when it is pressed for then it will be diuided into very little partes and will fill vp euery little chinke and neuerthesse if it be of a grosse and viscous nature all the partes of it will sticke together Out of these two properties we haue that since euery body hath a kind of orbe of its owne exhalations or vapors round about it selfe as is before declared the vapors which are about one of the bodies will more strongly and solidely that is in more aboundant and greater partes enter into the pores of the other body against which it is pressed when they are opened and dilated and thus they becoming common to both bodies by flowing from the one and streaming into the other and sticking to them both will make them sticke to one an other And then as they grow cold and dry these litle partes shrinke on both sides and by their shrinking draw the bodies together and withall do leaue greater pores by their being compressed together then were there when by heate and moysture they were dilated into which pores the circumstant cold partes do enter and thereby do as it were wedge in the others and consequently do make them hold firmely together the bodies which they ioyne But if art or nature should apply to this iuncture any liquor or vapour which had the nature and power to insinuate it selfe more efficaciously to one of these bodies then the glew which was between them did of necessity in this case these bodies must fall in pieces And so it happeneth in the separation of mettalls by corrosiue waters as also in the precipitation of mettalls or of saltes when they are dissolued in such corrosiue waters by meanes of other mettalls or saltes of a different nature in both which cases the enterance of a latter body that penetrateth more strongly and vniteth it selfe to one of the ioyned bodies but not to the other teareth them asunder and that which the piercing body reiecteth falleth into little pieces and if formerly it were ioyned with the liquor it is then precipitated downe from it in a dust Out of which discourse we may resolue the question of that learned and ingenious man Petrus Gassendus who by experience found that water impregnated to fullnesse with ordinary salt would yet receiue a quantity of other salt and when it would imbibe no more of that would neuerthelesse take into it a proportion of a third and so of seuerall kindes of saltes one after an other which effect he attributed to vacuites or porous spaces of diuers figures that he conceiued to be in the water whereof some were fitt for the figure of one salt and some for the figure of an other Very ingeniously yet if I misse not my marke most assuredly he hath missed his For first how could he attribute diuers sortes of vacuites to water without giuing it diuers figures And this would be against his owne discourse by which euery body should haue one determinate naturall figure Secondly I would aske him if he measured his water after euery salting And if he did whether he did not find the quantity greater then before that salt was dissolued in it Which if he did as without doubt he must then he might safely conclude that his saltes were not receiued in vacuities but that the very substance of the water gaue them place and so encreased by the receiuing of them Thirdly seeing that in his doctrine euery substance hath a particular figure we must allow a strange multitude of different shapes of vacuities to be naturally in water if we will haue euery different substance wherewith it may be impregnated by making decoctions extractions solutions and the like to find a fitt vacuity in the water to lodge it selfe in What a difforme nette with a strāge variety of mashes would this be And indeed how extremely vncapable must it be of the quantity of euery various kind of vacuity that you will find must be in it if in euery solution of one particular substance you calculate the proportion between it and the water that dissolueth it and then multiply it according to the number of seuerall kindes of substances that may be dissolued in water By this proceeding you will find the vacuities to exceed infinitely the whole body of the water euen so much that it could not afford subtile thriddes enough to hold it selfe together Fourthly if this doctrine were true it would neuer happen that one body or salt should precipitate downe to the bottome of the water by the solution of an other in it which euery Alchymist knoweth neuer fayleth in due circumstances for seeing that the body which precipitateth and the other which remayneth dissolued in the water are of different figures and therefore do require different vacuities they might both of them haue kept their places in the water without thrusting one an other out of it Lastly this doctrine giueth no account why one part of salt is separated from an other by being putt in the water and why the partes are there kept so separated which is the whole effect of that motion which we call dissolution The true reason therefore of this effect is as I conceiue that one salt maketh the water apt to receiue an other for the lighter salt being incorporated with the water maketh the water more proper to sticke vnto an heauyer and by diuiding the small partes of it to beare them vp that otherwise would haue sunke in it The truth and reason of which will appeare more plaine if att euery ioynt we obserue the particular steppes of euery saltes solution As soone as you putt the first salt into the water it falleth downe presently to the bottome of it and as the water doth by its humidity pierce by degrees the little ioyntes of this salt so the small partes of it are by little and little separated from one an other and vnited to partes of water And so infusing more and more salt this progresse will continue vntill euery part of water is incorporated with some part of salt and then the water can no longer worke of it selfe but in coniunction to the salt with which it is vnited After which if more salt of the same kind be putt into the water that water so impregnated will not be able to diuide it because it hath not any so subtile partes left as are able to enter between the ioyntes of a salt so closely compacted but may be compared to that salt as a thing of equall drynesse with it and therefore is vnapt to moysten and to pierce it But if you putt vnto this compound of salt and water an other kind of salt that is of a stronger and a dryer nature then the former and whose partes are more grossely vnited then the first salt dissolued in the water will be able to gett in betwixt the ioyntes of the grosser salt and will diuide it into little partes and will incorporate his already composed partes of salt
shew vs that the lesse the atomes should penetrate into a moouing body by reason of the extreme density of it the more efficaciously they would worke and the greater celerity they would cause in its motion And hence we may giue the fullest solution to the obiection aboue which was to this effect that seeing diuision is made onely by the superficies or exteriour part of the dense body and that the vertue whereby a dense body doth worke is onely its resistance to diuision which maketh it apt to diuide it would follow that a hollow boule of brasse or iron should be as heauy as a solide one For we may answere that seeing the atomes must stricke through the body and that a cessible body doth not receiue their stroakes so firmely as a stiffe one nor can conuey them so farre if vnto a stiffe superficies there succeede a yielding inside the stroakes must of necessity loose much of their force and consequently can not mooue a body full of ayre with so much celerity or with so much efficacy as they may a solide one But then you may peraduenture say that if these stroakes of the descending atomes vpon a dense body were the cause of its motion downewardes we must allow the atomes to mooue faster then the dense body that so they may still ouertake it and driue it along and enter into it whereas if they should mooue slower then it none of them could come in their turne to giue it a stroake but it would be past them and out of their reach before they could strike it But it is euident say you out of these pretended causes of this motion that such atomes can not mooue so swiftly downewardes as a great dense body since their litlenesse and their rarity are both of them hindering to their motion and therefore this can not be the cause of that effect which we call grauity To this I reply that to haue the atomes giue these blowes to a descending dense body doth not require that their naturall and ordinary motion should be swifter then the descent of such a dense body but the very descent of it occasioneth their striking it for as it falleth and maketh it selfe a way through them they diuide themselues before it and swell on the sides and a litle aboue it and presently close againe behind it and ouer it as soone as it is past Now that closing to hinder vacuity of space is a suddaine one and thereby attaineth great velocity which would carry the atomes in that degree of velocity further then the descending body if they did not encounter with it in their way to