better nor fairer For that it is rare and extraordinarie to see a Country where it neuer raines nor thunders men desire naturally to know the cause of this strangenesse The reason which some giue that haue neerly looked into it is that vpon that Coast there rise no vapours sufficient to engender raine for want of matter but onely that there bee small and light vapours which cannot breede any other then mists and deawes as wee see in Europe oftentimes vapours doe rise in the morning which are not turned into raine but into mists onely the which growes from the substance which is not grosse and sufficient enough to turne to raine They say the reason why that which happens but some times in Europe falls out continually vpon the Coast of Peru is for that this Region is very drie and yeelds no grosse vapours The drinesse is knowne by the great abundance of Sands hauing neither Wells nor Fountaines but of fifteene Sâ—ades deepe which is the height of a man or more and that is neere vnto Riuers the water whereof piercing into the Land giues them meanes to make Wells So as it hath beene found by experience that the course of Riuers being turned the Wells haue beene dried vp vntill they returned to their ordinarie course and they giue this reason for a materiall cause of this effect but they haue another efficient which is no lesse considerable and that is the great height of the Sierre which comming along the Coast shadowes the Lanos so as it suffers no winde to blow from the Land but aboue the tops of these Mountaines By meanes whereof there reignes no winde but that from the Sea which finding no opposite doth not presse nor straine forth the vapours which rise to engender raine so as the shadow of the Mountaines keepes the vapours from thickning and conuerts them all into mists There are some experiences agree with this discourse for that it raines vpon some small Hills along the Coast which are least shadowed as the Rocks of Atico and Arequipa It hath rained in some yeeres when as the Northerne or Easterly windes haue blowne yea all the time they haue continued as it happened in seuentie eight vpon the Lanos of Trugillo where it rained abundantly the which they had not seene in many ages before Moreouer it raines vpon the same Coast in places where as the Easterly or Northerne windes be ordinarie as in Guayaquil and in places where as the Land riseth much and turnes from the shadow of the Mountaines as in those that are beyond Ariqua Some discourse in this manner but let euery one thinke as he please It is most certaine that comming from the Mountaines to the Vallies they doe vsually see as it were two Heauens one cleere and bright aboue and the other obscure and as it were a gray vaile spread vnderneath which couers all the Coast and although it raine not yet this mist is wonderfull profitable to bring forth grasse and to raise vp and nourish the seed for although they haue plentie of water which they draw from the Pooles and Lakes yet this moisture from Heauen hath such a vertue that ceasing to fall vpon the Earth it breedes a great discommoditie and defect of graine and seedes And that which is more worthy of admiration the drie and barren Sands are by this deaw so beautified with grasse and flowers as it is a pleasing and agreeable sight and very profitable for the feeding of Cattell as we see in the Mountaine called Sandie neere to the Citie of Kings New Spaine passeth all other Prouinces in pasturâ—s which breedes infinite troopes of Horse Kine Sheepe and other Cattell It abounds in fruit and all kinde of graine To conclude it is a Country the best furnished and most accomplished at the Indies Yet Peru doth surpasse it in one thing which is Wine for that there growes store and good and they daily multiply and increase the which doth grow in very hot Vallies where there are waterings And although there be Vines in new Spaine yet the grape comes not to his maturitie fit to make Wine The reason is for that it raines there in Iuly and August when as the grape ripens and therefore it comes not to his perfection And if any one through curiositie would take the paines to make wine it should be like to that of Genua and Lombardie which is very small and sharpe hauing a taste like vnto Verjuyce The Ilands which they call Barlouente which bee Hispaniola Cuba Port Ricco and others thereabouts are beautified with many greene pastures and abound in Cattell as Neat and Swine which are become wilde The wealth of these Ilands bee their Sugar-workes and Hides There is much Cassia fistula and Ginger It is a thing incredible to see the multitude of these merchandizes brought in one fleete being in a manner impossible that all Europe should waste so much They likewise bring wood of an excellent qualitie and colour as Ebone and others which serue for buildings and Ioyners There is much of that wood which they call Lignum sanctum or Guage fit to cure the pox All these Ilands and others thereabouts which are many haue a goodly and pleasant aspect for that throughout the yeere they are beautified with grasse and greene trees so as they cannot discerne when it is Autumne or Summer by reason of continuall moisture ioyned to the heat of the burning Zone And although this Land bee of a great circuit yet are there few dwellings for that of it selfe it engenders great Arcabutos as they call them which be Groues or very thicke Coppises and on the Playnes there are many marishes and bogs They giue yet another notable reason why they are so smally peopled for that there haue remayned few naturall Indians through the inconsideratnesse and disorder of the first Conquerors that peopled it and therefore for the most part they vse Negros but they cost deare being very fit to till the Land There growes neither bread nor wine in these Ilands for that the too great fertilitie and the vice of the soile suffers them not to seede but casts all forth in grasse very vnequally There are no Oliue trees at the least they beare no Oliues but many greene leaues pleasant to the view which beare no fruit The bread they vse is of Caçaue whereof we shall hereafter speake There is gold in the Riuers of these Ilands which some draw forth but in small quantitie I was little lesse then a yeere in these Ilands and as it hath beene told me of the mayne Land of the Indies where I haue not beene as in Florida Nicaragua Guatimala and others it is in a manner of this temper as I haue described yet haue I not set downe euery particular of Nature in these Prouinces of the firme Land hauing no perfect knowledge thereof The Country which doth most resemble Spaine and the Regions of Europe in all the West Indies
is the Realme of Chille which is without the generall rule of these other Prouinces being seated without the burning Zone and the Tropicke of Capricorne This Land of it selfe is coole and fertile and brings forth all kindes of fruits that bee in Spaine it yeelds great abundance of bread and wine and abounds in Pastures and Cattell The aire is wholsome and cleere temperate betwixt heat and cold Winter and Summer are very distinct and there they finde great store of very fine gold Yet this Land is poore and smally peopled by reason of their continuall warre with the Auricanos and their Associates being a rough people and friends to libertie There are great coniectures that in the temperate Zone at the Antartike Pole there are great and fertile Lands but to this day they are not discouered neither doe they know any other Land in this Zone but that of Chille and some part of that Land which runnes from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope as hath beene said in the first Booke neither is it knowne if there bee any habitations in the other two Zones of the Poles and whether the Land continues and stretcheth to that which is towards the Antartike or South Pole Neither doe we know the Land that lyes beyond the Straight of Magellan for that the greatest height yet discouered is in fiftie sixe degrees as hath beene formerly said and toward the Artike or Northerne Pole it is not known how farre the Land extends which runnes beyond the Cape of Mendoçin and the Caliphornes nor the bounds and end of Florida neither yet how farre it extends to the West Of late they haue discouered a new Land which they call New Mexico where they say is much people that speake the Mexican tongue The Philippines and the following Ilands as some report that know it by experience ranne aboue nine hundred leagues But to intreat of China Cochinchina Siam and other Regions which are of the East Indies were contrarie to my purpose which is onely to discourse of the West nay they are ignorant of the greatest part of America which lyes betwixt Peru and Bresil although the bounds be knowne of all sides wherein there is diuersitie of opinions some say it is a drowned Land full of Lakes and waterie places others affirme there are great and flourishing Kingdomes imagining there be the Paytiti the Dorado and the Caesars where they say are wonderfull things I haue heard one of our companie say a man worthy of credit that he had seene great dwellings there and the wayes as much beaten as those betwixt Salamanca and Villadillit the which he did see when as Peter d'Orsua and after those that succeeded him made their entrie and discouerie by the great Riuer of Amazons who beleeuing that the Dorado which they sought was farther off cared not to inhabit there and after went both without the Dorado which they could not finde and this great Prouince which they left To speake the truth the habitations of America are to this day vnknowne except the extremities which are Peru Bresil and that part where the Land begins to straighten which is the Riuer of Siluer then Tucuman which makes the round to Chille and Charcas Of late we haue vnderstood by Letters from some of ours which goe to Saint Croix in the Sierre that they goe discouering of great Prouinces and dwellings betwixt Bresil and Peru. Time will reueile them for as at this day the care and courage of men is great to compasse the World from one part to another so we may beleeue that as they haue discouered that which is now knowne they may likewise lay open that which remaynes to the end the Gospell may bee preached to the whole World seeing the two Crownes of Portugal and Castile haue met by the East and West ioyning their discoueries together which in truth is a matter to be obserued that the one is come to China and Iapan by the East and the other to the Philippines which are neighbours and almost ioyning vnto China by the West for from the Ilands of Lusson which is the chiefe of the Philippines in the which is the Citie of Manille vnto Macaeo which is in the I le of Canton are but foure score or a hundred leagues and yet we finde it strange that notwithstanding this small distance from the one to the other yet according to their account there is a dayes difference betwixt them so as it is Sunday at Macao