air or other cold bodies to thicken and condense as above we mentioned of Syrups and Jellies and so they are brought to stick firmly together In like manner we see that when two metals are heated till they be almost brought to running and then are pressed together by the hammer they become one continued body The like we see in glass the like in wax and in divers other things Onthe contrary side when a broken stone is to be pieced together the pieces of it must be wetted and the cement must be likewise moistned and then joyning them aptly and drying them they stick fast together Glew is moistned that it may by drying afterwards hold pieces of wood together And the Spectale-makers have a composition which must be both heated and moistned to joyn to handles of wood the glasses they are to grind And broken glasses are cemented with cheese and chalk or with garlick All these effects our sense evidently shews us arise out of condensation but to our reason it belongs to examine particularly by what steps thy are perform'd First then we know that heat subtilizes the little bodies which are in the pores of the heated body and partly also it opens the pores of the body it self if it be of a nature that permits it as it seems those bodies are which by heat are mollified or are liquofactable Again we know that moisture is more subtile to enter into small creeks then dry bodies are especially when it is pressed for then it will be divided into very little parts and will fill up every little chinck and nevertheless if it be of a gross and viscuous nature all the parts of it will stick together Out of these two properties we have that since every body has a kind of orb of its own exhalations or vapours round about it self as is before declared the vapours which are about one of the bodies will more strongly and solidly that is in more abundant and greater parts enter into the pores of the other body against which it is pressed when they are opened and dilated and thus they becoming common to both bodies by flowing from the one and streaming into the other and sticking to them both will make them stick to one another And then as they grow cold dry these little parts shrink on both sides and by their shrinking draw the bodies together and withal leave greater pores by their being compressed together then were there when by heat and moysture they were dilated into which pores the circumstant cold parts enter and therby as it were wedge in the others and consequently make them hold firmly tostether the bodies which they joyn But if art or nature should apply to this juncture any liquor or vapour which had the nature and power to insinuate it self more efficaciously to one of these bodier then the glew which was between them did of necessity in this case these bodies must fall in pieces And so it happens in the separation of metals by corrosive waters as also in the precipitation of metals or salts when they are dissolv'd into such corrosive waters by means of other metals or salts of a different nature in both which cases the entrance of a latter body that penetrates more strongly and unites it self to one of the joyn'd bodies but not to the other tears them asunder and that which the piercing body rejects falls into little pieces and if formerly it were joyn'd with the liquor 't is then precipitated down from it in a dust Out of which discourse we may resolve the question of that learned and ingenious man Petrus Gassendus who by experience found that water impregnated to fulness with ordinary salt would yet receive a quantity of other salt and when it would imbibe no more of that would neverthless take into it a proportion of a third and so of several kinds of salts one after another which effect he attributed to Vacuities or porous spaces of divers figures that he conceived to be in the water wherof some were fit for the figure of one salt and some for the figure of another Very ingeniously yet if I miss not my mark most assuredly he hath missed his For first how could he attribute divers sorts of Vacuities to water without giving it divers figures And this would be against his own discourse by which every body should have one determinate natural figure Secondly I would ask him if he measured his water after every salting and if he did whether he did not find the quantity greater then before that salt was dissolv'd in it Which if he did as without doubt he must then he might safely conclude that his salts were not receiv'd in vacuities but that the very substance of the water gave them place and so encreas'd by the receiving them Thirdly seeing that in his doctrine every substance has a particular figure we must allow a strange multitude of different shapes of vacuities to be naturally in water if we will have every different substance wherwith it may be impregnated by making decoctions extractions solutions and the like to find a fit vacuity in the water to lodg it self in What a difform net with a strange variety of mashes would this be And indeed how extremely uncapable must it be of the quantity of every various kind of vacuity that you will find must be in it if in the dissolution of every particular substance you calculate the proportion between it and the water that dissolveth it and then multiply it according to the number of several kinds of substances that may be dissolved in water By this proceeding you will find the vacuities to exceed infinitely the whole body of the water even so much that it could not afford subtile thrids enough to hold it self together Fourthly if this doctrine were true it would never happen that one body or salt should precipitate down to the bottom of the water by the solution of another in it which every Alchymist knows never fails in due circumstances for seeing that the body which precipitates and the other which remains dissolv'd in the water are of different figures and therfore require dâ—fferent vacuities they might both of them have kept their places in the water without thrusting one another out of it Lastly this doctrine gives no account why one part of salt is separated from another by being put in the water and why the parts are there kept so separated which is the whole effect of that motion we call dissolution The true reason therfore of this effect is as I conceive that one salt makes the water apt to receive another for the lighter salt being incorporated with the water makes the water more proper to stick to an heavier and by dividing the small parts of it to bear them up that otherwise would have sunk in it The truth and reason of which will appear more plain if at every joynt we observe the particular steps of every
concerning the motion of the heart 5. The motion of the heart depends originally of its fibers irrigated by bloud 6. An objection answer'd against the former doctrine 7. The Circulation of the Bloud and other effects that follow the motions of the heart 8. Of Nutrition 9. Of Argumentation 10. Of Death and Sickness 1. The connxeion of the subsequent chapters with the precedent 2. Of the Senses and sensible qualities in general And of the end for which they serve 3. Of the sense of Touching and that both it and its qualities are bodies 4. Of the Tast and its qualities that they are bodies 5. That the Smell and its qualities are real bodies 6. Of the conformity betwixt the two Senses of Smelling and Tasting 7. The reason why the sense of Smelling is not so perfect in man as in beasts with a wonderful history of a man who could wind a scent as a well as any beast 1. Of the sense of Hearing and that Sound is purely motion 2. Of divers arts belonging to the sense of Hearing all which confirm that Sound is nothing but motion 3. To same is confirm'd by the effects caused by great noises 4. That solid bodies may convey the motion of the ayr or sound to the organ of hearing 5. Where the motion is interrupted there is no sound 6. That not only the motion of the air but all other motions coming to our ears make sounds 7. How own sense may supply the want of an other 4. Of one who could discern sounds of words with his eyes 9. Divers reasons to prove sound to be nothing else but a motion of some real body 1. That Colours are nothing but light mingled with darkness or the disposition of a bodies superficies apt to reflect light so mingled 2. Concerning the disposition of those bodies which