retarde them which encounter and retarding implyeth such stroakes vpon the dense body as we suppose to cause this motion And the like we see in water into which letting a stone fall presently the water that was diuided by the stone and swelleth on the sides higher then it was before closeth vpon the backe of the descending stone and followeth it so violently that for a while after it leaueth a purling hole in the place where the stone went downe till by the repose of the stone the water returneth likewise to its quiet and so its superficies becometh euen In the third place an enquiry occurreth emergent out of this doctrine of the cause of bodies moouing vpwardes and downewardes Which is whether there would be any naturall motion deepe in the earth beyond the actiuity of the sunnes beames For out of these principles it followeth that there would not and consequently there must be a vast orbe in which there would be no motion of grauity or of leuity for suppose that the sunne beames might pierce a thousand miles deepe into the body of the earth yet there would still remaine a masse whose diameter would be neere 5000 miles in which there would be no grauitation nor the contrary motion For my part I shall make no difficulty to grant the inference as farre as concerneth motion caused by our sunne for what inconuenience would follow out of it But I will not offer att determining whether there may not be enclosed within that great sphere of earth some other fire such as the Chymistes talke of an Archeus a Demogorgon seated in the center like the hart in animals which may raise vp vapours and boyle an ayre out of them and diuide grosse bodies into atomes and accordingly giue them motions answerable to ours but in different lines from ours according as that fire or sunne is situated since the farre-searching Author of the Dialogues de Mundo hath left that speculation vndecided after he had touched vpon it in the 12 knott of his first Dialogue Fourthly it may be obiected that if such descending atomes as we haue described were the cause of a bodies grauity and descending towardes the center the same body would att diuers times descend more and lesse swiftly for example after midnight when the atomes begin to descend more slowly then likewise the same body would descend more slowly in a like proportion and not weigh so much as it did in the heate of the day The same may be said of summer and winter for in winter time the atomes seeme to be more grosse and consequently to strike more strongly vpon the bodies they meete with in their way as they descend yet on the other side they seeme in the summer to be more numerous as also to descend from a greater height both which circumstances will be cause of a stronger stroake and more vigourous impulse vpon the body they hitt And the like may be obiected of diuers partes of the world for in the torride zone it will alwayes happen as in summer in places of the temperate zone and in the polar climes as in deepest winter so that no where there would be any standard or certainty in the weight of bodies if it depended vpon so mutable a cause And it maketh to the same effect that a body which lyeth vnder a thicke rocke or any other very dense body that can not be penetrated by any great store of atomes should not be so heauy as it would be in the open and free ayre where the atomes in their complete numbers haue their full stroakes For answere to these and such like instances we are to note first that it is not so much the number or the violence of the percussion of the striking atomes as the density of the thing strucken which giueth the measure to the descending of a weighty body and the chiefe thing which the stroake of the atomes giueth vnto a dense body is a determination of the way which a dense body is to cutt vnto it selfe therefore multiplication or lessening of the atomes will not make any sensible difference betwixt the weight of one dense body where many atomes do strike and an other body of the same density where but few do strike so that the stroake downewardes of the descending atomes be greater then the stroake vpwardes
it a permanent vertue by which it worketh like a weake loadestone The second is that as it maketh the iron worke towardes the lesser loadestone by its permanent vertue so also it accompanyeth the steame that goeth from the iron towardes the little loadestone with its owne steame which goeth the same way so that both these steames do in company clymbe vp the steame of the little loadestone which meeteth them and that steame clymbeth vp the enlarged one of both theirs together The third effect which the greater loadestone worketh is that it maketh the steame of the little loadestone become stronger by augmenting its innate vertue in some degree Now then the going of the iron to eyther of the loadestones must follow the greater and quicker coniunction of the two meeting steames and not the greatnesse of one alone So that if the coniunction of the two steames between the iron and the little loadestone be greater and quicker then the coniunction of the two steames which meete between the greater loadestone and the iron the iron must sticke to the lesser loadestone And this must happen more often then otherwise for the steame which goeth from the iron to the greater loadestone will for the most part be lesse then the steame which goeth from the lesser loadestone to the iron And though the other steame be neuer so great yet it can not draw more then according to the proportion of its Antagonists coming from the iron Wherefore seeing the two steames betwixt the iron and the little loadestone are more proportionable to one an other and the steame coming out of the little loadestone is notably greater then the steame going from the iron to the greater loadestone the coniunction must be made for the most part to the little loadestone And if this discourse doth not hold in the former part of the Probleme betwixt a second iron and a loadestone it is supplyed by the former reason which we gaue for that particular purpose The third case dependeth also of this solution for the bigger an iron is so many more partes it hath to sucke vp the influence of the loadestone and consequently doth it thereby the more greedily and therefore the loadestone must be carried to it more violently and when they are ioyned sticke more strongly The sixt question is why the variations of the needle from the true north in the northerne hemisphere are greater the neerer you go to the Pole and lesser the neerer you approach to the Aequator The reason whereof is plaine in our doctrine for considering that the magnetike vertue of the earth streameth from the north towardes the aequator it followeth of necessity that if there be two streames of magnetike fluours issuing from the north one of them precisely from the pole and the other from a part of the earth neere the pole and that the streame coming from the point by side the pole be but a little the stronger of the two there will appeare very little differencies in their seuerall operations after they haue had a long space to mingle their emanations together which thereby do ioyne and grow as it were into one streame Whereas the neerer you come to the pole the more you will find them seuered and each of them working by its owne vertue And very neere the point which causeth the variation each streame worketh singly by it selfe and therefore here the point of variation must be master and will carry the needle strongly vnto his course from the due north if his streame be neuer so little more efficacious then the other Againe a line drawne from a point of the earth wyde of the pole to a point of the meridian neere the aequator maketh a lesse angle then a line drawne from the same point of the earth to a point of the same meridian neerer the pole wherefore the variation being esteemed by the quantities of the said angles it must needes be greater neere the pole then neere the aequator though the cause be the same But because it may happen that in the partes neere the aequator the variation may proceed from some piece of land not much more northerly then where the needle is but that beareth rather easterly or westerly from it and yet Gilberts assertion goeth vniuersally when he sayth the variations in southerne regions are lesse then in northerne ones we must examine what may be the reason thereof And presently the generation of the loadestone sheweth it plainely for seeing the nature of the loadestone proceedeth out of this that the sunne worketh more vpon the torride zone then vpon the poles and that his too strong operation is contrary to the loadestone as being of the nature of fire it followeth euidently that the landes of the torride zone can not be so magneticall generally speaking as the polar landes are and by consequence that a lesser land neere the pole will haue a greater effect then a larger continent neere the aequator and likewise a land further off towardes the pole will worke more strongly then a neerer land which lyeth towardes the aequator The seuenth question is whether in the same part of the world a touched needle