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much_o allege_v in_o both_o our_o defence_n 1_o first_o it_o be_v but_o a_o pamphlet_n &_o no_o large_a discourse_n &_o therefore_o the_o more_o to_o be_v bear_v withal_o since_o the_o fault_n if_o any_o be_v shall_v be_v the_o few_o because_o the_o volume_n be_v not_o great_a 2_o also_o it_o be_v mean_v by_o th'autour_n but_o as_o a_o private_a letter_n unto_o his_o brother_n for_o his_o better_a satisfaction_n and_o therefore_o his_o imperfection_n therein_o if_o any_o be_v be_v to_o be_v pardon_v since_o it_o be_v very_o likely_a that_o if_o he_o have_v mean_v to_o publish_v the_o same_o he_o will_v with_o great_a heed_n have_v observe_v and_o peruse_v the_o work_n in_o every_o part_n 3_o again_o it_o come_v forth_o without_o his_o consent_n so_o that_o he_o have_v neither_o warning_n nor_o time_n to_o examine_v nor_o yet_o to_o amend_v any_o
the_o northwestside_n of_o america_n from_o houchelaga_n to_o c._n de_fw-fr paramantia_fw-la describe_v likewise_o the_o sea_n coast_n of_o cataia_n and_o grondland_n towards_o any_o part_n of_o america_n make_v both_o grondland_n &_o america_n land_n disjoin_v by_o a_o great_a sea_n from_o any_o part_n of_o asia_n all_o which_o learned_a man_n and_o painful_a traveller_n have_v affirm_v with_o one_o consent_n &_o voice_n that_o america_n be_v a_o island_n &_o that_o there_o lie_v a_o great_a sea_n between_o it_o cataia_n and_o grondland_n by_o the_o which_o any_o man_n of_o our_o country_n that_o will_v give_v the_o attempt_n may_v with_o small_a danger_n pass_v to_o cataia_n the_o moluccae_n india_n &_o all_o other_o place_n in_o the_o east_n in_o much_o short_a time_n then_o either_o the_o spaniard_n or_o portugal_n do_v or_o may_v do_v from_o the_o near_a part_n of_o any_o of_o their_o country_n within_o europe_n what_o move_v these_o learned_a man_n to_o affirm_v thus_o much_o i_o know_v not_o or_o to_o what_o end_n so_o many_o &_o sundry_a traveller_n man_n of_o both_o age_n have_v allow_v the_o same_o but_o i_o conjecture_v that_o they_o will_v never_o have_v so_o constant_o affirm_v or_o notify_v their_o opinion_n therein_o to_o the_o world_n if_o they_o have_v not_o have_v great_a good_a cause_n and_o many_o probable_a reason_n to_o have_v lead_v they_o thereunto_o now_o lest_o you_o shall_v make_v small_a account_n of_o ancient_a writer_n or_o of_o their_o experience_n which_o travel_v long_o before_o our_o time_n reckon_n their_o authority_n amongst_o fable_n of_o no_o importance_n i_o have_v for_o the_o better_a assurance_n of_o those_o proof_n set_v down_o some_o part_n of_o a_o discourse_n write_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n and_o translate_v into_o english_a by_o m._n nowell_n servant_n to_o master_n secretary_n cecil_n england_n wherein_o there_o be_v describe_v a_o navigation_n which_o one_o ochther_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n alfred_n king_n of_o westsaxe_n anno._n 871._o the_o word_n of_o which_o discourse_n be_v these_o tyme._n he_o sail_v right_a north_n have_v always_o the_o desert_n land_n on_o the_o starboard_n and_o on_o the_o larbord_n the_o main_n sea_n continue_v his_o course_n until_o he_o perceive_v that_o the_o coast_n bow_v direct_o towards_o the_o east_n or_o else_o the_o sea_n open_v into_o the_o land_n he_o can_v not_o tell_v how_o far_o where_o he_o be_v compel_v to_o stay_v until_o he_o have_v a_o western_a wind_n or_o somewhat_o upon_o the_o north_n and_o sail_v thence_o direct_o east_n alongst_o the_o coast_n so_o far_o as_o he_o be_v able_a in_o four_o day_n where_o he_o be_v again_o enforce_v to_o tarry_v until_o he_o have_v a_o north_n wound_n voyage_n because_o the_o coast_n there_o bow_v direct_o towards_o the_o south_n or_o