical_a charge_n be_v the_o not_o size_v of_o parish_n according_a to_o the_o alteration_n which_o have_v be_v in_o religion_n and_o trade_n 6_o that_o five_o thousand_o parish_n be_v enough_o for_o england_n and_o wales_n so_o as_o to_o give_v unto_o each_o but_o a_o thousand_o parishioner_n and_o so_o as_o that_o none_o need_v go_v two_o mile_n to_o church_n 7_o antiquate_a office_n and_o overgrow_a fee_n a_o cause_n of_o unnecessary_a charge_n in_o the_o government_n and_o administration_n of_o justice_n 8_o register_n for_o conveyance_n of_o land_n and_o depository_n for_o movable_a pawn_n as_o also_o bank_n of_o money_n will_v lessen_v the_o charge_n of_o lawsuit_n and_o write_n 9_o how_o the_o number_n of_o such_o as_o relate_v to_o the_o faculty_n of_o medicine_n may_v be_v adjust_v 10_o how_o the_o number_n of_o student_n in_o the_o university_n intend_v to_o make_v learn_v the_o way_n of_o their_o livelihood_n may_v be_v adjust_v ibid._n a_o use_v propound_v sor_n the_o choice_a parish-children_n and_o foundling_n to_o force_v on_o a_o useful_a work_n which_o have_v hitherto_o be_v but_o perfunctory_o pursue_v ibid._n that_o the_o number_n of_o unnecessary_a merchant_n and_o retailer_n be_v retrench_v 11_o the_o careful_a maintenance_n and_o education_n of_o expose_v child_n and_o conceal_v their_o name_n and_o family_n be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n ibid._n a_o proposal_n of_o several_a employment_n for_o beggar_n and_o such_o as_o have_v now_o no_o work_n 12_o great_a work_n of_o labour_n though_o in_o themselves_o unnecessary_a be_v nevertheless_o of_o advantage_n to_o the_o public_a 13_o the_o mend_n of_o
highway_n build_v bridge_n and_o causeys_n and_o the_o make_n of_o river_n navigable_a in_o england_n will_v make_v english_a horse_n a_o exportable_a commodity_n and_o help_v to_o vend_n the_o commodity_n of_o ireland_n ibid._n the_o cause_n of_o unquiet_a bear_n of_o tax_n viz._n 14_o first_o that_o the_o sovereign_n exact_v too_o much_o 15_o second_o that_o assessment_n be_v unequal_o lay_v ibid._n three_o that_o the_o money_n levy_v be_v vain_o expend_v ibid._n four_o or_o give_v to_o favourite_n ibid._n five_o ignorance_n of_o the_o number_n trade_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o people_n 16_o sixthly_a obscurity_n about_o the_o right_n of_o impose_v ibid._n seven_o fewness_n of_o people_n ibid._n eight_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o confusion_n of_o coin_n 17_o nine_o that_o scarce_o a_o hundred_o part_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o this_o nation_n be_v coin_v bullion_n ibid._n ten_o the_o non-acceptance_n of_o some_o commodity_n in_o specie_fw-la in_o discharge_v of_o tax_n ibid._n the_o consequence_n of_o a_o tax_n too_o heavy_a if_o there_o be_v too_o much_o money_n in_o a_o nation_n which_o may_v be_v or_o be_v there_o be_v too_o little_a and_o that_o either_o in_o a_o state_n well_o or_o ill_o govern_v 17_o 18_o 19_o the_o first_o way_n of_o provide_v for_o the_o public_a charge_n be_v the_o excind_n or_o set_v apart_o of_o a_o proportion_n of_o the_o territory_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o crown-land_n 20_o the_o second_o be_v take_v away_o the_o same_o proportion_n of_o the_o rent_n of_o all_o land_n 21_o the_o nation_n be_v happy_a where_o either_o of_o the_o say_v two_o way_n be_v practise_v ab_fw-la antiquo_fw-la and_o upon_o original_a agreement_n and_o not_o exact_v as_o a_o sudden_a contingent_a surcharge_n upon_o the_o people_n 21_o the_o owner_n of_o settle_a rent_n bear_v the_o burden_n of_o a_o land-tax_n or_o assessment_n other_o probable_o gain_v thereby_o ibid._n