produce white or black coulours 3. The former doctrine confirm'd by Aristotles authority reason experience 4. How the diversity of colours follows out of various degrees of rarity and density 5. Why some bodies are Diaphanous others Opacous 6. The former doctrine of colours confirm'd by the generation of white and black in bodies 1. Apparitions of colours through a Prism or triangular-glass are of two sorts 2. The several parts of the object make several angles at their entrance into the Prism 6 The reason why somtimes the same object appears through the Prism in two places and in one place mor lively in the other place more dim 4 The reason of the various colours that appear in looking through a Prism 5. The reason why the Prism in one position may make the colours appear quite contrary to what they did when it was in another position 6. The reason of the various colours in general by pure light passing through a Prism 7. Upon what side every colour appears this is made by pure light passing through a Prism 1. The reason of each several colour in particular caused by light passing through a Prism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—ing the Prism 3 Of the Rainbow and how by the colour of any body we may know the composition of the body it self 4 That all the Sensible Qualities are real bodies resulting out of several mixtures of Rarity and Density 5 Why the Senses are only Five in number with a conclusion of all the former doctrine concerning them 1. Monsir des Cartes his opinion touching Sensation 2. The Authors opinion touching sensation 3. Reasons to perswade the Authors opinion 4. That Vital Spirits are the immediate instruments of Sensation by conveying sensible qualities to the brain 5. How found is convey'd to the brain by vital spirits 6. How colours are convey'd to the brain by Vital Spirits 7. Reasons against Monsir des Cartes his opinion 8. That the symptome of the Palsie do no way confirm Monsir des Cartes his opinion 9. That Mâ—asir des Cartes his opinion cannot give a good account how things are conserv'd in the Memory 1. How things are conserv'd in the Memory 2. How things conserv'd in the Memory are brought back into the Phantasie 3. A Confirmation of the former doctrine 4. How things renew'd in the fantasie return with the same circumstances they had at first 5 How the memory of things past is lost or confounded and how it is repair'd again 1. Of what matter the brrain is composed 2. What is voluntary motion 3. What those powers are which are called Natural Faculties 4. How the Attractive and Secretive faculties work 5. Concerning the concoctive faculty 6. Concerning the Retentive and Expulsive faculties 7. Concerning expulsion made by Physick 9. How the brain is moved to work Voluntary motion 9. Why pleasing objects dilate the spirits and displeasing ones contract them 10. Concerning the Five Senses of what Use and End they are 1. That 〈◊〉 Luc dum is the seat of the fansie 2. What causes us to remember not only the object it self but also that we have thought of it before 3. How the motions of the fantasie are derived to the heart 4. Of Pain and Pleasure 5. Of Passion 6. Of several Pulses caused by Passion 7. Of several other effects caused naturally in the body by passions 8. Of the Diaphragma 9. Concerning pain and pleasure caused by the memory of things past 10. How so small bodies as atomes are can cause so great motions in the heart How the vital spirits sent from thebrain run to the intended part of the body without mistake 1. How men are blinded by passion 1. The order and connexion of the subsequent Chapters 2. From whence proceeds the doubting of beasts 3. Concerning the invention of Foxes and other beast 4. Of Foxes that catch hens by lying under their roost and by gazing upon them 5. From whence proceeds the Foxes invention to rid himself of Flea 6. An explication of two other inventions of Foxes 7. Concerning Montagues argument to prove that Dogs make syllogisms 8. A declaration how some tricks are perform'd by Foxes which seem to argue discourse 9. Of the Jaccatrays invention in calling beasts to himself 10. Of the Jaccils designe in serviâ—g the Lion 11. Of several intentions of Fishes 12 A discovery of divers things done by Hares which seem to argue discourse 13. Of a Fox reported to have weighâ— a Goose before he would venture with it over a River and of fabulous stories in common 14. Of the several Cryings and Tones of Beasts with a refutation of those Authors who maintain them to have compleat Languages 1. How Hawks and other creatures are taught to do what they are brought up to 2. Of the Baboon that plaid on a Guittar 3 Of the teaching of Elephants and other beasts to do divers tricks 4. Of the orderly â—ain of actions perrformd by 〈◊〉 in breeding their young ones 1. Why beasts are afrad of men 2. How some qualities caus'd at first by chance in beasts may pass by generation to the whole off-spring 3. How the parents fantasy oftentimes works strange
refraction 6. An answer to the arguments brought in favour of Monsieur des Cartes his opinion 7. The true cause of refraction of light both at its entrance and at its going out from the refleing body 8. A general rule to know the nature of reflection and refractions in all sorts of surface 9. A body of greater parts and greater pores makes a greater refraction than one of lesser parts and lesser pores 10. A confirmation of the former doctrine out of the nature of bodies that refract light CHAP. XIV Of the composition qualities Generation of mixed Bodies 1. The connexion of this chapter with the rest and the Authours intent in it 2. That there is a least sise of bodies and that this least sise is found in fire 3. The first conjunction of parts is in bodies of least sise and it is made by the force of Quantity 4. The second sort of conjunction is compactedness in simple Elements and it proceeds from density 5. The third conjunction is of parts of different Elements and it proceeds from quantity and density together 6. The reason why liquid bodies do easily joyn together and dry ones difficultly 7. That no two hard bodies can touch one another immediately 8. How mixed bodies are framed in general 9. The cause of the several degrees of solidity in mixed bodies 10. The Rule whereto are reduced all the several combinations of Elements in compounding of mixed bodies 11. Earth and water are the basis of all permanent mixed bodies 12. What kind of bodies those are where water is the basis and earth the predominant Element over the other two 13. Of those bodies where water being the basis air is the predominant Element 14. What kind of bodies result where water is the basis and fire the predominant Element 15. Of those bodies where water is in excess it alone being both the basis and the predominant Element 16. Of those bodies where earth alone is the basis and also the predominant in excess over the other three Elements 17. Of those bodies where earth is the basis water is the predominant element over the other two 18. Of those bodies where earth being the basis air is the predominant 19. Of those bodies where earth being the basis fire is the predominant 20. All the second qualities of mixed bodies arise from several combinations of the first qualities and are at last resolv'd into several degrees of rarity density 21. That in the Planets Stars there is a like variety of mixed bodies caused by light as here on earth 22. In what manner the Elements work on one another in the composition of mixed bodies and in particular fire which is the most active 23. A particular declaration touching the generation of Metals CHAP. XV. Of the Dissolution of Mixed Bodies 1. Why some bodies are brittle and others tough or apt to withstand outward violence the first instrument to dissolve mixed bodies 2. How outward violence doth work on the most compacted bodies 3. The several effects of fire the second and chiefest instrument to dissolve all compounded bodies 4. The reason why some bodies are not dissolved by fire 5. The reason why fire melteth gold but cannot consume it 6. Why Lead is easily consumed and calcinted by fire 7. Why and how some bodies are divided by fire into Spirits Waters Oyls Salts and Earth And what those parts are 8. How water the third instrument to dissolve bodies dissolvs calx into salt and so into terra damnata 9. How water mingled