may att one time vary more from the true north point and att an other time lesse In which Gilbert was resolute for the negatiue part but our latter Mathematiciens are of an other mind Three experiences were made neere London in three diuers yeares The two first 42 yeares distant from one an other and the third 12 yeares distant from the second And by them it is found that in the space of 54 yeares he loadestone hath att London diminished his variation from the north the quantity of 7 degrees and more But so that in the latter yeares the diminution hath sensibly gone faster then in the former These obseruations peraduenture are but little credited by strangers but we who know the worth of the men that made them can not mistrust any notable errour in them for they were very able mathematicians and they made their obseruations with very greate exactnesse and there were seuerall iuditious wittnesses att the making of them as may be seene in Mr. Gillebrand his print concerning this subiect And diuers other particular persons do confirme the same whose creditt though each single might peraduenture be slighted yet all in body make a great accession We must therefore cast about to find what may be the cause of an effect so paradoxe to the rest of the doctrine of the loadestone for seeing that no one place can stand otherwise to the north of the earth att one time then att an other how is it possible that the needle should receiue any new variation since all variation proceedeth out of the inequality of the earth But when we consider that this effect proceedeth not out of the maine body of the earth but only out of the barke of it and that its barke may haue diuers tempers not as yet
with his vertue from an other body 4 The vertue of the loadestone is a double and not one simple vertue 5 The vettue of the loadestone worketh more strongly in the poles of it then in any other part 6 The loadestone sendeth forth its emanations spherically Which are of two kindes and each kind is strongest in that hemisphere through whose polary partes they issue out 7 Putting two loadestones within the sphere of one an other euery part of one loadestone doth not agree with euery part of the other loadestone 8 CoÌ„cerning the declination and other respects of a needle towardes the loadestone is toucheth 9 The vertue of the loadestone goeth from end to end in lines almost parallele to the axis 10 The vertue of the loadestone is not perfectly sphericall though the stone be such 11 The intention of nature in all the operations of the loadestone is to make an vnion betwixt the attractiue and attracted bodies 12 The maine globe of the earth is not a loadestone 13 The loadestone is generated in all partes or climats of the earth 14 The conformity betwixt the two motioÌ„s of magnetike thinges and of heauy thinges 1 Which is the North and which the South Pole of a loadestone 2 Whether any bodies besides magnetike ones be attractiue 3 Whether an iron placed â—erpeÌ„dicularly towardes the earth doth gett a magneticall vertue of pointing towardes the north or towardes the south in that end that lyeth downewardes 4 Why loadestones affect iron better then one an other 5 Gilberts reason refuted touching a capped loadestone that taketh vp more iron then one not capped and an iron impregnated that in some case draweth more strongly then the stone it selfe 6 Galileus his opinion touching the former effects refuted 7 The Authors solution to the former questions 8 The reasoÌ„ why in the former case a lesser loadestone doth draw the interiacent iroÌ„ froÌ„ the greater 9 Why the variation of a touched needle froÌ„ the north is greater the neerer you go to the Pole 10 Whether in the same part of the world a touched needle may att one time vary more froÌ„ the north and att an other time lesse 11 The whole doctrine of the loadestone summed vp in short 1 The connexion of the following Chapters with the precedent ones 2 Concerning seuerall coÌ„positions of mixed bodies 3 Two sortes of liuing creatures 4 An engine to expresse the first sort of liuing creatures 5 An other engine by which may be expressed the second sort of liuing creatures 6 The two former engines and some other comparisons applyed to expresse the two seuerall sortes of liuing creatures 7 How plantes are framed 8 How sensitiue creatures are formed 1 The opinion that the seede containeth formally euery part of the parent 2 The former opinion reiected 3 The Authors opinion of this question 4 Their opinion refuted who hold that euery thing containeth formally all thinges 5 The Authors opinion concerning the generation of Animals declared and confirmed 6 That one substance is changed into an other 7 Concerning the hatching of chickens and the generation of other Animals 8 From whence it happeneth that the deficiences or excrescences of the parents body are often seene in their children 9 The difference between the Authors opinion and the former one 10 That the hart is imbued with the generall specifike vertues of the whole body whereby is confirmed the doctrine of the two former paragraphes 11 That the hart is the first part generated in a liuing creature 1 That the figure of an Animal is produced by ordinarie secoÌ„â— causes as well as any other corporeall effect 2 That the seuerall figures of bodies proceed from a defect in one of the three dimensions caused by the concurraÌ„ce of accidentall causes 3 The former doctrine is confirmed by seuerall instances 4 The same doctrine applyed to Plants 5 The same doctrine declared in leafes of trees 6 The same applyed to the bodies of Animals 7 In what sense the Author doth admitt of Vis formatrix 1 Fromwhence doth proceed the primary motion and growth in Plantes 2 Monsieur des Cartes his opinion touching the motion of the hart 3 The former opinion reiected 4 The Authors opinion concerning the motion of the hart 5 The motion of the hart dependeth originally of its fibers irrigated by bloud 6 An obiection answered against the former doctrine 7 The circulatioÌ„ of the bloud and other effects that follow the motion of the hart 8 Of Nutrition 9 Of Augmentation 10 Of death and sicknesse 1 The coÌ„nexion of the subsequent chapters with the precedent 2 Of the senses and sensible qualities in generall And of the end for which they serue 3 Of the sense of touching and that both it and its qualities are bodies 4 Of the tast and its qualities that they are bodies 5 That the smell and its qualities are reall bodies 6 Of the conformity betwixt the two senses of smelling and tasting 7 The reasoÌ„ why the sense of smelling is not so perfect in man as in beastes with a wonderfull historie of a man who could wind a sent as well aâ— any beast 1 Of the sense of hearing and that sound is purely motioÌ„ 2 Of diuers artes belonging to the sense of hearing all which confirme that sound is nothing but motion 3 The same is confirmed by the effects caused by great noises 4 That solide bodies may conueye the motion of the ayre or sound to the organe of hearing 5 Where the motion is interrupted there is no sound 6 That not only the motion of the ayre but all other motions coming to our eares make sounds 7 How one sense may supply the want of an other 8 Of one who could discerne souÌ„ds of words with his eyes 9 Diuers reasons to proue sound to be nothing els but a motioÌ„ of some reall body 1 That Colours are nothing but light mingled with darknesse or the disposition off a bodies superficies apt to reflect light so mingled 2 CoÌ„cerning the disposition of those bodies which produce white or blacke coulours 3 The former doctrine coÌ„firmed by Aristotâ—les authority reason and experience 4 How the diuersity of coulours doe follow out of various degrees of rarity and density 5 Why some bodies are Diaphanous others opacous 6 The former doctrine of coulours coÌ„firmed by the generation of white and Blacke in bodies 1 Apparitions of coulours through a prisme or triaÌ„gular glasse are of two sortes 2 The seuerall parts of the obiect make seuerall angles at their entrance into the prisme 3 The reason why some times the same obiect appeareth throwgh the prisme in two places and in one place more liuely in the other place more dimmes 4 The reason of the various colours that appeare in looking throwgh a prisme 5 The reasonÌ„ why the prisme in one position may make the colours appeare quite contrary to what
