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power_n of_o every_o malicious_a rascal_n to_o wrong_v the_o most_o innocent_a for_o either_o he_o behove_v to_o suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v kill_v or_o to_o be_v punish_v by_o defend_v his_o own_o life_n and_o by_o the_o say_a act_n it_o be_v only_o declare_v leisum_n to_o punish_v but_o not_o necessary_a and_o yet_o by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n murderer_n se_fw-la defendendo_fw-la for_o fault_n their_o movable_n and_o both_o in_o that_o and_o in_o murder_n upon_o misadventure_n for_o so_o they_o call_v casual_a homicide_n the_o murderer_n must_v have_v a_o pardon_n statute_n 6._o e._n 1._o cap._n 9_o so_o great_a a_o regard_n say_v bolton_n the_o law_n have_v to_o the_o life_n of_o a_o man_n cap._n 15._o num_fw-la 16._o and_o by_o the_o law_n of_o savoy_n he_o who_o kill_v though_o in_o self-defence_n needs_o a_o pardon_n but_o the_o prince_n in_o that_o case_n can_v refuse_v to_o grant_v a_o pardon_n and_o therefore_o their_o lawyer_n call_v that_o pardon_n gratia_fw-la justitiae_fw-la cod._n fabr_n lib._n 9_o tit_n 10._o but_o with_o we_o no_o pardon_n be_v requisite_a albeit_o it_o be_v most_o ordinar_n to_o take_v remission_n in_o such_o case_n bear_v self-defence_n in_o their_o narrative_a iii_o this_o moderation_n be_v say_v to_o be_v exceed_v in_o these_o three_o viz._n in_o arm_n 2._o in_o time_n 3._o in_o the_o measure_n of_o follow_v striking_z etc._n etc._n this_o moderation_n be_v exceed_v in_o arm_n as_o if_o the_o aggressor_n have_v only_o a_o staff_n and_o the_o defender_n wound_v he_o with_o a_o sword_n or_o pistol_n the_o defender_n be_v in_o that_o case_n punishable_a for_o there_o weâ—e_v no_o reason_n in_o that_o case_n the_o defender_n shall_v have_v have_v any_o feâ—r_n of_o his_o life_n nec_fw-la erat_fw-la in_o dubio_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la constitutus_fw-la and_o yet_o this_o conclusion_n be_v not_o infallible_a for_o if_o the_o defender_n be_v much_o weak_a than_o the_o aggressor_n he_o may_v be_v excuse_v to_o use_v such_o unequal_a weapon_n the_o defender_n be_v say_v to_o exceed_v in_o time_n if_o he_o strike_v the_o aggressor_n ante_fw-la quam_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o actu_fw-la proximo_fw-la occidendi_fw-la for_o else_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a to_o every_o man_n upon_o the_o first_o apprehension_n of_o fear_n to_o kill_v the_o aggressor_n which_o be_v very_o dangerous_a and_o here_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v if_o when_o any_o aggressor_n threaten_v to_o kill_v if_o the_o defender_n who_o know_v not_o when_o the_o threat_n may_v be_v put_v in_o execution_n may_v immediate_o kill_v there_o be_v probable_a reason_n to_o be_v urge_v for_o either_o opinion_n and_o albeit_o the_o punishment_n shall_v in_o this_o case_n depend_v upon_o the_o arbitrement_n of_o the_o judge_n yet_o if_o the_o aggressor_n be_v know_v to_o have_v any_o design_n to_o murder_n or_o be_v a_o person_n who_o use_v to_o execute_v what_o he_o threaten_v and_o if_o he_o have_v a_o sword_n though_o not_o draw_v or_o a_o pistol_n though_o not_o cock_v for_o if_o he_o have_v either_o of_o these_o there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o he_o may_v be_v lawful_o kill_v because_o he_o be_v in_o actu_fw-la proximo_fw-la offendendi_fw-la and_o no_o man_n shall_v wait_v till_o he_o be_v kill_v i_o think_v that_o though_o the_o aggressor_n be_v kill_v yet_o the_o defender_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o self-defence_n and_o albeit_o he_o may_v be_v arbitrary_o punish_v yet_o he_o can_v be_v punish_v with_o death_n and_o many_o lawyer_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o he_o who_o threaten_v to_o kill_v may_v be_v kill_v which_o opinion_n they_o find_v upon_o these_o reason_n 1._o because_o the_o law_n look_v upon_o that_o which_o be_v unlawful_a as_o do_v if_o it_o be_v intend_v to_o be_v do_v and_o that_o in_o odium_fw-la of_o he_o who_o design_n what_o be_v unlawful_a â—_o there_o be_v great_a fear_n from_o some_o threat_n then_o from_o wound_n and_o therefore_o see_v it_o be_v lawful_a to_o kill_v these_o who_o assault_v we_o with_o wound_v why_o not_o and_o he_o who_o threaten_v 3_o d._n per._n l._n 1._o c._n quando_fw-la licet_fw-la cuique_fw-la etc._n etc._n mortem_fw-la inquit_fw-la imperator_fw-la quam_fw-la minabatur_fw-la accipiet_fw-la &_o id_fw-la quod_fw-la intendebat_fw-la incurrat_fw-la nor_o can_v the_o friend_n of_o the_o threatener_n complain_v see_v the_o aggressor_n be_v in_o effect_n author_n of_o his_o own_o death_n and_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o the_o defender_n have_v no_o design_n to_o kill_v yet_o the_o justice_n will_v not_o sustain_v minae_fw-la per_fw-la se_fw-la to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a qualification_n of_o self-defence_n but_o sustain_v it_o joint_o with_o the_o aggressor_n fyre_v a_o pistol_n though_o it_o mis-gave_a and_o though_o the_o defender_n may_v have_v flee_v january_n 1668._o sinclar_fw-la contra_fw-la barclay_n and_o albeit_o by_o the_o canon_n law_n insultatus_fw-la debet_fw-la fugere_fw-la and_o that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n he_o who_o be_v invade_v be_v oblige_v to_o flee_v as_o far_o as_o he_o can_v as_o to_o a_o wall_n or_o ditch_n bolt_n cap._n 15._o num_fw-la 17._o yet_o by_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o civilian_n a_o person_n invade_v be_v not_o oblige_v to_o flee_v far_o farin_n quest_n 125._o p._n 2._o it_o may_v be_v probable_a that_o if_o the_o defender_n be_v alone_o in_o a_o house_n or_o place_n with_o the_o aggressor_n and_o can_v expect_v no_o help_n that_o upon_o threaten_v or_o other_o probable_a design_n lay_v against_o his_o life_n he_o may_v kill_v the_o aggressor_n and_o from_o which_o may_v be_v deduce_v that_o the_o actus_fw-la proximus_fw-la which_o lawyer_n speak_v of_o must_v not_o be_v interpret_v only_o the_o have_v a_o sword_n draw_v for_o if_o a_o strong_a man_n have_v a_o weak_a in_o a_o lock_v house_n and_o threaten_v he_o may_v kill_v he_o though_o asleep_o if_o he_o can_v otherways_o escape_v the_o defender_n be_v say_v to_o exceed_v in_o the_o measure_n also_o if_o he_o kill_v he_o for_o wound_v who_o he_o may_v have_v shun_v or_o if_o he_o follow_v the_o aggressor_n which_o though_o it_o be_v not_o full_o lawful_a yet_o fugientem_fw-la persequens_fw-la dumodo_fw-la in_o ipso_fw-la actu_fw-la non_fw-la punitur_fw-la paena_fw-la ordinaria_fw-la licet_fw-la occiderit_fw-la boer_n decis_fw-la 168._o novemb_v 7._o and_o albeit_o much_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o arbitration_n of_o the_o judge_n as_o to_o all_o the_o three_o arma_fw-la tempus_fw-la &_o modus_fw-la yet_o the_o general_a rule_n be_v that_o if_o the_o defender_n exceed_v only_o in_o either_o of_o the_o three_o as_o v_o g._n in_o the_o arm_n or_o time_n the_o excess_n be_v say_v to_o be_v culpa_fw-la levissima_fw-la and_o no_o way_n punishable_a if_o in_o two_o of_o these_o as_o in_o time_n and_o arm_n than_o it_o be_v account_v culpa_fw-la levis_fw-la and_o be_v somewhat_o â—â—nishable_a but_o if_o the_o defender_n exceed_v in_o all_o the_o three_o as_o in_o time_n arm_n way_n of_o prosecution_n than_o it_o be_v culpa_fw-la lata_fw-la but_o yet_o he_o be_v not_o punishable_a as_o if_o he_o have_v dolose_o murder_v for_o though_o it_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o civilibus_fw-la that_o culpa_fw-la lata_fw-la equiparatur_fw-la dolo_fw-la yet_o it_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o criminalibus_fw-la that_o culpa_fw-la lata_fw-la numquam_fw-la equiparatur_fw-la dolo_fw-la ubi_fw-la agitur_fw-la de_fw-la paena_fw-la corporis_fw-la afflictiva_fw-la far._n quest_n 125._o part_n 6._o it_o iâ—_n also_o controvert_v among_o lawyer_n if_o see_v honour_n be_v as_o dear_a as_o life_n it_o be_v lawful_a to_o kill_v he_o who_o asperse_v our_o honour_n as_o it_o be_v lawful_a to_o kill_v he_o who_o assault_v our_o life_n and_o albeit_o farinacius_n be_v of_o the_o judgement_n that_o he_o who_o be_v thus_o provockt_v be_v a_o person_n of_o far_o more_o eminent_a condition_n than_o the_o injurer_n kill_v he_o be_v not_o to_o be_v punish_v as_o a_o murderer_n sed_fw-la pena_fw-la extraordinaria_fw-la licet_fw-la injuria_fw-la sit_fw-la verbalis_fw-la yet_o in_o my_o judgement_n he_o err_v in_o that_o position_n for_o in_o effect_n that_o be_v not_o self-defence_n because_o the_o verbal_a injury_n can_v be_v retreat_v nor_o retain_v but_o it_o be_v revenge_v yet_o dolour_n iustùs_fw-la aliquando_fw-la operatur_fw-la ut_fw-la paena_fw-la ordinaria_fw-la temperetur_fw-la boer_n decis_fw-la 237_o but_o yet_o that_o be_v not_o allow_v in_o kill_v and_o such_o other_o injury_n quae_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la revocari_fw-la gothofr_n prax_fw-la crim_n §_o homicida_fw-la n._n 25._o and_o albeit_o this_o hold_n in_o verbal_a injury_n offer_v to_o our_o honomr_n ubi_fw-la nescit_fw-la vox_fw-la missa_fw-la reverti_fw-la yet_o if_o the_o injury_n offer_v to_o our_o honour_n be_v real_a and_o such_o as_o may_v be_v stop_v as_o by_o command_v a_o eminent_a person_n to_o loose_v down_o his_o breeches_n to_o be_v whip_v or_o do_v any_o most_o ignominous_o servile_a act_n to_o the_o aggressor_n in_o that_o caise_n i_o shall_v think_v that_o the_o
law_n for_o try_v the_o innocency_n of_o such_o as_o want_v other_o legal_a probation_n the_o longabard_n first_o do_v allow_v this_o way_n of_o duel_v by_o pulick_a authority_n who_o do_v regulat_fw-la it_o by_o twenty_o several_a determination_n and_o thereafter_o it_o be_v renew_v by_o philip_n the_o fair_a king_n of_o france_n anno._n 1360._o but_o be_v bound_v with_o these_o four_o condition_n 1._o that_o it_o shall_v only_o be_v allow_v in_o criminal_a and_o capital_a case_n 2._o that_o it_o shall_v only_o be_v allow_v in_o crime_n treacherous_o commit_v where_o the_o truth_n can_v not_o be_v otherways_o find_v out_o 3._o where_o there_o do_v lie_v strong_a presumption_n against_o the_o person_n provoke_v 4._o where_o it_o be_v certain_a there_o be_v such_o a_o crime_n commit_v against_o the_o provocker_n ii_o with_o we_o in_o scotland_n duel_n be_v allow_v not_o only_o for_o clear_v of_o innocence_n as_o to_o crime_n but_o likewise_o in_o civil_a case_n as_o when_o a_o heir_n deny_v that_o his_o predecessor_n grant_v a_o conjunctfie_n r.m._n lib._n 2._o cap._n 16._o v._n 47._o and_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v deny_v to_o be_v lawful_o buy_v by_o the_o owner_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 13._o v._n 4._o but_o thereafter_o i_o find_v that_o by_o the_o 16._o cap._n stat._n rob._n 3._o all_o duel_n be_v discharge_v except_o in_o the_o four_o former_a case_n allow_v by_o philip_n the_o fair_a the_o solemnity_n of_o cartel_n use_v in_o such_o case_n be_v the_o cast_n of_o glove_n to_o one_o another_o as_o be_v clear_a by_o skeen_n ad_fw-la cap._n 24._o v._n 9_o r._n m._n duelliones_fw-la in_o hoc_fw-la regno_fw-la hinc_fw-la inde_fw-la chiro_fw-la thecas_fw-la offerunt_fw-la which_o custom_n have_v its_o origine_fw-la from_o the_o longohard_n law_n above_o cite_v as_o be_v clear_a by_o long._n the_o duel_n and_o dumhaud_n