with salt becomes a most powerful Agent to dissolve other bodies 10. How putrefaction is caused CHAP. XVI An Explication of certain Maxims touching the operations and qualies of bodies and whether the Elements be found pure in any part of the world 1. What is the Sphere of activity in corporeal agents 2. The reason why no body can work in distance 3. An objection answer'd against the manner of explicating the former axiome 4. Of re-action and first in pure local motion that each Agent must suffer in acting and act in suffering 5. The former Doctrine applyed to other local motions design'd by particular names And that Suisseths argument is of no force against this way of doctrine 6. Why some notions do admit of intension and remission and others not 7. That in every part of our habitable world all the four elements are found pure in small atoms but not in any great bulk CHAP. XVII Of Rarefaction and Condensation the two first motions of Particular bodies 1. The Authours intent in this and the following chapters 2. That bodies may be rarified both by outward and inward heart and how this is perform'd 3. Of the great effects of Rarefaction 4. The first manner of condensation by heat 5. The second manner of condensation by cold 6. That Ice is not water rarified but condensed 7. How Wind Snow and Hail are made and wind by rain allaid 8. How parts of the same or divers bodies are joyn'd more strongly together by condensation 9. Vacuities cannot be the reason why water impregnated to the full with one kind of salt will notwithstanding receive more of another 10. The true reason of the former effect 11. The reason why bodies of the same nature do joyn more easily together than others CHAP. XVIII Of another motion belonging to Particular bodies called Attraction and of certain operations term'd Magical 1. What Attraction is and from whence it proceeds 2. The true sense of the Maxime that Nature abhors from vacuitys 3. The true reason of attraction 4. Water may be brought by the force of attraction to what height soever 5. The doctrine touching the attraction of water in Syphons 6. That the Syphon doth not prove water to weigh in its own orb 7. Concerning attraction caus'd by fire 8. Concerning attraction made by virture of hot bodies amulets c 9. The natural reason given for divers operations esteem'd by some to be magical CHAP. XIX Of three other motions belonging to particular bodies Filtration Restitution and Electrical attraction 1. What is Filtration and how it is effected 2. What causes the water in Filtration to ascend 3. Why the filter will not drop unless the label hang lower than the water 4. Of the motion of Restitution and why some bodies stand bent others not 5. Why some bodies return only in part to their natural figure others entirely 6. Concerning the nature of those bodies which shrink aand stretch 7. How great and wonderful effects proceed from small plain and simple principles 8. Concerning Electrical attratâ—on and the causes of it 9. Cabeus his opinion refuted concerning the cause of Electrical motions CHAP. XX. Of the Loadstones generation and its particulas motions 1. The extreme heat of the Sun under the Zodiack draws a stream of air from each Pole into the torrid Zone 2. The atomes of these two streams coming together are apt to incorporate with one another 3. By the meeting and mingling together
by great noises 4. That solid bodies may convey the motion of the air or sound to the Organe of hearing 5. Where the motion is interrupted there is no sound 6. That not only the motion of the air but all other motions coming to our ears make sound 7. How one sense may supply the want of another 8. Of one who could discern sounds of words with his eyes 9. Divers reasons to prove sound to be nothing else but a motion of some real body CHAP XXIX Of Sight and Colours 1. That colours are nothing but light mingled with darkness or the disposition of a bodies superficies apt to reflect light so mingled 2. Concerning the disposition of those bodies which produce white or black colours 3. The former doctrine confirmed by Aristotles authority reason and experience 4. How the diversity of colours do follow out of various degrees of rarity and density 5. Why some bodies are diaphanous others opacous 6. The former doctrine of colours confirmed by the generation of white and black in bodies CHAP. XXX Of luminous or apparent Colours 1. Apparitions of colours through a prism or trianglar glass are of two sorts 2. The several parts of the object make several angles at their entrance into the prism 3. The reason why sometimes the same object appears through the prism in two places and in one place more lively in the other place more dim 4. The reason of the various 〈◊〉 louâ— that appear in looking thâ—rough a prism 5. The reason why the prism in one position may make the colours appear quite contrary to what they did when it was in another position 6. The reason of the various colours in general by pure light passing through a prism 7. Upon what side every colour appears that is made by pure light passing through a prism CHAP. XXXI The causes of certain appearances in luminous Colours with a conclusion of the discourse touching the Senses and the Sensible Qualities 1. The reason of each several colour in particular caused by light passing through a prism 2. A difficult problem resolved touching the Prism 3. Of the rainbow and how by the colour of any body we may know the composition of the body it self 4. That all the sensible qualities are real bodies resulting out of several mixtures of rarity and density 5. Why the senses are onely five in number with a conclusion of all the former doctrine concerning them CHAP. XXXII Of Sensation or the motion wherby sense is properly exercised 1. Monsieur des Cartes his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. The Authours opinion touching sensation 3. Reasons to perswade the Authours opinion 4. That vital spirits are the immediate instruments of sensation by conveying sensible qualities to the brain 5. How sound is convey'd to the brain by vital spirits 6. How colours are convey'd to the brain by vital spirits 7. Reasons against Monsieur des Cartes his opinion 8. That the symptomes of the palsy do no way confirm Monsieur des Cartes his opinion 9. That Monsieur des Cartes his opinion cannot give a good account how things are conserv'd in the memory CHAP. XXXIII Of Memosy 1. How things are conserv'd in the memory 2. How things conserv'd in the memory are brought back into the phantasie 3. A confirmation of the former doctrine 4. How things renew'd in the phantasie return with the same circumstances that they had at first 5. How the memory of things past is lost or confounded and â—en it is repaired again CHAP. XXXIV Of Voluntary motion Natural faculties and Passions 1. Of what matter the brain is composed 2. What is voluntary motion 3. What those powers are which are called natural faculties 4. How the attractive and secretive faculties work 5. Concerning the concoctive faculty 6. Concerning the retentive and expulsive faculties 7. Concerning expulsion made by Physick 8. How the brain is moved to work voluntary motion 9. Why pleasing objects do dilate the spirits and displeasing ones contract them 10. Concerning the five senses for what use and end they are CHAP. XXXV Of the material instrument of Knowledge and Passion of the several effects of passion of pain and pleasure and how the vital spirits are sent from the brain into the intended parts of the body without mistaking their way 1. That Septum Lucidum is the seat of the phansie 2. What causes us to remember not only the object it self but also that we have thought of it before 3. How the motions of the phantasie are derived to the heart 4. Of pain and pleasure 5. Of Passion 6. Of several pulses caused by passions 7. Of several other effects caused naturally in the body by passions 8. Of the Diaphragma 9. Concerning pain and pleasure caused by the memory of things past 10. How so small bodies as atomes are can cause so great motions in the heart 11. How the vital spirits sent from the brain do run to the intended part of the body without mistake 12. How men are blinded by passion CHAP. XXXVI Of some actions of Beasts that seem to be formal acts of reason as doubting resolving inventing 1. The order and connexion of the subsequent