to performe vitall motion pag. 203. § 1. The connexion of the following Chapters with the precedent ones ibid. § 2. Concerning seuerall compositions of mixed bodies pag. 204. § 3. Two sortes of liuing creatures pag. 205. § 4. An engine to expresse the first sort of liuing creatures ibid. § 5. An other engine by which may be expressed the second sort of liuing creatures pag. 207. § 6. The two former engines and some other comparisons applyed to expresse the two seuerall sortes of liuing creatures ibid. § 7. How plantes are framed pag. 209. § 8. How sensitiue creatures are formed pag. 210. CHAP. XXIV A more particular suruay of the generation of Animals in which is discouered what part of the animal is first generated pag. 213 § 1. The opinion that the seede containeth formally euery part of the parent ibid. § 2. The former opinion reiected pag. 214. § 3. The Authors opinion of this question pag. 215. § 4. Their opinion refuted who hold that euery thing containeth formally all thinges pag. 216. § 5. The Authors opinion concerning the generation of Animals declared and confirmed pag. 217. § 6. That one substance is changed into an other pag. 219. § 7. Concerning the hatching of chickens and the generation of other Animals pag. 220. § 8. From whence it happeneth that the deficiences or excrescences of the parents body are often seene in their children pag. 221 § 9. The difference betweene the Authors opinion and the former one p. 222 § 10. That the hart is imbued with the generall specifike vertues of the whole body whereby is confirmed the doctrine of the two former paragraphes pag. 223. § 11. That the hart is the first part generated in a liuing creature pag. 225. CHAP. XXV How a Plant or Animal cometh to that figure it hath pag. 226. § 1. That the figure of an Animal is produced by ordinarie second causes as well as any other corporeall effect pag. 226. § 2. That the seuerall figures of bodies proceed from a defect in one of â—he three dimensions caused by the concurrance of accidentall causes pag. 227 § 3. The former doctrine is confirmed by seuerall instances pag 228 § 4. The same doctrine applyed to Plantes pag. 229 § 5. The same doctrine declared in leafes of trees ibid. § 6. The same applyed to the bodies of Animals pag. 230 § 7. In what sense the Author doth admitt of Vis formatrix pag. 231 CHAP. XXVI How motion beginneth in liuing creatures And of the motion of the hart circulation of the bloud Nutrition Augmentation and corruption or death pag. 232 § 1. Fromwhence doth proceed the primary motion and growth in Plantes ibid. § 2. Monsieur des Cartes his opinion touching the motion of the hart p. 233 § 3. The former opinion reiected ibid. § 4. The Authors opinion concerning the motion of the hart pag. 234 § 5. The motion of the hart dependeth originally of its fibers irrigated by bloud pag. 236 § 6. An obiection answered against the former doctrine pag. 237 § 7. The circulation of the bloud and other effects that follow the motion of the hart pag. 238 § 8. Of Nutrition pag. 239 § 9. Of Augmentation pag. 240 § 10. Of death and sicknesse pag. 241 CHAP. XXVII Of the motions of sense and of the sensible qualities in generall and in particular of those which belong to Touch Tast and Smelling pag. 242 § 1. The connexion of the subsequent chapters with the precedent ibid. § 2. Of the senses and sensible qualities in generall And of the end for which they serue ibid. § 3. Of the sense of touching and that both it and its qualities are bodies 244 § 4. Of the tast and its qualities that they are bodies pag. 245 § 5. That the smell and its qualities are reall bodies ibid. § 6. Of the conformity betwixt the two senses of smelling and tasting p. 246 § 7. The reason why the sense of smelling is not so perfect in man as in beastes with a wonderfull historie of a man who could wind a sent as well as any beast pag. 247 CHAP. XXVIII Of the sense of hearing and of the sensible quality sound p. 249 § 1. Of the sense of hearing and that sound is purely motion ibid. § 2. Of diuers artes belonging to the sense of hearing all which confirme that sound is nothing but motion pag. 250 § 3. The same is confirmed by the effects caused by great noises pag. 251 § 4. That solide bodies may conueye the motion of the ayre or sound to the organe of hearing pag. 252 § 5. Where the motion is interrupted there is no sound ibid. § 6. That not only the motion of the ayre but all other motions coming to our eares make sounds pag. 253 § 7. How one sense may supply the want of an other ibid. § 8. Of one who could discerne sounds of words with his eyes pag. 254 § 9. Diuers reasons to proue sound to be nothing els but a motion of some reall body pag. 256 CHAP. XXIX Of Sight and Colours pag. 257 § 1. That Colours are nothing but light mingled with darkenesse or the disposition off a bodies superficies apt to reflect light so mingled ibid. § 2. Concerning the disposition of those bodies which produce white or blacke coulours pag. 259 § 3. The former doctrine confirmed by Aristotles authority reason and experience ibid. § 4. How the diuersity of coulours doe follow out of various degrees of rarity and density pag. 260 § 5. Why some bodies are Diaphanous others opacous pag. 261 § 6. The former doctrine of coulours confirmed by the generation of white and Blacke in bodies pag. 262 CHAP. XXX Of luminous or apparente Colours pag. 262 § 1. Apparitions of coulours through a prisme or triangular glasse are of two sortes ibid. § 2. The seuerall parts of the obiect make seuerall angles at their entrance into the prisme pag. 263 § 3. The reason why some times the same obiect appeareth throwgh the prisme in two places and in one place more liuely in the other place more dimme ibid. § 4. The reason of the various colours that appeare in looking throwgh a prisme pag. 264 § 5. The reason why the prisme in one position may make the colours appeare quite contrary to what they did when it was in an other position pag. 265 § 6. The reason of the various colours in generall by pure light passing through a prisme pag 266 § 7. Vpon what side euery colour appeareth that is made by pure light passing through a prisme pag. 267 CHAP. XXXI The causes of certaine appearances in luminous Colours with a conclusion of the discourse touching the senses and the sensible qualities pag. 268 § 1. The reason of each seuerall colour in particular caused by light passing through a prisme pag. 268 § 2. A difficult probleme resolued touching the prisme pag. 270 § 3. Of the rainebow and how by the colour of any body wee may know the composition of
the body it selfe pag. 272 § 4. That all the sensible qualities are reall bodies resulting out of seuerall mixtures of rarity and density pag. 273 § 5. Why the senses are only fiue in number with a conclusion of all the former doctrine concerning them pag. 274 CHAP. XXXII Of sensation or the motion whereby sense is properly exercised 275 § 1. Monsieur des Cartes his opinion touching sensation ibid. § 2. The Authors opinion touching sensation pag. 276 § 3. Reasons to persuade the Authors opinion pag. 277 § 4. That vitall spiritts are the immediate instruments of sensation by conueying sensible qualities to the braine pag. 278 § 5. How sound is conueyed to the braine by vitall spirits pag. 279 § 6. How colours are conueyed to the braine by vitall spirits pag. 280 § 7. Reasons against Monsieur des Cartes his opinion ibid. § 8. That the symptomes of the palsie do no way confirme Monsieur des Cartes his opinion pag. 282 § 9. That Monsieur des Cartes his opinion can not giue a good account how thinges are conserued in the memory ibid. CHAP. XXXIII Of Memory pag. 284 § 1. How thinges are conserued in the memory ibid. § 2. How thinges conserued in the memory are brought backe into the fantasie pag. 285 § 3. A Confirmation of the former doctrine pag. 286 § 4. How thinges renewed in the fantasie returne with the same circumstances that they had at first pag. 286 § 5. How the memory of thinges past is lost or confounded and how it is repaired againe pag. 287 CHAP. XXXIV Of voluntary motion Naturall faculties and passions pag. 288 § 1. Of what matter the braine is composed ibid. § 2. What is voluntary motion pag. 289 § 3. What those powers are which are called naturall faculties ibid. § 4. How the attractiue and secretiue faculties worke pag. 290 § 5. Concerning the concoctiue faculty pag. 291 § 6. Concerning the retentiue and expulsiue faculties ibid. § 7. Concerning expulsion made by Physicke pag. 292 § 8. How the braine is moued to worke voluntary motion pag. 292 § 9. Why pleasing obiects doe dilate the spirits and displeasing ones contract them pag. 294 § 10. Concerning the fiue senses for what vse and end they are ibid. CHAP. XXXV Of the materiall instrument of Knowledge and Passion of the seuerall effects of Passions of Paine and Pleasure and how the vitall spirits are sent from the braine into the intented partes of the body without mistaking their way pag. 296 § 1. That Septum Lucidum is the seat of the fansie ibid. § 2. What causeth vs to remember not only the obiect it selfe but also that we haue thought of it before pag. 297 § 3. How the motions of the fantasie are deriued to the hart ibid. § 4. Of paine and pleasure pag. 298 § 5. Of Passion ibid. § 6. Of seuerall pulses caused by passions pag. 299 § 7. Of seuerall other effects caused naturally in the body by passions p. 300 § 8. Of the diaphragma pag. 302 § 9. Concerning paine and pleasure caused by the memory of thinges past pag. 303 § 10. How so small bodies as atomes are can cause so great motions in the hart pag. 304 § 11. How the vital spirits sent from the braine do runne to the intended part of the body without mistake ibid. § 12. How men are blinded by Passion pag. 305 CHAP. XXXVI Of some actions of beastes that seeme to be formall actes of reason as doubting resoluing inuenting pag. 306 § 1. The order and connexion of the subsequent Chapters ibid. § 