do_fw-mi cod_n the_o place_n appoint_v by_o our_o law_n for_o such_o duel_n be_v the_o bridge_n of_o stirling_n cap._n 28._o stat._n david_n 2._o and_o if_o the_o appealer_n in_o ordinar_n crime_n be_v foil_v and_o worsted_n his_o pledge_n pay_v the_o king_n nine_o cow_n and_o a_o colpindach_n and_o satisfy_v for_o the_o calumny_n stat._n alex._n cap._n 11._o but_o in_o treason_n the_o appealer_n worsted_n become_v in_o the_o king_n will_v and_o the_o party_n appease_v be_v worsted_n be_v disherish_v r._n m._n l._n 4._o c._n 1._o but_o these_o duel_n be_v discharge_v by_o the_o canon_n law_n cap._n monomachia_fw-la 2._o quest_n 4._o &_o cap._n ultim_fw-la exeunt_n de_fw-fr purge_v vulg_n though_o with_o we_o such_o judicial_a combat_n by_o authority_n be_v not_o absolute_o discharge_v for_o by_o the_o 12._o cap._n 16._o parl._n i._n 6._o wherein_o singular_a combat_n be_v discharge_v there_o be_v a_o exception_n make_v of_o such_o as_o be_v fight_v with_o his_o highness_n licence_n iii_o duel_n undertake_v without_o public_a authority_n be_v think_v by_o many_o lawyer_n to_o be_v lawful_a when_o undertake_v by_o a_o person_n who_o be_v injure_v in_o his_o honour_n if_o the_o party_n injure_v can_v be_v otherways_o repair_v either_o because_o there_o be_v not_o a_o judge_n in_o the_o place_n or_o else_o the_o injurer_n will_v not_o appear_v before_o he_o or_o though_o he_o compear_v the_o judge_n refuse_v to_o do_v justice_n ubi_fw-la enim_fw-la deficit_fw-la jus_o ibi_fw-la suplet_n ensis_fw-la &_o propria_fw-la ultio_fw-la bart._n in_o l._n host_n numb_a 9_o ff_n de_fw-fr cap_n &_o postlin_a rever_n and_o many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o these_o private_a combat_n be_v lawful_a for_o defence_n of_o our_o honour_n and_o as_o we_o may_v defend_v our_o life_n by_o take_v that_o of_o our_o neighbour_n so_o we_o may_v defend_v our_o honour_n by_o the_o hazard_n of_o his_o life_n but_o that_o duel_n be_v in_o themselves_o unlawful_a by_o all_o law_n appear_v very_o clear_o from_o these_o reason_n 1._o that_o the_o law_n have_v just_o think_v fit_a that_o the_o magistrate_n only_o shall_v do_v justice_n to_o all_o and_o that_o no_o private_a man_n shall_v revenge_v himself_o for_o in_o so_o far_o he_o commit_v treason_n in_o assume_v the_o power_n of_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n 2._o the_o power_n of_o take_v and_o use_v arm_n belong_v only_o to_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o consequent_o no_o private_a man_n shall_v run_v to_o arm_n upon_o a_o imagination_n that_o he_o be_v wrong_v in_o his_o honour_n 3._o there_o be_v no_o proportion_n betwixt_o the_o injury_n and_o reparation_n in_o such_o case_n a_o verbal_a injury_n be_v too_o severe_o punish_v when_o punish_v by_o death_n there_o be_v no_o proportion_n betwixt_o what_o may_v be_v help_v and_o what_o may_v not_o 4._o revenge_n belong_v to_o god_n it_o be_v a_o usurp_a of_o his_o power_n it_o be_v the_o destroy_v that_o body_n which_o be_v the_o temple_n of_o god_n the_o deface_a of_o his_o image_n whereas_o to_o deface_v even_o a_o prince_n image_n design_o be_v treason_n and_o it_o be_v a_o spill_n of_o that_o blood_n for_o which_o christ_n shed_v his_o 5._o it_o be_v a_o crime_n against_o a_o man_n self_n and_o be_v in_o effect_n self-murder_n nor_o need_v those_o who_o resolve_v to_o kill_v themselves_o take_v a_o base_a way_n since_o this_o honourable_a way_n be_v easy_a and_o patent_n for_o he_o may_v soon_o make_v quarrel_n and_o so_o kill_v constant_o till_o he_o be_v kill_v it_o be_v a_o crime_n against_o the_o common_a wealth_n because_o it_o destroy_v its_o subject_n and_o make_v the_o hateful_a sin_n of_o murder_n a_o desirable_a effect_n of_o glory_n it_o be_v likewise_o a_o great_a offence_n against_o our_o friend_n since_o it_o draw_v they_o though_o innocent_a into_o the_o same_o snare_n as_o second_o assister_n and_o revenger_n and_o it_o be_v dishonourable_a because_o it_o wrong_v a_o man_n wife_n by_o make_v her_o miserable_a and_o notwithstanding_o of_o his_o many_o obligation_n to_o she_o 6._o it_o be_v a_o unjust_a decision_n of_o controversy_n since_o strength_n skill_n or_o accident_n prevail_v oftentimes_o against_o honour_n and_o innocence_n so_o that_o this_o trial_n shall_v neither_o be_v allow_v by_o justice_n nor_o honour_n and_o therefore_o augustus_n be_v provoke_v by_o anthony_n do_v noble_o answer_v that_o if_o anthony_n be_v weary_a of_o his_o life_n he_o may_v take_v any_o other_o way_n to_o dispatch_v himself_o and_o sertorius_n be_v provoke_v by_o metellus_n answer_v it_o be_v below_o a_o general_n to_o die_v like_o a_o common_a soldier_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v be_v answer_v to_o the_o contrary_a argument_n that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v presume_v the_o magistrate_n will_v do_v justice_n in_o repair_v the_o fame_n of_o he_o who_o be_v wrong_v nor_o can_v a_o duel_n restore_v the_o fame_n that_o be_v lose_v for_o a_o duel_n show_v only_o a_o man_n to_o be_v resolute_a or_o desperate_a without_o be_v innocent_a or_o generous_a and_o it_o be_v more_o presumable_a that_o the_o provocke_n be_v just_o defame_v and_o find_v himself_o unable_a to_o survive_v the_o shame_n resolve_v to_o dispatch_v himself_o by_o this_o plausible_a way_n of_o self-murder_n nor_o can_v a_o man_n take_v a_o more_o easy_a way_n of_o publish_v that_o wherein_o he_o be_v defame_v then_o by_o kill_v the_o defamer_n whereby_o he_o will_v both_o bring_v himself_o and_o the_o occasion_n of_o that_o accident_n into_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o world_n though_o that_o act_n discharge_v only_o singular_a combat_n and_o that_o the_o word_n singular_a combat_n be_v proper_o only_o applicable_a to_o the_o fight_v of_o two_o single_a person_n which_o be_v only_o proper_o call_v singular_a certamen_fw-la yet_o this_o singular_a certamen_fw-la or_o singular_a combat_n be_v proper_o enough_o extend_v where_o more_o fight_n on_o a_o side_n cagnol_n in_o l._n favorabiliores_fw-la 86._o ff_n de_fw-fr reg_fw-la jur_fw-fr v._o since_o fight_v of_o singular_a combat_n be_v only_o declare_v punishable_a therefore_o the_o give_v or_o receive_v challenge_n be_v not_o punishable_a by_o death_n though_o even_o that_o be_v likewise_o punishable_a by_o the_o council_n arbitrarie_a as_o end_v to_o disturb_v the_o peace_n but_o since_o the_o very_a fight_n be_v declare_v punishable_a by_o death_n it_o follow_v necessary_o that_o such_o as_o fight_v combat_n be_v punishable_a by_o death_n though_o neither_o party_n be_v kill_v and_o if_o only_o kill_v have_v be_v punishable_a by_o death_n this_o act_n have_v be_v unnecessary_a since_o that_o be_v punishable_a as_o murder_n before_o this_o act_n vi_o if_o any_o person_n be_v kill_v the_o libel_n be_v found_v both_o upon_o the_o act_n against_o murder_n and_o this_o act_n against_o duel_n but_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o way_n of_o libel_v be_v this_o that_o if_o the_o libel_n be_v only_o found_v upon_o the_o act_n against_o murder_n than_o self-defence_n be_v receiveable_a by_o way_n of_o exculpation_n to_o eleid_v this_o
of_o these_o statute_n conversation_n shall_v be_v criminal_a even_o after_o prohibition_n except_o it_o be_v in_o suspect_v place_n 2._o the_o justice_n be_v only_o declare_v to_o be_v judge_n to_o the_o notoriety_n of_o adultery_n and_o therefore_o it_o may_v be_v controvert_v if_o lord_n of_o regality_n be_v judge_n competent_a to_o the_o cognition_n of_o it_o 3._o this_o act_n do_v not_o exclude_v capital_a punishment_n in_o other_o case_n of_o adultery_n but_o only_o ordain_v that_o these_o three_o degree_n shall_v be_v punish_v by_o death_n and_o since_o there_o be_v other_o case_n more_o grievous_a to_o the_o party_n injure_v and_o more_o scandalous_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n it_o may_v be_v argue_v that_o the_o punishment_n of_o death_n shall_v likewise_o be_v extend_v to_o they_o as_o for_o instance_n to_o commit_v frequent_a adultery_n and_o it_o appear_v it_o be_v upon_o this_o account_n that_o the_o sentence_n of_o death_n be_v pronounce_v against_o sir_n john_n stewart_n for_o three_o adultery_n 15._o august_n 1628._o as_o also_o isabel_n hamiltoun_n be_v pursue_v in_o july_n 1647._o for_o adultery_n and_o have_v enact_v herself_o never_o to_o return_v under_o the_o pain_n of_o death_n she_o have_v thereafter_o return_v be_v immediate_o without_o any_o other_o process_n by_o a_o order_n from_o the_o justice_n execute_v in_o anno_fw-la 1649._o iu._n and_o albeit_o there_o be_v no_o express_a law_n for_o inflict_a death_n in_o other_o case_n upon_o ordinary_a adulterer_n yet_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o justice_n may_v not_o as_o well_o for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n inflict_v death_n without_o any_o express_a law_n here_o as_o they_o do_v in_o theft_n and_o other_o less_o crime_n and_o in_o effect_n adultery_n include_v theft_n as_o i_o say_v former_o and_o albeit_o inclusio_fw-la unius_fw-la est_fw-la exclusio_fw-la alterius_fw-la and_o that_o it_o may_v be_v argue_v that_o by_o the_o former_a act_n appoint_v death_n in_o the_o case_n abovecited_a the_o punishment_n of_o death_n be_v thereby_o exclude_v in_o other_o case_n yet_o to_o this_o it_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o the_o foresay_a rule_n be_v only_o a_o brocard_n and_o have_v only_o the_o strength_n of_o a_o presumption_n and_o therefore_o take_v only_a place_n in_o favourable_a case_n but_o shall_v not_o be_v extend_v in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n which_o express_o ordain_v adulterer_n to_o die_v and_o in_o the_o foresay_a 74._o act_n 9_o parl._n q._n marry_o it_o be_v declare_v that_o this_o act_n shall_v be_v but_o prejudice_n of_o all_o other_o act_n and_o law_n already_o make_v with_o all_o rigour_n but_o i_o can_v find_v no_o other_o act_n make_v prior_n to_o that_o anent_o adultery_n whereby_o the_o punishment_n be_v limit_v and_o therefore_o i_o believe_v that_o that_o act_n relate_v to_o the_o punishment_n relate_v to_o by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n at_o the_o least_o i_o think_v that_o the_o magistrate_n be_v leave_v to_o his_o own_o freedom_n to_o consider_v circumstance_n and_o whereas_o it_o may_v be_v allege_v that_o if_o single_a adultery_n be_v punishable_a by_o death_n these_o act_n have_v be_v needless_a to_o this_o it_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o the_o design_n of_o the_o former_a act_n be_v to_o necessitat_fw-la the_o magistrate_n always_o in_o the_o case_n express_v in_o that_o act_n to_o inflict_v death_n and_o not_o to_o empower_v they_o only_o to_o do_v so_o and_o see_v single_a adultery_n be_v punishable_a by_o the_o magistrate_n sometime_o by_o banishment_n as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o english_a woman_n in_o december_n 1668._o sometime_o with_o scourge_v as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o ridpath_n december_n 1642._o and_o sometime_o with_o fine_v as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o that_o woman_n who_o commit_v adultery_n with_o george_n swintoun_n in_o anno_fw-la 1666._o though_o there_o be_v no_o express_a law_n warrant_v they_o to_o inflict_v these_o punishment_n