Chapters 2. From whence proceeds the doubting of beasts 3. Concerning the invention of Foxes and other beasts 4. Of Foxes that catch Hens by lying under their roost and by gazing upon them 5. From whence proceeds the foxes intention to rid himself of fleas 6. An explication of two other inventions of Foxes 7. Concerning Montagu's argument to prove that Dogs make Syllogismes 8. A declaration how some tricks are performedly Foxes which which seem to argue discourse 9. Of the Jaccatray's invention in calling Beasts to himself 10. Of the Jaccals design in serving the Lion 11. Of several inventions of fishes 12. A discovery of divers thing done by Hares which seem to argue discourse 13. Of a Fox reported to have weighed a Goose before he would venture with it over a River and of Fabulous stories in common 14. Of the several cryings and tones of beasts with a refutation of those Authors who maintain them to have compleat languages CHAP. XXXVII Of the Docility of some irrational Animals and of certain continuate actions of a long tract of time so orderly performed by them that they seem to argue knowledge in them 1. How Hawks and other creatures are taught to do what they are brought up to 2. Of the Baboon that played on a Guittar 3. Of the teaching of Elephants other beasts to do divers tricks 4. Of the orderly train of actions performed by beasts in breeding their young ones CHAP. XXXVIII Of Prescience of future events Providences the knowing of things never seen before and such other actions observed in some living Creatures which seem to be even above the reason that is in man himself 1. Why Beasts are afraid of men 2. How some qualities caused at first by change in beasts may pass by generation to the whole off spring 3. How the Parents phantasie
Reading her self at large here doth descry An object worthy her far-spreading eye And of her nature such true notions frame That she salutes her self with a new name Here she may scan her Thoughts view either State How link't to matter how when Separate Through Fancie's glass her noble Essence spy A shoreless Sea of Immortality In which unbounded Main you sail so fast Till you both lose and find your self at last Yet Sir you 'r justly accused by this age Plain truths in difficulties to engage What needed you to such nice cost proceed A Quality at first word had done the deed But you may nobly pity them and grant Nought's easier than to be ignorant They take the surface of the doubt while you Laboriously first pierce then dig it through In moving questions Talk not Truth 's their aim As Lords start Hares not for the prey but game They spring then stoop at some slight Butter-fly Thus some in hunting only love the Cry This is the utmost art with which they 're stor'd To call Truth some unanswerable word Which holds the field untill some active wit Working at Fanci's mintage chance to hit Upon a quainter which cuts that in twain And triumphs till a third cleaves it again Thus these Tenedian Axes hew each other Like Cadmu's armed crop each slays his brother Since with Distinctions they so nicely pare They subtilize it quite away to air These Authors yet voluminously-vain Stuff Libraries With Monsters of their brain Whose fruitless toil is but the same or less To plant bryar-fields t' enlarge a wilderness How hard to rectifie that ravell'd clue On your own bottom winding't up a new Yet this you did by th'guidance of his light Who was your Plato you his Stagyrite Save that his Doctrine's such you could invent In Truth 's behalf no reason to dissent Even That Great Soul which fathoms th' Universe Doth to the center Natures entrails pierce Girdles the World and as a pair of beads On Reason's link the Starry bodies threads Uuspells the Heaven's broad volume views so clear Of active Angels th' higher Hemisphere And this of Bodies 'cause he first begun His search by studying Man their Horizon Whom Heaven reserves Divinity to weed From Words o'regrowing the Diviner Seed To use your own 'cause no expression's higher These sparks you kindled at his great fire And round about in thorow-light papers hurl'd Will shortly enlighten and enflame a World Iohn Serjeant FIRST TREATISE DECLARING THE NATURE and OPERATION OF BODIES CHAP. I. A Preamble to the whole discourse Concerning Notions in general IN delivering any Science the clearest and smoothest Method and most agreeable to Nature is to begin with the consideration of those things that are most Common and obvious and by the dissection of them to descend by orderly degrees and Sâ—epps as they lye in the way to the examination of the most Particular and remote ones Now in our present intended Survey of a Body the first thing which occurs to our Sense in the perusal of it is its Quantity bulk or magnitude And this seems to be conceiv'd by all Mankind so inseparable from a Body as that when a man would distinguish a Corporeal Substance from a Spiritual one which is accounted indivisible he naturally pitches on an apprehension of its having bulk and being solid tangible and apt to make impression on our outward senses according to that expression of Lucretius who studying Nature in a familiar and rational manner tells us Tangere enim tangi nisi Câ—rpus nulla potest res And therfore in our inquiry of Bodies we will observe that plain Method which Nature teaches us and begin with examining what Quantity is as being their first and primary affection and that which makes the things we treat of be what we intend to signifie by the name of Body But because there is a great 〈◊〉 of Apprehensions framed by learned men of the nature of Quantity though indeed nothing can be more plain and simple then it is in it self I conceive it will not be amiss before we enter into the explication of it to consider how the mystery of discoursing and expressing our Thoughts to one another by Words a prerogative belonging only to Man is order'd and govern'd among us that so we may avoyd those rocks which many and for the most part such as think they spin the finest threds suffer shipwrack against in their subtilest discourses The most dangerous of all which assuredly is when they confound the true and real Natures of things with the Conceptions they frame of them in their own minds By which fundamental miscarriage of their reasoning they fall into great errours and absurdities and whatever they build on so ruinous a foundation proves but useless cobwebs or prodigious Chymaeras 'T is true words serve to express things but if you observe the matter well you will perceive they do so onely according to the Pictures we make of them in our own thoughts and not according as the Things are in their proper natures Which is very reasonable it should be so since the Soul that gives the Names has nothing of the things in her but these Notions and knows not the Things otherwise then by these Notions and therefore cannot give other Names but such as must signifie the Things by mediation of these Notions In the Things all that belongs to them is comprised under one entire Entity but in Us there are fram'd as many several distinct formal Conceptions as that one Thing shews it self to us with different faces Every one of which conceptions seems to have for its object a distinct Thing because the Conception it self is as much sever'd and distinguish'd from another Conception or Image arising out of the very same Thing that begot this as it can be from any image painted in the understanding by an absolutely other Thing It will not be amiss to illustrate this matter by some familiar Example Imagin I have an Apple in my hand the same Fruit works different effects upon my several Senses my Eye tells me 't is green or red my Nose that it hath a mellow scent my Taste that it is sweet and my Hand that it is cold and weighty My Senses thus affected send messengers to my Phantasie with news of the discoveries they have made and there all of them make them several and distinct pictures of what enters by their doors So that my Reason which discourses on what it finds in my phantasie can consider greenness by it self or mellowness or sweetness or coldness or any other quality whatever singly and alone by it self without relation to any other that is painted in me by the same Apple in which none of these have any distinction at all but are one and the same Substance of the Apple that makes various and different impressions on me according to the various dispositions of my several Senses as hereafter we shall explicate at large But
