the Sunnes heat by comparing the Angles there with the Angles made here in England because this temperature is best knowen vnto vs. As for example the 11. day of March when vnder the Equinoctiall it is halfe houre past eight of the clocke in the morning the Sunne will be in the East about 38. degrees aboue the Horizon because there it riseth alwayes at sixe of the clocke and mooueth euery houre 15. degrees and so high very neere will it be with vs at London the said eleuenth day of March at noone And therefore looke what force the Sunne hath with vs at noone the eleuenth of March the same force it seemeth to haue vnder the Equinoctial at half an houre past eight in the morning or rather lesse force vnder the Equinoctiall For with vs the Sunne had bene already sixe houres aboue the Horizon and so had purified and clensed all the vapours and thereby his force encreased at noon◠but vnder the Equinoctiall the Sunne hauing bene vp but two houres and an halfe had sufficient to doe to purge and consume the cold and moyst vapours of the long night past and as yet had wrought no effect of heate And therefore I may boldly pronounce that there is much lesse heate at halfe an houre past eight vnder the Equinoctiall then is with vs at noone à fortiori But in March we are not onely contented to haue the Sunne shining but we greatly desire the same Likewise the 11 of Iune the Sunne in our Meridian is 62 degrees high at London and vnder the Equinoctiall it is so high after 10 of the clocke and seeing then it is beneficial with vs à fortiori it is beneficiall to them after 10 of the clocke And thus haue wee measured the force of the Sunnes greatest heate the hottest dayes in the yeere vnder the Equinoctiall that is in March and September from sixe till after tenne of the clocke in the morning and from two vntill Sunne set And this is concluded by respecting onely the first cause of heate which is the consideration of the Angle of the Sunne beames by a certaine similitude that whereas the Sunne shineth neuer aboue twelue houres more then eight of them would bee coole and pleasant euen to vs much more to them that are acquainted alwayes with such warme places So there remaineth lesse then foure houres of any excessiue heate and that onely in the two Sommer dayes of the yeere that is the eleuenth day of March and the foureteenth of September for vnder the Equinoctiall they haue two Sommers the one in March and the other in September which are our Spring and Autumne and likewise two Winters in Iune and December which are our Sommer and Winter as may well appeare to him that hath onely tasted the principles of the Sphere But if the Sunne bee in either Tropicke◠or approching neere thereunto then may wee more easily measure the force of his Meridian altitude that it striketh vpon the Equinoctiall As for example the twelfth of Iune the Sunne will be in the first degree of Cancer Then looke what force the heate of the Sunne hath vnder the Equinoctiall the same force and greater it hath in all that Parallel where the Pole is eleuated betweene fourtie and seuen and fourtie and eight degrees And therefore Paris in France the twelfth day of Iune sustaineth more heate of the Sunne then Saint Thomas Island lying neere the same Meridian doeth likewise at noone or the Ilands Taprobana Moluccae or the firme lande of Peru in America which all lye vnderneath the Equinoctiall For vpon the twelfth day of Iune aforesaide the Sunne beames at noone doe make an Isoscheles Triangle whose Vertex is the Center of the Sunne the Basis a line extended from Saint Thomas Iland vnder the Equinoctiall vnto Paris in France neere the same Meridian therefore the two Angles of the Base must needs be equal per 5. primi Ergo the force of the heat equal if there were no other cause then the reason of the Angle as the olde Philosophers haue appointed But because at Paris the Sunne riseth two houres before it riseth to them vnder the Equinoctiall and setteth likewise two houres after them by meanes of the obliquitie of the Horizon in which time of the Sunnes presence foure houres in one place more then the other it worketh some effect more in one place then in the other and being of equall height at noone it must then needs follow to be more hote in the Parallel of Paris then it is vnder the Equinoctiall Also this is an other reason that when the Sunne setteth to them vnder the Equinoctiall it goeth very deepe and lowe vnder their Horizon almost euen to their Antipodes whereby their twilights are very short and their nights are made very extreeme darke and long and so the moysture and coldnesse of the long nights wonderfully encreaseth so that at length the Sunne rising can hardly in many houres consume and driue away the colde humours and moyst vapours of the night past which is cleane contrary in the Parallel of Paris for the Sunne goeth vnder their Horizon but very little after a sloping sort whereby their nights are not very darke but lightsome as looking into the North in a cleare night without cloudes it doeth manifestly appeare their twilights are long for the Parallel of Cancer cutteth not the Horizon of Paris at right Angles but at Angles very vneuen and vnlike as it doeth the Horizon of the Equinoctiall Also the Sommer day at Paris is sixteene houres long and the night but eight where contrarywise vnder the Equinoctiall the day is but twelue houres long and so long is also the night in whatsoeuer Parallel the Sunne be and therefore looke what oddes and difference of proportion there is betweene the Sunnes abode aboue the Horizon in Paris and the abode it hath vnder the Equinoctiall it being in Cancer the same proportion would seeme to be betweene the heate of the one place and heate of the other for other things as the Angle of the whole arke of the Sunnes progresse that day in both places are equall But vnder the Equinoctiall the presence and abode of the Sunne aboue the Horizon is equall to his absence and abode vnder the Horizon eche being twelue houres And at Paris the continuance and abode of the Sunne is aboue the Horizon sixteene houres long and but eight houres absence which proportion is double from which if the proportion of the equalitie be subtracted to finde the difference there will remaine still a double proportion whereby it seemeth to follow that in Iune the heate at Paris were double to the heate vnder the Equinoctiall For as I haue said the Angles of the Sunne beames are in all points equall and the cause of difference is Mora Solis supra Horizontem the stay of the Sunne in the one Horizon more then in the other Therefore whosoeuer could finde out in what proportion the