and_o whereupon_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi be_v force_v to_o found_v his_o summons_n upon_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o law_n of_o nature_n upon_o which_o law_n they_o be_v sustain_v without_o cite_v any_o municipal_a law_n as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o that_o english_a woman_n i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o they_o may_v not_o by_o the_o same_o law_n inflict_v likewise_o the_o punishment_n of_o death_n albeit_o the_o foresay_a punishment_n of_o death_n be_v appoint_v in_o case_n of_o notour_n adultery_n yet_o the_o council_n do_v use_v to_o mitigate_v the_o punishment_n and_o so_o they_o ordain_v only_a ridpath_n a_o tinker_n though_o he_o be_v find_v guilty_a of_o double_a adultery_n in_o keep_v another_o tinker_n wife_n two_o year_n to_o be_v only_o scourge_v banish_v and_o burn_v on_o the_o cheek_n decemb._n 4._o 1662._o but_o the_o reason_n here_o be_v because_o tinker_n be_v in_o effect_n vile_a person_n who_o be_v seldom_o ever_o lawful_o marry_v and_o in_o such_o i_o find_v of_o old_a adultery_n be_v not_o punish_v by_o death_n as_o l._n 29._o c._n h._n t._n where_o adultery_n commit_v with_o a_o taverner_n be_v not_o punish_v severe_o quas_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la vilitas_fw-la dignas_fw-la legum_fw-la observatione_fw-la non_fw-la credidit_fw-la &_o erant_fw-la infra_fw-la legum_fw-la curam_fw-la and_o some_o respect_n be_v likewise_o have_v here_o to_o that_o absurd_a custom_n among_o tinker_n of_o live_v promiscuous_o and_o use_v one_o another_o wife_n as_o concubine_n the_o council_n sometime_o do_v likewise_o banish_v person_n for_o adultery_n without_o suffer_v they_o to_o come_v before_o a_o justice_n court_n even_o where_o notour_n adultery_n may_v be_v prove_v against_o they_o as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o jeal_n there_o a_o english_a man_n for_o commit_v adultery_n with_o margaret_n hamiltoun_n who_o at_o her_o death_n confess_v that_o the_o say_v there_o have_v lyen_fw-we several_a year_n with_o she_o and_o that_o he_o have_v alienat_fw-la her_o affection_n from_o her_o husband_n which_o induce_v she_o though_o without_o his_o accession_n to_o kill_v her_o husband_n and_o that_o she_o have_v several_a child_n by_o he_o all_o which_o in_o effect_n be_v great_a aggravation_n of_o the_o crime_n and_o he_o deserve_v well_o to_o have_v die_v from_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o punishment_n of_o ordinary_a adultery_n be_v arbitrary_a and_o use_v to_o be_v inflict_v either_o by_o banishment_n whip_v fyne_a or_o imprisonment_n if_o a_o person_n be_v only_o banish_v for_o adultery_n and_o return_v again_o without_o leave_n here_o she_o may_v be_v execute_v and_o thus_o the_o justice_n find_v by_o advice_n of_o the_o council_n in_o the_o case_n of_o griselda_n hamiltoun_n decemb._n 1649._o or_o if_o adultery_n be_v complicate_v with_o any_o other_o crime_n the_o guilt_n be_v thereby_o aggrage_v and_o the_o crime_n may_v be_v capital_o punish_v thus_o margaret_n thomson_n be_v execute_v for_o commit_v adultery_n with_o a_o minister_n and_o for_o falsify_v a_o testimonial_a to_o the_o end_n she_o may_v get_v her_o child_n baptise_a may_v 28._o 1646._o v._o since_o adultery_n be_v only_o commit_v betwixt_o marry_a person_n it_o be_v therefore_o requisite_a that_o the_o libel_n in_o adultery_n bear_v that_o such_o person_n be_v marry_v and_o one_o of_o the_o ordinary_a fault_n commit_v by_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi in_o this_o crime_n be_v they_o seldom_o ever_o lead_v witness_n for_o prove_v the_o marriage_n without_o which_o be_v prove_v or_o be_v notour_n to_o the_o assize_n they_o shall_v not_o file_v the_o panel_n though_o copulation_n be_v prove_v but_o though_o the_o marriage_n be_v not_o just_a but_o only_o a_o suppose_a marriage_n or_o matrimonium_fw-la putativum_fw-la as_o lawyer_n call_v it_o yet_o the_o violation_n even_o of_o that_o marriage_n will_v infer_v adultery_n as_o for_o instance_n if_o a_o man_n not_o know_v the_o relation_n shall_v marry_v within_o the_o degree_n de_fw-fr fendant_n though_o there_o be_v in_o that_o case_n no_o lawful_a marriage_n yet_o if_o either_o of_o these_o party_n who_o be_v marry_v shall_v lie_v with_o any_o other_o they_o will_v be_v guilty_a of_o adultery_n cravet_fw-la consilio_fw-la 205._o num_fw-la 36._o the_o reason_n whereof_o be_v because_o the_o committer_n do_v all_o that_o lay_v in_o his_o power_n to_o commit_v adultery_n which_o be_v the_o main_a thing_n to_o be_v look_v to_o in_o crime_n nam_fw-la proposita_fw-la maleficia_fw-la distinguant_fw-la and_o from_o this_o i_o be_o much_o incline_v to_o think_v that_o conatus_fw-la or_o a_o endeavour_n to_o commit_v adultery_n if_o the_o adulterer_n do_v all_o that_o in_o he_o lay_v to_o accomplish_v the_o say_a design_n make_v the_o committer_n guilty_a of_o adultery_n if_o that_o design_n be_v bring_v the_o length_n of_o be_v in_o actu_fw-la proximo_fw-la as_o lawyer_n call_v it_o though_o in_o that_o case_n i_o think_v the_o rigour_n of_o the_o ordinary_a punishment_n shall_v be_v somewhat_o remit_v &_o haec_fw-la attentatio_fw-la est_fw-la
be_v take_v from_o another_o but_o likeways_o the_o use_v a_o thing_n depositat_fw-la or_o impignorat_a to_o other_o end_n and_o use_n than_o be_v agree_v upon_o therefore_o theft_n may_v be_v describe_v to_o be_v a_o fraudulent_a away-taking_a or_o use_v what_o belong_v to_o another_o man_n without_o the_o owner_n consent_n ii_o theft_n be_v only_o commit_v in_o movable_n and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n the_o steal_a writ_n which_o concern_v land_n or_o lead_v from_o a_o house_n or_o fruit_n with_o the_o tree_n whereon_o they_o grow_v be_v not_o punishable_a as_o theft_n see_v these_o thing_n belong_v to_o heretage_n nor_o be_v the_o take_v away_o dog_n bird_n or_o such_o thing_n as_o serve_v for_o pleasure_n account_v theft_n see_v it_o be_v not_o commit_v oblucrum_fw-la bolton_n cap._n 20._o and_o theft_n be_v never_o commit_v without_o fraud_n and_o albeit_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o keep_n of_o a_o thing_n lend_v long_o than_o the_o time_n allow_v or_o employ_v it_o for_o another_o use_n then_o that_o which_o it_o be_v first_o lend_v be_v theft_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n just_a de_fw-fr furt_n autem_fw-la yet_o in_o our_o law_n it_o be_v not_o l._n 3._o reg._n maj._n cap._n 9_o num_fw-la 5._o and_o the_o reason_n there_o give_v be_v because_o the_o intromission_n and_o possession_n there_o flow_v original_o from_o the_o master_n and_o albeit_o it_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o the_o civil_a law_n that_o initium_fw-la unius_fw-la cujusque_fw-la actionis_fw-la semper_fw-la est_fw-la attendendum_fw-la yet_o the_o former_a reason_n be_v not_o valid_a because_o when_o a_o master_n give_v money_n to_o his_o own_o servant_n if_o he_o employ_v it_o to_o any_o other_o use_n then_o be_v appoint_v by_o his_o master_n as_o if_o he_o shall_v drink_v that_o which_o be_v give_v he_o to_o pay_v his_o master_n merchand_n or_o if_o he_o shall_v sell_v his_o master_n horse_n with_o which_o he_o be_v send_v to_o a_o friend_n these_o misimployment_n will_v certain_o infer_v punishment_n though_o the_o possession_n flow_v original_o from_o the_o master_n and_o i_o think_v that_o theft_n in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o misemployed_a lend_v and_o the_o other_o case_n above_o express_v be_v more_o heinous_a than_o ordinary_a theft_n see_v it_o be_v agradge_v by_o the_o breach_n of_o trust_n or_o friendship_n and_o it_o can_v likewise_o be_v less_o guard_v against_o for_o which_o two_o reason_n domestic_a theft_n be_v still_o more_o heinous_o punish_v then_o ordinary_a theft_n and_o servant_n commit_v theft_n in_o the_o case_n aforesaid_a be_v hang_v in_o these_o country_n where_o ordinar_n theft_n be_v not_o capital_a but_o i_o believe_v the_o reason_n of_o our_o law_n above_o cite_v be_v because_o we_o think_v that_o this_o furtum_fw-la interpretativum_fw-la deserve_v not_o to_o be_v account_v such_o with_o we_o where_o death_n be_v the_o punishment_n of_o theft_n whereas_o because_o in_o the_o roman_a law_n theft_n be_v less_o severe_o punish_v it_o be_v therefore_o allowable_a that_o it_o may_v be_v more_o extend_v and_o so_o i_o think_v that_o our_o law_n be_v more_o just_a than_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o even_o according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n it_o be_v unjust_a that_o the_o person_n to_o who_o the_o thing_n be_v lend_v shall_v be_v guilty_a of_o theft_n for_o use_v it_o long_o than_o be_v prescribe_v by_o the_o lender_n except_o the_o lender_n have_v express_o require_v it_o for_o else_o by_o not_o require_v it_o it_o seem_v that_o he_o have_v tacit_o consent_v to_o the_o far_a use_n sicut_fw-la intaâ—itare_fw-la locatione_fw-la and_o yet_o it_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n betwixt_o locatum_fw-la &_o commodatum_fw-la as_o to_o this_o see_v locatio_fw-la contrahitur_fw-la utriusque_fw-la gratia_fw-la &_o locantis_fw-la &_o conductoris_fw-la whereas_o comodatum_fw-la respicit_fw-la tantum_fw-la comodum_fw-la comodatarii_fw-la and_o so_o he_o shall_v religious_o observe_v the_o condition_n prescribe_v by_o the_o lender_n but_o yet_o i_o be_o clear_a that_o if_o a_o person_n shall_v borrow_v any_o thing_n at_o first_o for_o a_o other_o use_n than_o what_o he_o pretend_v that_o eo_fw-la casu_fw-la he_o be_v punishable_a and_o i_o remember_v to_o have_v read_v of_o a_o banker_n of_o paris_n who_o be_v flay_v and_o then_o quarter_v for_o have_v borrow_v vast_a sum_n upon_o design_n to_o break_v with_o it_o which_o instance_n i_o have_v set_v down_o for_o the_o merchant_n of_o our_o time_n and_o see_v the_o lender_n be_v as_o much_o wrong_v and_o the_o seeker_n of_o the_o loan_n show_v as_o great_a fraud_n by_o this_o pretence_n as_o in_o other_o theft_n i_o see_v not_o why_o the_o punishment_n shall_v not_o be_v the_o same_o i_o find_v it_o observe_v by_o bolton_n cap._n 31._o that_o though_o in_o glanvels_n time_n who_o be_v repute_n to_o be_v author_n of_o regiam_fw-la maj._n à _fw-la furto_fw-la omni_fw-la modo_fw-la excusabatur_fw-la qui_fw-la initium_fw-la habuerit_fw-la suae_fw-la detentionis_fw-la per_fw-la dominum_fw-la illius_fw-la rei_fw-la yet_o it_o be_v not_o so_o now_o for_o if_o a_o carrier_n take_v out_o a_o parcel_n of_o the_o thing_n deliver_v to_o he_o and_o fall_v it_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o theft_n but_o it_o be_v not_o theft_n in_o the_o carrier_n to_o give_v away_o or_o embezle_n the_o whole_a as_o he_o receive_v they_o because_o it_o be_v deliver_v he_o in_o the_o same_o kind_n stomf_n 25._o but_o this_o last_o part_n seem_v absurd_a for_o the_o offender_n design_n equal_o to_o offend_v and_o the_o propriator_n be_v equal_o injure_v in_o both_o case_n it_o be_v doubt_v by_o lawyer_n whether_o theft_n can_v be_v commit_v by_o one_o of_o these_o who_o be_v in_o a_o society_n or_o who_o have_v right_a to_o a_o commontie_z of_o these_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o subject_a matter_n of_o the_o commontie_z it_o be_v answer_v that_o it_o can_v if_o fraud_n be_v prove_v in_o either_o