in my mind every one of these Notions is a distinct Picture by it self and as much sever'd from any of the rest arising from the same apple as it would be from any impression or image made in me by a Stone or any other substance whatever that being entire in it self and circumscribed within its own circle is absolutely sequestred from any communication with the other So that what is but one entire thing in it self seems to be many distinct things in my understanding wherby if I be not very cautious and in a manner wrestle with the bent and inclination of my Understanding which is apt to refer the distinct and complete stamp it finds within it self to a distinct and complete original Character in the Thing I shall be in danger before I am aware to give actual Beings to the quantity figure colour smel tast and other accidents of the Apple each of them distinct one from another as also from the Substance which they clothe because I find the notions of them really distinguish'd as if they were different Entities in my mind And from thence I may infer there is no contradiction in nature to have the Accidents really sever'd from one another and to have them actually subsist without their Substance and such other mistaken subtilties which arise out of our unwary conceiting that things are in their own Natures after the same fashion as we consider them in our Understanding And this course of the minds disguising and changing the impressions it receives from outward objects into appearances quite differing from what the things are in their own real natures may be observ'd not only in multiplying Entities where in truth there is but one but also in a contrary manner by comprising several distinct Things under one single Notion which if afterwards it be reflected back upon the things themselvs is the occasion of exceeding great errours and entangles one in unsuperable difficulties As for example Looking upon several Cubes or Dyce wherof one is of gold another of lead a third of ivory a fourth of wood a fifth of glass and what other matter you please all these several things agree together in my Understanding and are there comprehended under one single notion of a Cube which like a Painter that were to designe them only in black and white makes one figure that represents them all Now if removing my consideration from this impression which the several cubes make in my understanding to the cubes themselvs I shall unwarily suffer my self to pin this one notion upon every one of them and accordingly conceive it to be really in them it will of necessity fall out by this misapplying of my intellectual notion to the real things that I must allow Existence to other entities which never had nor can have any in nature From this conception Plato's Idea's had their birth For finding in his understanding one Universal notion that agreed exactly to every Individual of the same Species or Substance which imprinted that notion in him and conceiving that the picture of any thing must have an exact correspondence with the thing it represents and not considering that this was but an imperfect picture of the individual that made it he thence conceiv'd there was actually in every individual Substance one universal Nature running through all of that species which made them be what they were And then considering that corporeity quantity and other accidents of Matter could not agree with this universal subsistent Nature he denyed all those of it and so abstracting from all materiality in his Idea's and giving them a real and actual subsistence in nature he made them like Angels whoce essences and formal reasons were to be the Essence and to give Existence to corporeal individuals and so each Idea was embodied in every individual of its species To which opinion and upon the same grounds Averroes lean'd in the particular of mens Souls Likewise Scotus finding in his understanding an Universal notion springing from the impression that Individuals make in it will have a like Universal in the thing it self so determining Universals to use his own language and terms to be à parte rei and expressing the distinction they have from the rest of the thing by the terms of actu formaliter sed non realiter and therby makes every individual comprise an universal subsistent nature in it Which inconvenience other modern Philosophers seeking to avoid will not alsow these Universals a real and actual subsistence but lend them only a fictitious Being so making them as they call them Eutia rationis But herein again they suffer themselvs to be carried down the stream before they are aware by the understanding which is apt to pin upon the objects the notions it finds within it self resulting from them and consider an Unity in the things which indeed is only in the Understanding Therfore one of our greatest cares in the guidance of our discourse and a continual and sedulous caution therin ought to be used in this particular where every errour is a fundamental one and leads into inextricable labyrinths and where that which is all our level to keep us upright and even our Understanding is so apt by reason of its own nature and manner of operation to make us slide into mistaking and errour And to summ up in short what this discourse aims at we must narrowly take heed left reflecting upon the notions we have in our mind we afterwards pin those aiery superstructures upon the material things themselvs that begot them or frame a new conception of the nature of any thing by the negotiation of our understanding upon those impressions which it self makes in us wheras we should acquiesce and be content with that natural and plain notion which springs immediately and primarily from the thing it self which when we do not the more we seem to excel in subtilty the further we go from reality and truth like an Arrow which being wrong levell'd at hand falls widest when shot in the strongest bow Now to come to another point that makes to our present purpose We may observe there are two sorts of language to express our notions by One belongs in general to all mankind and the simplest person that can but apprehend and speak sense is as much judg of it as the greatest Doctor in the Schools and in this the words express the things properly and plainly according to the natural conceptions that all people agree in making of them The other sort of language is circled in with narrower bounds and understood only by those that in a particular express manner have been train'd up to it and many of the words which are proper to it have been by the Authors of it translated and wrested from the general conceptions of the same words by some metaphor or similitude or allusion to serve their private turns Without the first manner of expressing our notions mankind could not live
render'd quite useless Therfore 't is evident that this virtue must be put in somthing else and not in the application of the magnetical vertue And to examine his reasons particularly it may very well fall out that whatever the cause be the point of a needle may be too little to make an exact experience in and therfore a new doctrine ought not lightly be grounded upon what appears in the application of that And likewise the greatness of the surfaces of the two irons may be a condition helpful to the cause whatever it be for greater and lesser are the common conditions of all bodies and therfore avail all kinds of corporeal causes so that no one cause can be affirm'd more then another meerly out of this that great doth more and little doth less To come then to our own solution I have consider'd how fire hath in a manner the same effect in iron as the virtue of the Loadstone hath by means of the cap for I find that fire coming through iron red-glowing hot will burn more strongly then if it should come immediatly through the air also we see that in Pitcole the fire is stronger then in Charcole And nevertheless the fire will heat further if it come immediately from the source of it then if it come through a red iron that burns more violently where it touches and likewise charcoal will heat further then pitcoal that near hand burns more fiercely In the same manner the Loadstone will draw further without a cap then with one but with a cap it sticks