when as it is but Saturday at Manille and so of the rest Those of Macao and of China haue one day aduanced before the Philippines It happened to father Alonse Sanches of whom mention is made before that parting from the Philippines hee arriued at Macao the second day of May according to their computation and going to say the Masse of Saint Athanasim he found they did celebrate the feast of the Inuention of the holy Crosse for that they did then reckon the third of May. The like happened vnto him in another voyage beyond it Some haue found this alteration and diuersitie strange supposing that the fault proceedes from the one or the other the which is not so but it is a true and well obserued computation for according to the difference of wayes where they haue beene we must necessarily say that when they meet there must be difference of a day the reason is for that sayling from West to East they alwayes gaine of the day finding the Sunne rising sooner and contrariwise those that saile from East to West doe alwayes lose of the day for that the Sunne riseth later vnto them and as they approach neerer the East or the West they haue the day longer or shorter In Peru which is Westward in respect of Spaine they are aboue sixe houres behinde so as when it is noone in Spaine it is morning at Peru and when it is morning here it is mid-night there I haue made certaine proofe thereof by the computation of Eclipses of the Sunne and Moone Now that the Portugals haue made their nauigations from West to East and the Castillans from East to West when they came to ioyne and meet at the Philippines and Macao the one haue gayned twelue houres and the other hath lost as much so as at one instant and in one time they finde the difference of foure and twentie houres which is a whole day Although we finde vents of fire in other places as Mount Aetna and Vesunio which now they call Mount Soma yet is that notable which is found at the Indies Ordinarily these Volcans be Rocks or Pikes of most high Mountaines which raise themselues aboue the tops of all other Mountaines vpon their tops they haue a Playne and in the midst thereof a pit or great mouth which descends euen vnto the foote thereof a thing very terrible to behold Out of these mouthes there issues smoake and sometimes fire some cast little smoake and haue in a manner no force
rich feather They set the Royall Crowne vpon his head and anointed him as they haue beene accustomed to do to all their Kings with an Ointment they call Diâ—me being the same vnction wherewith they did anoint their Idoll Presently an Orator made an eloquent speech exhorting him to arme himselfe with courage and free them from the trauels slauerie and miserie they suffered being oppressed by the Azcapuzalcos which done all did him homage This King was not married and his Counsell held opinion that it was good to marry him with the Daughter of the King of Azcapuzalco to haue him a friend by this alliance and to obtaine some diminution of their heauie burthen of Tributes imposed vpon them and yet they feared lest he should disdaine to giue them his Daughter by reason they were his Vassals yet the King of Azcapuzalco yeelded thereunto hauing humbly required him who with courteous words gaue them his Daughter called Ayâ—nchiguall whom they led with great pompe and ioy to Mexico and performed the Ceremonie and Solemnitie of Marriage which was to tie a corner of the mans Cloake to a part of the womans Veile in signe of the band of Marriage This Queene brought forth a sonne of whose name they demanded aduice of the King of Azcapuzalco and casting Lots as they had accustomed being greatly giuen to Southsayings especially vpon the names of their children hee would haue his Grand-childe called Chimalpopoca which signifies A Target casting smoke The Queene his Daughter seeing the contentment the King of Azcupazalco had of his Grand-childe tooke occasion to intreate him to relieue the Mexicans of the heauie burthen of their Tributes seeing hee had now a Grand-childe Mexican the which the King willingly yeelded vnto by the aduice of his Counsell granting for the Tribute which they paid to bring yeerely a couple of Duckes and some fish in signe of subiection and that they dwelt in his Land The Mexicans by this meanes remained much eased and content but it lasted little For the Queene their Protectrix died soone after and the yeere following likewise Vâ—tzilouitli the King of Mexico died leauing his sonne Chimalpopâ—ca tenne yeeres old he reigned thirteene yeeres and died thirtie yeeres old or little more He was held for a good King and carefull in the seruice of his Gods whose Images hee held Kings to be and that the honour done to their God was done to the King who was his Image For this cause the Kings haue been so affectionate to the seruice of their Gods This King was carefull to winne the loue of his neighbours and to trafficke with them whereby hee augmented his Citie exercising his men in Warrelike actions in the Lake disposing them to that which he pretended as you shall see presently The Mexicans for successor to their deceased King did choose his sonne Chimalpopoca by common consent although he were a child of ten yeeres old being of opinion that it was alwayes necessary to keepe the fauour of the King of Azcapuzalco making his Grand-childe King They then set him in his Throne giuing him the Ensignes of warre with a Bow and Arrowes in one hand and a Sword with Rasors which they commonly vse in the right signifying thereby as they doe say that they pretended by Armes to fed them selues at libertie The Mexicans had great want of water that of the Lake being very thicke and muddie and therefore ill to drinke so as they caused their infant King to desire of his Grand-father the King of Azcapuzalco the water of the Mountaine of Chapultepâ—c which is from Mexico a league as is said before which they easily obtained and by their industrie made an Aquaduct of faggoes weeds and flagges by the which they brought water to their Citie But because the City was built within the Lake and the Aquaduct did crosse it it did breake forth in many places so as they could not enioy the water as they desired and had great scarcitie whereupon whether they did expresly seeke it to quarrel with the Tapanecans or that they were moued vpon small occasion in the end they sent a resolute Ambassage to the King Azcapuzalco saying they could not vse the water which he had graciously granted them and thereâ—ore they required him to prouide them wood lime and stone and to send his Workmen that by their meanes they might make a Pipe of stone and lime that should not breake This message nothing pleased the King and much lesse his subiects seeming to be too presumptuous a message and purposely insolent for Vassals to their Lord. The chiefe of the Counsell disdayning thereat said It was too bold that not content with permission to liue in anothers Land and to haue water giuen them but they would haue them goe to serue them what a matter was that And whereon presumed this fugitiue Nation shut vp in the mud They would let them know how fit they were to worke and to abate their pride in taking from them their Land and their liues In these tearmes and choller they left the King whom they did somewhat suspect by reason of his Grand-childe and consulted againe anew what they were to doe where they resolued and make a generall Proclamation that no Tapanecan should haue any commerce or traffique with any Mexican that they should not goe to their Citie nor receiue any into theirs vpon paine of death Whereby we may vnderstand that the King did not absolutely command ouer his people and that hee gouerned more like a Consull or a Duke then a King although since with their power the command of Kings increased growing absolute Tyrants as you shall see in the last Kings The King of Azcapuzalco seeing the resolution of his subiects which was to kill the Mexicans intreated them first to steale away the young King his Grand-childe and afterwards doe what they pleased to the Mexicans All in a manner yeelded hereunto to giue the King contentment and for pittie they had of the childe but two of the chiefest were much opposite inferring that it was bad counsell for that Chimalpopoca although hee were of their bloud yet was it but by the Mothers side and that the Fathers was to be preferred and therefore they concluded that the first they must kill was Chimalpopoca King of Mexico protesting so to doe The King of Azcapuzalco was so troubled with this contradiction and the resolution they had taken that soone after for very griefe he fell sicke and dyed By whose death the Tapanecans finishing their consultation committed a notable Treason for one night the young King of Mexico sleeping without guard or feare of any thing they of Azcapuzalco entred his Palace and slue him suddenly returning vnseene The morning being come when the Nobles went to salute the King as they were accustomed they found him slaine with great and cruell wounds then they cryed out and filled all their Citie with teares and transported with choller they presently fell to
may be taken by men The great Can hath in his Court two which are brethren one called Bayan the other Mingan called in the Tartar language Ciuici that is Masters of the Game whereof either hath the charge of ten thousand men they which are vnder one of them are clothed in red the other in skie-colour alway when they hunt These keepe diuers sorts of Dogs to the number of fiue thousand Mastiues and other In hunting they goe with their people one on the right and the other on the left hand of the King and they take vp so great a length of the Playne that from one end to the other is a dayes iourney so that no beast can escape them and it is great pleasure when the Can goes in the midst to see the Dogs follow Harts Beares and other kinds And these Brethren are bound by coueâ—ant from the beginning of October to the end of March to bring to the Court one thousand heads of â—easts and birds besides Quailes and fishes the best they can in great proportion The moneth of March comming in great Can departeth from the Citie of Cambalu and proceedeth North-eastward towards the Ocean distant thence two dayes iourneyes bringing with him about ten thousand Falconers who haue Falcons Hawkes Gerfalcons and other kinds of Fowles of prey fit for hawking These Falconers disperse themselues by an hundred or two hundred in a Companie and the birds that are taken for the most part are brought vnto the King who by reason of his Gout sitteth in a woodden house which two Elephants carrie couered with the skins of Lions and within hanged with cloth of Gold hauing with him for his recreation twelue choice Hawkes and twelâ—e fauoured Courtiers many Noblemen and Souldiers ride by who guard the Kings person Who when they see Phesants or Cranes or other birds flying in the aire declare it to the Falconers which are neere vnto