of_o these_o case_n l._n si_fw-la socius_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr furto_fw-la and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o use_v that_o which_o be_v common_a or_o that_o as_o in_o which_o the_o society_n be_v constitute_v otherways_o then_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n be_v in_o effect_n to_o employ_v for_o on_o his_o own_o use_n what_o belong_v to_o another_o which_o be_v theft_n and_o who_o doubt_n if_o one_o of_o these_o who_o be_v in_o a_o society_n as_o in_o beer_n brew_v will_v steal_v away_o in_o the_o night_n considerable_a quantity_n of_o beer_n out_o of_o the_o society_n but_o he_o may_v be_v punish_v for_o theft_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d l._n 46._o basil._n h._n t._n iii_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o burden-sack_n or_o ibur_n anaseca_v no_o man_n can_v be_v accuse_v for_o theâ—t_n for_o as_o much_o meat_n as_o he_o can_v carry_v on_o his_o back_n r._n m._n l._n 4._o cap._n 19_o but_o i_o think_v this_o shall_v be_v restrict_v by_o these_o two_o limitation_n 1._o if_o the_o say_a theft_n be_v commit_v to_o satisfy_v his_o necessity_n l._n verum_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr furtis_fw-la which_o be_v the_o meaning_n of_o that_o expression_n necessity_n have_v no_o law_n and_o 2._o if_o he_o can_v not_o entertain_v himself_o another_o way_n and_o whereas_o skeen_n observe_v upon_o the_o word_n burden-sack_n the_o thief_n shall_v in_o this_o case_n pay_v a_o cow_n or_o sheep_n to_o he_o in_o who_o land_n he_o be_v take_v i_o think_v that_o also_o unreasonable_a see_v that_o presuppose_n that_o the_o thief_n be_v not_o in_o that_o absolute_a necessity_n which_o shall_v get_v he_o this_o privilege_n and_o whereas_o he_o observe_v that_o he_o shall_v be_v scourge_v i_o thâ—nk_v â—t_a most_o unreasonable_a because_o his_o necessity_n make_v it_o in_o effect_n to_o be_v no_o theft_n and_o it_o be_v contrair_a likewise_o to_o the_o foresay_a 16._o cap._n l._n 4._o reg._n maj._n that_o no_o court_n shall_v be_v hold_v upon_o burden-sack_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n likewise_o fraudantes_fw-la filcum_fw-la or_o gabellum_fw-la the_o stealer_n of_o custom_n be_v punishable_a as_o thief_n far._n quest_n 173._o but_o of_o this_o i_o shall_v treat_v hereafter_o iv._o by_o the_o civil_a law_n it_o be_v account_v no_o theft_n to_o intromet_n with_o or_o abstract_a thing_n that_o belong_v to_o a_o succession_n to_o which_o none_o have_v enter_v because_o before_o the_o enter_n of_o a_o heir_n these_o thing_n can_v be_v call_v no_o man_n l._n hereditary_a ff_n de_fw-fr furto_fw-la and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o take_v away_o ring_n and_o other_o good_n from_o off_o a_o dead_a person_n out_o of_o a_o grave_a be_v not_o count_v theft_n by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n as_o it_o be_v find_v in_o notinghames_n case_n anno_fw-la 1617._o where_o this_o be_v only_o find_v a_o misdemeanour_n and_o the_o defender_n whip_v but_o this_o hold_v not_o now_o in_o our_o practic_n which_o
other_o instance_n of_o this_o i_o shall_v only_o cite_v robert_n lauder_n who_o be_v only_o banish_v for_o theft_n and_o pickry_n anno_fw-la 1638._o but_o theft_n join_v with_o violence_n and_o rapine_n stouth-reif_a be_v atrocious_a 2._o it_o be_v observable_a from_o that_o text_n that_o in_o crime_n that_o be_v not_o atrocious_a per_fw-la argumentum_fw-la à _fw-la contrario_fw-la obedience_n to_o the_o husband_n excuse_v the_o wife_n vi_o it_o be_v statute_v v_o 9_o that_o servant_n be_v obliedge_v to_o reveal_v their_o master_n theft_n else_o they_o be_v guilty_a from_o which_o it_o may_v be_v debate_v that_o a_o servant_n who_o leave_v his_o master_n service_n immediate_o though_o he_o be_v in_o company_n with_o he_o at_o the_o commit_n of_o theft_n be_v not_o punishable_a for_o his_o be_v in_o company_n since_o he_o may_v have_v be_v bring_v upon_o the_o place_n without_o know_v his_o master_n design_n and_o be_v there_o dare_v not_o to_o have_v refuse_v concourse_n upon_o such_o account_n i_o see_v some_o servant_n assoilzy_v by_o the_o council_n from_o death_n they_o have_v leave_v their_o master_n service_n as_o say_v be_v though_o they_o reveal_v not_o the_o theft_n which_o they_o may_v have_v omit_v either_o through_o fear_n or_o want_v of_o probation_n vii_o recept_n then_o be_v punish_v as_o theft_n which_o must_v be_v mean_v only_o of_o immediate_a recept_n for_o the_o mediate_v seller_n of_o good_n belong_v to_o thief_n or_o inobedient_a person_n who_o dare_v not_o come_v to_o mercat_n themselves_o be_v only_o punishable_a by_o banishment_n and_o confiscation_n of_o their_o moveable_n the_o half_a whereof_o be_v to_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o other_o half_a to_o the_o suitor_n and_o from_o this_o act_n may_v be_v raise_v these_o two_o doubt_n 1._o if_o this_o act_n shall_v strike_v against_o the_o receptor_n of_o any_o other_o good_n than_o these_o of_o highland_n thief_n see_v the_o act_n speak_v of_o thief_n who_o can_v come_v themselves_o to_o lowland_n mercat_n whereby_o the_o act_n make_v against_o sornars_n of_o clan_n can_v be_v put_v to_o execution_n yet_o sure_o this_o act_n strike_v against_o all_o seller_n of_o good_n belong_v to_o any_o thief_n see_v the_o reason_n be_v the_o same_o theft_n be_v thereby_o promove_v and_o the_o statutory_a word_n run_v disjunctive_o against_o the_o seller_n of_o good_n belong_v to_o thief_n in_o general_a &_o ubi_fw-la lex_fw-la non_fw-la distinguit_fw-la nec_fw-la nos_fw-la or_o inobedient_a person_n and_o clann_n 2._o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v if_o this_o act_n shall_v reach_v the_o seller_n of_o good_n belong_v to_o any_o other_o malefactor_n see_v the_o rubric_n speak_v general_o of_o seller_n of_o good_n belong_v to_o malefactor_n and_o some_o think_v that_o if_o any_o malefactor_n be_v at_o the_o horn_n the_o seller_n of_o his_o good_n may_v be_v punish_v by_o this_o act_n title_n xxi_o hame-sucken_a 1._o what_o privilege_n the_o roman_n give_v to_o a_o man_n own_o house_n 2._o what_o be_v hame-sucken_a and_o the_o several_a kind_n thereof_o 3._o the_o punishment_n of_o this_o crime_n 4._o how_o hame-sucken_a be_v punish_v when_o it_o be_v only_o pursue_v by_o way_n of_o aggravation_n by_o how_o much_o the_o person_n offend_v live_v secure_o by_o so_o much_o all_o invasion_n make_v upon_o that_o security_n be_v the_o more_o severe_o punishable_a and_o therefore_o see_v a_o man_n expect_v more_o security_n and_o be_v least_o guard_v against_o violence_n whilst_o he_o live_v peaceable_a at_o home_n the_o law_n punish_v more_o severe_o injury_n do_v he_o there_o then_o elsewhere_o and_o it_o be_v very_o presumable_a that_o no_o person_n will_v enter_v another_o house_n with_o a_o design_n to_o offend_v he_o or_o will_v offend_v he_o there_o upon_o any_o account_n except_o he_o who_o have_v very_o much_o malice_n and_o prejudice_n against_o he_o for_o by_o injury_n commit_v against_o a_o person_n in_o his_o own_o house_n not_o only_o the_o public_a peace_n but_o even_o the_o law_n of_o hospitality_n be_v offend_v i._o according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n no_o man_n can_v have_v be_v draw_v out_o of_o his_o ownhouse_n nor_o can_v have_v be_v cite_v therein_o l._n ff_n 18._o de_fw-la injus_fw-la vocando_fw-la plerique_fw-la putaverunt_fw-la nullum_fw-la de_fw-la domo_fw-la sua_fw-la injus_fw-la vocare_fw-la licere_fw-la &_o quia_fw-la domus_fw-la tutissimum_fw-la cuique_fw-la refugium_fw-la receptaculum_fw-la est_fw-la eumquequi_fw-la inde_fw-la in_o jus_o vocaret_fw-la vim_o infer_v videri_fw-la but_o i_o believe_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o law_n be_v because_o vocatio_fw-la in_o jus_o be_v at_o that_o time_n use_v not_o by_o a_o simple_a citation_n as_o now_o but_o obterto_fw-mi collo_fw-la and_o by_o drag_v the_o defender_n to_o the_o court._n for_o else_o it_o be_v not_o imaginable_a how_o the_o cite_n a_o person_n at_o his_o house_n can_v infer_v violence_n or_o riot_n against_o the_o citer_fw-la but_o though_o this_o law_n be_v now_o so_o far_o antiquate_v by_o custom_n that_o any_o person_n whatsoever_o may_v be_v cite_v in_o his_o own_o house_n and_o may_v be_v violent_o draw_v forth_o thereof_o by_o caption_n in_o civil_a case_n and_o warand_n in_o criminal_a yet_o so_o pungent_a be_v the_o reason_n insert_v in_o that_o law_n that_o domus_fw-la cuique_fw-la tutissimum_fw-la refugium_fw-la atque_fw-la receptaculum_fw-la est_fw-la which_o be_v likewise_o repeat_v l._n 1._o c._n the_o praetor_n &_o honour_n praetor_n that_o it_o be_v join_v with_o the_o former_a reason_n above_o express_v have_v introduce_v that_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o world_n gravior_n estimatur_fw-la injuria_fw-la alicui_fw-la facta_fw-la in_o domo_fw-la sua_fw-la quam_fw-la alibi_fw-la &_o ideo_fw-la ut_fw-la plurimum_fw-la duplicatur_fw-la paena_fw-la malificii_fw-la commissi_fw-la in_o domo_fw-la offensi_fw-la cabal_n consil_n criminal_a casu_fw-la 13._o which_o be_v likewise_o consonant_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n whereby_o of_o old_a the_o enter_v another_o man_n house_n invito_fw-la domino_fw-la be_v punishable_a as_o a_o crime_n l._n corn._n de_fw-fr injuriis_fw-la and_o thereafter_o be_v punishable_a actione_n injuriarum_fw-la l._n 23._o ff_n de_fw-fr injur_fw-fr ii_o the_o invade_v a_o person_n in_o his_o own_o house_n with_o we_o be_v call_v hame-sucken_a and_o be_v define_v to_o be_v when_o any_o person_n violent_o enter_v into_o another_o man_n house_n without_o licence_n or_o contrary_a to_o the_o king_n peace_n or_o seek_v he_o or_o assault_v he_o there_o and_o come_v from_o a_o dutch_a word_n haime_v which_o signify_v a_o house_n and_o sucken_v which_o signify_v to_o seek_v or_o pursue_v concern_v which_o crime_n it_o be_v observable_a that_o 1._o it_o either_o may_v be_v pursue_v as_o a_o separate_v crime_n or_o as_o the_o aggravation_n of_o another_o crime_n when_o it_o be_v pursue_v as_o a_o formal_a crime_n the_o pursuer_fw-mi must_v libel_v that_o he_o be_v invade_v violent_o or_o seek_v after_o in_o his_o own_o house_n for_o if_o the_o offender_n do_v come_v in_o upon_o invitation_n or_o accidental_o and_o thereafter_o upon_o a_o emergent_a offend_v or_o invade_v the_o master_n of_o the_o house_n this_o be_v not_o proper_o hame-sucken_a see_v the_o offender_n do_v not_o invade_v or_o seize_v 2._o the_o wrong_n must_v be_v do_v to_o a_o person_n in_o his_o own_o house_n that_o be_v to_o say_v where_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi be_v stay_v lie_v or_o rise_v night_n and_o day_n reg._n maj._n l._n 4._o cap._n 9_o v._n 1._o upon_o which_o place_n skeen_n observe_v &_o qui_fw-la insultum_fw-la fecitjuxta_fw-la domum_fw-la hac_fw-la lege_fw-la punitur_fw-la bartol_n in_o authent_n de_fw-fr appell_n §_o ad_fw-la haec_fw-la and_o i_o find_v that_o clar._n quest_n 82._o determin_n that_o a_o statute_n which_o double_v the_o pain_n of_o invasion_n when_o the_o invasion_n be_v make_v in_o the_o house_n of_o a_o judge_n or_o magistrate_n take_v place_n not_o only_o against_o invasion_n make_v in_o the_o house_n itself_o but_o likewise_o make_v in_o the_o confine_n thereof_o and_o albericus_n de_fw-fr statutis_fw-la l._n 2._o quest_n 35._o extend_v to_o crime_n forbid_v in_o place_n to_o crime_n commit_v within_o the_o confine_n thereof_o which_o though_o it_o be_v contradict_v by_o vincen._n de_fw-fr fran_fw-mi decisione_n 402._o because_o rigid_a and_o special_a law_n be_v strict_o to_o be_v interpret_v yet_o i_o think_v that_o if_o the_o invasion_n be_v make_v in_o any_o place_n that_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o house_n such_o as_o the_o porch_n court_n inner_a court_n or_o office-house_n that_o invasion_n shall_v be_v punish_v as_o hame-sucken_a because_o a_o man_n be_v say_v to_o be_v at_o home_o there_o and_o expect_v as_o much_o security_n there_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n inductive_a of_o the_o law_n as_o any_o other_o else_o and_o thus_o the_o ordinary_a form_n of_o libel_n with_o we_o bear_v that_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi be_v invade_v within_o his_o dwell_a house_n