faster then without one Whence I see that it is not purely the virtue of the Loadstone but the virtue of it being in iron which causes this effect Now this modification may proceed either from the multitude of parts which come out of the Loadstone and are as it were stop'd in the iron so the sphere of their activity becomes shorter but stronger or else from some quality of the iron joyn'd to the influence of the loadstone The first seems not to give a good account of the effect for why should a little paper take it away seeing we are sure that it stops not the passage of the loadstones influence Again the influence of the Loadstone seems in its motion to be of the nature of light which goes in an insensible time as far as it can reach and therfore were it multiply'd in the iron it would reach further then without it and from it the virtue of the Loadstone would begin a new sphere of activity Therfore we more willingly cleave to the latter part of our determination And therupon enquiring what quality there is in iron whence this effect may follow we find that it is distinguish'd from a loadstone as a metal is from a stone Now we know that metals have generally more humidity than stones and we have discours'd above that humidity is the cause of sticking especially when it is little and dense These qualities must needs be in iron which of all metals is the most terrestrial and such humidity as is able to stick to the influence of the loadstone as it passes through the body of the iron must be exceeding subtile and small And it seems necessary that such humidity should stâ—k to the influence of the loadstone when it meets with it coâ—sidering that the influence is of it self dry and that the nature of iron is a kin to the loadstone wherfore the humidity of the one the drought of the other will not fail of incorporating together Now then if two irons well polish'd and plain be united by such a glew as results ouâ— of this composition there is a manifest appearance of much reason for them to stick strongly together This is confirm'd by the nature of iron in very cold Countreys and very cold weather for the very humidity of the air in times of frost will make upon iron sooner then upon other things such a sticking glew as will pull off the skin of a mans hand that touches it hard And by this discourse you will perceive that Galileo's arguments confirm our opinion as well as his own and that according to our doctrine all circumstances must fall out just as they do in his experiences And the reason is clear why the interposition of another body hinders the strong sticking of iron to the cap of the loadstone for it makes the mediation between them greater which we have shew'd to be the general reason why things are easily parted Let us then proceed to the resolution of the other cases proposed The second is already resolv'd for if this glew be made of the influence of the loadstone it cannot have force further then the loadstone it self has and so far it must have more force then the bare influence of the loadstone Or rather the humidity of two irons makes the glew of a fitter temper to hold then that which is between a dry loadstone and iron and the glew enters better when both sides are moist then when only one is so But this resolution though it be in part good yet doth not evacuate the whole difficulty since the same case happens between a stronger and a weaker Loadstone as between a Loadstone and iron for the weaker Loadstone while it is within the sphere of activity of the greater Loadstone draws away an iron set betwixt them as well as a second iron doth For the reason therfore of the little Loadstones drawing away the iron we may consider that the greater Loadstone hath two effects upon the iron betwixt it and a lesser Loadstone and a third effect upon the little loadstone it self The first is that it impregnates the iron and gives it a permanent vertue by which it works like a weak Loadstone The second is that as it makes the iron work towards the lesser Loadstone by its permanent virtue so also it accompanies the steam that goes from the iron towards the little Loadstone with its own steam which goes the same way so that both these steams in company climb up the steam of the little Loadstone which meets them and that steam climbs up the enlarged one of both theirs together The third effect which the greater Loadstone works is that it makes the steam of the little loadstone become stronger by augmenting its innate virtue in some degree Now then the going of the iron to either of the Loadstones must follow the greater and quicker conjunction of the two meeting steams and not the greatness of one alone So that if the conjunction of the two steams between the iron and the little Loadstone be greater quicker then the conjunction of the two steams which meet betwixt the greater Loadstone and the iron the iron must stick to the lesser Loadstone And this must happen more often then otherwise for the steam which goes from the iron to the greater Loadstone will for the most part be less then the steam which goes from the lesser Loadstone
red The reason hereof is that The colours which appear in the glasse are of the nature of those luminous colours we first explicated that arise from looking upon white and black bordering together For a candle standing in the air is as it were a white situated between two blacks the circumstant dusky air having the nature of a black so then that side of the candle which is seen through the thicker part of the glass appears red and that which is seen through the thinner appears blew in the same manner as when we look through the glass Whereas the colours shine contrariwise upon a paper or reflecting object as we have already declared together with the reasons of both these appearances each fitted to its proper case of looking through the glass upon the luminous object surrounded with darkness in the one and of observing the effect wrought by the same luminous object in some medium or upon some reflectent superficies in the other And to confirm this if a white paper be set standing hollow before the glass like half a hollow pillar whose flats stands edgeways towards the glass so as both the edges may be seen through it the further edge will seem blew and the nearer will be red and the like will happen if the paper be held in the free air parallel to the lower superficies of the glass without any black carpet to limit both ends of it which serves to make the colours the smarter So that in both cases the air serves manifestly for a black in the first between the two white edges and in the second limiting the two white ends and by consequence the air about the candle must likewise serve for two blacks including the light candle between them Several other delightful experiments of luminous colour I might produce to confirm the grounds I have laid for the nature and making of them But I conceive these I have mention'd are abundantly enough for the end I propose to my self Therfore I will take my leave of this subtle and nice subject referring my Reader if he be curious to entertain himself with a full variety of such shining wonders to our ingenious Countreyman and my worthy friend Mr. Hall who at my last being at Liege shew'd me there most of the experiences I have mention'd together with several other very fine and remarkable curiosities concerning light which he promised me he would shortly publish in a work that he had already cast and almost finished upon that svbject And in it I doubt not but He will give entire satisfaction to all the doubts and Problems that may occur in this subject wheras my little exercise formerly in making experiments of this kind and my less conveniency of attempting any now makes me content my self with thus spining a course thred from wooll carded me by others that may run through the whole doctrine of colours whose causes have hitherto been so much admired and that it will do so I am strongly perswaded both because if I look upon the causes which I have assigned à prirori me thinks they appear very agreeable to nature and to reason and if I apply them to the several Phenomens which Mr. Hall shew'd me and to as many others as I have otherwise met with I find they agree exactly with them and render a full account of them And thus you have the whole nature of luminous colours