a_o land-tax_n upon_o free_a estate_n resolve_v into_o a_o excize_n upon_o consumption_n 22_o assessment_n upon_o house_n more_o uncertain_a than_o that_o of_o land_n house_n being_n of_o a_o double_a nature_n viz._n either_o a_o instrument_n of_o gain_n or_o way_n of_o expense_n ibid._n the_o heavy_a tax_n of_o house_n no_o discouragement_n to_o new_a building_n nor_o be_v the_o discouragement_n of_o new_a building_n any_o mean_n to_o prevent_v the_o populousness_n of_o a_o city_n ibid._n prohibition_n to_o build_v upon_o new_a foundation_n serve_v only_o to_o fix_v the_o ground-plot_n of_o a_o city_n 23_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o city_n of_o london_n remove_v its_o ground-plot_n westward_o ibid._n that_o it_o be_v probable_a the_o king_n of_o england_n palace_n will_v in_o process_n of_o time_n be_v towards_o chelsey_n ibid._n that_o the_o present_a seat_n of_o london_n will_v be_v the_o great_a cohabitation_n of_o people_n ever_o whilst_o this_o island_n be_v inhabit_v 24_o the_o nature_n and_o natural_a measure_n of_o the_o rent_n of_o land_n compute_v in_o commodity_n of_o the_o growth_n of_o the_o say_v land_n ibid._n the_o par_fw-fr between_o food_n or_o other_o proceed_v of_o land_n and_o bullion_n or_o coin_n 25_o the_o par_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n ibid._n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v not_o natural_a standard_n of_o the_o value_v of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 26_o the_o prime_a denomination_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v but_o two_o viz._n land_n and_o labour_n as_o the_o denomination_n of_o money_n in_o england_n be_v pound_n shilling_n penny_n ibid._n of_o the_o par_fw-fr between_o land_n and_o labour_n ibid._n the_o reason_n of_o the_o number_n of_o year_n purchase_v that_o land_n be_v worth_a in_o several_a country_n 27_o why_o land_n in_o ireland_n be_v worth_a few_o year_n purchase_v then_o in_o england_n 27_o 28._o the_o description_n and_o ratio_fw-la formalis_fw-la of_o usury_n 29_o the_o same_o of_o exchange_n ibid._n the_o measure_n of_o both_o 29_o 30_o why_o usury_n have_v be_v limit_v more_o than_o exchange_n 30_o a_o parallel_n between_o the_o change_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o money_n and_o that_o of_o land_n ibid._n how_o to_o compute_v and_o compare_v the_o rent_n of_o land_n in_o order_n to_o a_o just_a land-tax_n or_o assessment_n 31_o the_o intrinsic_a value_n of_o land_n be_v find_v by_o survey_v of_o the_o quantity_n figure_n and_o situation_n ibid._n and_o by_o the_o survey_n of_o the_o quality_n viz._n its_o aptitude_n to_o bear_v first_o precious_a commodity_n second_o the_o best_a of_o the_o kind_n three_o most_o in_o quantity_n ibid._n the_o extrinsic_a or_o accidental_a value_n depend_v upon_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n luxurious_a or_o frugal_a live_n the_o opinion_n civil_a natural_a and_o religious_a of_o the_o people_n ibid._n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o these_o inquiry_n to_o know_v how_o to_o tell_v the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n of_o this_o present_a age_n and_o compare_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o former_a time_n 32_o how_o to_o compare_v not_o only_o the_o money_n of_o this_o present_a age_n with_o that_o of_o the_o former_a but_o the_o entire_a riches_n of_o the_o present_a with_o the_o former_a people_n ibid._n by_o the_o number_n of_o people_n and_o the_o proportion_n of_o money_n among_o they_o the_o accidental_a value_n of_o land_n be_v to_o be_v compute_v 33_o how_o to_o proportion_n the_o rate_n of_o a_o