the_o public_a but_o even_o to_o the_o private_a party_n for_o qui_fw-la sibi_fw-la jus_o dicit_fw-la jus_o crediti_fw-la non_fw-la habebit_fw-la which_o imply_v a_o annul_n of_o the_o deed_n quo_fw-la ad_fw-la privatum_fw-la interest_n and_o cujacius_n observe_v well_o that_o the_o party_n force_v potest_fw-la condicere_fw-la and_o how_o can_v it_o be_v imagine_v that_o the_o law_n will_v ordain_v the_o extorter_n to_o be_v punish_v and_o yet_o not_o restore_v that_o which_o be_v extort_a the_o publick_v interest_n result_v only_o from_o the_o private_a injury_n do_v to_o the_o party_n and_o as_o the_o fisk_n use_v not_o to_o pursue_v without_o a_o informer_n so_o the_o private_a party_n injure_v will_v not_o inform_v nor_o concur_v since_o he_o can_v not_o expect_v any_o reparation_n and_o thus_o the_o crime_n and_o injury_n will_v remain_v unpunished_a but_o even_o according_a to_o the_o l._n 12._o and_o 14._o so_o much_o found_v on_o it_o be_v most_o clear_a that_o they_o be_v not_o in_o the_o case_n of_o these_o law_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o even_o by_o these_o law_n the_o foresay_a principle_n be_v just_a since_o restitution_n be_v still_o to_o be_v grant_v ubi_fw-la actori_fw-la aliquid_fw-la abest_fw-la &_o ubi_fw-la damnum_fw-la intervenit_fw-la but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o in_o this_o case_n the_o pursuer_fw-mi be_v extreme_o prejudge_v by_o this_o disposition_n crave_v to_o be_v reduce_v ex_fw-la capite_fw-la metus_fw-la since_o if_o it_o be_v reduce_v he_o will_v easy_o defend_v himself_o against_o the_o allege_a minute_n upon_o many_o ground_n then_o represent_v it_o be_v also_o urge_v that_o though_o in_o the_o restitution_n of_o minor_n the_o law_n restore_v they_o only_o when_o they_o be_v lease_v since_o that_o remedy_n be_v main_o introduce_v for_o their_o advantage_n yet_o in_o reduction_n ex_fw-la capite_fw-la metus_fw-la the_o law_n design_n main_o that_o no_o man_n shall_v have_v advantage_n by_o his_o own_o oppression_n nor_o no_o man_n be_v obliedge_v without_o his_o own_o consent_n and_o so_o it_o rescind_v the_o deed_n though_o the_o party_n be_v not_o lease_v and_o the_o edict_n itself_o say_v quod_fw-la metus_fw-la causa_fw-la gestum_fw-la erit_fw-la ratum_fw-la non_fw-la habebo_fw-la without_o consider_v laesion_n &_o quod_fw-la ratum_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la irritandum_fw-la est_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v be_v reduceable_a and_o whereas_o it_o be_v pretend_v that_o the_o former_a brocard_n spoliatus_fw-la est_fw-la ante_fw-la omne_fw-la restituendus_fw-la do_v only_o hold_v where_o the_o thing_n be_v take_v away_o vi_fw-la ablativa_fw-la because_o that_o can_v be_v easy_o prove_v but_o not_o in_o deed_n extort_a vi_o compulsiva_fw-la which_o force_n depend_v upon_o inward_a act_n of_o the_o mind_n can_v not_o so_o easy_o be_v discover_v and_o can_v be_v easy_o mistake_v to_o this_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o though_o those_o two_o differ_v in_o themselves_o yet_o either_o of_o they_o infer_v restitution_n as_o we_o see_v all_o along_v the_o title_n quod_fw-la metus_fw-la causa_fw-la and_o in_o the_o practice_n of_o our_o reduction_n ex_fw-la capite_fw-la metus_fw-la in_o both_o which_o deed_n extort_a vi_o compulsiva_fw-la be_v reduceable_a and_o the_o person_n injure_v restore_v against_o they_o and_o since_o vis_fw-la compulsiva_fw-la can_v infer_v more_o prejudice_n then_o vis_fw-la ablativa_fw-la since_o vis_fw-la ablativa_fw-la can_v only_o rob_v we_o of_o moveable_n whereas_o vis_fw-la compulsiva_fw-la can_v rob_v we_o of_o our_o estate_n it_o be_v strange_a that_o the_o law_n shall_v not_o assist_v the_o injure_a person_n most_o where_o they_o may_v be_v most_o injure_v nor_o can_v it_o be_v deny_v but_o that_o compulsion_n fall_v as_o much_o under_o sense_n and_o so_o can_v be_v as_o easy_o prove_v as_o a_o spuilzie_n can_v for_o though_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o some_o degree_n of_o force_n shall_v always_o infer_v restitution_n yet_o the_o probation_n of_o these_o degree_n if_o once_o admit_v be_v always_o easy_a the_o crime_n answer_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n to_o oppression_n be_v vis_fw-la publica_fw-la vis_fw-la privata_fw-la &_o concussio_fw-la those_o be_v punishable_a l._n julia_fw-la de_fw-la vi_fw-la publicae_fw-la who_o raise_v arm_n or_o do_v violent_o eject_v man_n out_o of_o their_o house_n or_o land_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d l._n 4._o basil._n h._n t._n these_o who_o assist_v the_o oppressor_n with_o man_n be_v guilty_a thereof_o and_o the_o punishment_n be_v aquae_fw-la &_o ignis_fw-la interdictio_fw-la these_o be_v guilty_a of_o vis_fw-la privata_fw-la who_o oppress_v upon_o a_o private_a account_n and_o the_o punishment_n be_v the_o confiscation_n of_o the_o three_o part_n of_o their_o good_n with_o infamy_n concussion_n be_v that_o crime_n whereby_o money_n or_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v extort_a by_o open_a force_n or_o who_o employ_v their_o power_n and_o authority_n as_o the_o instrument_n of_o 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do_v not_o use_v to_o sustain_v payment_n of_o black-mail_n by_o itself_o as_o a_o crime_n to_o infer_v any_o severe_a punishment_n much_o less_o to_o infer_v the_o pain_n of_o theft_n and_o robbery_n conform_v to_o the_o foreâ—aid_a act_n that_o payment_n be_v ordinary_o more_o the_o effect_n of_o fear_n then_o of_o compliance_n title_n xxxv_o be_v and_o part_n open_a &_o consilio_fw-la 1._o these_o word_n art_n and_o part_n explain_v 2._o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n ordain_v that_o libel_n bear_v art_n and_o part_n shall_v be_v relevant_a full_o consider_v 3._o how_o far_o advice_n and_o counsel_n do_v import_n accession_n 4._o how_o far_o the_o give_v order_n to_o commit_v a_o crime_n import_v accession_n 5._o how_o far_o the_o command_n of_o a_o superior_a excuse_v 6._o how_o far_o the_o command_n of_o a_o father_n excuse_v 7._o who_o be_v construct_v in_o law_n to_o be_v assister_n 8._o how_o a_o crime_n may_v be_v ratify_v and_o what_o be_v the_o import_n of_o ratification_n 9_o whether_o accessory_n can_v be_v pursue_v till_o the_o principal_a actor_n be_v first_o discuss_v 10._o whether_o complice_n and_o accessory_n be_v to_o be_v punish_v by_o the_o punishment_n due_a to_o the_o principal_a malefactor_n not_o only_o these_o who_o be_v the_o actual_a committer_n of_o crime_n but_o these_o by_o who_o counsel_n direction_n or_o assistance_n any_o crime_n be_v commit_v be_v likewise_o punishable_a else_o the_o law_n may_v be_v easy_o elude_v and_o the_o chief_a contriver_n may_v escape_v i._o these_o who_o be_v assister_n by_o counsel_n or_o otherways_o be_v in_o our_o law_n say_v to_o be_v art_n and_o part_n of_o the_o crime_n by_o art_n be_v mean_v that_o the_o crime_n be_v contrive_v by_o their_o art_n or_o skill_n eorum_fw-la arte_fw-la by_o part_n be_v mean_v that_o they_o be_v sharer_n in_o the_o crime_n commit_v when_o it_o be_v commit_v &_o quorum_fw-la pars_fw-la magna_fw-la the_o civilian_n use_v in_o place_n of_o art_n and_o part_n open_v &_o consilio_fw-la and_o these_o who_o assist_v and_o be_v art_n and_o part_n be_v by_o our_o law_n call_v complice_n which_o word_n be_v borrow_v from_o the_o doctor_n for_o the_o call_v consiliarios_fw-la fautores_fw-la &_o instructores_fw-la complice_n carer_n pract_n crim_n §_o homicidium_fw-la num_fw-la 14._o ii_o by_o the_o 151._o act_n 11._o parl._n i._n 6._o it_o it_o ordain_v that_o nothing_o can_v be_v object_v against_o the_o relevancy_n of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o summons_n which_o bear_v that_o the_o person_n complain_v upon_o be_v art_n and_o part_n of_o the_o crime_n libel_v by_o the_o relevancy_n of_o the_o libel_n our_o law_n mean_v that_o the_o libel_n be_v rite_n libellatus_fw-la and_o i_o find_v the_o term_n relevant_a use_v by_o the_o doctor_n themselves_o in_o the_o same_o sense_n that_o it_o be_v use_v by_o we_o and_o thus_o gail_n l._n 1._o ob_n 86._o judex_fw-la debet_fw-la tantum_fw-la admittere_fw-la articulos_fw-la relevantes_fw-la the_o reason_n of_o the_o former_a act_n be_v there_o render_v to_o
make_v thereanent_a and_o if_o he_o find_v the_o say_a soverty_n initimation_n be_v always_o make_v by_o you_o to_o we_o of_o the_o find_v thereof_o that_o you_o summon_v a_o assize_n hereto_o not_o exceed_v the_o number_n of_o 45._o person_n together_o with_o sick_a witness_n as_o best_o know_v the_o verity_n of_o the_o premise_n who_o name_n you_o shall_v receive_v in_o the_o roll_n subscribe_v by_o the_o complainer_n or_o either_o of_o they_o ilk_fw-mi person_n under_o the_o pain_n of_o a_o 100_o mark_n as_o you_o will_v answer_v to_o we_o exit_fw-la deliberatione_n the_o form_n of_o a_o indictment_n be_v thus_o a_o indictment_n for_o sameikle_a as_o the_o abominable_a vile_a and_o filthy_a vice_n of_o incest_n be_v so_o odious_a and_o detestable_a in_o the_o presence_n of_o almighty_a god_n and_o be_v the_o same_o eternal_a god_n his_o express_a word_n so_o clear_o condemn_v therefore_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n out_o of_o his_o godly_a disposition_n and_o zeal_n by_o diverse_a his_o act_n of_o parliament_n express_o statute_n and_o ordain_v that_o whatsoever_o person_n or_o person_n commit_v the_o say_v abominable_a crime_n of_o incest_n shall_v be_v punish_v to_o the_o death_n as_o the_o say_n act_n of_o parliament_n in_o themselves_o proport_v notwithstanding_o it_o be_v of_o verity_n that_o the_o say_v a.b._n be_v marry_v with_o his_o lawful_a spouse_n daughter_n to_o c._n most_o shameful_o but_o fear_v of_o god_n or_o respect_n to_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n law_n have_v give_v the_o use_n of_o his_o body_n to_o d._n his_o wife_n â—ister_n in_o the_o month_n of_o 〈…〉_z in_o he_o and_o her_o journey_v betwixt_o the_o burgh_n of_o edinburgh_n and_o the_o town_n of_o elgin_n and_o within_o the_o say_a town_n of_o elgin_n in_o the_o which_o filthy_a and_o incestuous_a copulation_n she_o have_v procreate_v a_o bairn_n commit_v therethrough_a the_o say_v filthy_a crime_n of_o incest_n and_o adultery_n to_o the_o high_a offence_n and_o displeasure_n of_o 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to_o