at_o least_o open_v he_o know_v not_o how_o far_o into_o the_o land_n so_o that_o he_o sail_v thence_o along_o the_o coast_n continual_o full_a south_n so_o far_o as_o he_o can_v travel_v in_o the_o space_n of_o five_o day_n where_o he_o discover_v a_o mighty_a river_n which_o open_v far_o into_o the_o land_n and_o in_o the_o entry_n of_o this_o river_n he_o turn_v back_o again_o whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o he_o go_v the_o very_a same_o way_n that_o we_o now_o do_v yearly_a trade_n by_o s._n nicholas_n into_o muscovia_n which_o way_n no_o man_n in_o our_o age_n know_v borough_n for_o certainty_n to_o be_v sea_n until_o it_o be_v since_o discover_v by_o our_o english_a man_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o but_o think_v before_o that_o time_n that_o grondlande_n have_v join_v to_o normoria_n byarmia_n and_o therefore_o be_v account_v a_o new_a discovery_n be_v nothing_o so_o in_o deed_n as_o by_o this_o discourse_n of_o ochthet_n it_o appear_v nevertheless_o if_o any_o man_n shall_v have_v take_v this_o voyage_n in_o hand_n by_o the_o encouragement_n of_o this_o only_a author_n he_o shall_v have_v be_v think_v but_o simple_a consider_v that_o this_o navigation_n be_v write_v so_o many_o year_n past_a in_o so_o barbarous_a a_o tongue_n by_o one_o only_a obscure_a author_n and_o yet_o we_o in_o these_o our_o day_n find_v by_o our_o own_o experience_n his_o former_a report_n to_o be_v true_a how_o much_o more_o then_o ought_v we_o to_o believe_v this_o passage_n to_o cataia_n to_o be_v be_v verify_v by_o the_o opinion_n of_o all_o the_o best_a both_o antique_a and_o modern_a geographer_n &_o plain_o set_v out_o in_o the_o best_a &_o most_o allow_a map_n charts_n globe_n cosmographical_a table_n and_o discourse_n of_o this_o our_o age_n and_o by_o the_o rest_n not_o deny_v but_o left_a as_o a_o matter_n doubtful_a to_o prove_v by_o reason_n a_o passage_n to_o be_v on_o the_o northside_n of_o america_n to_o go_v to_o cataia_n etc_o etc_o cap._n 2._o first_o all_o sea_n be_v maintain_v by_o the_o abundance_n of_o water_n so_o that_o the_o near_a the_o end_n any_o river_n bay_n or_o haven_n be_v the_o shallow_a it_o wax_v although_o by_o some_o occidental_a bar_n it_o be_v sometime_o find_v otherwise_o but_o the_o far_o you_o sail_v west_n fisher_n from_o island_n towards_o the_o place_n where_o this_o fret_n be_v think_v to_o be_v the_o more_o deep_a be_v the_o sea_n which_o give_v we_o good_a hope_n of_o continuance_n of_o the_o same_o sea_n with_o mare_n de_fw-fr sur_fw-fr by_o some_o frete_z that_o lie_v between_o america_n grondlande_n and_o cataia_n 2_o also_o if_o that_o america_n be_v not_o a_o island_n but_o a_o part_n of_o the_o continnent_fw-fr adjoin_v to_o asia_n either_o the_o people_n which_o inhabit_v mangia_fw-la anian_n and_o quinzay_v etc_o etc_o be_v borderer_n upon_o it_o will_v before_o this_o time_n have_v make_v some_o road_n into_o it_o hope_v to_o have_v find_v some_o like_a commodity_n to_o their_o own_o 3_o or_o else_o the_o scythian_n and_o tartarian_n which_o often_o time_n heretofore_o have_v seek_v far_o and_o never_o trot_v for_o new_a seat_n drive_v thereunto_o through_o the_o necessity_n of_o their_o cold_n and_o miserable_a country_n will_v in_o all_o this_o time_n have_v find_v the_o way_n to_o america_n &_o enter_v the_o same_o have_v the_o passage_n be_v never_o so_o straight_o or_o difficult_a the_o country_n be_v so_o temperate_a pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a in_o comparison_n of_o their_o own_o but_o there_o be_v never_o any_o such_o people_n find_v there_o by_o any_o of_o the_o spaniard_n portugese_n or_o frenchman_n who_o first_o discover_v the_o inland_a of_o that_o country_n which_o spaniard_n or_o