commodity_n in_o one_o place_n unto_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o same_o in_o another_o place_n ibid._n that_o the_o day-wage_n of_o labourer_n and_o several_a other_o of_o the_o most_o vulgar_a tradesman_n ought_v to_o be_v ascertain_v and_o well_o adapt_v to_o the_o change_n of_o time_n ibid._n that_o though_o the_o difficulty_n of_o compute_v the_o contingent_a value_n of_o land_n be_v great_a yet_o there_o be_v great_a reason_n for_o undergo_a it_o 34_o the_o nature_n of_o credit_n as_o the_o say_a word_n be_v common_o use_v among_o tradesman_n and_o otherwise_o ibid._n that_o the_o sovereign_n exact_a knowledge_n of_o the_o subject_n estate_n will_v do_v they_o no_o harm_n ibid._n a_o descriptiou_n of_o the_o duty_n of_o custom_n 35_o a_o conjecture_n that_o custom_n at_o first_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o praemium_fw-la for_o insurance_n against_o pirate_n ibid._n the_o measure_n of_o the_o say_a duty_n upon_o exported_a good_n 36_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o too_o heavy_a custom_n ibid._n what_o commodity_n may_v be_v force_v to_o pay_v custom_n 37_o the_o measure_n of_o custom_n upon_o import_v good_n ibid._n the_o inconvenience_n of_o raise_v money_n by_o the_o way_n of_o custom_n ibid._n a_o proposal_n that_o instead_o of_o tonnage_n and_o poundage_n upon_o ship_v good_n a_o tonnage_n be_v pay_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n freight_v 38_o or_o that_o the_o custom_n be_v take_v as_o a_o insurance_n praemium_fw-la ibid._n of_o prohibit_v commodity_n in_o general_n ibid._n of_o prohibit_v the_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n 39_o the_o say_a prohibition_n of_o money_n serve_v as_o a_o sumptuary_n law_n ibid._n about_o the_o exportation_n of_o wool_n ibid._n the_o lessen_v of_o our_o sheep-trade_n and_o increase_v of_o corn-tillage_n be_v a_o expedient_a in_o this_o case_n for_o many_o reason_n 40_o other_o consideration_n tend_v to_o show_v that_o the_o too_o vehement_a prohibition_n of_o wool_n may_v be_v ineffectual_a or_o to_o do_v more_o harm_n then_o good_a 41_o of_o prohibit_v importation_n ibid._n it_o be_v better_a to_o make_v and_o raise_v commodity_n though_o to_o burn_v they_o than_o not_o to_o make_v they_o or_o let_v the_o maker_n lose_v their_o faculty_n and_o be_v idle_a ibid._n of_o free_a port_n and_o in_o what_o case_n they_o may_v do_v good_a or_o harm_n 42_o of_o poll-money_n and_o the_o sort_n of_o it_o ibid._n the_o fault_n of_o the_o late_a poll-money_n 43_o of_o the_o most_o simple_a poll-money_n where_o all_o pay_n alike_o its_o conveniency_n and_o inconvenience_n ibid._n of_o poll-money_n upon_o title_n office_n and_o faculty_n 44_o harth-money_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o simple_a poll-money_n but_o both_o be_v rather_o accumulative_a excize_n 45_o grant_n for_o public_a lottery_n be_v tax_n upon_o the_o people_n ibid._n why_o lottery_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v allow_v but_o by_o good_a authority_n ibid._n raise_v of_o money_n by_o benevolence_n be_v a_o real_a tax_n 46_o three_o case_n where_o the_o way_n of_o a_o benevolence_n may_v be_v make_v good_a ibid_fw-la several_a reason_n against_o it_o 46_o 47_o the_o several_a species_n of_o penalty_n 47_o a_o doubt_n whether_o the_o penalty_n set_v down_o in_o moses_n law_n ought_v to_o be_v inflict_v now_o 47_o the_o proper_a use_n and_o reason_n of_o every_o sort_n of_o penalty_n 48_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o slow_a death_n 49_o in_o what_o case_n death_n mutilation_n imprisonment_n disgrace_n etc._n etc._n aught_o to_o be_v commute_v for_o pecuniary_a mulct_n