which_o they_o be_v macer_n the_o form_n of_o the_o execution_n be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o full_a copy_n of_o the_o letter_n deliver_v to_o the_o defender_n if_o he_o be_v personal_o apprehend_v or_o if_o he_o can_v be_v personal_o apprehend_v to_o his_o wife_n or_o servant_n or_o affix_v upon_o the_o gate_n of_o his_o dwell_a house_n if_o he_o any_o have_v and_o proclamation_n at_o the_o head_n burgh_n of_o the_o shire_n where_o a_o copy_n be_v likewise_o to_o be_v fix_v at_o the_o mercat_n cross_n but_o if_o there_o be_v more_o person_n than_o two_o and_o all_o be_v call_v for_o one_o deed_n and_o crime_n in_o that_o case_n two_o of_o the_o copy_n be_v to_o be_v deliver_v to_o two_o of_o the_o principal_n name_v in_o the_o say_a letter_n or_o their_o wife_n etc._n etc._n in_o manner_n foresay_a be_v sufficient_a q_o m._n 6._o p._n cap_n 33._o but_o if_o the_o person_n live_v in_o shire_n or_o country_n ubi_fw-la non_fw-la patet_fw-la tutus_fw-la accessus_fw-la the_o bill_n whereupon_o the_o letter_n pass_v use_v to_o contain_v a_o privilege_n for_o cite_v they_o at_o the_o head_n burgh_n of_o the_o shire_n and_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o letter_n bear_v their_o word_n and_o failze_v thereof_o by_o open_a procamation_n at_o the_o mercat_n cross_v of_o our_o burgh_n of_o etc._n etc._n because_o they_o be_v break_v man_n have_v no_o certain_a dwell_n and_o haunt_v and_o frequent_v with_o other_o break_a man_n where_o our_o officer_n dare_v not_o resort_v for_o fear_v of_o their_o life_n with_o the_o whilk_fw-mi charge_n swa_o to_o be_v give_v we_o and_o the_o lord_n of_o our_o council_n by_o their_o present_n dispense_v and_o admit_v the_o famine_n to_o be_v as_o lawful_a and_o safficient_a as_o if_o ilk_fw-mi a_fw-mi of_o they_o be_v personal_o apprehend_v this_o be_v by_o the_o doctor_n call_v citatio_fw-la edictalis_fw-la but_o if_o the_o party_n be_v out_o of_o the_o country_n he_o must_v be_v cite_v at_o the_o mercat_n cross_n of_o edinburgh_n peir_n and_o shoar_n of_o leith_n as_o in_o other_o case_n nota_fw-la though_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n foresay_a bear_v not_o a_o full_a copy_n yet_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a that_o a_o full_a copy_n be_v give_v for_o the_o diet_n in_o the_o criminal_a court_n be_v peremptor_n the_o summons_n be_v not_o give_v up_o to_o see_v as_o in_o other_o court_n and_o therefore_o the_o defender_n shall_v have_v a_o full_a copy_n that_o he_o may_v come_v instruct_v how_o to_o defend_v and_o that_o he_o may_v timeous_o raise_v exculpation_n and_o if_o a_o full_a copy_n be_v not_o give_v the_o execution_n have_v be_v find_v null_n in_o totum_fw-la and_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n appoint_v they_o shall_v be_v null_a anno_fw-la 1665._o livingstoun_n contra_fw-la leith_n and_o though_o some_o think_v that_o in_o the_o case_n where_o a_o short_a copy_n be_v give_v the_o summons_n shall_v be_v only_o give_v up_o to_o a_o short_a day_n but_o the_o execution_n shall_v not_o be_v null_a yet_o i_o think_v that_o opinion_n be_v not_o find_v 1._o because_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n appoint_v the_o execution_n to_o be_v null_a where_o a_o copy_n be_v not_o give_v 2._o the_o give_v up_o to_o see_v can_v be_v sufficient_a for_o if_o the_o party_n have_v get_v a_o full_a copy_n at_o home_n upon_o the_o place_n where_o he_o live_v he_o have_v raise_v exculpation_n and_o cite_v the_o witness_n therefore_o upon_o the_o place_n their_o execution_n shall_v be_v subscribe_v by_o the_o executer_n and_o stamp_v and_o seal_v before_o witness_n else_o they_o be_v null_a act_n 32._o parl._n 5._o i._o 3._o and_o letter_n shall_v not_o be_v direct_a general_o against_o complice_n but_o the_o particular_a crime_n of_o every_o defender_n shall_v be_v express_v ja._n 6._o parl._n 6._o cap._n 76._o and_o ja._n 6._o parl._n 11._o cap._n 85._o and_o by_o this_o last_o act_n all_o criminal_a letter_n which_o import_n tinsel_n of_o life_n and_o movable_a good_n when_o they_o be_v execute_v by_o open_a proclamation_n at_o mercat_n cross_n shall_v be_v execute_v betwixt_o eight_o hour_n of_o the_o morning_n and_o twelve_o hour_n at_o noon_n though_o former_o when_o a_o party_n be_v in_o prison_n his_o indictment_n may_v have_v be_v give_v he_o upon_o twenty_o four_o hour_n yet_o it_o be_v find_v in_o the_o case_n of_o robertson_n in_o july_n 1673._o that_o a_o panel_n in_o prison_n shall_v have_v fifteen_o day_n at_o least_o that_o he_o may_v within_o that_o time_n either_o raise_v a_o summons_n of_o exculpation_n or_o may_v take_v out_o diligence_n for_o prove_v his_o objection_n against_o witness_n or_o assize_n and_o that_o conform_v to_o the_o eleven_o article_n of_o the_o regulation_n concern_v the_o justice_n court_n though_o it_o be_v allege_v then_o by_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n that_o there_o be_v no_o express_a warrant_n for_o that_o indulgence_n in_o that_o article_n and_o correctory_n law_n such_o as_o the_o regulation_n be_v ought_v not_o to_o be_v extend_v beyond_o the_o letter_n especial_o in_o this_o case_n where_o the_o panel_n be_v a_o murderer_n take_v with_o reid_v hand_n and_o justice_n be_v to_o be_v do_v against_o such_o by_o our_o old_a law_n within_o twenty_o four_o hour_n which_o reply_n be_v repel_v in_o respect_n it_o be_v duply_v for_o the_o panel_n that_o though_o the_o law_n do_v not_o express_v the_o time_n that_o be_v to_o be_v indulge_v to_o such_o as_o be_v criminal_o pursue_v yet_o it_o have_v express_v the_o reason_n for_o which_o this_o indulgence_n be_v to_o be_v give_v viz._n that_o the_o party_n may_v either_o exculpat_v himself_o or_o cast_v the_o witness_n or_o assizer_n that_o be_v to_o be_v use_v against_o he_o the_o law_n can_v not_o but_o allow_v a_o time_n sufficient_a for_o do_v that_o diligence_n it_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o
to_o be_v use_v in_o the_o exculpation_n and_o so_o may_v have_v be_v ready_a to_o object_n against_o they_o to_o this_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o if_o this_o argument_n prove_v any_o thing_n it_o will_v prove_v that_o no_o witness_n can_v be_v receive_v in_o exculpation_n except_o they_o be_v cite_v which_o be_v absurd_a and_o the_o reason_n why_o witness_n name_n be_v ordain_v to_o be_v give_v with_o the_o libel_n be_v introduce_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o defender_n and_o that_o he_o may_v not_o die_v upon_o deposition_n of_o suspect_n witness_n and_o so_o it_o be_v unjust_a to_o detort_v this_o to_o the_o defender_n prejudice_n nor_o be_v there_o such_o hazard_n of_o corruption_n in_o exculpation_n as_o in_o pursuite_n for_o no_o man_n be_v to_o die_v no_o estate_n to_o be_v forefeit_v nor_o no_o man_n fame_n to_o be_v taint_v by_o the_o deposition_n of_o exculpate_v witness_n but_o i_o find_v no_o such_o speciality_n in_o our_o law_n nor_o be_v that_o privilege_n reasonable_a for_o man_n be_v prone_a though_o they_o have_v no_o relation_n to_o depone_v in_o favour_n rather_o of_o the_o panel_n then_o of_o the_o accuser_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o our_o law_n allow_v a_o assize_n of_o error_n against_o such_o as_o absolve_v but_o not_o against_o such_o as_o condemn_v vi_o the_o doctor_n also_o allow_v exculpation_n to_o be_v prove_v per_fw-la conjecturas_fw-la &_o judicia_fw-la l._n merito_fw-la ff_n pro._n socio_fw-la boss._n tit_n de_fw-fr favour_n de_fw-fr fen_n but_o this_o be_v likewise_o reprobate_v by_o our_o law_n and_o if_o it_o be_v allow_v punishment_n shall_v be_v absolute_o arbitrary_a but_o it_o be_v question_v what_o punishment_n shall_v be_v inflict_v upon_o the_o defender_n who_o have_v prove_v his_o defence_n but_o not_o full_o as_o if_o he_o prove_v by_o one_o witness_n that_o the_o murder_n be_v commit_v in_o defence_n etc._n etc._n for_o resolution_n of_o which_o doubt_n they_o distinguish_v whether_o the_o imperfect_a probation_n of_o the_o defence_n be_v diametrical_o contrary_a to_o the_o pursuer_n probation_n and_o in_o that_o case_n they_o think_v it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v respect_v both_o because_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o imperfect_a and_o because_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o a_o conclude_a probation_n but_o if_o it_o be_v not_o full_o contrary_a but_o tend_v only_o to_o prove_v somewhat_o that_o be_v different_a from_o the_o libel_n as_o if_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi prove_v whole_o the_o murder_n and_o the_o defender_n that_o it_o be_v do_v in_o self-defence_n than_o they_o think_v that_o the_o probation_n though_o not_o full_a do_v obsuscat_n and_o weaken_v the_o pursuer_n probation_n and_o consequent_o the_o defender_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v punish_v with_o death_n which_o punishment_n ought_v only_o to_o be_v infer_v per_fw-la probationem_fw-la omni_fw-la exceptione_n majorem_fw-la bart._n in_o l._n admonendi_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr jur_fw-fr anchar_n council_n 285._o and_o i_o think_v that_o albeit_o the_o assize_n behove_v to_o file_v eo_fw-la casu_fw-la yet_o the_o council_n ought_v upon_o a_o favourable_a representation_n from_o the_o justice_n to_o remit_v somewhat_o of_o the_o ordinary_a punishment_n vii_o if_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi insist_v not_o so_o that_o the_o defender_n probation_n of_o self-defence_n may_v perish_v in_o the_o interim_n or_o if_o he_o who_o may_v accuse_v will_v raise_v no_o accusation_n than_o the_o person_n to_o who_o the_o exculpation_n will_v be_v competent_a may_v intend_v a_o summons_n wherein_o he_o must_v cite_v the_o party_n injure_v or_o his_o relation_n and_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n and_o in_o it_o he_o may_v conclude_v that_o the_o deposition_n of_o the_o witness_n ad_fw-la defensam_fw-la may_v be_v take_v to_o lie_v in_o retentis_fw-la ad_fw-la futuram_fw-la rei_fw-la memoriam_fw-la viii_o when_o witness_n be_v lead_v they_o shall_v present_o depon_n and_o the_o justice_n shall_v be_v judge_n to_o what_o they_o depon_n and_o it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v remit_v to_o the_o assizer_n because_o non_fw-la constat_fw-la till_o the_o probation_n be_v lead_v whether_o the_o exculpation_n be_v exclusive_a of_o the_o libel_n or_o eleid_n it_o and_o so_o the_o libel_n can_v go_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o inquest_n as_o be_v find_v after_o much_o debate_n in_o barcleys_n case_n but_o this_o in_o my_o opinion_n shall_v only_o hold_v where_o the_o defence_n be_v exclusive_a of_o the_o libel_n but_o where_o both_o the_o libel_n and_o defence_n be_v admit_v joint_o to_o probation_n i_o think_v that_o both_o shall_v be_v refer_v to_o the_o inquest_n because_o the_o probation_n must_v be_v joint_o consider_v and_o the_o justice_n can_v be_v judge_n competent_a to_o the_o probation_n of_o the_o libel_n and_o so_o not_o to_o that_o which_o be_v join_v inseparable_o with_o it_o if_o the_o defender_n propon_n a_o defence_n but_o prove_v it_o not_o it_o be_v doubt_v if_o by_o propon_v the_o defence_n he_o acknowledge_v the_o libel_n the_o reason_n of_o the_o doubt_n upon_o