degrees of Sagittarius the 12. of Nouember and in Aquarius the 9. of Ianuary hauing South latitude I am to prooue by experience and reason that all that distance included betweene these two Paralels last named conteyning 40. degrees in latitude going round about the earth according to longitude is not onely habitable but the same most fruitfull and delectable and that if any extremitie of heate bee the same not to be within the space of twenty degrees of the Equinoctiall on either side but onely vnder and about the two Tropickes and so proportionally the neerer you doe approch to eyther Tropicke the more you are subiect to extremitie of heate if any such be and so Marochus being situate but sixe or seuen degrees from the Tropicke of Cancer shall be more subiect to heate then any place vnder or neere the Equinoctiall line And first by the experience of sundry men yea thousands Trauailers and Merchants to the East and West Indies in many places both directly vnder and hard by the Equinoctiall they with one consent affirme that it aboundeth in the middest of Torrida Zona with all manner of Graine Hearbes grasse fruite wood and cattell that we haue heere and thousandes other sortes farre more wholesome delectable and precious then any wee haue in these Northerne climates as very well shall appeare to him that will reade the Histories and Nauigations of such as haue traueiled Arabia India intra extra Gangem the Islands Moluccae America c. which all lye about the middle of the burning zone where it is truely reported that the great hearbes as are Radish Lettuce Colewortes Borage and such like doe waxe ripe greater more sauourie and delectable in taste then ours within sixteene dayes after the seede is sowen Wheate being sowed the first of Februarie was found ripe the first of May and generally where it is lesse fruitfull the wheate will be ripe the fourth moneth after the seed is sowne and in some places will bring foorth an eare as bigge as the wrist of a mans arme containing 1000. graines Beanes peace c. are there ripe twice a yeere Also grasse being cut downe will grow vp in sixe dayes aboue one foote high If our cattell be transported thither within a small time their yong-ones become of bigger stature and more fat then euer they would haue bene in these countreys There are found in euery wood in great numbers such timber trees as twelue men holding handes together are not able to fathome And to be short all they that haue bene there with one consent affirme that there are the goodliest greene medowes and plaines the fairest mountaines couered with all sorts of trees and fruites the fairest valleys the goodliest pleasant fresh riuers stored with infinite kinde of fishes the thickest woods greene and bearing fruite all the whole yeere that are in all the world And as for gold siluer and all other kinde of Metals all kinde of spices and delectable fruites both for delicacie and health are there in such abundance as hitherto they haue bene thought to haue beene bred no where else but there And in conclusion it is nowe thought that no where else but vnder the Equinoctiall or not farre from thence is the earthly Paradise and the onely place of perfection in this worlde And that these things may seeme the lesse strange because it hath bene accompted of the olde Philosophers that there coulde nothing prosper for the extreme heat of the Sunne continually going ouer their heades in the zodiacke I thought good here to alleadge such naturall causes as to me seeme very substantiall and sure reasons First you are to vnderstand that the Sunne doeth worke his more or lesse heat in these lower parts by two meanes the one is by the kinde of Angle that the Sunne beames doe make with the earth as in all Torrida Zona it maketh perpendicularly right Angles in some place or other at noone and towards the two Poles very oblique and vneuen Angles And the other meane is the longer or shorter continuance of the Sunne aboue the Horizon So that wheresoeuer these two causes do most concurre there is most excesse of heat and when the one is wanting the rigor of the heat is lesse For though the Sunne beames do beat perpendicularly vpon any region subiect vnto it if it hath no continuance or abode aboue the Horizon to worke his operation in there can no hote effect proceed For nothing can be done in a moment And this second cause mora Solis supra Horizontem the time of the sunnes abiding aboue the Horizon the old Philosophers neuer remembred but regarded onely the maner of Angles that the Sunne beames made with the Horizon which if they were equall and right the heat was the greater as in Torrida Zona if they were vnequall and oblique the heat was the lesse as towards both Poles which reason is very good and substantiall for the perpendicular beames reflect and reuerberate in themselues so that the heat is doubled euery beame striking twice by vniting are multiplied and continue strong in forme of a Columne But in our Latitude of 50. and 60. degrees the Sunne beames descend oblique and slanting wise and so strike but once and depart and therefore our heat is the lesse for any effect that the Angle of the Sunne beames make Yet because wee haue a longer continuance of the Sunnes presence aboue our Horizon then they haue vnder the Equinoctial by this continuance the heat is increased for it shineth to vs 16. or 18. houres sometime when it continueth with them but twelue houres alwayes And againe our night is very short wherein cold vapours vse to abound being but sixe or eight houres long whereas theirs is alwayes twelue houres long by which two aduantages of long dayes and short nights though we want the equalitie of Angle it commeth to passe that in Sommer our heat here is as great as theirs is there as hath bene proued by experience and is nothing dissonant from good reason Therefore whosoeuer will rightly way the force of colde and heat in any region must not onely consider the Angle that the Sunne beames make but also the continuance of the same aboue the Horizon As first to them vnder the Equinoctiall the Sunne is twice a yeere at noone in their zenith perpendicular ouer their heads and therefore during the two houres of those two dayes the heat is very vrgent and so perhaps it will be in foure or fiue dayes more an houre euery day vntill the Sunne in his proper motion haue crossed the Equinoctiall so that this extreme heat caused by the perpendicular Angle of the Sunne beames enduâ—eth but two houres of two dayes in a yeere But if any man say the Sunne may sealde a good while before and after it come to the Meridian so farre foorth as reason leadeth I am content to allow it and therefore I will measure and proportion