the King and they signifying the same vnto the King vncouer the Kings House and let their Falcons and Hawkes flie and the King sitting on his Bed beholdeth the pastime of the birds Other ten thousand men also goe with the King who in that hawking â—unne hither and thither by two and two and marâ—e whither the Falcons and Hawkes flie that are cast from the fist that if need bee they may helpe them And these in the Tartars Language are called Toscaol that is to say Watch-men or Markes-men being skilfull in a certaine kind of whistle wherewith they call in the Hawkes that are flowen Nor is it needfull that the Falconer who let the Hawkes flie should follow her seeing they of whom I now speake are busily imployed in taking vp the Hawkes and are carefull that by no meanes they bee hurt or lost And euery flying Hawke carrieth a little table of siluer on her foot signed with the marke of her Master or Falconer that if shee bee lost shee may bee restored to her owner But if the marke cannot be knowne the Hawke is deliuered to a certaine Baron who for this cause is called Bulangazi to whom are brought all lost things otherwise the Finder would be counted a Thiefe and to him Losers resort to inquire of things lost He hath a most eminent place noted by his Ensigne that in so great an assembly of people he may be knowne Whiles they are thus busied in sporting and hawking they come vnto a certaine great Plaine called Caczarmodin where the Tents of the King and all the Courtiers are prepared about ten thousand in number The first and chiefe is the Cans Pauilion vnder which ten thousand Souldiers stand besides Barons and Noble-men with the doore to the South sustayned with three Pillars wrought with diuers curious and excellent carued workes and couered with the skinnes of Lions and strakes of diuers colours which keepe out rayne But within the walls of the Pauilions are couered with most costly skinnes of Armelines and Sables although in those Countries these skinnes are accounted most precious that sometimes skinnes worth two thousand Sultanines of gold are scarce sufficient for one paire of Vests The Tartars call the Sable the Queene of Furres The Cordes wherewith these Pauilions are supported are of silke There are also other Pauilions erected wherein the Wiues Sonnes and Hand-maides of the King remaine Further also the Falcons Hawkes Owles Garfalcons and other Birds which serue for Hawking haue their Tents wherein they are contayned For there is so great a multitude of Tents that to them that come thither a farre off it seemeth that a famous Citie is built there The King remayneth all March in that Plaine and taketh innumerable Beasts and infinite multitudes of Fowle For no man may else hunt in all the Prouinces of that Kingdome at the least within fiue dayes iourney one way ten another and fifteene a third way of the Cans Court nor keepe an hunting Dogge or an Hawke and specially from the beginning of March vntill the moneth of October no man is permitted to vse any deuice or engine whatsoeuer to take Stagges Deere Roe-bucks Hares lest he should hinder their breede and herevpon it is that there are such store It is incredible what multitudes of People Merchants and merchandises of all sorts are seene in Cambalu The Money of the Great Can is not made of gold or siluer or other metall but they take the middle barke from the Mulberrie Tree and this they make firme and cut it into diuers and round pieces great and little and imprint the Kings marke thereon Of this matter therefore the Emperour causeth an huge masse of money to bee made in the Citie of Cambalu which sufficeth for the whole Empire and no man vnder paine of death may lawfully coine any other or spend any other money or refuse it in all his Kingdomes and Countries Nor any comming from another Kingdome dare spend any other money in the Empire of Great Can. Whereby it commeth to passe that Merchants often comming from farre remote Countries and Regions vnto the Citie of Cambalu bring with them gold siluer pearle and precious stones and receiue the Kings money for them And because this money is not receiued in their Countries they change it againe in the Empire of Great Can for merchandise which they carrie away with them He also payeth stipends to his Officers and Armies of the mentioned money and lastly whatsoeuer thing he needeth in his Court he buyeth with this money Wherefore there is not a King to be found in the World who exceedeth him in Treasure not expended on the Mint as elsewhere The Great Can hath twelue Barons as is said before which are his Counsell of Warre and dispose of martiall affaires and the exalting or disgracing of Captaines and Souldiers Their office is called Thai that is The high Court because they haue none aboue them but the Can. Other twelue Barons are appointed Counsellors for the foure and
Russia as was sayd before as Waxe Tallow Hides Flax Hempe c. grow and goe abroad in farre lesse plentie then they were wont to doe because the people being oppressed and spoyled of their gettings are discouraged from their labours Yet this one thing is much to bee noted that in all this oppression there were three brethren Merchants of late that traded together with one Stocke in common that were found to bee worth 300000. Rubbels in money besides Lands Cattels and other Commodities Which may partly be imputed to their dwellings farre off from the eye of the Court viz. in Wichida one thousand miles from Mosko and more The same are sayd by those that knew them to haue set on worke all the yeere long ten thousand men in making of Salt carriages by Cart and Boat hewing of Wood and such like besides fiue thousand Bond-slaues at the least to inhabite and till their Land They had also their Physitians Surgeons Apothecaries and all manner of Artificers of Doutches and others belonging vnto them They are sayd to haue payed to the Emperour for Custome to the summe of three and twentie thousand Rubbels a yeere for which cause they were suffered to enioy their Trade besides the maintayning of certayne Garrisons on the borders of Siberia which were neare vnto them Wherein the Emperour was content to vse their purse till such time as they had got ground in Siberia and made it habitable by burning and cutting downe Woods from Wichida to Perm aboue one thousand verst and then tooke it all away from them perforce But this in the end being enuyed and disdayned as a matter not standing with their policie to haue any so great specially a Mousick the Emperour began first to pull from them by pieces sometimes twentie thousand Rubbels at a time sometime more till in the end their Sonnes that now are are well eased of their Stocke and haue but small part of their Fathers substance the rest being drawne all into the Emperours treasurie Their names were Iacone Gregorie and Simon the Sonnes of Oâ—â—ka For the qualitie of their people otherwise though there seemeth to bee in there some aptnesse to receiue any Art as appeareth by the naturall wits in the men and very children yet they excell in no kinde of common Art much lesse in any learning or literall kinde of knowledge which they are kept from of purpose as they are also from all military practice that they may bee fitter for the seruile condition wherein now they are and haue neither reason nor valour to attempt innouation For this purpose also they are kept from trauelling that they may learne nothing nor see the fashions of other Countries abroad You shall seldome see a Russe a traueller except hee bee with some Embassadour or that hee make an escape out of his Countrey Which hardly he can doe by reason of the borders that are watched so narrowly and the punishment for any such attempt which is death if hee bee taken and all his goods confiscate Onely they learne to write and to read and that very few of them Neither doe they suffer any stranger willingly to come into their Realme out of any ciuill Countrie for the same cause farther then necessitie of vttering their commodities and taking in of forreine doth enforce them to doe And therefore this yeere 1589. they consulted about the remouing of all Merchants strangers to the border Townes to abide and haue their residencie there and to bee more wary in admitting other strangers heereafter into the Inland parts of the Realme For the same purpose also they are kept within the bounds of their degree by the Lawes of their Countrey so that the sonne of a Mousick Artificer or Husbandman is euer a Mousick Artificer c. and hath no meanes to aspire any higher except hauing learned to write and reade hee attayne to the preferment of a Priest or Dyack Their Language is all one with the Slauonian which is thought to haue beene deriued from the Russe Tongue rather then the Russe from the Slauonian For the People called Sclaui are knowne to haue had their beginning out of Sarmatia and to haue tearmed themselues of their Conquest Sclauos that is Famous or Glorious of the word Sclaua which in the Russe and Slauonian Tongue signifieth as much as Glorie or Fame Though afterwards being subdued and trod vpon by diuers Nations the Italians their Neighbours haue turned the word to a contrary signification and terme euery Seruant or Peasant by the name of Sclaue as did the Romanes by the Getes and Syrians for the same reason The Russe Character or Letter is no other then the Greekâ— somewhat distorted Concerning their Trades Diet apparell and such like it is to be noted in a seuerall Chapter of their priuate behauiour This order that bindeth euery man to keepe his ranke and seuerall degree wherein his fore-fathers liued before him is more meet to keepe the Subiects in a seruile subiection and so apt for this and like Commonwealths then to aduance any vertue or to breed any rare or excellent qualitie in Nobilitie or Commons as hauing no further reward nor preferment whereunto they may bend their endeauours and employ themselues to aduance their estate but rather procuring more danger to themselues the more they excell in any noble oâ— principall qualitie THeir Courts of Ciuill Iustice for matters of Contract and other of like sort are of three kinds the one being subiect vnto the other by way of appeale The lowest Court that seemeth to be appointed for some ease to the Subiects is the Office of the Gubnoy Starust that signifieth an Alderman and of the Sotskoy Starust or Bayliffe of the Soake or Hundred whereof I spake before in the ordering of the Prouinces These may end matters among their neighbours within their Soake or seuerall Hundred where they are appointed vnder the Dukes and Dyacks of the Prouinces to whom the parties may remoue their matter if they cannot be agreed by the said Gubnoy or Sotskoy Starust The second is kept in the head Townes of euery Prouince or Shire by the said Dukes and Dyacks that are Deputies to the foure Lords of the Chetfirds as before was said From these Courts they may appeale and remoue their Suits to the chiefe Court that is kept at the Mosko where are resident the Officers of the foure Chetfirds These are the chiefe Iustices or Iudges euery of them in all Ciuill matters that grow within their seuerall Chetfird or Quarter and may be either commenced originally before them or prosecuted out of the inferiour Courts of the Shires by way of appeale Their commencing and proceeding in Ciuill actions is on this manner First the Plaintife putteth vp his Supplication wherein he declareth the effect of his Cause or wrong done vnto him Whereupon is granted vnto him a Wepis or Warrant which he deliuereth to the Prastaue or Sergeant to doe the arrest vpon