resolv'd into the mixion of light and darkness by the due ordering of which who have skil therin may produce any middle colour he please as I my self have seen the experience of infinite changes in such sort made so that it seems to me nothing can be more manifest then that luminous colours are generated in the way here deliver'd Of which how that gentle and obedient Philosophy of Qualities readily obedient to what hard task soever you assign it will render a rational account and what discreet vertue it will give the same things to produce different colours and maked different appearances meerly by such nice changes of situation I do not well understand But peradventure the Patrones of it may say that every such circumstance is a Conditio sine qua non and therwith no doubt their Auditors will be much the wiser in comprehending the particular nature of light and of the colours that have their origine from it The Rainbow for whose sake most men handle this matter of luminous colours is generated in the first of the two ways we have deliver'd for the production of such colours and hath its origine from refraction when the eye being at a convenient distance from the refracting body looks upon it to discern what apears in it The speculation of which may be found in that excellent discourse of Mounsir des Cartes which is the sixth of his Meteors where he hath with great accurateness deliver'd a most ingenious doctrine of this mystery had not his bad chance of missing in a former principle as I conceive somwhat obscured it For he there gives the cause so neat and so justly calculated to the apearances as no man can doubt but that he hath found out the true reason of this wonder of nature which hath perplex'd so many great wits as may almost be seen with our very eyes when looking upon the fresh dew in a Sunshiny morning we may in due positions perceive the Rainbow colours not three yards distant from us in which we may distinguish even single drops with their effects But he having deterned the nature of light to consist in motion and proceeding consequently concludes colours to be but certain kinds of motion by which I fear it is impossible that any good account should be given of the experiences we see But what we have already said in that point I conceive is sufficient to give the Reader satisfaction therin and to secure him that the generation of the colours in the Rain-bow as well as all other colours is reduced to the mingling of light and darkness which is our principal intent to prove Adding therto by way of advertisement for others whose leisure may permit them to make use thereof that who shall ballance the proportions of luminous colours may peradventure make himself a step to judg of the natures of those bodes which really and constantly wear like dyes for the figures of the least parts of such bodies joyntly with the connexion or mingling of them with pores must of necessity be that which makes them reflect light to our eyes in such proportions as the luminous colours of their tincture and semblance do For two things are to be consider'd in bodies in order to reflecting of light either the extancies and cavities of them or their hardness and softness As for the first the proportions of light mingled with darkness will be varied according as the extancies or the cavities exceed and as each of them is great or small since cavities have the nature of darkness in respect
Soul may there be that which they acknowledg she is in her Body without any such helps And as for that Axiom or Experience that the Soul doth not understand unless she speculate phantasms as on the one side I yield to it and confess the experience after the best and seriousest trial I could make of it so on the other side when I examine the matter to the bottom I find that it comes not home to our Adversaries intention For as when we look on a thing we conceive we work on that thing whereas in truth we do but set our selves in such a position that the thing seen may work on us in like manner our looking on the phantasms in our brain is not our Soul's action upon them but our letting them beat at our common sense that is our letting them work on our Soul The effect wherof is that either our Soul is better'd in her self as when we study and contemplate or else that she betters somthing without us as when by this thinking we order any action But if they will have this Axiom avail them they should shew that the Soul is not of her self a knowledg which if they be able to do even then when to our thinking she seems not so much as to think we will yield they have reason But that they 'l find impossible for she is always of her self a knowledg though in the Body she never expresses so much but when she is put to it Or else they should shew that this knowledg which the Soul is of her self will not by changing the manner of her Existence become an actual knowledg instead of the habitual knowledg which now appears in her But as these Aristotelians embrace and stick to one Axiom of their Patron so they forego and prevaticate against another For as it is Aristotle's doctrine that a Substance is for its Operation and were in vain and superfluous if it could not practise it so likewise it is his confessed doctrine that Matter is for its Form and not the Form for the Matter And yet these men pretend that the Soul serves for nothing but the governing of the body wheras contrariwise both all Aristotle's doctrine and common sense convinces that the Body must be for the Soul Which if it be nothing can be more consentaneous to Reason than to conceive that the durance which the Soul hath in the Body is assign'd her to work and mould in her the Future State which she is to have after this life and that no more Operations are to be expected from her after this life but instead of them a setled state of Being seeing that even in this life according to Aristotle's doctrine the proper operations of the Soul are but certain Being So that we may conclude that if a Soul were grown to the perfection which her nature is capable of she would be nothing else but a constant Being never changing from the happiness of the best Being And though the Texts of Aristotle which remain to us be uncertain peradventure not so much because they were originally such in themselves as through the mingling of some comments into the body of the text yet if we had his Book which he wrote of the Soul upon the death of his friend Eudemus 't is very likely we should there see his evident assertion of her Immortality since it had been very impertinent to take occasion upon a Friends death to write of the Soul if he intended to conclude that of a dead man there were no Soul Out of this discourse it appears how those Actions which we exercise in this life are to be understood when we hear them attributed to the next for to think they are to be taken in their direct plain meaning and in that way in which they are perform'd in this world were a great simplicity and were to imagine a likeness between Bodies and Spirits We must therfore elevate our minds when we would penetrate into the true meaning of such expressions and consider how all the actions of our Soul are eminently comprehended in the Universality of knowledg we have already explicated And so the Apprehensions Judgments Discourses Reflections Talkings-together and all other such actions of ours when they are attributed to separated Souls are but inadaequate names and representations of their instantaneal sight of all things For in that they cannot choose but see others minds which is that we call talking and likewise their own which we call reflection the rest are plain parts of and plainly contain'd in knowledg discourse being but the falling into it judgment the principles of it and single apprehensions the components of judgments Then for such actions as are the begining of operation there can be no doubt but that they are likewise to be found and are resumed in the same Universality as love of good consultation resolution prudential election and the first motion for who knows all things cannot choose but know what is good and that good is to be prosecuted and who sees compleatly all the means of effecting and attaining to his intended good hath already consulted and resolv'd of the best and who understands perfectly the matter he is to work on hath already