the_o one_o hand_n be_v that_o in_o all_o civil_a process_n he_o who_o propones_fw-la a_o defence_n acknowledge_v the_o libel_n and_o in_o reason_n it_o appear_v that_o this_o shall_v hold_v in_o criminal_o for_o he_o who_o allege_v that_o he_o murder_v a_o man_n in_o self-defence_n do_v acknowledge_v that_o he_o kill_v he_o but_o upon_o the_o other_o hand_n it_o seem_v hard_a that_o if_o the_o defender_n prove_v not_o his_o defence_n that_o he_o shall_v therefore_o die_v see_v that_o be_v to_o condemn_v the_o panel_n per_fw-la judicia_fw-la and_o without_o probation_n upon_o a_o mere_a formality_n &_o ante_fw-la quam_fw-la constat_fw-la de_fw-la corpore_fw-la delicti_fw-la neither_o be_v the_o pursuer_fw-mi prejudge_v by_o the_o panel_n not_o prove_v his_o defence_n see_v his_o witness_n must_v still_o be_v present_a at_o the_o same_o time_n whereas_o in_o civil_a case_n that_o danger_n be_v not_o so_o great_a and_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi be_v prejudge_v for_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o have_v witness_n ready_a for_o prove_v his_o libel_n to_o which_o last_o i_o incline_v vid._n tit_n confession_n where_o i_o have_v debate_v how_o far_o a_o qualify_a confession_n ought_v to_o operat_fw-la ix_o it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o the_o violent_a pursuer_n of_o crime_n to_o cite_v as_o complice_n all_o such_o as_o may_v be_v lead_v as_o witness_n by_o the_o panel_n for_o prove_v his_o exculpation_n or_o other_o defence_n upon_o design_n to_o decline_v or_o set_v they_o from_o be_v witness_n when_o they_o be_v lead_v for_o one_o panel_n can_v be_v lead_v by_o another_o as_o a_o witness_n for_o he_o and_o yet_o upon_o the_o other_o hand_n if_o this_o be_v allow_v as_o a_o sufficient_a exception_n it_o shall_v still_o be_v in_o the_o pursuer_n power_n to_o cut_v the_o panel_n off_o from_o prove_a even_o his_o just_a defence_n to_o reconcile_v which_o i_o remember_v that_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n in_o a_o spoulzie_a pursue_v before_o they_o the_o 24._o of_o fevary_n 1662._o at_o the_o instance_n of_o mackertney_n against_o irving_n ordain_v these_o witness_n against_o who_o the_o exception_n be_v propon_v to_o be_v first_o insist_v against_o to_o the_o end_n if_o they_o be_v find_v innocent_a they_o may_v be_v allow_v as_o witness_n against_o the_o other_o panel_n if_o not_o they_o may_v be_v decline_v which_o method_n be_v very_o just_a before_o they_o but_o seem_v more_o difficult_a in_o criminal_a court_n where_o diet_n be_v peremptor_n and_o where_o court_n can_v be_v continue_v but_o to_o this_o difficulty_n it_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o though_o court_n can_v be_v continue_v by_o the_o justice_n regulariter_fw-la as_o in_o civil_a case_n yet_o in_o many_o case_n incident_n may_v occur_v whereby_o continuation_n be_v necessary_a and_o all_o law_n must_v yield_v to_o necessity_n the_o exception_n of_o self-defence_n be_v treat_v title_n murder_n and_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o observe_v that_o in_o the_o areopage_n if_o the_o panel_n confess_v he_o commit_v murder_n but_o that_o he_o kill_v lawful_o he_o be_v not_o try_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d where_o murder_n be_v try_v but_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d perion_n de_fw-fr magistr_n athen_n cap._n 25._o title_n xxiii_o of_o assizes_n 1._o the_o origine_fw-la of_o assize_n and_o inquest_n 2._o the_o form_n of_o cite_v assisser_n and_o who_o make_v the_o roll._n 3._o sometime_o there_o need_v no_o assize_n 4._o what_o be_v proper_a to_o be_v try_v by_o the_o judge_n and_o what_o by_o the_o inquest_n 5._o the_o difference_n betwixt_o a_o ordinary_a and_o a_o great_a assize_n and_o the_o number_n of_o assizer_n in_o both_o 6._o the_o oath_n of_o assiser_n and_o the_o objection_n by_o which_o they_o may_v be_v decline_v 7._o every_o man_n must_v be_v judge_v by_o his_o petrs_n and_o who_o these_o be_v 8._o whether_o assiser_n may_v judge_v upon_o proper_a knowledge_n 9_o all_o
knowledge_n yet_o the_o truth_n of_o that_o principle_n may_v be_v doubt_v upon_o these_o reason_n 1._o because_o by_o the_o foresay_a act_n of_o parliament_n par_fw-fr 11._o k._n ja._n 6._o all_o probation_n shall_v be_v lead_v in_o presence_n of_o a_o assize_n and_o panel_n but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o the_o private_a knowledge_n of_o assiser_n can_v be_v lay_v to_o be_v lead_v before_o they_o 2._o if_o probation_n be_v lead_v public_o defender_n may_v propon_n interrogator_n whereby_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n may_v be_v more_o full_o clear_v and_o even_o the_o witness_n own_o mistake_n may_v be_v remove_v of_o all_o which_o just_a advantage_n he_o be_v precludit_n by_o that_o principle_n 3._o the_o great_a reason_n why_o by_o the_o act_n probation_n shall_v be_v lead_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o panel_n be_v because_o in_o law_n it_o be_v presume_v a_o witness_n will_v stand_v more_o in_o awe_n to_o depon_n false_o in_o presence_n of_o the_o panel_n than_o otherwise_o for_o which_o cause_n confront_v of_o party_n and_o witness_n among_o themselves_o when_o they_o be_v contrary_a be_v much_o use_v and_o treat_v of_o by_o the_o doctor_n 4._o if_o assiser_n may_v give_v their_o verdict_n upon_o private_a knowledge_n than_o they_o can_v never_o be_v pursue_v for_o error_n because_o if_o private_a knowledge_n be_v the_o rule_n i_o can_v hardly_o understand_v how_o man_n can_v be_v convict_v as_o have_v transgress_v against_o that_o rule_n see_v albeit_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o judge_v what_o a_o man_n shall_v know_v yet_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o judge_v what_o a_o man_n do_v know_v 5._o by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o opinion_n of_o almost_o all_o divine_n and_o nation_n judices_fw-la debent_fw-la judicare_fw-la secundum_fw-la allegata_fw-la &_o probata_fw-la ix_o from_o the_o foresay_a act_n parl._n 11._o ordain_v all_o probation_n to_o be_v receive_v and_o use_v in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o assiser_n and_o panel_n it_o may_v be_v deduce_v by_o a_o necessary_a consequence_n that_o no_o witness_n shall_v be_v examine_v in_o criminal_o ad_fw-la futuram_fw-la rei_fw-la memoriam_fw-la and_o that_o no_o witness_n shall_v be_v examine_v by_o commission_n and_o albeit_o it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o in_o crimine_fw-la falsi_fw-la the_o probation_n lead_v before_o the_o lord_n be_v not_o repeat_v before_o the_o justice_n and_o assiser_n before_o who_o nothing_o be_v use_v to_o instruct_v the_o falsehood_n but_o the_o decreet_a of_o improbation_n pronounce_v by_o the_o lord_n for_o in_o that_o case_n the_o lord_n be_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n declare_v judge_n competent_a to_o the_o cognition_n of_o falsehood_n their_o sentence_n habetur_fw-la pro_fw-la veritate_fw-la and_o be_v probatio_fw-la probata_fw-la so_o thaâ—_n the_o produce_v of_o it_o be_v the_o lead_n of_o probation_n before_o the_o assize_n this_o privilege_n that_o no_o probation_n shall_v be_v lead_v but_o in_o presence_n of_o the_o panel_n and_o assize_n may_v be_v pass_v from_o by_o the_o panel_n see_v it_o be_v introduce_v in_o his_o favour_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v find_v the_o 9_o of_o march_n 1671._o that_o the_o diet_n can_v not_o be_v continue_v against_o charles_n robertson_n because_o of_o the_o absence_n of_o the_o witness_n see_v he_o be_v content_a to_o stand_v to_o the_o deposition_n former_o take_v but_o they_o cause_v he_o subscribe_v his_o consent_n after_o the_o probation_n be_v close_v the_o panel_n advocat_n make_v a_o speech_n to_o the_o assize_n wherein_o the_o term_n they_o use_v to_o they_o be_v good_a man_n of_o inquest_n and_o after_o they_o have_v end_v his_o majesty_n advocate_n speak_v but_o there_o be_v no_o duply_n or_o triply_v use_v and_o it_o be_v the_o privilege_n of_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n to_o be_v the_o last_o speaker_n which_o privilege_n be_v assume_v likewise_o by_o all_o other_o advocat_n for_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi but_o by_o the_o ten_o article_n of_o the_o regulation_n 1670._o the_o defender_n advocate_n be_v now_o the_o last_o speaker_n except_o in_o the_o case_n of_o treason_n and_o rebellion_n so_o that_o this_o privilege_n hold_v only_o in_o perduellion_n but_o not_o in_o ordinary_a treason_n x._o when_o both_o these_o discourse_n be_v end_v than_o the_o assize_n be_v enclose_v but_o before_o they_o be_v enclose_v they_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o be_v satisfy_v of_o any_o doubt_n for_o if_o after_o enclose_v any_o person_n speak_v to_o they_o or_o if_o any_o of_o they_o come_v out_o of_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v enclose_v until_o the_o verdict_n be_v pronounce_v the_o panel_n be_v eo_fw-la ipso_fw-la clean_a and_o innocent_a act_n 91._o parl_n 11._o ja._n 6._o the_o reason_n inductive_a of_o which_o act_n seem_v to_o be_v fear_v of_o impress_v or_o suborn_v the_o assize_n and_o therefore_o the_o practice_n allow_v assizer_n sometime_o to_o send_v out_o some_o of_o their_o number_n to_o the_o justice_n to_o receive_v information_n in_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o find_v that_o in_o so_o do_v they_o transgress_v not_o this_o act_n as_o in_o kennedy_n case_n august_n 1662._o and_o after_o a_o full_a debate_n upon_o the_o 24._o of_o december_n 1672._o it_o be_v find_v that_o any_o of_o the_o assizer_n disclose_v and_o come_v out_o of_o the_o house_n after_o they_o have_v past_o a_o vott_n though_o the_o verdict_n be_v not_o subscribe_v be_v the_o chancellor_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o annul_v the_o verdict_n albeit_o it_o be_v here_o allege_v that_o there_o may_v be_v great_a debate_n upon_o the_o word_v of_o the_o verdict_n and_o so_o the_o assize_n shall_v not_o have_v disclose_v until_o the_o verdict_n be_v subscribe_v by_o this_o act_n likewise_o the_o assizer_n and_o not_o the_o justice_n be_v judge_n competent_a to_o this_o exception_n against_o the_o verdict_n as_o be_v find_v in_o the_o foresay_a decision_n 1672._o wherein_o the_o justice_n find_v that_o themselves_o be_v judge_n competent_a to_o the_o relevancy_n of_o any_o such_o alledgeance_n but_o that_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o assize_n to_o judge_v the_o probation_n of_o that_o exception_n though_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o assizer_n can_v not_o at_o all_o be_v judge_n thereto_o see_v they_o be_v the_o delinquent_n in_o that_o case_n and_o if_o most_o part_n of_o the_o assize_n have_v disclose_v it_o be_v absurd_a that_o they_o shall_v be_v judge_n to_o their_o own_o delinquency_n at_o that_o time_n the_o lord_n do_v likewise_o declare_v that_o if_o any_o assizer_n shall_v disclose_v before_o the_o vot_n be_v complete_a so_o that_o the_o urdict_n may_v be_v thereupon_o annul_v they_o be_v punishable_a by_o the_o justice_n and_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o repair_v the_o loss_n which_o either_o the_o king_n or_o party_n incur_v so_o that_o assizer_n be_v allow_v to_o speak_v to_o judge_n