for fish oyle and Salmon chiefly hee that will seeke a better market for the sales then at Hull he must seeke it out of England for the like is not in England This is the best way that I can deuise and most for your profite and if you will I will also set you downe all the commodities that are necessarie for such a voyage and which way also that the Hollanders may within two or three yeeres be forced to leaue off the trade of Cola which may easily be done For if my abilitie were to my will I would vse the matter so that they should either leaue off the trade or els cary light ships with them home againe A dedicatorie Epistle vnto the Queenes most excellent Maiestie written by Master William Burrough late Comptroller of her Highnesse nauie and annexed vnto his exact and notable mappe of Russia briefly containing amongst other matters his great trauailes obseruations and experiments both by sea and land especially in those Northeastern parts To the most high and renowmed Princesse ELIZABETH by the grace of God Queene of England France and Ireland c. MY minde earnestly bent to the knowledge of nauigation and Hydrographie from my youth most excellent my dread Soueraigne hath eftsoones beene moued by diligent studie to search out the chiefest points to them belonging and not there with sufficed hath also sought by experience in diuers discoueries and other voyages and trauailes to practise the same I was in the first voyage for discouerie of the partes of Russia which begun in anno 1553. being then sixteene yeeres of age also in the yeere 1556. in the voyage when the coastes of Samoed and Noua Zembla with the straightes of Vaigatz were found out and in the yeere 1557 when the coast of Lappia and the bay of S. Nicholas were more perfectly discouered Since which time by my continuall practise in the voyages made yeerely to S. Nicholas in Russia or to the Narue and to some other countreys also by Sea as likewise in passing from S. Nicholas to Mosco and from Mosco to Narue and from thence backe againe to S. Nicholas by land in the yeeres 1574. and 1575. being then Agent in those countreis for the companie of English merchants for discoueries of new trades setting downe alwayes with great care and diligence true obseruations notes of al those countreys Islands coasts of the sea and other things requisite to the artes of Nauigation and Hydrographie and with like diligence gathering exact notes and descriptions of the wayes riuers cities townes c. as I passed by land I finde my selfe sufficiently furnished to giue report vnto your Maiesty and to make description of those North parts of the world in forme and maner of euery leagues distance that I haue passed seene in all those my trauels The places herein described which I haue not seene and tried my selfe I haue set downe by the best authorities that I could finde and therein may erre with the learned Gerardus Mercator Abraham Ortelius and the rest but for the maine part which is from Rochel in France hither to London and from hence Eastward to Narue by sea and from thence to Mosco and to S. Nicholas by land also from hence Northwards and Northeastwards by Sea to Saint Nicholas and to the straight of Vaigatz first crauing humbly your highnesse pardon I dare boldly affirme and that I trust without suspect of arrogancie since truely I may say it I haue here set it open to the view with such exactnesse and trueth and so placed euery thing aright in true latitude and longitude accompting the longitudes from the meridian of London which I place in 21. degrees as till this time no man hath done the like neither is any man able by learning onely except he trauaileth as I haue done For as it may be truely saide of nauigation and Hydrographie that no man can be cunning in the one which wanteâ—h conuenient knowledge in the other and as neither of them can be had without the helpes of Astronomie and Cosmographie much lesse without these two grounds of all arâ—â—s Arithmetike and Geometrie so none of the best learned in those sciences Mathematicall without conuenient practise at the sea can make iust proofe of the profite in them so necessarily dependeth art and reason vpon practise and experience Albeit there are diuers both learned and vnlearned litle or nothing experienced which in talke of nauigation will enter deeply and speake much of and against errours vsed therein when they cannot reforme them Such also haue written therof pretending singular great knowledge therein and would so be accompted of though in very deede not worthy the name of good and sufficient pilots To whom I thinke it shall not be amisse in defence of rules builded vpon reason and in practise allowed thus much to say for answere It is so that there are rules vsed in nauigation which are not perfectly true among which the streight lines in sea-cardes representing the 32. points of the compasse or windes are not holden to be the least but noted of such talkers for principall to condemne the occupiers thereof for ignorant yet hath the famous and learned Gerardus Mercator vsed them in his vniuersal mappe But such as condemne them for false and speake most against their vse cannot giue other that should serue for nauigation â—o better purpose and effect Experience one of the keyes of knowledge hath taught mee to say it Wherein with my abilitie together with some part of my studie I am the rather moued in this my plot to make some triall vnto you maiestie for that I perceiue that such attempts of newe discoueries whereunto this noble Island is most aptly situated are by your royall maintenance so willingly furthered beseeching your highnesse so to accept of these my trauailes as a pledge of my well willing to my countrey and of my loyall seruice to