2. From whence proceedeth the doubting of beastes pag. 307 § 3. Concerning the inuention of Foxes and other beastes ibid. § 4. Of foxes that catch hennes by lying vnder their roost and by gazing vpon them pag. 309 § 5. From whence proceedeth the foxes inuention to ridde himselfe of fleas pag. 311 § 6. An explication of two other inuentions of foxes pag. 312 § 7. Concerning Mountagues argument to prooue that dogges make syllogismes ibid. § 8. A declaration how some tricks are performed by foxes which seeme to argue discourse pag. 313 § 9. Of the Iaccatrays inuention in calling beastes to himselfe pag. 314 § 10. Of the Iaccalls designe in seruing the lyon ibid. § 11. Of seuerall inuentions of fisshes ibid. § 12. A discouery of diuers thinges done by hares which seeme to argue discourse pag. 315 § 13. Of a foxe reported to haue weighed a goose before he would venture with it ouer a riuer and of fabulous stories in common pag. 316 § 14. Of the seuerall cryings and tones of beastes with a refutation of those authours who maintaine them to haue compleat languages pag. 317 CHAP. XXXVII Of the docility of some irrationall animals and of certaine continuate actions of a long tract of time so orderly performed by them that they seeme to argue knowledge in them pag. 319 § 1. How hawkes and other creatures are taught to doe what they are browght vp to ibid. § 2. Of the Baboone that played on a guitarre 320 § 3. Of the teaching of Elephantes and other beastes to doe diuers tricks 321 § 4. Of the orderly traine of actions performed by beastes in breeding their young ones pag. 322 CHAP. XXXVIII Of prescience of future euentes prouidencies the knowing of thinges neuer seene before and such other actions obserued in some liuing creatures which seeme to be euen aboue the reason that is in man himselfe pag. 327 § 1. Why beastes are affraide of men ibid. § 2. How some qualities caused at first by chance in beastes may passe by generation to the whole offspring pag. 328 § 3. How the parents fantasie doth oftentimes worke strange effects in their issue pag. 329 § 4. Of Antipathies pag. 330 § 5. Of Sympathies pag. 333 § 6. That the Antipathy of beastes towards one an other may be taken away by assuefaction pag. 334 § 7. Of longing markes seene in children pag. 335 § 8. Why diuers men hate some certaine meates and particularly cheese 336 § 9. Corcerning the prouidence of Aunts in laying vp in store for winter 337 § 10. Concerning the foreknowing of beastes pag. 338 The Conclusion of the first Treatise pag. 340 A TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS AND MATTERS HANDLED IN THE SECOND TREATISE CONCERNING MAN'S SOVLE THE Preface pag. 349 CHAP. 1. Of simple Apprehensions pag. 355 § 1. What is a right apprehension of a thing ibid. § 2. The very thing it selfe is truly in his vnderstanding who rightly apprehendeth it pag. 356 § 3. The Apprehension of thinges comming vnto vs by our senses are resoluable into other more simple apprehensions pag. 358 § 4. The apprehension of a Being is the most simple and Basis of all the rest ibid. § 5. The apprehension of a thing is in next degree to that of Being and it is the Basis of all the subsequent ones ibid. § 6. The apprehension of thinges knowne to vs by our senses doth consist in certaine respects betwixt two
themselues to other iron so strongly or with so many partes as Galileos did would not by much take vp so great weightes as his Neuerthelesse it seemeth not to me that his answere is sufficient or that his reasons conuince for we are to consider that the vertue which he putteth in the iron must according to his owne supposition proceed from the loadestone and then what importeth it whether the superficies of the iron which toucheth an other iron be so exactly plaine or no Or that the partes of it be more solide then the partes of the stone For all this conduceth nothing to make the vertue greater then it was since no more vertue can go from one iron to the other then goeth from the loadestone to the first iron and if this vertue can not tye the first iron to the loadestone it can not proceed out of this vertue that the second iron be tyed to the first Againe if a paper be putt betwixt the cappe and an other iron it doth not hinder the magneticall vertue from passing through it to the iron but the vertue of taking vp more weight then the naked stone was able to do is thereby rendered quite vselesse Therefore it is euident that this vertue must be putt in something else and not in the application of the magneticall vertue And to examine his reasons particularly it may very well fall out that whatsoeuer the cause be the point of a needle may be too little to make an exact experience in and therefore a new doctrine ought not lightly be grounded vpon what appeareth in the application of that And likewise the greatnesse of the surfaces of the two irons may be a condition helpefull to the cause whatsoeuer it be for greater and lesser are the common conditions of all bodies and therefore do auayle all kindes of corporeall causes so that no one cause can be affirmed more then an other meerely out of this that great doth more and little doth lesse To come then to our owne solution I haue considered how fiâ—â— hath in a manner the same effect in iron as the vertue of the loadestone hath by meanes of the cappe for I find that fire coming through iron red glowing hoat will burne more strongly then if it should come immediately through the ayre as also we see that in pittecoale the fire is stronger then in charcoale And neuerthelesse the fire will heat further if it come immediately from the source of it then if it come through a red iron that burneth more violently where it toucheth and likewise charcoale will heat further then pittcoale that neere hand burneth more fiercely In the same manner the loadestone will draw further without a cappe then with one but with a cappe it sticketh faster then without one Whence I see that it is not purely the vertue of the loadestone but the vertue of it being in iron which causeth this effect Now this modification may proceed eyther from the multitude of partes which come out of the loadestone and are as it were stopped in the iron and so the sphere of their actiuity becometh shorter but stronger or else from some quality of the iron ioyned to the influence of the loadestone The first seemeth not to giue a good account of the effect for why should a little paper take it away seeing we are sure that it stoppeth not the passage of the loadestones influence Againe the influence of the loadestone seemeth in its motion to be of the nature of light which goeth in an insensible time as farre as it can reach and therefore were it multiplyed in the iron it would reach further then without it and from it the vertue of the loadestone would beginne a new sphere of actiuity Therefore we more willingly cleaue to the latter part of our determination And there vpon enquiring what quality there is in iron whence this effect may follow we find that it is distinguished from a loadestone as a mettall is from a stone Now we know that mettalls haue generally more humidity then stones and we haue discoursed aboue that humidity is the cause of sticking especially when it is little and dense These qualities must needes be in the humidity of iron which of all mettalls is the most terrestriall and such humidity as is able to sticke to the influence of the loadestone as it passeth through the body of the iron must be exceeding subtile and small and it seemeth necessary that such humidity should sticke to the influence of the loadestone when it meeteth with it considering that the influence is of it selfe dry and that the nature of iron is akinne to the loadestone wherefore the humidity of the one and the drought of the other will not faile of incorporating together Now then if two irons well polished and plaine be vnited by such a glew as resulteth out of this composition there is a manifest appearance of much reason for them to sticke strongly together This is confirmed by the nature of iron in very cold countries and very cold weather for the very humidity of the ayre in times of frost will make vpon iron sooner then vpon other thinges such a sticking glew as will pull off the skinne of a mans hand that toucheth it hard And by this discourse you will perceiue that Galileos arguments do confirme our opinion as well as his owne and that according to our doctrine all circumstances must fall out iust as they do in his experiences And the reason is cleare why the interposition of an other body hindereth the strong sticking of iron to the cappe of the loadestone for it maketh the mediation between them greater which we haue shewed to be the generall reason why thinges are easily parted Lett vs then proceed to the resolution of the other cases proposed The second is already resolued for if this glew be made of the influence of the loadestone it can not haue force further then the loadestone it selfe hath and so farre it must haue more force then the bare influence of the loadestone Or rather the humidity of two irons maketh the glew of a fitter temper to hold then that which is betweene a dry loadestone and iron and the glew entereth better when both sides are moist then when only one is so But this resolution though it be in part good yet it doth not euacuate the whole difficulty since the same case happeneth betweene a stronger and a weaker loadestone as betweene a loadestone and iron for the weaker loadestone whilst it is within the sphere of actiuity of the greater loadestone draweth away an iron sett betwixt them as well as a second iron doth For the reason therefore of the little loadestones drawing away the iron we may consider that the greater loadestone hath two effects vpon the iron which is betwixt it and a lesser loadestone and a third effect vpon the little loadestone it selfe The first is that it impregnateth the iron and giueth