ibid._n the_o meaning_n of_o the_o double_a and_o multiple_a restitution_n mention_v in_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n ibid._n of_o the_o way_n for_o punish_v or_o permit_v heterodox_n believer_n in_o religion_n 50_o that_o the_o sovereign_n may_v do_v either_o 51_o that_o all_o pseudodoxy_n whatsoever_o may_v be_v safe_o muzzle_v from_o do_v harm_n by_o pecuniary_a mulct_n 51_o 52_o that_o the_o sovereign_n by_o punish_v they_o with_o death_n mutilation_n or_o imprisonment_n do_v therein_o punish_v himself_o and_o that_o too_o re_fw-mi infecta_fw-la very_o often_o 51_o that_o the_o pastor_n ought_v in_o some_o measure_n to_o be_v punish_v for_o the_o error_n and_o defection_n of_o their_o flock_n 52_o the_o true_a use_n of_o the_o clergy_n be_v rather_o to_o be_v pattern_n of_o holiness_n then_o to_o teach_v man_n variety_n of_o opinion_n de_fw-fr rebus_fw-la divinis_fw-la 53_o the_o substance_n of_o all_o that_o have_v be_v say_v in_o this_o whole_a discourse_n about_o the_o church_n ibid._n the_o abuse_n of_o penal_a law_n 54_o of_o monopoly_n ibid._n the_o use_n and_o reason_n of_o institute_a monopoly_n 55_o a_o digression_n about_o new_a invention_n and_o the_o vexation_n incident_a to_o the_o projector_n of_o new_a practice_n ibid._n office_n institute_v by_o the_o state_n with_o fee_n of_o their_o own_o appointment_n be_v of_o a_o parallel_a nature_n to_o monopoly_n 56_o why_o the_o fee_n of_o office_n be_v great_a heretofore_o ibid._n how_o office_n be_v become_v as_o a_o saleable_a commodity_n 57_o why_o many_o superfluous_a office_n be_v not_o abolish_v ibid._n a_o description_n of_o tithe_n in_o several_a particular_n 58_o the_o cause_n why_o tithe_n increase_v ibid._n the_o rent_n of_o the_o land_n of_o england_n be_v but_o a_o quarter_n of_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o people_n 59_o the_o tithe_n in_o england_n be_v six_o time_n as_o much_o as_o they_o be_v four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o ibid._n the_o clergy_n be_v far_o rich_a now_o than_o they_o be_v in_o ancient_a time_n and_o yet_o have_v less_o work_n to_o do_v ibid._n the_o danger_n of_o too_o many_o church_n man_n 60_o how_o to_o adjust_a the_o number_n of_o churchman_n and_o student_n in_o divinity_n ibid._n tithe_n be_v now_o no_o tax_n or_o burden_n upon_o the_o people_n 61_o the_o way_n of_o tithe_n be_v a_o good_a pattern_n for_o a_o tax_n ibid_fw-la the_o way_n of_o pay_v tithe_n in_o the_o city_n and_o country_n be_v very_o disproportionable_a 61_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o contribute_v to_o the_o public_a charge_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o tithe_n ibid._n a_o reason_n why_o the_o way_n of_o tax_v the_o people_n be_v often_o shift_v 62_o the_o state_n gain_v in_o several_a country_n by_o be_v the_o common_a cashier_n usurer_n ensurer_n monopolist_n etc._n etc._n 63_o the_o case_n of_o the_o jew_n every_o where_o subject_n to_o great_a tax_n brief_o state_v 64_o the_o way_n of_o levy_v a_o aliquot_fw-la part_n of_o man_n estate_n very_o dangerous_a ibid._n alteration_n in_o the_o value_v of_o coin_n be_v a_o tax_n upon_o such_o as_o live_v by_o determine_a rent_n pension_n fee_n etc._n etc._n 65_o what_o be_v embase_v of_o money_n and_o what_o be_v not_o ibid._n of_o tin_n and_o copper_n money_n as_o well_o curious_o as_o coarse_o wrought_v ibid._n of_o the_o token_n coin_v by_o retail_v shopkeeper_n ibid._n what_o be_v gold_n and_o silver_n embase_v 66_o the_o reason_n for_o embase_v of_o money_n ibid._n reason_n against_o the_o same_o ibid._n what_o be_v proper_o raise_v of_o money_n 67_o