your maiestie whose healthfull happie life and reigne God continue which is Almightie Amen Your Maiesties most humble subiect William Burrough The Queenes Maiesties letters to Shaugh Thamas the great Sophi of Persia sent by Arthur Edwards William Turnbull Matthew Tailbois and Peter Gerard appointed Agents for the Moscouie companie in their sixt voyage to Persia begun in the yeere 1579. To the most noble and inuincible Emperour of Persia King of Shiruan Gilan Grosin Corassan and great Gouernour of the Indies ELizabeth by the grace of God Queene of England France and Ireland defâ—nder of the faith c. To the most noble and inuincible Emperour of Persia King of Shiruan Gilan Grosin Corassan and great gouernour euen vnto the Indies sendeth greeting Most noble and inuincible Prince it is now tenne yeeres since or thereabouts wherein after the honourable ambassade of the noble man Anthony Ienkinson our welbeloued subiect to your most noble and inuincible father performed we laboured to bring to passe by Thomas Bannister and Gefferey Ducket merchants our subiects that
weather The castle and we waied in the Christopher and went roome with her The 12 day the Tyger came roome with vs and she and the Christopher finding themselues to stand in great need of victuals would haue gone with the Portugals ships to haue fetched some of them forth but our master and company would in no case consent to goe with them for feare of hanging when we came home and the other two ships being fully minded to haue gone and fearing that their owne company would accuse them durst not go to them After this by reason of the want of victuals in the pinnesse which could receiue no victuals from the other shippes but from vs onely we tooke out all our men and put twelue Frenchmen into her and gaue them victuals to bring them to Shamma The 19 day the Tyger and Minion arriued at Shamma and the Christopher within two leagues off them but could not fetch the winde by reason of the scantnesse of the winde which hath bene so scant that in fifteene dayes we haue plied to the windewards but twelue leagues which before we did in one day and a night The 20 day I tooke our pinnesse and went to the towne of Shamma to speake with the captaine and he tolde me that there was no golde there to be had nor so much as a hen to be bought and all by reason of the accord which he had made with the Portugals and I seeing that departed peaceably from him The 21 I put such things as we had into our small pinnesse and tooke one marchant of our ship and another of the Tyger and sent her to Hanta to attempt if she could doe any thing there That night they could do nothing but were promised to haue golde the next day The next day which was the 22 being come we sent our pinnesse to Hanta againe but there neither the captaine nor the Negros durst traffike with vs but intised vs from place to place and all to no purpose This day we put away our pinnesse with fiue and twenty Frenchmen in her and gaue them such victuals as we could spare putting fifteene of them to the ransome of sixe crownes a man The 23 of Iune our pinnesse came to vs from Hanta and tolde vs that the Negros had dealt very ill with them and would not traffike with them to any purpose The 24 we tooke our boat and pinnesse and manned them well and went to the towne of Shamma and because the Captaine thereof was become subiect to the Portugals we burned the towne and our men seeking the spoile of such trifles as were there found a Portugals chest wherein was some of his apparell and his weights and one letter sent to him from the castle whereby we gathered that the Portugall had bene there of a long time The 25 day about three of the clocke at afternoone we set saile and put into the sea for our returne to England The last day of this moneth we fell with the shore againe and made our reckoning to be â—ighteene leagues to the weatherward of the place where we set off When we came to make the land we found our selues to be eighteene leagues to the leeward of the place where we set off which came to passe by reason of the extreame currant that runneth to the Eastward when we perceiued our selues so abused we agreed to cast about againe and to lie as neere the winde as we could to fetch the line The seuenth of Iuly we had sight of the I le of S. Thome and thought to haue sought the road to haue ancred there but the next morning the winde came about and we kept our course The ninth the winde varying we kept about againe and fell with the Iland of S. Thome and seeking the road were becalmed neere the Iland and with the currant were put neere the shore but could haue no ground to ancre so that we were forced to hoise out our pinnesse and the other ships their skifs to towe from the Iland which did litle good but in the end the winde put vs three leagues off the shore The tenth day the Christopher and the Tyger cast about whereby we iudged them to haue agreed together to goe seeke some ships in the road and to leaue vs our men were not willing to goe after them for feare of running in with the Iland againe and of putting our selues into the same danger that we were in the night before but we shot off a piece and put out two lights and they answered vs with lights againe whereupon we kept our course and thought that they had followed vs but in the morning we could not see them so that they left vs willingly and we determined to follow them no more But the eleuenth day we altered our opinion and course and consented to cast about againe for the Iland to seeke our ships and about foure of the clocke in the afternoone we met with them The 13 we fell againe with the Iland of S. Thome and the same night we found our selues directly vnder the line This Iland is a very high Iland and being vpon the West side of it you shall see a very high pike which is very small and streight as it were the steeple of a church which pike lieth directly vnder the line and at the same South end of the Iland to the Westward thereof lieth a small Iland about a mile from the great Iland The third of August we departed froÌ„ the I le of S. Thome met the winde at the Southwest The 12 day we were in the height of Cape verde The 22 day we fell with one of the Iles of Cape verde called The I le of Salt and being informed by a Scotish man that we tooke among the Frenchmen vpon the coast that there were