from out of the Ocean which in those parts is very great and spacious and hauing drawne vnto it this great abundance of vapours doth suddenly dissolue them into raine and it is approued by many tried experiences that the raine and great stormes from Heauen proceed from the violent heate of the Sunne first as we haue said before it raines in those Countries when as the Sunne casts his beames directly vpon the earth at which time he hath most force but when the Sunne retires the heate is moderate and then there falls no raine whereby wee may conclude that the force and heate of the Sunne is the cause of raine in those Countries Moreouer we obserue both in Peru new Spaine and in all the burning Zone that the raine doth vsually fal in the afternoone when as the Sunne beames are in their greatest force being strange to see it raine in the morning And therefore Trauellers foreseeing it begin their iourneys early that they may end and rest before noone for they hold that commonly it raines after noone Such as haue frequented and trauelled those Countries can sufficiently speake thereof And there are that hauing made some abode there say that the greatest abundance of raine is when the Moone is at the full but to say the truth I could neuer make sufficient proofe thereof although I haue obserued it Moreouer the dayes the yeere and the moneths shew the truth hereof that the violent heaâ—e of the Sunne causeth the raine in the burning Zone experience teacheth vs the like in artificiall things as in a Limbecke wherein they draw waters from herbs and flowers for the vehemency of the fire forceth and driueth vp an abundance of vapours which being pressed and finding no issue are conuerted into liquor and water The like wee see in gold and siluer which we refine with quick-siluer the fire being small and slow we draw out almost nothing of the quick-siluer but if it be quick and violent it doth greatly euaporate the quick-siluer which encountring the head aboue doth presently turne into liquor and begins to drop downe Euen so the violent heate of the Sunne produceth these two effects when it findes matter disposed that is to draw vp the vapours on high and to dissolue them presently and turne them into raine when there is any obstacle to consume them And although these things seeme contrarie that one Sunne within the burning Zone being neere should cause raine and without the Zone afarre off should breed the like effect so it is that all well considered there is no contrarietie A thousand effects in naturall causes proceed of contrarie things by diuers meanes we drie linnen by the fire and in the aire and yet the one heats and the other cooles Pastures are dried and hardened by the Sunne and with the Frost moderate exercise prouokes sleepe being too violent it hindereth if you lay no wood on the fire it dyeth if you lay on too much it likewise quencheth for the onely proportion entertaines and makes it to continue To well discerne a thing it must not be too neere the eye nor too farre off but in a reasonable distance proportionable being too farre off from any thing we lose the sight and too neere likewise we cannot see it If the Sunne beams be weake they draw vp no fogge from the Riuers if they be violent hauing drawne vp the vapours they presently dissolue and consume them but if the heat be moderate it drawes vp and preserues it for this reason the vapours rise not commonly in the night nor at noone but in the morning when as the Sunne begins to enter into his force There are a thousand examples of naturall causes vpon this subiect which wee see doe often grow from contrarie things whereby we must not wonder if the Sunne being neere engenders raine and being farre off works the like effect but being of a moderate and proportionable distance causeth none at all Yet there remaines one doubt why the neernesse of the Sunne causeth the raine vnder the burning Zone and without when it is farthest off In my opinion the reason is that in Winter without the Tropicks the Sunne hath not force sâ—fficient to consume the vapours which rise from the Land and Sea for these vapours grow in great abundance in the cold Region of the aire where they are congealed and thickned by the extremitie of the cold and after being pressed they dissolue and turne into water Therefore in Winter when the Sunne is farthest off the dayes short and the nights long his heat hath small force but when the Sunne approcheth which is in the Summer time his force is such as it drawes vp the vapours and suddenly consumes and disperseth them for the heat and the length of the dayes grow through the neernesse of the Sunne But within the Tropicks vnder the burning Zone the farre distance of the Sunne workes the same effects that the neernesse doth without the Tropicks by reason whereof it raines no more vnder the burning Zone when the Sunne is farre off then without the Tropicks when it is neerest for that in this approching and retyring the Sunne remayns alwayes in one distance whence proceedes this effect of cleernesse But when the Sunne is in the period of his force in the burning Zone and that he cast his beames directly vpon the Inhabitants heads there is neither cleernesse nor drynesse as it seemes there should be but rather great and strange showers for that by this violent heat he drawes vp suddenly a great abundance of vapours from the Earth and Ocean which are so thicke as the winde not able easily to disperse them they melt into water which breedeth the cold raine in so great abundance for the excessiue heat may soone draw vp many vapours the which are not so soone dissolued and being gathered together through their great abundance they melt and dissolue into water The which wee may easily discerne by this familiar example roast a piece of Porke Mutton or Veale if the fire be violent and the meate neere wee see the fat melts suddenly and drops away the reason is that the violent heat drawes forth the humour and fat from the meat and being in great abundance cannot dissolue it and so it distils more away But when the fire is moderate and the meat in an equall distance wee see that it roasts handsomly and the fat drops not too suddenly for that the moderate heat drawes out the moistnesse which it consumes suddenly And therefore Cookes make a moderate fire and lay not their meate too neere nor too farre off lest it melt away The like may bee seene in anoother experience in candles of tallow or waxe if the wike bee great it melts the tallow or the waxe for that the heat cannot consume the moistnesse which riseth but if the flame bee proportionable the wax melts nor drops not for that the flame doth waste it by little and little as it riseth But this is
not to hinder the exceptions which Nature hath giuen to this Rule making some Regions of the burning Zone extremely drie The which is reported of Ethiopia and wee haue seene it in a great part of Peru where all that Land or Coast which they call Playnes wants raine yea land waters except some Vallies where Riuers fall from the Mountaines the rest is a sandie and barren soile where you shall hardly finde any Springs but some deepe Wells But with the helpe of God we will shew the reason why it rayneth not in these Playnes the which many demand for now I onely pretend to shew that there are many exceptions to naturall Rules whereby it may happen that in some part of the burning Zone it raines not when the Sunne is neerest but being farthest off although vnto this day I haue neither seene nor heard of it but if it be so we must attribute it to the particular qualitie of the Earth and also if sometimes the contrarie doth chance we must haue regard that in naturall things there happens many contrarieties and lets whereby they change and dissolue one another For example it may be the Sunne will cause raine and that the windes will hinder it or else cause more abundance then hath beene vsuall When I passed to the Indies I will tell what chanced vnto mee hauing read what Poets and Philosophers write of the burning Zone I perswaded my selfe that comming to the Equinoctiall I should not indure the violent heate but it fell out otherwise for when I passed which was when the Sunne was there for Zenith being entred into Aries in the moneth of March I felt so great cold as I was forced to goe into the Sunne to warme me what could I else doe then but laugh at Aristotles Meteors and his philosophie seeing that in that place and at that season when as all should be scortched with heat according to his rules I and all my companions were a cold In truth there is no Region in the world more pleasant and temperate then vnder the Equinoctiall although it be not in all parts of an equall temperature but haue great diuersities The burning Zone in some parts is very temperate as in Quitto and on the playnes of Peru in some parts very cold as at Potozi and in some very hot as in Ethiopia Bresil and the Molucques This diuersitie being knowne and certaine vnto vs wee must of force seeke out another cause of cold and heat then the Sunne beames seeing that in one season of the yeere and in places of one height and distance from the Pole and Equinoctiall we finde so great diuersitie that some are inuironed with heat some with cold and others tempered with a moderate heat Considering this matter generally I finde two generall causes which maketh this Region temperate the one is that before mentioned for that this Region is very moist and subiect to raine and there is no doubt but the raine doth refresh it for that the water is by nature cold and although by the force of the fire it be made hot yet doth it temper this heat proceeding onely from the Sunne beames The which wee see by experience in the inner Arabia the which is burnt with the Sunne hauing no showres to temper the violence thereof The cloudes and mists are the cause that the Sunne offends not so much and the showres that fall from them refresh both the Aire and the Earth and moisten likewise how hot soeuer it be They drinke raine water and it quencheth the thirst as our men haue well tried hauing no other to drinke So as reason and experience doth teach vs that raine of it selfe doth temper the heat and hauing by this meanes shewed that the burning Zone is much subiect vnto raine it appeares that there