my Reader if he be curious to entertaine himselfe with a full variety of such shining wonders to our ingenious countryman and my worthy frend Mr. Hall who at my last being at Liege shewed me there most of the experiences I haue mentioned together with seuerall other very fine and remarkable curiosities concerning light which he promised me he would shortly publish in a worke that he had already cast and almost finished vpon that subiect and in it I doubt not but he will giue entire satisfaction to all the doubts and Problemes that may occurre in this subiect whereas my litle exercise formerly in making experiments of this kind and my lesse conueniency of attempting any now maketh me content my selfe with thus spinning of a course thridde froÌ„ wooll carded me by others that may runne through the whole doctrine of colours whose causes haue hitherto beene so much admired and that it will do so I am stroÌ„gly persuaded both because if I looke vpoÌ„ the causes which I haue assigned a priori me thinkes they appeare very agreeable to nature and to reason and if I apply them to the seuerall PhoenomeÌ„s which Mr. Hall shewed me and to as many others as I haue otherwise mett with I find they agree exactly with them and render a full account of them And thus you haue the whole nature of luminous colours resolued into the mixtion of light and darkenesse by the due ordering of which who hath skill therein may produce any middle colour he pleaseth as I my selfe haue seene the experience of infinite changes in such sort made so that it seemeth vnto me nothing can be more manifest then that luminous colours are generated in the way that is here deliuered Of which how that gentle and obedient Philosophy of Qualities readily obedient to what hard taske soeuer you assigne it will render a rationall account and what discreet vertue it will giue the same thinges to produce different colours and to make different appearances meerely by such nice changes of situation I do not well vnderstand but peraduenture the Patrones of it may say that euery such circumstance is a Conditio sine qua non and therewith no doubt their Auditors will be much the wiser in comprehending the particular nature of light and of the colours that haue their origine from it The Rainebow for whose sake most men handle this matter of luminous colours is generated in the first of the two wayes we haue deliuered for the production of such colours and hath its origine from refraction when the eye being at a conuenient distance from the refracting body looketh vpon it to discerne what appeareth in it The speculation of which may be found in that excellent discourse of Monsieur des Cartes which is the sixt of his Meteors where he hath with great acuratenesse deliuered a most ingenious doctrine of this mystery had not his bad chance of missing in a former principle as I conceiue somewhat obscured it For he there giueth the cause so neate and so iustly calculated to the appearances as no man can doubt but that he hath found out the true reason of this wonder of nature which hath perplexed so many great witts as may almost be seene with our very eyes when looking vpon the fresh deaw in a sunneshiny morning we may in due positions perceiue the raynebow colours not three yardes distant from vs in which we may distinguish euen single droppes with their effects But he hauing determined the nature of light to consist in motion and proceeding consequently he concludeth colours to be but certaine kindes of motion by which I feare it is impossible that any good account should be giuen of the experiences we see But what we haue already said in that point I conceiue is sufficient to giue the reader satisfaction therein and to secure him that the generation of the colours in the rainebow as well as all other coulours is likewise reduced to the mingling of light and darkenesse which is our principall intent to proue adding therevnto by way of aduertissement for others whose leisure may permitt them to make vse thereof that who shall ballance the proportions of luminous colours may peraduenture make himselfe a steppe to iudge of the natures of those bodies which really and constantly do weare like dyes for the figures of the least partes of such bodies ioyntly with the connexion or mingling of them with pores must of necessity be that which maketh them reflect light vnto our eyes in such proportions as the luminous colours of their tincture and semblance do For two thinges are to be considered in bodies in order to reflecting of light eyther the extancies and cauities of them or their hardenesse and softenesse As for the first the proportions of light mingled with darkenesse will be varied according as the extancies or the cauities do exceed and as each of them is great or small since cauities haue the nature of darknesse in respect of extancies as our moderne Astronomers do shew when they giue account of the face as some call it in the orbe of the moone Likewise in regard of soft or of resistent partes light will be reflected by them more or lesse strongly that is more or lesse mingled with darkenesse for whereas it reboundeth smartly backe if it striketh vpon a hard and a resistent body and accordingly 〈◊〉 â—hew it selfe in a bright colour it must of necessity not reflect at all 〈…〉 very fâ—ebly if it penetrateth into a body of much humidity or if â—â—â—oseth it selfe in the pores of it and that litle which cometh so weakely from it must consequently appeare of a dusky dye and these two being all the causes of the great variety of colours we see in bodies according to the quality of the body in which the reall colour appeareth it may easily be determined from which of them it proceedeth and then by the colour you may iudge of the composition and mixture of the rare and dense partes which by reflecting light begetteth it In fine out of all we haue hitherto said in this Chapter we may conclude the primary intent of our so long discourse which is that as well the senses of liuing creatures as the sensible qualities in bodies are made by the mixtion of rarity and density as well as the naturall qualities we spoke of in their place for it can not be denyed but that heate and cold and the other couples or payres which beate vpon our touch are the very same as we see in other bodies the qualities which moue our tast and smell are manifestly a kinne and ioyned with them lighâ— we haue concluded to be fire and of motion which affecteth our eare it is not disputable so that it is euident how all sensible qualities are as truly bodies as those other qualities which we call naturall To this we may adde that the proprieties of these sensible qualities are such as proceed euidently from rarity and
surfaces 9 A body of greater partes and greater pores maketh a greater refraction then one of lesser partes and lesser pores 10 A coÌ„firmation of the former doctrine out of the nature of bodies that refract light 1 The coÌ„nexion of this chapter with the rest and the Authors intent in it 2 That there is a least cise of bodies and that this least cise is found in fire 3 The first coniunction of partes is in bodies of least cise and it is made by the force of Quantity 4 The second sort of coniunction is coÌ„pactednesse in simple Elements and it proceedeth from density 5 The third coniunction is of partes of different Elements and it proceedeth from quantity and density together 6 The reason why liquide bodies do easily ioyne together and dry ones difficultly 7 That no two hard bodies can touch one an other immediately 8 How mixed bodies arâ— framed in generall 9 The cause of the seuerall degrees of solidity in mixed bodies 10 The rule wherevnto are reduced all the seuerall combinations of Elements in compounding of mixed bodies 11 Earth and water are the basis of all permanent mixed bodies 12 What kind of bodies those are where water is the basis and earth the predominant Element ouer the other two 13 Of those bodies where water being the basis ayre is the predominant Element 14 What kind of bodies result where water is the basis and fire the predominant Element 15 Of those bodies where water is in excesse it alone being both the basis and the predominant Element 16 Of those bodies where Earth alone is the basis and also the predominant in excesse ouer the other threâ— Elements 17 Of those bodies where