the_o effect_n of_o raise_v both_o domestic_a and_o foreign_a coin_n ibid._n raise_v of_o money_n change_v the_o species_n of_o money_n but_o lessen_v the_o bullion_n ibid._n why_o many_o wise_a state_n have_v raise_v their_o money_n 68_o raise_v of_o foreign_a money_n to_o a_o double_a value_n or_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n to_o half_a be_v not_o all_o one_o but_o the_o former_a be_v better_a 69_o the_o way_n of_o compute_v and_o compare_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n upon_o natural_a ground_n 69_o 70_o man_n be_v real_o and_o actual_o rich_a according_a to_o what_o they_o spend_v and_o enjoy_v in_o their_o own_o person_n 71_o excize_n be_v a_o tax_n upon_o such_o riches_n be_v a_o just_a way_n by_o which_o to_o defray_v the_o public_a charge_n ibid._n that_o a_o proportion_n ought_v to_o be_v pitch_v between_o the_o expense_n or_o consumption_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n and_o the_o public_a charge_n thereof_o ib._n commodity_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v tax_v until_o they_o be_v just_o ripe_a for_o consumption_n 72_o commodity_n of_o equal_a value_n may_v be_v unequal_o excize_v with_o justice_n ibidem_fw-la of_o accumulate_v the_o excize_n of_o many_o thing_n upon_o some_o one_o thing_n ibid._n whether_o native_a commodity_n export_v ought_v to_o pay_v excize_a ibid._n the_o explication_n of_o accumulative_a excize_n 73_o reason_n for_o accumulate_v the_o excize_n of_o all_o thing_n upon_o some_o one_o thing_n ibid._n why_o beer_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v that_o one_o thing_n 74_o hearth_n or_o smoak-money_n be_v a_o accumulative_a excize_n with_o the_o reason_n for_o and_o against_o it_o ibid._n reason_n in_o behalf_n of_o the_o excize_n 75_o of_o frame_v person_n to_o be_v fit_a for_o great_a trust_n as_o to_o be_v cashier_v store-keeper_n checques_n etc._n etc._n ibid._n chap._n i._o of_o the_o several_a sort_n of_o public_a charge_n the_o public_a charge_n of_o a_o state_n be_v that_o of_o its_o defence_n by_o land_n and_o sea_n of_o its_o peace_n at_o home_n and_o abroad_o as_o also_o of_o its_o honourable_a vindication_n from_o the_o injury_n of_o other_o state_n all_o which_o we_o may_v call_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o militia_n which_o common_o be_v in_o ordinary_a as_o great_a as_o any_o other_o branch_n of_o the_o whole_a but_o extraordinary_a that_o be_v in_o time_n of_o war_n or_o fear_v of_o war_n be_v much_o the_o great_a 2._o another_o branch_n of_o the_o public_a charge_n be_v the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o governor_n chief_a and_o subordinate_a i_o mean_v such_o not_o only_o as_o spend_v their_o whole_a time_n in_o the_o execution_n of_o their_o respective_a office_n but_o also_o who_o spend_v much_o in_o fit_v themselves_o as_o well_o with_o ability_n to_o that_o end_n as_o in_o beget_v a_o opinion_n in_o their_o superior_n of_o such_o their_o ability_n and_o trustworthiness_n 3._o which_o maintenance_n of_o the_o governor_n be_v to_o be_v in_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o plenty_n and_o splendour_n as_o private_a endeavour_n and_o calling_n seldom_o reach_v unto_o to_o the_o end_n that_o such_o governor_n may_v have_v the_o natural_a as_o well_o as_o the_o artificial_a cause_n of_o power_n to_o act_v with_o 4_o for_o if_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o man_n shall_v call_v one_o of_o their_o number_n king_n unless_o this_o institute_v prince_n appear_v in_o great_a visible_a splendour_n than_o other_o can_v reward_v those_o that_o obey_v and_o please_v he_o and_o do_v