fresh victuals to be had we came to an ancre there The 23 day in the morning we maâ—ned our skiffe and went a shore and found no houses but we saw foure men which kept themselues alwayes farre from vs as for cattell we could finde none but great store of goats and they were so wilde that we could not take aboue three or foure of them but there we had good store of fish and vpon a small Iland which lay by the same we had great store of sea-birds At night the Christopher brake her cable and lost an ancre so that she could tary no longer so we all wayed and set saile Upon the same Iland we left the Scotish man which was the occasion of our going aland at that place but how he was left we could not tell but as we iudged the people of the Iland found him sleeping and so caried him away for at night I went my selfe to the Iland to seeke him but could heare nothing of him The 24 day the Master of the Tyger came aboord vs tolde vs that his men were so weake and the
regions habitable I shal be very short because the same reasons serue for this purpose which were alleged before in the prouing the middle zone to be temperate especially seeing all heat and colde proceed from the Sunne by the meanes either of the Angle which his beames do make with the Horizon or els by the long or short continuance of the Suns presence aboue ground so that if the Sunnes beames do beat perpendicularly at right Angles then there is one cause of heat and if the Sunne do also long continue aboue the Horizon then the heat thereby is much increased by accesse of this other cause so groweth to a kinde of extremity And these two causes as I sayd before do most concurre vnder the two Tropicks and therefore there is the greatest heat of the world And likewise where both these causes are most absent there is greatest want of heat and increase of colde seeing that colde is nothing but the priuation and absence of heat and if one cause be wanting and the other present the effect will grow indifferent Therefore this is to be vnderstood that the neerer any region is to the Equinoctiall the higher the Sunne doth rise ouer their heads at noone and so maketh either right or neere right Angles but the Sunne carieth with them so much the shorter time and causeth shorter dayes with longer and colder nights to restore the domage of the day past by reason of the moisture conâ—umed by vapour But in such regions ouer the which the Sunne riseâ—h lower as in regions extended towards either pole it maketh there vnequall Angles but the Sunne continueth longer and maketh longer dayes and causeth so much shorter and warmer nights as retaining warme vapours of the day past For there are found by experience Summer nights in Scotland and Gothland very hot when vnder thâ— Equinoctiall they are found very cold This benefit of the Sunnes long continuance increase of the day doth augment so much the more in colde regions as they are nerer the poles and ceaseth not increasing vntill it come directly vnder the point of the pole Arcticke where the Sunne continueth aboue ground the space of sixe moneths or halfe a yere together and so the day is halfe a yere long that is the time of the Sunnes being in the North signes from the first degree of Aries vntill the last of Virgo that is aâ—l the time from our 10 day of March vntill the 14 of September The Sunne therfore during the timâ— of these sixe moneths without any offence or hindrance of the night giueth his influence vpon those lands with heat that neuer ceaseth during that time which maketh to the great increase of Summer by reason of the Sunnes continuance Therefore it followeth that though the Sunne be not there very high ouer their heads to cause right angle beames and to giue great heat yet the Sun being there sometime almost 24 degrees high doth cast a conuenient and meane heat which there continueth without hindrance of the night the space of sixe moneths as is before sayd during which time there followeth to be a conuenient moderate and temperate heat or els rather it is to be suspected the heat there to be very great both for continuance and also Quia virtus vnita crescit the vertue and strength of heat vnited in one increaseth If then there be such a moderate heat vnder the poles and the same to continue so long time what should moone the olde writers to say there cannot be place for habitation And that the certainty of this temperate heat vnder both the poles might more manifestly appeare let vs consider the position quality of the sphere the length of the day and so gather the height of the Sunne at all times and by consequent the quantity of his angle and so lastly the strength of his heat Those lands and regions lying vnder the pole and hauing the pole for their zenith must needs haue the Equinoctial circle for their Horizon therefore the Sun entring into the North signes and describing euery 24 houres a parallel to the Equinoctiall by the diurnall motion of Primum mobile the same parallels must needs be wholly aboue the Horizon and so looke how many degrees there are from the first of Aries to the last of Virgo so many whole reuolutions there are aboue their Horizon that dwell vnder the pole which amount to 182 and so many of our dayes the Sunne continueth with them During which time they haue there continuall day and light without any hindrance of moist nights Yet it is to be noted that the Sunne being in the first degree of Aries and last degree of Virgo maketh his reuolution in the very horizon so that in these 24 houres halfe the body of the Sunne is aboue the horizon and the other halfe is vnder his only center describing both the horizon and the equinoctiall circle And therefore seeing the greatest declination of the Sunne is almost 24 degrees it followeth his greatest height in those countreys to be almost 24 degrees And so high is the Sun at noone to vs in London about the 29 of October being in the 15 degree of Scorpio and likewise the 21 of Ianuary being in the 15 of Aquarius Therefore looke what force the Sun at noone hath in London the 29 of October the same force of heat it hath to them that dwell vnder the pole the space almost of two moneths during the time of the Summer solstitium and that without intermingling of any colde night so that if the heat of the Sunne at noone could be well measured in London which is very hard to do because of the long