frenchman_n must_v then_o of_o necessity_n have_v see_v some_o one_o civil_a man_n in_o america_n consider_v how_o full_a of_o civil_a people_n asia_n be_v but_o they_o never_o see_v so_o much_o as_o one_o token_n or_o sign_n that_o ever_o any_o man_n of_o the_o know_a part_n of_o the_o world_n have_v be_v there_o 4_o furthermore_o it_o be_v to_o be_v think_v the_o if_o by_o reason_n of_o mountain_n or_o other_o craggy_a place_n the_o people_n neither_o of_o cataia_n or_o tartary_n can_v enter_v the_o country_n of_o america_n or_o they_o of_o america_n have_v enter_v asia_n if_o it_o be_v so_o join_v yet_o some_o one_o savage_a or_o wander_a beast_n will_v in_o so_o many_o year_n have_v pass_v into_o it_o but_o there_o have_v not_o at_o any_o time_n be_v find_v any_o of_o the_o beast_n proper_a to_o cataia_n or_o tartary_n etc_n etc_n in_o america_n nor_o of_o those_o proper_a to_o america_n in_o tartary_n cataia_n etc_n etc_n or_o any_o part_n of_o asia_n which_o thing_n prove_v america_n not_o only_o to_o be_v one_o island_n and_o in_o no_o part_n adjoin_v to_o asia_n but_o also_o that_o the_o people_n of_o those_o country_n have_v not_o have_v any_o traffyke_n with_o each_o other_o 5_o moreover_o at_o the_o jest_n some_o one_o of_o those_o painful_a traveller_n which_o of_o purpose_n have_v pass_v the_o confine_n of_o both_o country_n with_o intent_n only_o to_o discover_v will_v as_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a have_v go_v from_o the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o if_o there_o have_v be_v any_o piece_n of_o land_n or_o ismos_n to_o have_v join_v they_o together_o or_o else_o have_v declare_v some_o cause_n to_o the_o contrary_n 6_o but_o neither_o paulus_n venetus_n who_o live_v and_o dwell_v a_o long_a time_n in_o cataia_n ever_o come_v into_o america_n and_o yet_o be_v at_o the_o sea_n coast_n of_o mangia_fw-la over_o against_o it_o where_o he_o be_v embark_v and_o perform_v a_o great_a navigation_n along_o those_o sea_n neither_o yet_o verarzanus_fw-la or_o franciscus_n vasque_n de_fw-fr coronado_n who_o travel_v the_o north_n part_n of_o america_n by_o land_n ever_o find_v entry_n from_o thence_o by_o land_n to_o cataia_n or_o any_o part_n of_o asia_n 7_o also_o it_o appear_v to_o be_v
if_o notwithstanding_o such_o impossibility_n they_o may_v have_v recover_v germany_n by_o come_v from_o india_n by_o the_o southeast_n yet_o must_v they_o without_o all_o doubt_n have_v strike_v upon_o some_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n before_o their_o arrival_n there_o as_o the_o isle_n of_o madera_n portugal_n spain_n france_n england_n ireland_n etc_n etc_n which_o if_o they_o have_v do_v it_o be_v not_o credible_a that_o they_o shall_v or_o will_v have_v depart_v undiscovered_a of_o the_o inhabitant_n but_o there_o be_v never_o find_v in_o these_o day_n any_o such_o ship_n or_o man_n but_o only_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n where_o they_o have_v be_v sundry_a time_n and_o in_o sundry_a age_n cast_v a_o land_n neither_o be_v it_o like_v that_o they_o will_v have_v commit_v themselves_o again_o to_o sea_n if_o they_o have_v so_o arrive_v not_o know_v where_o they_o be_v nor_o whither_o to_o have_v go_v 5_o and_o by_o the_o southwest_a it_o be_v as_o unposble_v because_o the_o currant_n aforesaid_a south-west_n which_o come_v from_o the_o east_n strike_v with_o such_o force_n upon_o the_o fret_n of_o magellan_n and_o fall_v with_o such_o swiftness_n and_o fury_n into_o mare_n de_fw-fr sur_fw-fr that_o hardly_o any_o ship_n but_o not_o possible_a a_o canoa_n with_o such_o unskilful_a mariner_n can_v come_v into_o our_o western_a ocean_n through_o that_o fret_n from_o the_o west_n sea_n of_o america_n as_o magellans_n experience_n