Earth is the basis and water the predominâ—t Element ouer the other two 18 Of those bodies where earth being the basis ayre is the predominant 19 Of those bodies where Earth being the basis fire is the predominant 20 All the second qualities of mixed bodies arise from seuerall combinations of the first qualities and are att last resolued into seuerall degrees of rarity and density 21 That in the planets and starres there is a like varietâ— of mixed bodies caused by light as here vpon Earth 22 In what maÌ„ner the Elements do worke vpon one an other in the compositioÌ„ of mixed bodies and in particular fire which is the most actiue 23 A particular declaration touching the generation of mettalls 1 Why some bodies are brittle and others tough or apt to withstand outward violence the first instrument to dissolue mixed bodies 2 How outward violence doth worke vpon the most compacted bodies 3 The seuerall effects of fire the second and chiefest instrumeÌ„t to dissolue all coÌ„pounded bodies 4 The reason why some bodies are not dissolued by fire 5 The reason why fire molteth gold but can not consume it 6 Why leade is easily consumed and calcined by fire 7 Why and how some bodies are diuided by fire into spirits waters oyles saltes and earth And what those partes are 8 How water the third iâ—strumeÌ„t to dissolue bodies dissolueth calx into salt and so into Terra damnata 9 How water mingled with salt becometh a most powerfull Agent to dissolue other bodies 10 How putrefactioÌ„ is caused 1 What is the sphere of actiuity in corporeall Agents 2 The reason why no body can worke in distance 3 An obiection answered against the manner of explicating the former axiomâ— 4 Of reaction and first in pure locall motion that each AgeÌ„t must suffer in acting and actâ— in suffering 5 The former doctrine applyed to other locall motions designed by particular names And that Suisseths argument is of no force against this way of doctrine 6 Why some notions do admitt of intension and Remission and others do not 7 That in euery part of our habitable world all the foure ElemeÌ„ts are found pure in small atomes but not in any great bulke 1 The Authors intent in this and the following chapters Mr. Thomas White 2 That bodies may be rarifyed both by outward and inward heat and how this is performed 3 Of the great effects of Rarefaction 4 The first manner of condensation by heate 5 The second manner of condensation by cold 6 That yce is not water rarifyed but condensed 7 How wind snow and haile are made and wind by raine allayed 8 How partes of the same or diuers bodies are ioyned more strongly together by condensation 9 Vacuites can not be the reason why water impregnated to the full with one kind of salt will notwithstaÌ„ding receiue more of an other 10 The true reason of the former effect 11 The reason why bodies of the same nature do ioyne more easily together then others 1 What AttractioÌ„ is and from whence it proceedeth 2 The true sense of the Maxime that Nature abhorreth from vacuity 3 The true reasâ— of attraction 4 Water may be brought by the force of attraction to what height soeuer 5 The doctrine touching the attraction of water in syphons 6 That the syphon doth not proue water to weigh in its owne orbe 7 Concerning attraction caused by fire 8 Concerning attractioÌ„ made by vertue of hoat bodies amulets etc. 9 The naturall reason giuen for diuers operations esteemed by some to be magicall 1 What is Filtration and how it is effected 2 What causeth the water in filtration to ascend 3 Why the filter will not droppe vnlesse the labell hang lower then the water 4 Of the motion of Restitution and why some bodies stand bent others not 5 Why some bodies returne onely in part to their natural figure others entirely 6 Concerning the nature of those bodies which do shrinke and stretch 7 How great and wonderfull effects proceed from small plaine and simple principles 8 Concerning Electricall attraction and the causes of it 9 Cabeus his opinion refuted concerning the cause of Electricall motâ—ons 1 The extreme heat of the sunne vnder the zodiacke draweth a streame of ayre from each Pole into the torride zone Chap. 18. §. 7. 2 The atomes of these two streames coming together are apt to incorporate with one an other 3 By the meeting and mingling together of these streames att the Equator diuers riuolets of atomes of each Pole are continuatâ—d from one Pole to the other 4 Of these atomes incorporated with some fitt matter in the bowels of the earth is made a stone 5 This stone worketh by emanations ioyned with agreeing streames that meete them in the ayre and in fine it is a loadestone 6 A methode for making experiences vpon any subiect 7 The Loadestones generatioÌ„ by atomes flowing from both Poles is confirmed by experiments obserued in the stone it selfe 8 Experiments to proue that the loadestone worketh by emanations meeting with agreeing streames 1 The operations of the loadestone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities 2 Obiections against the former positioÌ„ answered 3 The loadestone is imbued
they did when it was in an other position 6 The reason of the various colours in generall by pure light passing through a prisme 7 Vpon what side euery colour appeareth that is made by pure light passing through a prisme 1 The reason of each seuerall colour in particular caused by light passing through a prisme 2 A difficult probleme resolued touching the prisme 3 Of the rainebow and how by the colour of any body wee may know the compositioÌ„ of the body it selfe 4 That all the seÌ„sible qualities are reall bodies resulting out of seuerall mixtures of rarity and density 5 Why the senses are only fiue in number with a conclusion of all the former doctrine concerning them 1 Monsieur des Cartes his opinion touching sensation 2 The Authors opinion touching sensation 3 Reasons to persuade the authors opinioÌ„ 4 That vitall spiritts are the immediate instruments of sensation by conueying sensible qualities to the braine 5 How sound is conueyed to the braine by vitall spirits 6 How colours are conueyed to the braine by vitall spirits 7 ReasoÌ„s against Monsieur des Cartes his opinion 8 That the symptomes of the palsie do no way confiâ—me Monsieur des Cartes his opinion 9 That Monsieur des Cartes his opinioÌ„ can not giue a good account how thinges are coÌ„serued in the memory 1 How thinges are coÌ„serued in the memory 2 How thinges coÌ„serued in the memory are brought backe in to the fantasie 3 A ConfirmatioÌ„ of the former doctrine 4 How thinges renewed in the fantasie returne with the same circumstaÌ„ces that they had at first 5 How the memory of thinges past is lost or confounded and how it is repaired againe 1 Of what matter the braine is composed 2 What is voluntary motion 3 What those powers are which are called naturall faculties 4 How the attractiue and secretiue faculties worke 5 Concerning the concoctiâ—â— faculty 6 Concerning the retentiue and expulsiue faculties 7 Concerning expulsion made by Physicke 8 How the braine is moued to worke voluntary motion 9 Why pleasing obiects doe dilate the spirits and displeasing ones contract them 10 Concerning the fiue senses for what vse and end they are 1 That Septum Lucidum is the seat of the fansie 2 What causeth vs to remeÌ„ber not only the obiect it selfe but also that we haue thought of it before 3 How the motions of the fantasie are deriued to the hart 4 Of paine and pleasure 5 Of Passion 6 Of seuerall pulses caused by passions 7 Of seuerall other effects caused naturally in the body by passioÌ„s 8 Of the diaphragma 9 Concerning paine and pleasure caused by the memory of thinges past 10 How so small bodies as atomes are can cause so great motions in the hart 11 How the vital spirits sent froÌ„ the braine do runne to the intended part of the body without mistake 12 How men are blinded by Passion 1 The order and connexion of the subsequent Chapters 2 From whence proceedeth the doubting of beasts 3 Concerning the inuention of Foxes and other beasts 4 Of foxes that catch hennes by lying vnder their roost and by gazing vpon them 5 From whence proceedeth the foxes inuentioÌ„ to ridde himselfe of fleas 6 An explication of two other inuentions of foxes 7 Concerning Mountagues argument to prooue that dogges make syllogismes 8 A declaration how some tricks are performed by foxes which seeme to argue discourse 9 Of the Iaccatrays inuention in calling beasts to himselfe 10 Of the Iaccalls designe in seruing the lyon 11 Of seuerall inuentions of fisshes 12 A discouery of diuers thinges done by hares which seeme to argue discourse 13 Of a foxe reported to haue weighed a goose before he would venture with it ouer a riuer and of fabulous stories in common 14 Of the seuerall cryings and tones of beasts with a refutation of those authours who maintaine theÌ„ to haue compleat laÌ„guages 1 How hawkes and other creatures are taught to doe what they are browght vp to 2 Of the Baboone that played on a guitarre 3 Of the teaching of ElephaÌ„tes and other beasts to doe diuers tricks 4 Of the Orderly traine of actions performed by beasts in breeding their yong ones 1 why beasts are affraide of men 