nights which ingender great moisture and cold then would manifestly appeare by expresse numbers the maner of the heat vnder the poles which certainly must needs be to the inhabitants very commodious and profitable if it incline not to ouermuch heat and if moisture do not want For as in October in England we finde temperate aire and haue in our gardens hearbs and floures notwithstanding our cold nights how much more should they haue the same good aire being continuall without night This heat of ours continueth but one houre while the Sun is in that meridian but theirs continueth a long time in one height This our heat is weake and by the coolenesse of the night vanisheth that heat is strong and by continuall accesse is still increased and strengthened And thus by a similitude of the equall height of the Sun in both places appeareth the commodious and moderate heat of the regions vnder the poles And surely I cannot thinke that the diuine prouidence hath made any thing vncommunicable but to haue giuen such order to all things that one way or other the same should be imployed and that euery thing and place should be tollerable to the next but especially all things in this lower world be giuen to man
wee departed this harbour the 22. of Ianuarie carying along with vs one of the Portugall Carauels which was bound to the Islands of Capeâ— Verde for salt whereof good store is made in one of those Islands The master or Pilot of that Carauel did aduertise our Generall that vpon one of those Islands called Mayo there was great store of dryed Cabritos which a few inhabitants there dwelling did yeerely make ready for such of the kings Ships as did there touch beeing bound for his countrey of Brasile or elsewhere Wee fell with this Island the 27. of Ianuary but the Inhabitants would in no case traffique with vs being thereof for bidden by the kings Edict yet the next day our Generall sent to view the Island and the likelihoodes that might be there of prouision of victuals about threescore and two men vnder the conduct and gouernment of Master Winter and Master Daughtie and marching towards the chiefe place of habitation in this Island as by the Portugall wee were informed hauing trauailed to the mountaines the space of three miles and arriuing there somewhat before the day breake we arrested our selues to see day before vs which appearing we found the inhabitants to be fled but the place by reason that it was manured wee found to be more fruitfull then the other part especially the valleys among the hils Here we gaue our selues a litle refreshing as by very ripe and sweete grapes which the fruitfulnesse of the earth at that season of the yeere yeelded vs and that season being with vs the depth of Winter it may seeme strange that those fruites were then there growing but the reason thereof is this because they being betweene the Tropike and the Equinoctiall the Sunnne passeth twise in the yeere through their Zenith ouer their heads by meanes whereof they haue two Summers being so neere the heate of the line they neuer lose the heate of the Sunne so mâ—ch but the fruites haue their increase and continuance in the midst of Winter The Island is wonderfully stored with goates and wilde hennes and it hath salt also without labour saue onely that the people gather it into heapes which continually in great quantitie is increased vpon the sands by the flowing of the sea and the receiuing heate of the Sunne kerning the same so that of the increase thereof they keepe a continuall traffique with their neighbours Amongst other things we found here a kind of fruit called Cocos which because it is not commonly knowen with vs in England I thought good to make some description of it The tree beareth no leaues nor branches but at the very top the fruit groweth in clusters hard at the top of the stemme of the tree as big euery seuerall fruite as a mans head but hauing taken off the vttermost barke which you shall find to bee very full of strings or sinowes as I may terme them you shall come to a hard shell which may holde of quantitie in liquor a pint commonly or some a quart and some lesse within that shell of the thicknesse of halfe an inch good you shall haue a kinde of hard substance and very white no lesse good and sweete then almonds within that againe a certaine cleare liquor which being drunke you shall not onely finde it very delicate and sweete but most comfortable and cordiall After wee had satisfied our selues with some of these fruites wee marched further into the Island and saw great store of Cabritos aliue which were so chased by the inhabitants that wee could doe no good towards our prouision but they had layde out as it were to stoppe our mouthes withall certaine olde dryed Cabritos which being but ill and small and few wee made no account of Being returned to our ships our Generall departed hence the 31. of this moneth and sayled by the Island of S. Iago but farre enough from the danger of the inhabitants who shot and discharcharged at vs three peeces but they all fell short of vs and did vs no harme The Island is fayre and large and as it seemeth rich and fruitfull and inhabited by the Portugals but the mountaines and high places of the Island are sayd to be possessed by the Moores who hauing bin slaues to the Portugals to ease themselues made escape to the desert places of the Island where they abide with great strength 〈…〉 two ships vnder sayle to the one of which wee gaue chase 〈…〉 without resistance which we found to be a good prize 〈…〉 wine which prize our General committed to the custodie of 〈…〉 the Pilâ—t sent the rest away with his Pinnesse giuing them a 〈…〉 and their wearing clothes and so they departed The sam◠〈◊〉 wâ—e came wâ—th 〈◊〉 Island called by the Portugals Ilha del fogo that is the bâ—â—â—â—ng 〈◊〉 iâ— the Norâ—hside whâ—reof is a consuming fire the matter is sayde to be of Sulpâ—ure but notwâ—thâ—tanding it is like to bee a commodious Island because the Portugals haue 〈◊〉 and â—â—e inhabâ—teâ— tâ—ere Upon the South side thereof lyeth a most pleasant and sweet Island the trees whereof are alwayes greene and faire to looke vpon in respect whereof they call it Ilha Braua that is the braue Island From the bankes thereof into the sea doe run in many places reasonable streames of frâ—â—â— waâ—â—â—s caâ—te to be come by but there was no conuenient roade for