made his prudential Election so that there remains nothing more to be done but to give the first impulse And thus you see that this Universality of knowledg in the Soul comprehends all is all performs all and no imaginable good or happiness is out of her reach A noble creature and not to be cast away upon such trash as most men employ their thoughts in Upon whom it is now time to reflect and to consider what effects the divers manners of living in this world work upon her in the next if first we acquit our selves of a promise we made at the end of the last Chapter For it being now amply declared that the state of a Soul exempted from her Body is a state of pure Being it follows manifestly that there is neither action nor passion in that state Which being so it is beyond all opposition that the Soul cannot dye For 't is evident that all corruption must come from the action of another thing upon that which is corrupted and therfore that thing must be capable of Being made better and worse Now then if a Separated Soul be in a final state where she can neither be better'd or worsened as she must be if she be such a thing as we have declared it follows that she cannot possibly lose the Being which she hath And since her passage out of the Body doth not change her nature but only her state 't is clear that she is of the same nature even in the body though in this her durance she be subject to be forged as it were by the hammers of corporeal objects beating upon her yet so that of her self she still is what she is And therefore as soon as she is out of the passible
Of the great effects of Rarefaction 4. The first manner of condensation by heat 5. The second manner of condensation by cold 3. That Ice is not water rarifiâ—d but condensed 7. How wind snow and hail are made and wind by rain allayed 8. How parts of the same or divers bodies are joyned more strongly together by condensation 9. Vacuities cannot be the reason why water impregnated to the full with one kind of salt will notwithstanding receive more of another 10. The true reason of the former effect 11. The reason why bodies of the same nature jâ—yn more easily together then others 1. What attraction is and from whence it proceeds 1. The true sense of the Maxime that Nature abhors from vacuity 3. The true rea son of attraction 4. Water may be brought by the force of attraction to what height soever 5. The doctrine touching the attraction of water in Syphons 6. That the Syphon doth not prove water to weigh in its own orb 7. Concerning attraction caused by fire 8. Concerning attraction made by virtue of hot bodies amulets c. 9. The natural reason given for divers operations esteemed by some to be magical 1. What is Filtration and how it is effected 2. What causes the water in filtration to ascend 3. Why the filter will not drop unless the label hang lower then the water 4. Of the motion of Râ—stitution and why some bodies stand bent others not 5. Why some bo dies return only in part to their natural figure others entirely 6. Concerning the nature of those bodies which shrink and stretch 7. How great wonderful effects proceed from smal plain and simple principles 8. Concerning Electrical at action and the causes of it 6. Cabeus his opinion reâ—uted concerning the cause of Electrical motions 1. The extreme heat of the Sun under the Zodiack draws a stream of air from each pole into the Torrid Zone * Chap. 18. Sect. 7. 2. The Atoms of these two streams coming together are apt to incorporate with one another 3. By the meeting and mingling together of these streams at the Equator divers rivolets of Atoms of each Pole are continuated from one Pole to the other 4. Of these Atoms incorporated with some fit matter in the bowels of the earth is made a stone 5. This stone works by emanations joyned with agreeing streams that meet them in the air and in fine it is a Loadstone 6 A methode for making experiences on any subject 7. The Loadstones generation by atoms flowing from both Poles is confirmd by experiments observ'd in the stone it self 8. Experiments to prove that the Loadstone works by emanations meeting with agreeing streames 1. The operations of the loadstone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities 2. Objections against the former position answer'd 3. The Loadstone is imbued with his virtue from another body 4 The virtue of the Loadstone is a double and not one simple virtue 5. The virtue of the Loadstone works more strongly in the poles of it then in any other part 6. The loadstone sends forth its emanations spherically Which are of two kindâ— and each kind is strongest in that Hemisphere through whose polary parts they issue out 7. Putting two loadstones within the sphere of one another every part of one loadstone doth not agree wâ—th every part of the other loadstone 8. Concetning the declination and other respects of a needle towards the loadstone it touches 8. The virtue of the Loadstone goes from end to end in lines almost parallel to the Axis 10. The virtue of the Loadstone is not perfectly spherical though the stone be such 11. The intention of nature in all the operations of the loadstone is to make an union betwixt the attractive and attracted bodies 12. The main globe of the earth is not a Loadstone 13. The loadstone is generated in all parts or Climâ—t's of the earth 14. The conformity betwixt the two motions of magnetick things and of heavy things 1. Which is the North and which the South Pole of a Loadstone 2. Whether any bodies besides magnetick ones be attractive 3. Whether an iron placed perpendicularly towards the earth gets a magnetical virtue of pointing towards the north or towards the south in that end that lies downwards 4. Why loadstones affect iron better than one another 5. Gilberts reason refuted touching a cap'd Loadstone that takes up more iron then one not cap'd and an iron impregnated that in some case draws more strongly then the stone it self Galileus his opinion touching the former effects refuted 7. The Authors solution to the former questions 8. The reason why in the former case a lesser Loadstones draws the interjacent iron from the greater 9. Why the variation of a touched needle from the North is greater the nearer you go to the Pole 10. Whether in the same part of the world a touched needle may it one time vary more fâ—om the North and at another time less 11. The whâ—le doctrine of the loâ—dstone sum'd up in short 1. The connexion of the following Chapters with the precedent ones 2. Concerning several compositions of mixed bodies 3. Two sorts of Living Creatures 4. An engine to express the first sort of living creatures 5. Another Engine by which may be expressed the second sort of living creatures 4. The two former engines and some other comparisons applied to express the two several sorts of living creatures 7. How plants are framed 8. How Sensitive Creatures are formed 1. The opinion that the seed contains formally every part of the parent 2. The former opinion rejected 3. The Authours opinion of this question 4. Their opinion refuted who hold that every thing contains formally all things 5. The Authors opinion concerning the generation of Animals declared and confirm'd That one substance is changed into another 7. Concerning the hatching of Chickens and the generation of the other Animals 8. From whence it happens that the deficiences or excresences of the parents body are often seen in their children 9. The difference between the Authors opinion anâ—â—he former 〈◊〉 10 That the heart is imbued with the general specifike vertues of the whole body wherby is confirm'd the doctrine of the two former Paragraphes 11 That the heart is the first part generated in a living creatures 1. That the figure of an Animal is produced by ordinary second causes as well as any other corporeal effect 2. That the several figures of bodies proceed from a defect in one of three dimensions caused by the circumference of accidental causes 3. The former doctrine is confirmd by several instances 4. The same doctrine applyed to plants 4. The same doctrine declared in leaves of trees 16. The same applied to the bodies of Animals 7. In what sense the Author admits of vis formatrix 1. From whence proceeds the primary motion growth in Plants 2. Mr. des Cartes his opinion touching the motion of the heart 3. The former opinion rejected 4. The Authors opinion