2 How some qualiâ—â—es caused at first by chance in beasts may passe by generation to the whole offspring 3 How the pareÌ„ts fantasie doth oftentimes worke strange effects in their issue 4 Of Antipaties 5 Oâ— Sympaties 6 That the Antipathy of beasts towards one an other may be taken away by assuefaction 7 Of longing markes seene in children 8 Why diuers men hate some certaine meates and particularly cheese 9 Concerning the prouidence of Aunts in laying vp in store for winter 10 Concerning the foreknowing of beasts Dialog 3o. Nodo 2 do 1 What is a right apprehension of a thing 2 The very thing it selfe is truly in his vnderstanding who rightly apprehendeth it 3 The Apprehension of things coÌ„ming vnto vs by our senses are resoluable into other more simple apprehensions 4 The apprehension of a Being is the most simple and Basis of all the rest 5 Thâ— apprehension of a thing is in next degree to that of Being and it is the Basis of all the subsequeÌ„t ones 6 The apprehension of things knowne to vs by our senses doth consist in certaine respects betwixt too things 7 Respect or relation hath not really any formall being but only in the apprehension of man 8 That Existence or being is the proper affectioÌ„ of man and that mans soule is a comparing power 9 A thing by coming into the vnderstanding of man looseth nothing of its owne peculiar nature 10 A multitude of things may be vnited in mans vnderstaÌ„ding without being mingled or comfounded together 11 Of abstracted and concrete termes 12 Of vniuersal notions 13 Of apprehending a multitude vnder oâ—e notion 14 The power of the vnderstanding reacheth as farre as the extent of being 1 How a iudgement is made by the vnderstanding 2 That two or more apprehensions are identifyed in the soule by vniting them in the stock of being 3 How the notioÌ„s of a substantiue and an adiectiue are vnited in the soule by the common stocke of being 4 That a settled iudgement becometh a part of our soule 5 How the Soule commeth to deeme or settle a iudgement 6 How opinion is begotten in the vnderstanding 7 How faith is begotten in the vnderstanding 8 Why truth is the perfection of a reasonable soule and why it is not found in simple apprehensions as well as in Enuntiations 9 What is a solid iudgement and what a slight one 10 What is an acute iudgement and what a dull one 11 In what consisteth quicknesse and Clearenesse of iudgement and there oposite vices 1 How discourse smade 2 Of the figures and moodes of Syllogismes 3 That the life of man as man doth consist
is manifest that in a violent motion the force which mooueth a body in the end of its course is weaker then that which mooueth it in the beginning and the like is of the two stringes But here it is not amisse to solue a Probleme he putteth which belongeth to our present subiect He findeth by experience that if two bodies descend att the same time from the same point and do goe to the same point the one by the inferiour quarter of the cercle the other by the chord to that arch or by any other lines which are chordes to partes of that arch he findeth I say that the mooueable goeth faster by the arch then by any of the chordes And the reason is euident if we consider that the neerer any motion doth come vnto a perpendicular one downewardes the greater velocity it must haue and that in the arch of such a quadrant euery particular part of it inclineth to the perpendicular of the place where it is more then the part of the chord answerable vnto it doth THE ELEVENTH CHAPTER An answere to obiections against the causes of naturall motion auowed in the former chapter and a refutation of the contrary opinion BVt to returne to the thridde of our doctrine there may peraduenture be obiected against it that if the violence of a bodies descent towardes the center did proceede onely from the density of it which giueth it an aptitude the better to cutt the medium and from the multitude of litle atomes descending that strike vpon it and presse it the way they goe which is downewardes then it would not import whether the inner part of that body were as solide as the outward partes for it cutteth with onely the outward and is smitten onely vpon the outward And yet experience sheweth vs the contrary for a great bullet of lead that is solide and lead throughout descendeth faster then if three quarters of the diameter were hollow within and such a one falling vpon any resisting substance worketh a greater effect then a hollow one And a ball of brasse that hath but a thinne outside of mettall will swimme vpon the water when a massie one sinketh presently Whereby it appeareth that it is rather some other quality belonging to the very bulke of the metall in it selfe and not these outward causes that occasion grauity But this difficulty is easily ouercome if you consider how subtile those atomes are which descending downewardes and striking vpon a body in their way do cause its motion likewise downewardes for you may remember how we haue shewed them to be the subtilest and the minutest diuisions that light the subtilest and sharpest diuider in nature can make It is then easye to conceiue that these extreme subtile bodies do penetrate all others as light doth glasse and do runne through them as sand doth through a small sieue or as water through a spunge so that they strike not onely vpon the superficies but aswell in euery most interiour part of the whole body running quite through it all by the pores of it And then it must needes follow that the solider it is and the more partes it hath within as well as without to be strucken vpon the faster it must goe and the greater effect it must worke in what it falleth vpon whereas if three quarters of the diameter of it within should be filled with nothing but with ayre the atomes would fly without any considerable effect through all that space by reason of the rarity and cessibility of it And that these atomes are thus subtile is manifest by seuerall effects which we see in nature Diuers Authors that write of Egypt do assure vs that though their houses be built of strong stone neuerthelesse a clodde of earth layed in the inmost roomes and shutt vp from all appearing communication with ayre will encrease its weight so notably as thereby they can iudge the change of weather which will shortly ensue Which can proceede from no other cause but from a multitude of litle atomes of saltpeter which floating in the ayre do penetrate through the strongest walls and all the massie defences in their way and do settle in the clodde of earth as soone as they meete with it because it is of a temper fitt to entertaine and to conserue and to embody them Delights haue shewed vs the way how to make the spirits or atomes of snow and saltpeter passe through a glasse vessell which Alchimists hold to be the most impenetrable of all they can find to worke with In our owne bodies the aches which feeble partes do feele before change of weather and the heauynesse of our heades and shoulders if we remaine in the open ayre presently after sunnesett do aboundantly testify that euen the grosser of these atomes which are the first that fall do vehemently penetrate our bodies so as sense will make vs beleeue what reason peraduenture could not But besides all this there is yet a more conuincing reason why the descending atomes should mooue the whole density of a body euen though it were so dense that they could not penetrate it and gett into the bowels of it but must be content to strike barely vpon the outside of it For nature hath so ordered the matter that when dense partes sticke close together and make the length composed of them to be very stiffe one can not be mooued but that all the rest which are in that line must likewise be thereby mooued so that if all the world wery composed of atomes close sticking together the least motion imaginable must driue on all that were in a straight line to the very end of the world This you see is euident in reason And experience confirmeth it when by a litle knocke giuen att the end of a long beame the shaking which maketh sound reacheth sensibly to the other end The blind man that gouerneth his steppes by feeling in defect of eyes receiueth aduertisements of remote thinges through a staffe which he holdeth in his handes peraduenture more particularly then his eyes could haue directed him And the like is of a deafe man that heareth the sound of an instrument by holding one end of a sticke in his mouth whiles the other end resteth vpō the instrumēt And some are of opiniō and they not of the ranke of vulgar Philosophers that if a staffe were as long as to reach from the sunne to vs it would haue the same effect in a moment of time Although for my part I am hard to beleeue that we could receiue an aduertisement so farre vnlesse the staffe were of such a thicknesse as being proportionable to the length might keepe it from facile bending for if it should be very plyant it would do vs no seruice as we experience in a thridde which reaching from our hand to the ground if it knocke against any thing maketh no sensible impression in our hand So that in fine reason sense and authority do all of them