have_v partly_o teach_v us._n 6_o and_o further_o to_o prove_v that_o these_o people_n so_o arrive_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n be_v indian_n america_n and_o not_o inhabiter_n of_o any_o part_n either_o of_o africa_n or_o america_n it_o be_v manifest_a because_o the_o native_n both_o of_o africa_n &_o america_n neither_o have_v or_o have_v at_o this_o day_n as_o be_v report_v other_o kind_n of_o boat_n they_o such_o as_o do_v bear_v neither_o mast_n nor_o sail_n except_o only_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n and_o the_o turk_n ship_n but_o do_v carry_v themselves_o from_o place_n to_o place_n near_o the_o shore_n by_o the_o over_o only_o ¶_o to_o prove_v that_o those_o indian_n come_v not_o by_o the_o north-east_n &_o that_o there_o be_v no_o through_o navigable_a passage_n that_o way_n cap._n 6._o 1_o it_o be_v likely_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o through_o passage_n by_o the_o north-east_n whereby_o to_o go_v round_o about_o the_o world_n because_o all_o sea_n as_o aforesaid_a be_v maintain_v by_o the_o abundance_n of_o water_n wax_v more_o shallow_a and_o shelffie_a towards_o the_o end_n as_o we_o find_v it_o do_v by_o experience_n in_o mare_n glaciali_fw-la towards_o the_o east_n which_o breed_v small_a hope_n of_o any_o great_a continuance_n of_o that_o sea_n to_o be_v navigable_a towards_o the_o east_n sufficient_a to_o sail_v thereby_o round_o about_o the_o world_n corrâ—mpiâ—ur_fw-la 2_o also_o it_o stand_v scarce_o with_o reason_n that_o the_o indian_n dwell_v under_o torrida_fw-la zona_fw-la can_v endure_v the_o injury_n of_o the_o cold_a air_n about_o the_o septentrional_a latitude_n of_o 80_o degree_n under_o which_o elevation_n the_o passage_n by_o the_o north-east_n can_v be_v as_o the_o often_o experience_n have_v of_o all_o the_o south_n part_n of_o it_o shaw_v see_v that_o some_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o cold_a climate_n who_o summer_n be_v to_o they_o a_o extreme_a winter_n have_v be_v strike_v to_o death_n effectusâ—_n with_o the_o cold_a damp_n of_o the_o air_n about_o 72_o degree_n by_o a_o accidental_a mishap_n and_o yet_o the_o air_n in_o such_o like_a elevation_n be_v always_o cold_a and_o to_o cold_a for_o such_o as_o the_o indian_n be_v 3_o furthermore_o the_o pierce_a cold_a of_o the_o gross_a thick_a air_n so_o near_o the_o pole_n will_v so_o stiffen_v and_o fur_n the_o sail_n and_o ship_n tackle_v that_o no_o mariner_n can_v either_o hoist_v or_o strike_v they_o as_o our_o experience_n far_o near_o the_o south_n than_o this_o passage_n be_v presuppose_v to_o be_v have_v teach_v we_o without_o the_o use_n whereof_o no_o voyage_n can_v be_v perform_v 4_o also_o the_o air_n be_v so_o darken_a with_o continual_a mist_n and_o fog_n so_o near_o the_o pole_n that_o no_o man_n can_v well_o see_v either_o to_o guide_v his_o ship_n or_o direct_v his_o course_n 5_o also_o the_o compass_n at_o such_o elevation_n do_v very_o sudden_o vary_v which_o thing_n must_v of_o force_n have_v be_v their_o destruction_n although_o they_o have_v be_v man_n of_o much_o more_o skill_n than_o the_o indian_n be_v 6_o moreover_o all_o bay_n 〈◊〉_d and_o river_n do_v receive_v their_o increase_n upon_o the_o flood_n 〈…〉_o sensible_o to_o be_v discern_v on_o the_o one_o side_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d or_o the_o other_o as_o many_o way_n as_o they_o the_o open_a to_o any_o main_a sea_n as_o mare_n mediterraneum_n mare_fw-la rubium_fw-la sinus_n persicus_n sinus_n bodicus_n thamisis_n and_o all_o other_o know_v haven_n or_o river_n in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o world_n &_o each_o of_o they_o open_v but_o on_o one_o part_n to_o the_o main_n sea_n do_v likewise_o