is matter in it to temper the violence of the heat To this I will adde an other reason which deserues to be knowne not onely for this matter but for many others for although the Sunne be very hot and burning vnder the Equinoctiall yet is it not long so as the heat of the day being there shorter and of lesse continuance it causeth not so violent a heate the which it behooues to specifie more particularly Such as are practised in the knowledge of the Spheare teach very well that the more the Zodiake is oblique and trauersing our Hemisphere the more vnequall are the dayes and nights and contrariwise where the Spheare is straight and the signes mount directly there the dayes and nights are equall And therefore in all that Region which is betweene the two Tropicks there is lesse inequalitie then without them and the more wee approch the Line the lesse inequalitie we finde the which wee haue tried in those parts Those of Quitto for that they are vnder the Line haue not throughout the whole yeere the dayes and nights more short at one season then at an other but are continually equall Those of Lima being distant almost twelue degrees finde some difference betwixt the dayes and the nights but very little for that in December and Ianuarie the dayes increase an houre or little lesse Those of Potozi finde much more difference both in Winter and in Summer being almost vnder the Tropicke But those that liue without the Tropicks finde the dayes in Winter shorter and in Summer longer the more remote they are from the Equinoctiall and come neere the Pole as wee see in Germanie and in England the dayes are longer in Summer then in Italie and in Spaine It is a thing which the Spheare doth teach and experience doth plainly shew vs. Wee must adde an other Proposition which is likewise true and very considerable for all the effects of Nature to vnderstand the perseuerance and continuation of the efficient cause to worke and mooue This presupposed if any one demand of me why vnder the Equinoctiall Line the heat is not so violent in Summer as in some other Regions as in Andelousia in the moneths of Iuly and August I will answere that in Andelousia the dayes are longer and the nights shorter and as the day being hot inflames and causeth heat so the nights being cold and moist giue a refreshing According to the which at Peru there is no such great heat for that the dayes in Summer are not long nor the nights short so as the heat of the day is much tempered by the freshnesse of the night Being a thing concluded that the two fore-named properties are common and vniuersall to all the Region of the burning Zone and yet in the same there are found some places very hot and other exceeding cold Also that the temperature is not there equall in all places but vnder one climate one part is hot another cold and the third temperate all at one season wee are forced to seeke out other reasons whence this great diuersitie should proceede in the burning Zone Discoursing therefore vpon this question I doe finde
there went a ship from Calloa in Lima to the Philippines which sayled two thousand and seuen hundred leagues without sight of Land and the first it discouered was the Iland of Lusson where they tooke Port hauing performed their voyage in two moneths without want of winde or any torment and their course was almost continually vnder the Line for that from Lima which is twelue degrees to the South he came to Manilla which is as much to the North. The like good fortune had Aluaro de Mandana when as he went to discouer the Ilands of Solomon for that he had alwayes a full gale vntill he came within view of these Ilands the which must bee distant from that place of Peru from whence hee parted about a thousand leagues hauing runne their course alwayes in one height to the South The returne is like vnto the voyage from the Indies vnto Spaine for those which returne from the Philippines or China to Mexico to the end they may recouer the western windes they mount a great height vntill they come right against the Ilands of Iapon and discouering the Caliphornes they returne by the coast of new Spaine to the Port of Acapulco from whence they parted So as it is proued likewise by this Nauigation that they saile easily from East to West within the Tropicks for that their Easterly windes doe raine but returning from West to East they must seeke the Westerne windes without the Tropicks in the height of seuen and twentie degrees The Portugals proue the like in their Nauigations to the East Indies although it be in a contrarie course Let vs now speake of that which toucheth the Question propounded what should be the reason why vnder the burning Zone we saile easily from East to West and not contrarie wherein we must presuppose two certaine grounds The one is that the motion of the first Moouer which they call Diurnall not onely drawes and mooues with him the celestiall Spheares which are inferiour vnto him as wee see daily in the Sunne the Moone and the Starres but also the Elements doe participate of this motion insomuch as they are not hindered The Earth is not mooued by reason of her heauinesse which makes it immoueable being farre from this first motor The Element of water mooues not likewise with this Diurnall motion for that it is vnited to the Earth and make one spheare so as the Earth keeps it from all circular motion But the other two Elements of Fire and Aire are more subtill and neerer the heauenly Regions so as they participate of their motion and are driuen about circularly as the same celestiall bodies As for the Fire without doubt it hath his spheare as Aristotle and other Philosophers haue held but for the Aire which is no point of our subiect it is most certaine that it mooues with a motion Diurnall which is from East to West which wee see plainly in Comets that mooue from the East vnto the West mounting descending and finally turning in the hemispheare in the same sort as the Starres moue in the firmament for otherwise these Comets being in the region and sphere of the ayre whereas they ingender appeares consum'd It should be impossible for them to moue circularly as they doe if the element of the aire doth not moue with the same motion that the first motor doth For these elements being of a burning substance by reason they should be fixt without mouing circularly if the sphere where they are did not moue if it be not as we faine that some Angell or intellectuall Spirit doth walke with the Comet guiding it circularly In the yeare 1577. appeared that wonderfull Comet in forme like vnto a feather from the horizon almost to the middest of heauen and continued from the first of Nouember vntill the eight of December I say from the first of Nouember for although in Spaine it was noated but the ninth of Nouember according to the testimonie of Writers of that time yet at Peru where I was then I remember well we did see it and obserue it eight dayes before and all the time after Touching the cause of this diuersitie some may delate vpon it particularly I will onely shew that during those fortie dayes which it continued wee all obserued both such as were in Spaine and we that liued then at the Indies that it moued daily with an vniuersall motion from East to West as the Moone and other Planets whereby it appeares that the sphere of the aire being its Region the element it selfe must of necessitie moue after the same sort We noted also that besides this vniuersall motion it had another particular by which it moued with the planets from West to East for euery night it turned more Eastward like vnto the Moone Sunne and Planets of Venus We did also obserue a third particular motion whereby it moued from the Zodiacke towards the North for after some nights it was found neerer vnto the Septentrionall signes And it may be this was the reason why the great Comet was sooner seene by those that were Southerly as at Peru and later discouered by them of Europe for by this third motion as I haue said it approached neerer the Northerne Regions Yet euery one may well obserue the differences of this motion so as we may well perceiue that many and sundry celestiall bodies giue their impressions to the sphere of the ayre In like sort it is most certaine that the ayre moues with the circular motion of the heauen from East to West which is the first ground before mentioned The second is no lesse certaine which is that the motion of the ayre in those parts that are vnder the Line or neere vnto it is very swift and light the more it approacheth to the Equinoctiall but the farther off it is from the Line approaching neere the Poles the more slow and heauie this motion is The reason hereof is manifest for that the mouing of the celestiall bodies being the efficient cause of the mouing of the ayre it must of necessitie be more quicke and light where the celestiall bodies haue their swiftest motion Alonso Sanches was of opinion that this motion of the ayre was not a winde but the ayre moued by the Sunne This is learnedly spoken yet can wee not deny it to be a winde seeing there are vapours and exhalations of the Sea and that we sometimes see the Brise or Easterly windes stronger sometimes more weake and placed in that sort as sometimes they can hardly carry all their sayles We must then know and it is true that the ayre moued draweth vnto it the vapours it findes for that the force is great and findes no resistance by reason whereof the Easterne and Westerne windes are continual and in a manner alwayes alike in those parts which are neere the Line and almost vnder all the burning Zone which is the course the Sun followes betwixt the two circles of Cancer and Capricorne