the_o contrary_a to_o other_o his_o institution_n signify_v little_a even_o although_o he_o chance_v to_o have_v g●●●ter_a corporal_a or_o mental_a faculty_n than_o any_o other_o of_o the_o number_n 5._o there_o be_v office_n which_o be_v but_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d as_o sheriff_n justice_n of_o the_o peace_n constable_n churchwarden_n etc._n etc._n which_o man_n may_v attend_v without_o much_o prejudice_n to_o their_o ordinary_a way_n of_o livelihood_n and_o for_o which_o the_o honour_n of_o be_v trust_v and_o the_o pleasure_n of_o be_v fear_v have_v be_v think_v a_o competent_a reward_n 6._o unto_o this_o head_n the_o charge_n of_o the_o administer_a justice_n may_v be_v refer_v as_o well_o between_o man_n and_o man_n as_o between_o the_o whole_a state_n or_o commonalty_n and_o particular_a member_n of_o it_o as_o well_o that_o of_o right_v and_o punish_v past_a injury_n and_o crime_n as_o of_o prevent_v the_o same_o in_o time_n to_o come_v 7._o a_o three_o branch_n of_o the_o public_a charge_n be_v that_o of_o the_o pastorage_n of_o man_n soul_n and_o the_o guidance_n of_o their_o conscience_n which_o one_o will_v think_v because_o it_o respect_v another_o world_n and_o but_o the_o particular_a interest_n of_o each_o man_n there_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o public_a charge_n in_o this_o nevertheless_o if_o we_o consider_v how_o easy_a it_o be_v to_o elude_v the_o law_n of_o man_n to_o commit_v unproveable_a crime_n to_o corrupt_v and_o divert_v testimony_n to_o wrest_v the_o sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o the_o law_n etc._n etc._n there_o follow_v a_o necessity_n of_o contribute_v towards_o a_o public_a charge_n wherewith_o to_o have_v man_n instruct_v in_o the_o law_n of_o god_n that_o take_v notice_n of_o evil_a thought_n and_o design_n and_o much_o more_o of_o secret_a deed_n and_o that_o punish_v eternal_o in_o another_o
land_n with_o such_o another_o measure_n of_o labour_n forasmuch_o as_o both_o ship_n and_o garment_n be_v the_o creature_n of_o land_n and_o man_n labour_n thereupon_o this_o be_v true_a we_o shall_v be_v glad_a to_o find_v out_o a_o natural_a par_fw-fr between_o land_n and_o labour_n so_o as_o we_o may_v express_v the_o value_n by_o either_o of_o they_o alone_o as_o well_o or_o better_a then_o by_o both_o and_o reduce_v one_o into_o the_o other_o as_o easy_o and_o certain_o as_o we_o reduce_v penny_n into_o pound_n wherefore_o we_o will_v be_v glad_a to_o find_v the_o natural_a value_n of_o the_o fee_n simple_a of_o land_n though_o but_o no_o better_a than_o we_o have_v do_v that_o of_o the_o usus_fw-la fructus_fw-la abovemention_v which_o we_o attempt_v as_o follow_v 19_o have_v find_v the_o rent_n or_o value_n of_o the_o usus_fw-la fructus_fw-la per_fw-la annum_fw-la the_o question_n be_v how_o many_o year_n purchase_v as_o we_o usual_o say_v be_v the_o fee_n simple_a natural_o worth_a if_o we_o say_v a_o infinite_a number_n than_o a_o acre_n of_o land_n will_v be_v equal_a in_o value_n to_o a_o thousand_o acre_n of_o the_o same_o land_n which_o be_v absurd_a a_o infinity_n of_o unite_v be_v equal_a to_o a_o infinity_n of_o thousand_o wherefore_o we_o must_v pitch_v upon_o some_o limit_a number_n and_o that_o i_o apprehend_v to_o be_v the_o number_n of_o year_n which_o i_o conceive_v one_o man_n of_o fifty_o year_n old_a another_o of_o twenty_o eight_o and_o another_o of_o seven_o year_n old_a all_o be_v alive_a together_o may_v be_v think_v to_o live_v that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o a_o grandfather_n father_n and_o child_n few_o man_n have_v reason_n to_o take_v care_n of_o more_o remote_a