or_o advocat_n but_o be_v not_o allow_v to_o make_v any_o address_n to_o they_o after_o enclosure_n as_o say_v be_v it_o be_v likewise_o observable_a from_o this_o act_n that_o albeit_o the_o clerk_n be_v discharge_v to_o enter_v in_o where_o the_o assize_n sit_v after_o they_o have_v choose_v their_o chancellor_n yet_o defacto_fw-la the_o clerk_n sit_v still_o with_o they_o and_o it_o be_v think_v fit_a he_o shall_v do_v so_o because_o they_o be_v oft_o ignorant_a and_o unaquant_v with_o the_o form_n and_o procedure_v of_o that_o court_n they_o shall_v have_v some_o person_n to_o regulat_fw-la they_o and_o none_o so_o fit_a to_o do_v it_o as_o the_o clerk_n yet_o by_o the_o late_a regulation_n 1670._o it_o be_v appoint_v that_o the_o clerk_n shall_v not_o be_v present_a and_o sure_a the_o clerk_n be_v worth_a ten_o and_o do_v influence_n too_o much_o xi_o after_o the_o assize_n be_v enclose_v they_o choose_v a_o precedent_n who_o be_v call_v chancellor_n of_o the_o assize_n and_o proceed_v to_o read_v and_o thereafter_o to_o reason_n upon_o what_o be_v debate_n and_o their_o determination_n be_v call_v the_o verdict_n of_o the_o assize_n which_o be_v subscribe_v by_o the_o chancellor_n it_o be_v call_v verdict_n quasi_fw-la veer_fw-la dictum_fw-la and_o sometime_o it_o be_v call_v warda_fw-mi curiae_fw-la quon_n attach_v cap._n ubi_fw-la aliqua_fw-la thereafter_o the_o assizer_n enter_v again_o into_o the_o court_n and_o there_o the_o verdict_n be_v read_v and_o the_o chancellor_n stand_v up_o and_o own_v the_o same_o after_o the_o verdict_n be_v read_v it_o shall_v and_o be_v by_o the_o 9_o act_n of_o regulation_n 1670._o close_v and_o seal_v with_o the_o seal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o assize_n and_o of_o so_o many_o of_o their_o number_n as_o the_o chancellor_n shall_v think_v fit_a never_o to_o be_v open_v but_o by_o order_n from_o the_o judge_n of_o which_o verdict_n the_o clerk_n be_v to_o have_v the_o keep_n and_o if_o he_o open_v the_o same_o he_o be_v to_o be_v depose_v and_o further_o punish_v as_o the_o
judge_n shall_v think_v fit_a it_o be_v think_v of_o old_a that_o assizer_n behove_v present_o to_o determine_v after_o probation_n be_v lead_v and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o dismiss_v they_o until_o they_o do_v enter_v and_o return_v their_o verdict_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o that_o opinion_n be_v because_o after_o the_o probation_n be_v lead_v there_o may_v be_v hazard_n of_o suborn_v the_o assizer_n if_o the_o matter_n be_v continue_v to_o a_o new_a day_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v fear_v likewise_o that_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi find_v that_o the_o witness_n which_o he_o have_v lead_v do_v not_o prove_v he_o may_v be_v tempt_v to_o suborn_v other_o and_o i_o think_v this_o opinion_n strong_o found_v but_o yet_o in_o anno_fw-la 1665._o etc._n etc._n a_o baxter_n be_v pursue_v for_o sedition_n the_o justice_n do_v at_o my_o lord_n advocat_n earnest_a solicitation_n dissolve_v the_o court_n after_o probation_n be_v lead_v and_o continue_v the_o matter_n to_o a_o new_a diet_n but_o the_o accusation_n be_v never_o further_o prosecute_v and_o that_o procedure_v be_v think_v mali_fw-la exempli_fw-la yet_o thereafter_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n continue_v a_o assize_n who_o sit_v upon_o macknab_n for_o theft_n for_o not_o be_v clear_a to_o condemn_v upon_o a_o extrajudicial_a confession_n they_o propose_v the_o case_n after_o they_o be_v enclose_v whereupon_o the_o justice_n continue_v the_o diet_n till_o the_o next_o day_n and_o have_v consult_v the_o council_n they_o thereafter_o find_v the_o confession_n sufficient_a and_o enclose_v the_o assize_n notwithstanding_o of_o this_o objection_n november_n 1669._o xii_o when_o the_o advocate_n close_v his_o discourse_n for_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi he_o protest_v for_o a_o assize_n of_o error_n against_o the_o inquest_n if_o they_o assoilzie_a which_o protestation_n he_o cause_v to_o be_v mark_v by_o the_o clerk_n and_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v if_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi or_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n can_v pursue_v the_o inquest_n for_o error_n if_o this_o protestation_n be_v not_o use_v even_o as_o a_o qualify_a oath_n be_v not_o allow_v except_o it_o be_v protest_v for_o and_o it_o be_v debate_v in_o the_o case_n betwixt_o the_o lady_n and_o laird_n of_o milntoun_n if_o a_o reprobator_n can_v be_v raise_v where_o the_o party_n laese_v protest_v not_o for_o it_o see_v protestation_n be_v such_o solemn_a act_n as_o the_o law_n require_v in_o such_o case_n and_o they_o be_v unnecessary_a and_o superfluous_a if_o what_o be_v protest_v for_o can_v be_v allow_v without_o be_v protest_v for_o and_o the_o party_n to_o who_o such_o protestation_n be_v competent_a do_v eo_fw-la ipso_fw-la pass_v from_o his_o right_n and_o seem_v to_o acquiesce_v in_o what_o be_v to_o be_v do_v if_o he_o use_v they_o not_o vid._n durand_n specul_fw-la do_fw-mi reprobat_fw-la in_o initio_fw-la but_o this_o case_n be_v not_o decide_v yet_o the_o lord_n incline_v to_o allow_v a_o reprobature_n if_o there_o be_v reason_n for_o it_o though_o no_o protestation_n be_v use_v and_o i_o believe_v that_o action_n of_o error_n may_v be_v raise_v though_o it_o be_v not_o protest_v for_o if_o the_o verdict_n be_v quarrellable_n though_o a_o protestation_n be_v both_o more_o secure_a and_o formal_a and_o real_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n why_o it_o shall_v be_v use_v see_v the_o inquest_n be_v by_o that_o solemn_a denunciation_n and_o intimation_n warn_v of_o their_o hazard_n and_o their_o error_n because_o it_o become_v thereby_o more_o wilful_a than_o otherways_o it_o will_v be_v a_o summons_n of_o error_n be_v always_o raise_v in_o latin_a and_o upon_o parchment_n and_o be_v direct_v out_o of_o the_o chancery_n wilful_a error_n be_v that_o crime_n which_o assizer_n commit_v in_o pronounce_v a_o unjust_a verdict_n and_o by_o our_o law_n a_o assize_n condemn_v can_v be_v pursue_v tanquam_fw-la temere_fw-la jurantes_fw-la supra_fw-la asisa_fw-la as_o be_v common_o believe_v by_o the_o 63._o act_n 8._o par._n ja._n 3._o the_o reason_n of_o which_o opinion_n may_v be_v three_o 1._o it_o be_v not_o presumeable_a that_o indifferent_a person_n will_v condemn_v a_o innocent_a out_o of_o feid_v or_o favour_n though_o there_o be_v some_o reason_n to_o be_v jealous_a that_o they_o may_v be_v induce_v out_o of_o either_o pity_n or_o clemency_n to_o assoilzie_a from_o a_o crime_n full_o prove_v 2._o no_o person_n will_v be_v find_v to_o go_v upon_o a_o assize_n if_o they_o may_v be_v punish_v for_o condemn_v 3._o the_o penalty_n of_o such_o as_o temere_fw-la jurarunt_fw-la super_fw-la asisam_fw-la be_v only_a confiscation_n of_o the_o movable_a good_n cap._n 14._o lib._n regiam_fw-la maje_fw-fr whereas_o death_n will_v be_v ofttimes_o the_o punishment_n if_o such_o as_o condemn_a may_v be_v punish_v yet_o i_o be_o of_o the_o opinion_n that_o if_o the_o assizer_n do_v condemn_v a_o innocent_a without_o any_o probation_n or_o by_o palpable_a iniquity_n that_o eo_fw-la casu_fw-la they_o may_v be_v punish_v and_o my_o reason_n for_o this_o opinion_n be_v 1._o that_o else_o the_o people_n will_v be_v state_v in_o a_o very_a unfortunat_a condition_n if_o not_o only_o they_o lie_v open_a to_o the_o hazard_n of_o be_v condemn_v upon_o the_o deposition_n of_o any_o two_o man_n but_o likewise_o to_o the_o arbitrariness_n of_o a_o assize_n who_o may_v condemn_v without_o any_o clear_a probation_n 2._o assizer_n be_v judge_n and_o witness_n and_o therefore_o must_v be_v liable_a to_o all_o the_o error_n for_o which_o these_o be_v accountable_a but_o so_o it_o be_v that_o if_o a_o judge_n condemn_v unjust_o or_o if_o a_o person_n be_v condemn_v upon_o the_o deposition_n of_o any_o witness_n who_o depones_fw-la false_o that_o judge_n or_o witness_v so_o depon_v be_v liable_a to_o a_o capital_a punishment_n why_o then_o shall_v a_o assizer_n be_v exempt_v see_v there_o be_v no_o express_a law_n upon_o which_o he_o can_v found_v that_o exemption_n and_o in_o answer_n to_o the_o contrary_a argument_n it_o may_v be_v contend_v that_o as_o to_o the_o first_o it_o be_v not_o conclude_v see_v else_o it_o may_v by_o the_o same_o argument_n be_v conclude_v that_o no_o judge_n or_o witness_v can_v be_v pursue_v when_o they_o condemn_v unjust_o see_v omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la praesumitur_fw-la bone_fw-la at_o least_o perjury_n shall_v never_o be_v punish_v in_o a_o witness_n nor_o injustice_n in_o a_o judge_n decide_v unjust_o and_o by_o that_o unjust_a decision_n murder_v the_o person_n pannel_v before_o they_o because_o forsooth_o it_o be_v not_o presumeable_a that_o a_o witness_n or_o judge_n will_v murder_v a_o innocent_a by_o their_o sentence_n or_o deposition_n to_o the_o second_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o all_o man_n may_v be_v force_v to_o pass_v upon_o assize_n upon_o their_o peril_n and_o thus_o assizer_n be_v force_v though_o there_o be_v hazard_v also_o in_o assoilze_v and_o witness_n be_v force_v though_o there_o be_v great_a hazard_n in_o perjury_n if_o they_o depon_n false_o to_o the_o three_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o there_o need_v no_o law_n to_o punish_v assiâ—ers_n condemn_v unjust_o see_v they_o be_v punishable_a by_o the_o common_a law_n but_o that_o it_o be_v necessary_a there_o shall_v be_v a_o particular_a statute_n to_o punish_v such_o as_o assoilzy_v unjust_o both_o because_o the_o common_a law_n be_v not_o so_o express_v as_o to_o this_o and_o because_o man_n may_v be_v induce_v to_o think_v that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a hazard_n in_o it_o this_o error_n in_o assizer_n be_v to_o be_v try_v by_o a_o great_a assize_n of_o twenty_o five_o noble_a person_n act_n 63._o parl._n 8._o ja._n 3._o but_o the_o person_n assoilzy_v be_v to_o be_v free_a ibid._n and_o by_o a_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la of_o the_o session_n anno_fw-la 1591._o it_o be_v declare_v that_o all_o land_a gentleman_n shall_v be_v in_o a_o capacity_n to_o pass_v upon_o a_o assize_n of_o error_n though_o they_o be_v of_o quality_n and_o estate_n inferior_a to_o the_o panel_n and_o wilful_a error_n be_v only_o punishable_a in_o this_o case_n quaelibet_fw-la probabilis_fw-la causa_fw-la ignorantiae_fw-la excusat_fw-la spot_n do_fw-mi retour_n ker_n against_o hartwood-mire_n and_o by_o the_o 47._o act_n par._n 6._o ja._n 3._o it_o appear_v that_o no_o probation_n can_v be_v adduce_v to_o infer_v this_o action_n of_o error_n but_o what_o be_v at_o first_o produce_v the_o time_n of_o their_o verdict_n whereas_o any_o probation_n may_v be_v adduce_v in_o fortification_n of_o the_o verdict_n quarrel_v tantus_fw-la est_fw-la favour_n innocentiae_fw-la the_o punishment_n of_o such_o as_o be_v find_v guilty_a by_o a_o asssize_n of_o error_n be_v the_o escheat_v of_o the_o movable_n and_o a_o year_n imprisonment_n cap._n 14._o l._n 1._o reg._n maj._n which_o be_v ratify_v by_o the_o 47._o act_n 6._o parl._n ja._n 3._o where_o it_o be_v statute_v that_o wilful_a or_o ignorant_a assizer_n shall_v be_v