fiue or ten dayes together before any of their great Feasts and they were vnto them as our foure Ember weekes they were so strict in continence that some of them not to fall into any sensualitie slit their members in the midst and did a thousand things to make themselues vnable lest they should offend their gods They drunke no Wine and slept little for that the greatest part of their exercises were by night committing great cruelties and martyring themselues for the Deuill and all to bee reputed great fasters and penitents They did vse to discipline themselues with cords full of knots and not they onely but the people also vsed this punishment and whipping in the procession and feast they made to the Idoll Tezcalipuca the which as I haue said before is the god of penance for then they all carried in their hands new cordes of the threed of Manguey a fadome long with a knot at the end and wherewish they whipped themselues giuing great lashes ouer their shoulders The Priests did fast fiue dayes before this Feast eating but once a day and they liued apart from their wiues not going out of the Temple during those fiue dayes they did whip themselues rigorously in the manner aforesaid In Peru to solemnize the feast of the Yta which was great all the people fasted two dayes during the which they did not accompanie with their Wiues neither did they eate any meate with Salt or Garleeke nor drinke Chica They did much vse this kinde of fasting for some sins and did penance whipping themselues with sharpe stinging Netâ—les and often they strooke themselues ouer the shoulders with certayne stones This blind Nation by the perswasion of the Deuill did transport themselues into craggie Mountaynes where sometimes they sacrificed themselues casting themselues downe from some high Rocke Wee may draw all the Sacrifices the Infidels vse into three kindes one of insensible things another of beasts and the third of men They did vse in Peru to sacrifice Coca which is an hearbe they esteeme much of Mays which is their Wheate of coloured feathers and of Chaquira which otherwise they call Mollo of shels or Oysters and sometime Gold and Siluer being in figures of little beasts Also of the fine stuffe of Cumbi of carued and sweet wood and most commonly Tallow burnt They made these Offerings or Sacrifices for a prosperous winde and faire weather or for their health and to be deliuered from some dangers and mishaps Of the second kind their ordinary Sacrifice was of Cuyes which are small beasts like Rabbets the which the Indians eate commonly And in matters of importance or when they were rich men they did offer Pacos or Indian sheepe bare or with Wooll obseruing curiously the numbers colours and times The manner of killing their Sacrifices great or small which the Indians did vse according to their ancient Ceremonies is the same the Moores vse at this day the which they call Alqulble hanging the beast by the right fore-legge turning his eyes towards the Sunne speaking certayne words according to the qualitie of the Sacrifice they slue for if it were of colour their words were directed to Chuquilla and to the Thunder that they might want no water if it were white and smoothe they did offer it to the Sunne with certaine words if it had a fleece they did likewise offer it him with some others that he might shine vpon them and fauour their generation If it were a Guanaco which is gray they directed their sacrifice to Viracocha In Cusco they did euery yeere kill and sacrifice with this Ceremony a shorne sheepe to the Sunne and did burne it clad in a red Waste-coate and when they did burne it they cast certayne small baskets of Coca into the fire which they call Vilcaronca for which Sacrifice they haue both men and beasts appointed which serue to no other vse They did likewise sacrifice small Birds although it were not so vsuall in Peru as in Mexico where the sacrificing of Quailes was very ordinary Those of Peru did sacrifice the Birds of Puna for so they call the Desart when they should goe to the Warres for to weaken the forces of their aduersaries Guacas They called these Sacrifices Cuzcouicca or Conteuicca or Huallauicca or Sophauicca and they did it in this manner they tooke many kinds of small Birds of the Desart and gathered a great deale of a thorny wood which they call Yanlli the which beeing kindled they gathered together these small Birds This assembly they called Quico then did they cast them into the fire about the which the Officers of the Sacrifice went with certayne round stones carued whereon were painted many Snakes Lions Toades and Tygres vttering this word Vsachum which signifies Let the victorie be giuen vnto vs with other words whereby they sayd the forces of their enemies Guacas were confounded And they drew forth certayne blacke sheepe which had beene kept close some dayes without meate the which they called Vrca and in killing them they spake these words As the hearts of these beasts bee weakened so let our enemies be weakned And if they found in these sheepe that a certayne piece of flesh behind the hear were not consumed by fasting and close keeping they then held it for an ill Augure They brought certayne blacke Dogges which they call Appuros and slue them casting them into a Playne with certayne Ceremonies causing some kinde of men to eate this flesh the which Sacrifices they did lest the Ingua should bee hurt by poyson and for this cause they fasted from morning vntill the starres were vp and then they did glut and defile themselues like to the Moores This Sacrifice was most fit for them to withstand their enemies Gods and although at this day a great part of these customes haue ceased the warres being ended yet remaynes there some Relikes by reason of the priuate or generall quarrels of the Indians or the Caciques or in their Cities They did likewise offer and sacrifice shels of the Sea which they call Mollo and they offered them to the Fountaynes and Springs saying that these shels were daughters of the Sea the mother of all waters They gaue vnto these shels sundry names according to the colour and also they vse them to diuers ends They vsed them in a manner in all kinde of Sacrifices and yet to this day they put beaten shels in their Chica for a superstition Finally they thought it conuenient to offer Sacrifices of euery thing they did sow or raise vp There were Indians appointed to doe these Sacrifices to the Fountayne Springs and Riuers which passed through the Townes or by the their Charcas which are their Farmes which they did after Seed time that they might not cease running but alwayes water their grounds The Sorcerers did conjure to know what time the Sacrifices should be made which beeing ended they did gather of the contribution of the people what should
carried a Gossipping 300 Presents the fashion of sending them 374.20 Prester Iohn of Asia 404.50 Presbiter Iohns Countrey in Cathay the black or Kara-Cathaya 56.50 But falsely and as little true as these tales of him in Aethiopia ibid. in marg Prester Iohn of Tartary or Vâ—chan 77.40 Presbyter Iohn in Tartarie 14.60.22.50 Prester Iohn of Tartarie tributarie to the Successours of Chingis Chan 80.20 His successours name is George he is a Christian Priest 80.20 Primum Mobile a Phylosophicall discourse of it 924.50 c. Prince Charles his Iland the Latitude 722 Princes of the Blood how vsed in China 391.1 Their number c. 396.30 Princes of the Blood restrained in China 208. They onely are styled Lords ibid. Prince dying no man lyes in his Lodgings a long while after in Russia 750.30 Prince of Russia his State and habite 748.60 750.1 Princes venerated as Gods by the Tartars 639 Printing in China 340.10 Printing the fashion in China 370.40.50 Printing white Letters ibid. Printing brought into Russia 447.40 The Printing house burnt ibid. Printing first carried into Island 645.10 Prinâ—ing 500. yeares old in China 382.60 The manner of it ibid. 383.1 10 Priâ—ma or a Triangular Glasse admired in China 321.50 Prisma dearely prized 343.30 Prison a gallant one 273.30 Probar missur Prolacussur Praissur Praput praâ—ur metri the Bâ—amenes Gods 166.40 Processions solemnely vsed by the Mexicans 1046.1047 Processions vnto the Court of Mangu-Chan c. 31.20 Processions in China 406.10 Prodigies before the ruine of the Mexican Empire by the Spaniards 1020.1021.1 Proclamations the Empresse of Russia sâ—ts out in her owne name 422.20 Proper name for a man to speake in is the lowest complement in China 391 Prophecying legends their effects 1021.60 Prophets not read in the Russian Church 452 Prucheni a people 62.1 Prussiâ— how diuided betwixt the Pole the Dutch Knights 627. c. Prut or Hieras a Riâ—er of Moldaâ—â—a 633.1 Pruteni Curlandi Liuonij Estonij Semigalli Leuconij all Pagans 54.20 Prutum Techina a Fort of the Turkes in Walachia 633.1 Psnytha 416.1 Puddings of Horse-flesh eaten by Tartars 5.10 Pulisangan a Riuer in Tartary 89.1 Pullo Quiâ—im 256 Pullo Hinhor 259 Pullo Cambim a Riuer where 253 30 Pullo Champeiloo an Iland 254 20 Pumice-stones built withall 651 40 Pumps for ships that goe with the feet 176.10 Punaâ— Mountayne in the West Indies the Ayre of it kils Passengers 926.10 Punnus inhabits Island and giues them Lawes 520.50 Purse not iniustice quarrelled against 435.10 Purgatory Mountaine of the West Indians 1120.50 The description 1123.40 Purgatory a resemblance of it in China 398.1 Pustozera the way from thence to Colmogro by Sea 545.546 By land 547 Pustoreza the Towne vpon the Riuer of Pechora in Russia 533 20. Neâ—re Russia but not in it 543.60 The altitude 544 Pyramides couered with Gold 93 60 Pyramide of fire seene at Mexico 1020 Q QVabacondono vsurpes in Iapon 323.50 What his name signifies 324.20.325.30 Made to cut out his owne bowels 325.40 Quangeparu a City 255.30 Quansy taken by the Tartars 278.1 Quaon the Iaponian God 323.60 Christian Festiuals vsed to him 324.1 Quarrels in China 370.10 Soone ended in China 344.40 Quass drinke in Muscouia 218.10 228. How made 459.1 Quayles sacrificed in Mexico 1047 50 Queene of France stirres her Sonne against the Tartars 61.20 Queene of Heauen in China 274 30 Queenzanfu the City the Commodâ—ties there 89.50 Quetzalcoalt the Mexicans God of riches honoured by the Merchants 1048. His Festiuall Ceremonies 1049 Quian the great Riuer 90.10 Quicksiluer Mynes the manner of them How it growes and is gotten c. 894.10 20. Where 269.10 Quicksiluer refines that Metall which fier cannot 944.10 947 40. A Philosophicall Discourse of Quicksiluer 947.648 All Metals but Gold swimme in it its sympathy with Gold refining with it vnknowne to the Ancients it is the poyson of all Metals but Gold and Siluer strange properties of it Places where it is found 948. Found in Vermilion 948. How the Mynes were first discouered Richnesse of one Myne how it is drawne out of the Myne 949. The danger in melting it melted with Straw kept best in Leather manner of refining with it how after refining it is separated from Siluer 950 Quinquagesima Sunday is the second Lent time to all the people of the East 34.20 Quinsay called Nanquin described 338. Not comparable to the Europaean buildings the chiefe of China how fortified ibid. Two dayes iourney about ibid. Quinsay described 162.20 The King why hee comes thither but once in ten yeares 162.60 Quinsay a discussion whither it bee Hamceu or no 409.50 The tribute it payes 100.50 Quinsay is the City of Heauen 97 50. Described 98.1 10 20 c. The Citizens described 98.60 Their riches and vnitie 99.1 20. The gouernment of it 99.40 50. It hath a Garrison of 30000. 100.1 Quippos or Registers of Peru made of knots 1053.20 Quitasol what in Chinese 306 10 Quitirâ—an the Kingdome 253.30 Quito in the West Indies the Iurisdiction and extent Gouernments vnder it vnder the Aequinoctiall the Ayre Seasons and Townes 887.40 50. Townes vnder it Heards of Cattle Râ—ine wondred at Ports their latitude high wayes admirable Riuers and how the Indians passe them 888. Emeralds Ports Iles Points Tales of Giants 889 Quiuira false placed in the Maps 849.1 Quixoâ— and Canela Prouince in the West Indies the Spanish Townes in it the soyle c. 891 50 Quoaman where 256.40 Siluer there Quoo is Yes in Chinese 187.1 Quocum the Nobility of China 346.50 R R the Chinois cannot pronounce they call the Tartars Tatos 170.20 319.20 Racke the Indian word for drinke of Rice 27.50 in marg Rambos a Fish that cleaâ—es to the Sharkes their description 930.931.1 Ramels Foord in Groneland the Latitude and variation there 833.20 Ramusius taxed and defended 856 Rapes our word of Politiâ— the Etymon 664.30 666.10.50 667 Rasors flung vpon Darts by the Mexicans the danger of the weapon 1023.60 Vsed by them iâ— Sacrifices 1035.40 Rauens as out of Noahs Arke sent out of a Ship to discouer Land 654.50 Island called Rafnafloke of those Rauens 655.10 Raw Fish the Gronelander food 836.20 Rawe meate serued in in China 298.40 Raine the Chinois fable of it 274.30 Iâ— is Gods Almes ibid. Raine where seldome or neâ—er 898.50 Raine the â—ricke in Peru to keepe it off or to procure it 1045.6 1046.10.20 Rogations for it 1047.20 Raine nor Hayle where it neuer does 881. Occasioned by the Mountaines 892.30 And where it does continually ibid. Raine very scalding hote 198.40 Raines the reason of much or little vnder the Aequinoctiall Torride Zone within or without the Tropickes 918.40 Why vnder the Torride Zone in the Afternoones and at the full Moone some Phylosophicall discourses about these 918.40.50.60 c. Raine when most heate vnder the Torride Zone 919.40 They allay heate vnder the Torride Zone 921.1 Raining of Fleas Frogges c. the reason 922.30 Where caused by Northerâ—â—