our ships for such was the depâ—h that no ground could bee had for anchoring and it is reported that ground was â—â—uer found in that place so thâ—t the tops of Fogo burne not so high in the ayre but the rootes of Braua are quenched as low in the sea Being departed from these Islands we drew towards the line where wee were becalmed the space of 3. weekes but â—eâ— subiect to diuers great stormes terrible lightnings and much thunder but with this miserie we had the commoditie of great store of fish as Dolphins Bonitos and flying fishes whereof some sâ—il into our â—â—ippes wherehence they could not rise againe for want of moisture for when their wings are drie they cannot flie From the first day of our departure from the Islands of Cape Verde wee sayled 54. dayes without sight of land and the first land that we fell with was the coast of Brasil which we saw the fift of April in y e height of 33. degrees towards the pole Antarâ—tike and being discouered at sea by the inhabitants of the counâ—â—ey they made vpon the coast great fires for a â—acrifice as we learned to the deuils about which they vse coniurations making heapes of sande and other ceremonies that when any ship shall goe about to stay vpon their coast not onely sands may be gathered together in shoalds in euery place but also that stormes and tempests may arise to the casting away of ships and men whereof as it is reported there haue bene diuers experiments The seuenth day in a mightie great storme both of lightning rayne
fathoms vntill wee came vp to the roade which is about a league from the poynt borrowing alwayes on the South side vntill you come vp to the watering place in which Baye is the best roade but you must ride farre into the Baye because there run marueilous great tydes in the offâ—â— and it floweth into the road next of any thing at a Southeast and by East moone It is out of England to this place 930. leagues which wee ranne from the 21. of Iuly to the 26. of this moneth of August On Saturday being the 27. day there came 2. Negros aboord our Admiral from the shore and made signes vnto our Generall that there was a Portugal ship vp within the harborough so the Hugh Gallant beeing the Rere-admirall went vp 3 or 4. leagues but for want of a Pilot they sought no farther for the harborough runneth 3. or 4. leagues vp more and is of a marueilous bredth and very dangerous as we learned afterward by a Portugal On Sunday the 28. the Generall sent some of his company on shore and there as they played and daunced all the forenoone among the Negros to the end to haue heard some good newes of the Portugal ship toward their comming aboord they espied a Portugal which lay hid among the bushes whom we tooke and brought away with vs the same night and he tolde vs it was very dangerous going vp with our boates for to seeke the ship that was at the towne Whereupon wee went not to seeke her because we knew he told vs the trueth for we bound him and made him fast and so examined him Also he told vs that his ship was there cast away and that there were two more of his company among the Negros the Portugals name was Emmanuel and was by his occupation a Calker belonging to the Port of Portugal On Munday morning being the 29. day our Generall landed with 70. men or thereabout and went vp to their towne where we burnt 2. or 3. houses and tooke what spoyle wee would which was but litle but al the people fled and in our retiring aboord in a very litle plaine at their townes ende they shot their arrowes at vs out of the woods and hurt 3. or 4. of our men their arrowes were poysoned but yet none of our men miscaryed at that time thanked be God Their towne is marueilous artificially builded with mudde walles and built round with their yards pales in and kept very cleane aswell in their streetes as in their houses These Negros vse good obedience to their king as one of our men sayd which was with them in pawne for the Negros which came first There were in their towne by estimation about one hundred houses The first of September there went many of our men on shore at the watering place and did wash shirts very quietly all the day and the second day they went againe and the Negros were in ambush round about the place and the carpenter of the Admiral going into the wood to doe some speciall businesse espied them by good fortune But the Negros rushed out vpon our men so suddenly that in retiring to our boates many of them were hurt among whom one William Pickman a souldier was shot into the thigh who plucking the arrow out broke it and left the head behinde and he told the Chirurgions that he plucked out all the arrow because he would not haue them lance his thigh whereupon the poyson wrought so that night that hee was marueilously swollen and all his belly and priuie parts were as blacke as ynke and the next morning he died the peece of the arrow with the poyson being plucked out of his thigh The third day of the sayd moneth diuers of our fleete went vp 4. myles within the harbour with our boate and caught great store of fish and went on shore and tooke Limmons from the trees and comming aboord againe saw two Buffes The 6. day we departed from Sierra leona and went out of the harborough and stayed one tide 3. leagues from the point of the mouth of the Harborough in 6. fathoms and it floweth South Southwest On wednesday being the 7. of the same moneth wee departed from one of the Isles of Cape Verde alià s the Isles of Madrabumba which is 10. leagues distant from the poynt of Sierra leona and about fiue of the clocke the same night we anchored 2. miles off the Iland in 6. fathoms water and landed the same night and found Plantans only vpon the Ilande The 8. day one of our boats went out sounded round about the Iland they passed through a sound at the west end of the Iland where they found 5. fathoms round about the Iland vntil they came vnto the very gutte of the sound and then for a cast or two they had but 2. fathoms and presently after 6. fathoms and so deeper and deeper And at the East ende of the Iland there was a towne where Negros doe vse at sometimesâ— as we perceiued by their prouision There is no fresh water on all the South side as we could perceiue but on the North side three or foure very good places of fresh water and all the whole Iland is a wood saue certaine litle places where their houses stand which