posterity_n for_o if_o a_o man_n be_v a_o great_a grandfather_n he_o himself_o be_v so_o much_o the_o near_o his_o end_n so_o as_o there_o be_v but_o three_o in_o a_o continual_a line_n of_o descent_n usual_o co-existing_a together_o and_o as_o some_o be_v grandfather_n at_o forty_o year_n yet_o as_o many_o be_v not_o till_o above_o sixty_o and_o sic_fw-la de_fw-la caeteris_fw-la 20._o wherefore_o i_o pitch_v the_o number_n of_o year_n purchase_v that_o any_o land_n be_v natural_o worth_a to_o be_v the_o ordinary_a extent_n of_o three_o such_o person_n their_o life_n now_o in_o england_n we_o esteem_v three_o life_n equal_a to_o one_o and_o twenty_o year_n and_o consequent_o the_o value_n of_o land_n to_o be_v about_o the_o same_o number_n of_o year_n purchase_v possible_o if_o they_o think_v themselves_o mistake_v in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o observator_fw-la on_o the_o bill_n of_o mortality_n think_v they_o be_v they_o will_v alter_v in_o the_o other_o unless_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o force_n of_o popular_a error_n and_o dependence_n of_o thing_n already_o concatenate_v do_v hinder_v they_o 21._o this_o i_o esteem_v to_o be_v the_o number_n of_o year_n purchase_v where_o title_n be_v good_a and_o where_o there_o be_v a_o moral_a certainty_n of_o enjoy_v the_o purchase_n but_o in_o other_o country_n land_n be_v worth_a near_o thirty_o year_n purchase_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o better_a title_n more_o people_n and_o perhaps_o true_a opinion_n of_o the_o value_n and_o duration_n of_o three_o life_n 22._o and_o in_o some_o place_n land_n be_v worth_a yet_o more_o year_n purchase_v by_o reason_n of_o some_o special_a honour_n pleasure_n privilege_n or_o jurisdiction_n annex_v unto_o they_o 23._o on_o the_o other_o hand_n land_n be_v worth_a few_o year_n purchase_v as_o in_o ireland_n for_o the_o follow_a reason_n which_o i_o have_v here_o set_v down_o as_o unto_o the_o like_a whereof_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o like_a cheapness_n in_o any_o other_o place_n may_v be_v impute_v first_o in_o ireland_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a rebellion_n in_o which_o if_o you_o be_v conquer_v all_o be_v lose_v or_o if_o you_o conquer_v yet_o you_o be_v subject_a to_o swarm_n of_o thief_n and_o robber_n and_o the_o envy_n which_o precedent_a mission_n of_o english_a have_v against_o the_o subsequent_a perpetuity_n itself_o be_v but_o forty_o year_n long_o as_o within_o which_o time_n some_o ugly_a disturbance_n have_v hitherto_o happen_v almost_o ever_o since_o the_o first_o come_v of_o the_o english_a thither_o 24._o 2._o the_o claim_n upon_o claim_n which_o each_o have_v to_o the_o other_o estate_n and_o the_o facility_n of_o make_v good_a any_o pretence_n whatsoever_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o some_o one_o or_o other_o of_o the_o many_o governor_n and_o minister_n which_o within_o forty_o year_n shall_v be_v in_o power_n there_o as_o also_o by_o the_o frequency_n of_o false_a testimony_n and_o abuse_v of_o solemn_a oath_n 25._o 3._o the_o paucity_n of_o inhabitant_n there_o be_v not_o above_o the_o â…•_n the_o part_v so_o many_o as_o the_o territory_n will_v maintain_v and_o of_o those_o but_o a_o small_a part_n do_v work_n at_o all_o and_o yet_o a_o small_a work_n so_o much_o as_o in_o other_o country_n 26._o 4._o that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o estate_n both_o real_a and_o personal_a in_o ireland_n be_v own_v by_o absentees_n and_o such_o as_o draw_v over_o the_o profit_v raise_v out_o of_o ireland_n refund_v nothing_o so_o as_o ireland_n export_v