Shewing the reason why the Sunne without the Tropicks causeth greatest quantitie of waters when it is farthest off and contrariwise within them it breedeth most when it is neerest l. 2. chap. 7. Exceptions to generall rules The Authors experience Various and diuersified tempers of the Torrid Zone Causes of temperatenâ—sse vnder the Line and within the Tropicks Second cause That there bee other reasons besides the former mentioned which shew that the burning Zone is temperate especially alongst the Ocean Chap. 11. Arist. 〈◊〉 Dionys. c. 15. 〈◊〉 câ—â—l â—ierar That the cold windes bee the principal cause to make the burning Zone temperate Chap. 13. It is noted by trauellers that there is a hot winde sometimes neere to Balsara and Ormus which swalloweth mens breath and suddenly kils them Linschoten obserue at Goa the wind to blow twelue houres from the Sea and other twelue constantly from the land Temper of the Indies Of the windes their differences properties and causes in generall lib. 3. cap. 2. * We haue abbreuiated and to preuent tediousnesse cut off a great part of Acostas obseruations in the two former bookes as hauing handled the same in our Pilgrimage l. 8. where we haue shewed whence men and beasts might come thither and that the opinion of the worlds vnhabitablenesse betwixt the Tropicks is false for the daily raines when the Sunne is neerest the long nights therein great dewes the breezes and constant course of the windes the great Lakes Riuers height of Hills c. make those parts not onely habitable but more temperate then others and fitter for mans life there being more heat at and on this side the Tropicks then vnder the Line We here doe but cull ouâ— choise things for better vnderstanding the naturall historie of those parts for other things referring the Reader to the Authour himselfe Occasionally our notes shall elucidate those things also which are in the Text omitted * Vulcans as Aetâ—â— Hecla c. sulphurous earth whence â—â—re issueth Generall windes Monsoâ—â— Windes receiue their qualities from the places by which they passe Psalme 134. Ieremie 10. Herera hath shewed the height of the Hills to bee the cause of the windes constancy and raines raritie Eastern winde raineth betwixt the Tropicks That the burning Zone the Brises or Easterly windes doe continually blow and without the Zone the Westerne and that the Easterly are ordinarie alwayes there Chap. 4. Iuan de Gacos in Decade 1. lib. 4. cap. 6. They goe one way to the Indies and return another why Sayling 2700. leagues without sight of Land in two moneths See Candishes voyage Cause of the Brises Motion of the Primum Mobile carrieth the inferiour aire with it The Comet 1577. seene eight dayes sooner in Peru then in Spaine The Brize or motion of the air with the heauens is a winde Why withouâ— the Zone in a greater altâ—tude we finde alwaies Westerly windes Chap. 7. 〈◊〉 windes Of the exceptions to the foresaid Rules of the winds and calmes both at Land and at Sea Chap. 8. Cause of the variety of windes Simile Note Of some maruellous effects of the windes which are in some parts of the Indies Chap. 9. Silkewormes killed with South-west windes Exo. c. 10. 14. Iob 17. Ioan 4. Osâ—e 13. Dan. 3. The like Linschoten obserueth in the Terceras Sea sicknesse whence Agitation and Sea ayre Strange passion at Pariacaca by the ayre there Height of Pariacaca 〈◊〉 too subtile for mens bodies So we see Horses to beate the water with their feete to make it more grosse and thereby more agreeable to their bodies Vicunos Great Desart Punas ayre kilâ—ing Strange Story The same confirmed by a Iesuites report and a Dominicans Such effects of cold wâ— haue obserued in Russia and other Northern parts and the like Master Kniuet will tell vs at the Maggelan Straits No Mediterranean Sea of great note in America Terra firme Straight of land but eight leag betwixt North South Seas Herodotus Iouius Experience in Drakes and Maires voyage haue found them no straights but broken Ilands to the South contrary to our Author here See of this Sir Francis Drakes Voyage to 1. l. 2 I haue omitted Sarmientoes voiage c. The supposed Straight in Florida Of the ebbing and flowing of the Indian Ocean Chap. 14. The Philosophers in searching the cause of ebbing and flowing haue easily erred following the Greekes and Latines which knew not the Ocean and could not therfore know the cause * Hernando Alonso which with Sarmiento had gone to the Straights to seeke Captaine Drake At the Downes on our coast two tides meet one from the Westerne Sea or slewe the other from the North which there cause much varietie Of sundry Fishers and their manner of fishing at the Indies The Manati a strange fish The Whales also bring forth their yong aliue and nourish them with their brests being in that huge creature scarce twice so big as the breasts of a woman and farre lesse then those of many women Their foode is also Sea weedes Sharking sharkes They haue rough heads whereby they cleaue and sticke fast to the Sharke which thus are forced to caâ—ry them with their swift motion of whose off all also they liue Crocodiles * Yet so as euer and anon hee dips it in the water his tongue being so short that otherwise he could not swallow it Tigre kils a Crocodile Indians exploit on a Crocodile Whale killed by the Sauages Of Lakes and Pooles that be at the Indies Chap. 16. Thicke water Fishes and fishing Originall of Lakes Greatest riuers flow from Lakes Hot Lake and many wonders thereof Lakes of Mexico salt and fresh Râ—ch Lake Of many and diuers Springs and Fountains Chap. 17. Hot Spring turning into Stone Fountaine of Pitch Cold and hot Springs together Salt Spring which yeeldes Salâ— without boiling Pocke-â—pring Smoak Spring Inke c. Of Riuers Chap. 18. Maragnon or Amazons Water-fall Golden thirst Riuer of Plata increasing as Nilus How they passe their Riuers Haire and Straw Bridges L. 3. C. 19 Decay of people in the Indies by the Spaniards Corn groundâ— The Indies mountainous and thereby temperate Of the properties of the land of Peru. Chap. 20 One winde onely The Plaines the hils and the Andes See sup in Herera Raine almost euer and almost neuer Diuers Beasts Their bread The reason why it raines on the Lanos along the Sea coast Chap. 21. Of the propertie of new Spaine of the Ilands and of other Lands Chap. 22. Peru wine Sugar workes and Hides Indians wasted Of the vnknowne Land and the diuersitie of a whole day betwixt them of the East and the West Chap. 23. Of the Volcans or Vents of fire Chap. 24. Terrible earthquake at Guatimala Couetous Priest Causes of this burning Basil. Psal. 28. in exaâ— Of Earthquakes Cap. 26. Great earthquakes Noyse before the earthquake Why the Sea coast is subiect to earthquakes Earthquake at Ferrara terrible Aâ— Angoango Metals grow as
of Idolatry practised amongst the Mexicans Ch. 10 How the Deuil hath laboured to make himselfe equall vnto God and to imitate him in his Sacrifices Religion and Sacraments Chap. 11. Of the Temples that were found at the Indies Chap. 12. Flu lib. de tract Iust. in apol pro christ Of the proud 〈◊〉 at Mexico Cha. 13. Mexican Popes Of the Priests and their offices Ch. 14. The Deuill had his Popes or Vicars at Mexico for the new World as at Rome for the old and now for both Mid-night Mattins Of the Monasterie of Virgins which the Deuill hath inuented for his seruice Chap. 15. Vestall Virgins or Nunns of Peru. Dan. 14. Of the Monasteries of religious men that the Deuil heth inuented for superstition Chap. 16. Indian shauen Friars their show of sanctitie wiâ—h pouerty chastity c. Of Penance the strictnesse the Indians haue vsed at the Deuils perswasion Ch. 17. Their seuere Fasts Monsters of Wil-worship Of the Sacrifices the Indians made to the Deuill whereof Chap. 18. Sacrifices of things insensible Sacrifices of beasts Sacrifices of Birds Blacke sheepe Extispicia Blacke Dogs Fasting till stars appeared Shel-offerings Of the Sacrifices they made of men Cha. 19. Two hundred children sacrificed Paâ—ricide Of the horrible Sacrifices of men which the Mexicaas vsed Chap 20. Captiues only sacrificed Victima hostia Manner of humane immane sacrificing Bloudie Rites Their Papa The other fiue Priests Deuillish dexteritie Fume of the heart offered to the Sunne Of other kinds of Sacrifices of men which the Mexicans vsed Chap. 21. Flaying Sacrifices Challenge-sacrifices Idols-Idol-sacrifice Incredible numbers sacrificed Deuill hungry for mans flesh How the Indians grew weary and could not endure the crueltie of Satan Chap. 22. Spaniards sacrificed A man speakes after his heart is out Galen lib. 2. de Hiâ— Platon placit cap. 4. How the Deuill hath laboured to imitate and counterfait the SacrameÌ„ts of the holy Church Chap. 25. Indian Communion In what manner the Deuill hath laboured in Mexico to counterfait the feast of the holy Sacrament vsed in the Popish Church Chap. 24. The Deuill liking that vnchristian Antichristian prodigious opinion of transubstantiation and the consequents eleuation adoration reseruation Corpus Christi mad solemnities and idolatrous processions with rites beyond any former paganisme in disgrace of the true Sacrament falsly calling this their Idoll an vnbloudy sacrifice which hath cost so many thousands their bloud in fire and otherwise the Papists at once disputing of Christs naturall body and despiting and renting his mysticall body hath found nothing fitter to transport into the Indies nothing more contrarie to sense reason religion humanitie or wherein more to triumph ouer mankinde in all these then this brutish opinion and bloudie