receive_v their_o increase_n upon_o the_o fludden_a the_o same_o way_n &_o none_o other_o which_o mare_n glacial_a do_v only_o by_o the_o west_n as_o m._n jynkinson_n affirm_v unto_o i_o and_o therefore_o it_o follow_v that_o this_o north-east_n sea_n receive_v increase_n but_o only_o from_o the_o west_n can_v possible_o open_v to_o the_o main_a ocean_n by_o the_o east_n 7_o moreover_o the_o far_a you_o pass_v into_o any_o sea_n accident_n towards_o the_o end_n of_o it_o on_o that_o part_n which_o be_v shut_v up_o from_o the_o main_n sea_n as_o in_o all_o those_o above_o mention_v the_o less_o and_o less_o the_o tide_n rise_v and_o fall_v the_o like_a whereof_o also_o happen_v in_o mare_n glacial_a which_o prove_v but_o small_a continuance_n of_o that_o sea_n towards_o the_o east_n 8_o also_o the_o far_a you_o go_v toward_o the_o east_n in_o mare_n glacial_a the_o less_o saite_z the_o water_n be_v which_o can_v not_o happen_v if_o it_o be_v open_a to_o the_o salt_n sea_n towards_o the_o east_n corrumpitur_fw-la as_o it_o be_v to_o the_o weste_n only_o see_v every_o thing_n natural_o engender_v his_o like_a &_o then_o must_v it_o be_v like_o salt_n throughout_o as_o all_o the_o sea_n be_v in_o such_o like_a climate_n and_o elevation_n and_o therefore_o it_o seem_v simile_n that_o this_o north-east_n sea_n be_v maintain_v by_o the_o river_n oby_n &_o such_o like_a fresshet_n as_o mare_fw-la goticum_fw-la &_o mare_fw-la mediterraneum_fw-la in_o the_o uppermost_a part_n thereof_o by_o the_o river_n nilê°_n danubius_n neper_n tanais_n etc_n etc_n 9_o furthermore_o if_o there_o be_v any_o such_o sea_n at_o that_o elevation_n of_o like_o it_o shall_v be_v always_o freeze_a throughout_o there_o be_v no_o tide_n to_o hinder_v it_o because_o the_o extreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o uppermost_a part_n &_o the_o extreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o bottom_n the_o sea_n there_o be_v but_o of_o small_a depth_n whereby_o the_o one_o accidental_a coldness_n do_v meet_v with_o the_o other_o and_o the_o sun_n not_o have_v their_o reflection_n so_o near_o the_o pole_n but_o at_o very_o blunt_a angle_n it_o can_v never_o be_v dissolve_v after_o it_o be_v freeze_a notwithstanding_o the_o great_a length_n of_o their_o day_n for_o that_o the_o sun_n have_v no_o heat_n at_o all_o in_o his_o light_n or_o beam_n but_o proceed_v only_o by_o a_o accidental_a reflection_n which_o there_o want_v in_o effect_n 10_o and_o yet_o if_o the_o sun_n be_v of_o sufficient_a force_n in_o that_o elevation_n to_o prevail_v against_o this_o ice_n yet_o must_v it_o be_v break_v before_o it_o can_v be_v dissolve_v which_o can_v be_v but_o through_o the_o long_a continuance_n of_o the_o sun_n above_o their_o horizon_n and_o by_o that_o time_n the_o summer_n will_v be_v so_o far_o spend_v and_o so_o great_a a_o darkness_n and_o cold_a ensue_v that_o no_o man_n can_v be_v able_a to_o endure_v so_o cold_a dark_a and_o uncomfortable_a a_o navigation_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a for_o he_o then_o and_o there_o to_o live_v 11_o further_n the_o ice_n be_v once_o break_v it_o must_v of_o force_n so_o drive_v with_o the_o wind_n and_o tide_n that_o no_o ship_n can_v sail_v in_o those_o sea_n see_v our_o â—â—shers_n of_o island_n and_o the_o new_a find_v land_n be_v subject_a to_o danger_n through_o the_o great_a island_n of_o ice_n which_o fleet_n in_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o sailor_n great_a danger_n far_o to_o the_o south_n of_o that_o presuppose_a passage_n 12_o and_o it_o can_v be_v that_o this_o north-east_n passage_n shall_v be_v any_o near_a the_o south_n than_o before_o recite_v for_o than_o it_o shall_v cut_v of_o ciremissi_n and_o turbi_n tartarij_fw-la with_o