more_o than_o it_o import_v do_v yet_o grow_v poor_a to_o a_o paradox_n 27._o 5._o the_o difficulty_n of_o execute_v justice_n so_o many_o of_o those_o in_o power_n be_v themselves_o protect_v by_o office_n and_o protect_a other_o moreover_o the_o number_n of_o criminous_a and_o indebt_v person_n be_v great_a they_o favour_v their_o like_a in_o juries_n office_n and_o wheresoever_o they_o can_v beside_o the_o country_n be_v seldom_o enough_o to_o give_v due_a encouragement_n to_o profound_a judge_n and_o lawyer_n which_o make_v judgement_n very_o casual_a ignorant_a man_n be_v more_o apt_a to_o be_v bold_a and_o arbitrary_a than_o such_o as_o understand_v the_o danger_n of_o it_o but_o all_o this_o with_o a_o little_a care_n in_o due_a season_n may_v remedy_v so_o as_o to_o bring_v ireland_n in_o a_o few_o year_n to_o the_o same_o level_n of_o value_n with_o other_o place_n but_o of_o this_o also_o elsewhere_o more_o at_o large_a for_o in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o shall_v come_v to_o usury_n chap._n v._o of_o usury_n what_o reason_n there_o be_v for_o take_v or_o give_v interest_n or_o usury_n for_o any_o thing_n which_o we_o may_v certain_o have_v again_o whensoever_o we_o call_v for_o it_o i_o see_v not_o nor_o why_o usury_n shall_v be_v scruple_v where_o money_n or_o other_o necessary_n value_v by_o it_o be_v lend_v to_o be_v pay_v at_o such_o a_o time_n and_o place_n as_o the_o borrower_n choose_v so_o as_o the_o lender_n can_v have_v his_o money_n pay_v he_o back_o where_o and_o when_o himself_o please_v i_o also_o see_v not_o wherefore_o when_o a_o man_n give_v out_o his_o money_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o may_v not_o demand_v it_o back_o until_o a_o certain_a time_n to_o come_v whatsoever_o his_o own_o necessity_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n he_o certain_o may_v take_v a_o compensation_n for_o this_o inconvenience_n which_o he_o admit_v against_o himself_o and_o this_o allowance_n be_v that_o we_o common_o call_v usury_n 2._o and_o when_o one_o man_n furnish_v another_o with_o money_n at_o some_o distant_a place_n and_o engage_v under_o great_a penalty_n to_o pay_v he_o there_o and_o at_o a_o certain_a day_n beside_o the_o consideration_n for_o this_o be_v that_o we_o call_v exchange_n or_o local_a usury_n as_o for_o example_n if_o a_o man_n want_v money_n at_o carlisle_n in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n when_o the_o way_n be_v full_a of_o soldier_n and_o robber_n and_o the_o passage_n by_o sea_n very_o long_o troublesome_a and_o dangerous_a and_o seldom_o pass_v why_o may_v not_o another_o take_v much_o more_o than_o a_o 100l_n at_o london_n for_o warrant_v the_o like_a sum_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o carlisle_n on_o a_o certain_a day_n 3._o now_o the_o question_n arise_v hence_o be_v what_o be_v the_o natural_a standard_n of_o usury_n and_o exchange_n as_o for_o usury_n the_o least_o that_o can_v be_v be_v the_o rent_n of_o so_o much_o land_n as_o the_o money_n lend_v will_v buy_v where_o the_o security_n be_v undoubted_a but_o where_o the_o security_n be_v casual_a than_o a_o kind_n of_o insurance_n must_v be_v enterwoven_v with_o the_o simple_a natural_a interest_n which_o may_v advance_v the_o usury_n very_o conscionable_o unto_o any_o height_n below_o the_o principal_n itself_o now_o if_o thing_n be_v so_o in_o england_n that_o real_o there_o be_v no_o such_o security_n as_o abovemention_v but_o that_o all_o be_v more_o or_o less_o hazardous_a troublesome_a or_o chargeable_a to_o make_v i_o see_v no_o reason_n for_o endeavour_v to_o limit_v usury_n upon_o time_n any_o more_o