solemnitie here described Communicating Idol sermon Of Confessors and Confession which the Indians vsed Chap. 25. Reserued eases as in Papall penance Sinnes of omission Wicked effect of deuillish diuinations Penances Iapon confession Of the abominable Vnction which the Mexican Priests and other Nations vsed and of their witch craâ—ts Chap. 26. Haire-superstition Vision ointment Like lips like Lettuce Benumming force of Tobacco Diuinationâ— Strange Sorcerers Of other Ceremoniâ—s aâ—d Customes of thâ— Indians which are like vnto ours Chap. 27. Mexican Baptisme Marriage ceremonies 300. Mexican Idols Mangos mangled deuotions Feasts ceâ—ebrated by them of Cusco and nâ—w the Deuilâ— would imitate the mystery of the holy Trinitiâ— Chap. 28. Rayme feast Indian Trinity Camey-feast Aymorey-feast Intiraymi-feast Corpus Christi day resembled Situa-feast Of the feast of Iubilee which the Mexicans celebrated Chap. 29. No feare but of temporall punishment Of the Feast of Marchants which those of Cholutecas did celebrate Ch. 30 Stately Temple Drums vsed in stead of Bels. Comedies Of the supputation of times and the Kalendeâ—â—h Mexicans vsed Cha. 2. Mexican yeare 18. moneths New yeares day Their Kalender Weeke of 13. daies or years See this in the Mexican Chronicle in their owne figures New Age. How the Kings Inguas accounted the yeares and moneths Better computation of times in Peru. 12. Pillars of the Sunne That no Nation of â—he Indies hath beene found to haue had the vse of Letters Chap. 4 Three wayes of remembrance to posterity letters as we haue pictures as the Mexicans charactâ—rs as in China Such foolâ—s did that wise counsell make the ChristiaÌ„ Church in decreeing Images not onely to be bookes for such as cannot readâ— but obiects of worship to learned and vnlearned Of the fashion of Letters and writings which the Mexicans vsed Chap. 7. Bookes of leaues of trees heere folium liber or codex from the rinde in which the Ancients writ Blind zeale Confession by picture Of Registers and the manner of reâ—koning which the Indians of Peru vsed Chap. 8. Quippos Writing with small stones Accounts by graines of Mayâ— Of the order the Indians hold in their Writings Ch. 9. Diuers manners of writing Diuers formes of gouernment Whether the Mexican or Peru Kingdome was greater Of the gouernment of the Kings and Inguas of Peru. Chap. 12. Incestuous Marriages Diadem Exact Iustice. No idlenesse permitted Transmigration Of the distribution the Inguas made of their Vassals Chap. 13. Gouernours Tribute yeerely paid at Cusco Fourefold prouinciall partition Of the Edifices and manner of building of the Inguas Chap. 14. Neat art in ioyning huge stones Arches Bridges Straw Bridge Of the Inguas reuenues and the order of Tributes they imposed vpon the Indians Chap. 15. All slaues and none Lands sacred Order in their Religion Royall dâ—mâ—snes Lands of the comminaltie in common No proprietiâ— of Lands Their Tribute what Cattell distrâ—buted Hunter laweâ— Prouisions for cattell Negligence punished Of Arts and offices which the Indians did exercise Ch. 16. All men of all trades Diuersitie of head-â—â—re Vâ—iformity of habit Of the Posts and Chasquis the Indians did vse Chap. 17. Of the Iustice Lawes and punuishments which the Inguas haue establâ—shed and of their mariages Chap. 18. Adultery Marriage solemnitie Incest forbidden Of the Originall of the Inguas Lords of Peru with their Conquests and Victories Chap. 19. Continuance of their Monarchy Strife twixt Inguas and Canaries 400. Oratoriâ—â— in Cusco Of the first Ingua and his Successors Chap. 20. Of the greatest and most famous Ingua called Guaynacapa Ch. 22. Guaynacapa worshipped for a god His 300. sonnes c. Spaniards esteemed men sent from God Peru could not haue beene conquered but â—y diuision of themselues Of the last Successors Inguas Chap. 23. Pedegree of Vrincusco Of the manner of the Mexicans Commonweale Chap. 24. Royall Diadem See the picture storie House of liuing Creatures His Palaces Of the Titles and Dignities the Indians vsed Chap. 25. Foure Electors Men-cutters Bloud-shedders Lord of darkenesse Other Officers See the picture historie Priests and Teachers of the Law How the Mexicans made war and of the Orders of knighthood Chap. 26. Their Armes Eagle-order Order of Lions and Tigres Gray Knights Knights priâ—â—lidges
three apparant and certaine causes and a fourth more obscure and darke The apparant and certaine causes bee The first is the Ocean the second the situation of the Land and the third the nature and propertie of many and sundrie windes Besides these three which I hold for manifest I beleeue there is a fourth hidden and lesse apparant which is the propertie of the same Land inhabited and the particular influence of the Heauens Among the speciall causes and reasons I haue first placed the Sea for without doubt the neernesse thereof doth helpe to temper and coole the heat for although the Water be salt yet is it alwayes water whose nature is cold But if wee shall yet search more particularly wee shall not finde in all this Land an equall temperature of heate although it bee in equall distance from the Sea and in the same degree seeing that in some partâ— there is great heate and in some very little Doubtlesse the cause thereof iâ— that the one is lower and the other higher which causeth that the one is hot and the other cold It is most certaine that the tops of the Mountaines are colder then in the bottome of the Vallies the which proceedes not onely for that the Sunne beames haue greater repercussions vpon lower places although it be a great reason yet there is another which is that the Region of the aiâ—e is colder when it is farthest from the ground The cause why the middle Region of the aire is more cold hath beene shewed before for that the Region of the aire next to the fierie exhalation the which according to Aristotle is vpon the Spheare of the aire repells and thrusts backe all the cold the which retires it selfe into the middle Region of the aire by Antiparistasis as the Philosophers speake Now if any one should question with me in this manner If it be so that the aire is hot and moist as Aristotle holds and as we commonly say whence then proceedes the cold which is congealed in the middle Region of the aire seeing it cannot come from the fierie Spheare For if it come from the Water or the Earth by this reason the lower Region of the aire should be colder then the middle To answere truly what I thinke I will confesse that this Argument and Obiection is so difficult as I am almost readie to follow the opinion of such as reproue the qualities agreements and disagreements which Arâ—stotle giues vnto the Elements â—aying they are but imaginations who for this occasion hold the aire to bee cold by nature And to this end they vse many arguments and reasons whereof we will propound one very familiar and well knowne leauing the rest apart In the Canicular dayes we are accustomed to beate the aire with a fan and wee finde that it doth refresh vs so as these Authors affirme that heate is no priuate propertie of any other Element but of fire onely which is dispersed and mingled with all things as the great Denis doth teach vs. But whether it be so or otherwise for I will not contradict Aristotle but in that which is most certaine in the end they agree all that the middle Region of the aire is colder then the lowest next to the Earth as experience doth shew vs seeing that in this middle Region are congealed Snow Haile Frosts and other signes of extreme cold The middle Region then which they call the burning Zone hauing on the one side the Sea and on the other the Mountaines we must hold them for sufficient causes to temper and coole the heate The temperature of this Region ought chiefly to be attributed to the propertie of the winde that blowes in that Country the which is pleasant and fresh The prouidence of the great God Creator of all things hath beene such as he hath ordayned fresh and coole windes in that Region where the Sunne makes his course which seemes should be burnt vp that by their coolenesse the excessiue heate of the Sunne might be qualified Wee see in one climate some Regions and Cities hotter then others onely for that they feele lesse winde to refresh them The like is in other Countries where no winde blowes the which are all on fire like vnto a furnace If we shall neerly looke into the consideration of the winde whereof we haue spoken we may resolue many doubts which some obiect and which seeme strange and wonderfull wherefore the Sunne casting his beames vpon the burning Zone and particularly at Peru and that more violently then in Spaine in the Canicular dayes yet they defend the heat with a light couering so as with a slender couering of mats or straw they are better preserued from the heate then in Spaine vnder a roote of wood or a vault of stone Moreouer why are not the nights in Summer at Peru as hot and troublesome as in Spaine Wherefore on the highest tops of Mountaines euen amongst the heapes of snowe you shall sometimes feele great and insupportable heat Wherefore in all the Prouince of Colao when yee come into the shade how little soeuer you feele cold But comming into the Sunne beames you presently finde the heate excessiue Euery morning the winde from the Sea doth cease and the Sunne begins to cast his beames and for this reason they feele the greatest heat in the morning vntill the returne of the same windes which otherwise they call the tyde or winde of the Sea which makes them first to feele cold Wee haue tried all this whilest wee were at the Ilands of Barlouante where in the mornings wee did sweat for heat and at noone we felt a fresh aire for that then a North Easterly winde which is fresh and coole doth commonly blow Considering with my selfe the pleasing temperature of many Countries at the Indies where they know not what Winter is which by his cold doth freeze them nor Summer which doth trouble them with heat but that with a Mat they preserue themselues from the iniuries of all weather and where they scarce haue any neede to change their garments throughout the yeere I say that often considering of this I find that if men at this day would vanquish their passions and free themselues from the snares of couetousnesse leauing many fruitlesse and pernicious designes without doubt they might liue at the Indies very pleasant and happily for that which other Poets sing of the Elisean fields of the famous Tâ—â—pâ— or that which Plato reports or feignes of his Atlantike Iland men should finde in these Lands if with a generous spirit they would choose rather to command their siluer and their desires then to remayne to it slaues as they are Hauing discoursed in the two former Bookes of that which concernes the Heauens and the habitation of the Indies in generall it behooues vs now to treat of the three elements Aire Water and Land and their compounds which be metals plants and beasts for as for the fire I