are inuironed round about with Plantan-trees whereof the fruit is excellent meat This place is subiect marueilous much to thunder raine and lightning in this moneth I thinke the reason is because the sunne is so neere the line Equinoctiall On saturday the tenth wee departed from the sayde Iland about 3. of the clocke in the afternoone the winde being at the Southwest The last of October running West Southwest about 24. leagues from Cape Frio in Brasile we fell with a great mountaine which had an high round knoppe on the top of it standing from it like a towne with two litle Ilands from it The first of Nouember wee went in betweene the Iland of Saint Sebastian and the mayne land and had our things on shore and set vp Forge and had our caske on shore our coopers made hoopes and so we remayned there vntill the 23. day of the same moneth in which time we fitted our things built our Pinnesse and filled our fresh water And while our Pinnesse was in building there came a Canoa from the riuer of Ienero meaning to goe to S. Vincent wherein were sixe naked slaues of the Countrey people which did rowe the Canoa and one Portugal And the Portugal knewe Christopher Hare Master of the Admirall for that Master Hare had bene at Saint Vincent in the Minion of London in the yeere 1581. And thinking to haue Iohn Whithal the Englishman which dwelleth at Saint Vincent come vnto vs which is twentie leagues from this Harborough with some other thereby to haue had some fresh victuals we suffered the Portugal to goe with a letter vnto him who promised to
ex diametro spirantibus The words of the king of Portugall to Andro Vrdaneta a Frier touching the concealing of this Northwest passage from England to Cataia An obiection Aristotle lib. de mundo cap. 2. Berosus lib. 5. The Northwest passage assentâ—d vnto The first reason The answer or resolution Vlsus nonnunquam fallitur in suo obiecto The second reason or allegation The answer or resolution The third and last reason or assertion The answer or resolution Some doubt of this This discouery offered This discouery attempted This discouery performed The labour of this discouerie shortned by other mens trauell Why y e kings of Spaine and Portugal would not perseuer in this discouery Pereas qui vmbras times 1 By the Southeast 2 By the Southwest This is an errour 3 By the Northeast Ortel tab Asiae 3. 4 By the Northeast Ob. 1. In Theatro Ob. 2. Ob. 3. Ob. 4. Ob. 5. Ob. 6. Cic. 1. de orat Arist. pri Metaph. Lib. 1. Geog. Cap. 2. Sol. 1. Sol. 2. Ouid. â— Meta. Sol. 3. Sol. 4. Lib. Geog. Noâ—e Richard Eden Lib. 2. Meteor cap. 1. Plin. lib. â—â— capâ— 67. Sol. 5. Sol. 6â— Luc. lib. 1â— Phaâ—sal What the Easterne current is Lib. 1. Geog. Cap 2. Iune ‖ M. Matthew 〈◊〉 was Capâ—aine of the Michael Fairâ— Island Shotland * By eleuation he meaâ—eth the distance oâ— the sunne from the zâ—â—â—th S. Tronionsâ— Foâ—lay Island Latitude 59. deg 59. min. â—ere they begâ—â— to saile West and by North. Iuly the first The Compasse varying Westwards one point The Island of Friseland The variation of the needle two points and a halfe to the West A great drift of yce The latitude of 62. degrees 2. min. Sight of land supposed to haue bene Labrador August They enter the Streiâ— in the latitude of 63. deg and 8. min. Sight of the Countrey people The description of the people 5. of our men taken by the people They returne September The Sheld The Islands Orcades or Orkney The Orcadians vpon smal occasion fire their home No wood in Orkney Fisher men of â—ngland haue dailâ—â—raffike to Oâ—knâ—y In Iune and Iuly no night in those West and Northwest regions Great abundance of Firre trees floting in the sea Inquire further of this current Yce snow and haile in Iune and Iuly Friseland subiect to fogge Frobishers streight Islands of yce comparable to mountaines Captaine Frobisher his speciall care and diligence for the benefite of his Prince and Countreâ— The order of the people appearing on shoare Fierce and hold people One taken Richard Cox Master gunner Master Iackman Andrew Dier Iackmans sound Possession taken Yce needefull to be regarded of seafaring men Stones glister with sparkles like gold A common prouerbe The sea Unicorne The people fled at the sight of our men Master Philpot Master Beast A fierce assault of a few Faire meanes not able to allure them to familiarity Boates of skinneâ— Our deparâ—ure from the West shore The countrey people shew themselues vnto vs. Their vsage in traffique or exchange The people shew themselues the third time The people shew themselues againe on â—â—rme land Their â—â—râ—t meanes to allure vs to shore Their second meanes Their third and crafâ—iest allurâ—ment Compassion to cure a crafty lame man Dogges like vnto woluâ—â— They eate dogs flesh Hoods â—nd tailes to their apparâ—ll Their houses of Seale skins and Firre Their weapons of defence Three â—orts of heads to their arrowes Two sorts of darts Two sorts of boates made of leather They vse to foule fish and hunt It is to be supposed that their inhabiting is elsewhere Their vse of yron Anthropophagi Signes of gold eâ—â—e Signes of gold from other people Description of the Countreis â— signe of Earthquakeâ— or thunder No riuers but â—uch as the Sunne doth cause to come of snow A probability that there should be neither spring or riuers in the ground Springs nourish gold Our departurâ— from those Countreys How when we lost our 2. Barks which God neuerthelesse restored The conclusion Master Yorke Christopher Hall The Hopewel Captaine Carew Andrew Dierâ— Harwich Dursies Ireland Plimmouth Bristow Frizeland The curtesie of our Generall Master Kinderslie Bartholomew Bull. The Michael The Iudith M. Fenton Charles Iackman The Countesse of Wâ—rwicks sound Our entrance passage c. Barke Dionyse Narow shifts for safetie Gods prouidence A mountaine of yce appearing in sundry figures A fog of long continuance A current to the Northwest The Gabriel The people offer to traffike with vs. Warning pieces of fate passage discharged A faire sound betweene the Queenes foreland and Iackmans sound An horrible snowe fell in Iuly The time of our setting forward c. The Countesse of Sussex Iland Winters Fornace Dauids sound The policie of the people for safeâ—ie of themselues Their speedie flight at our Generals arriuall Gentlemen should haue inhaâ—ited the Countrey An house tricked and garnished with diuers trâ—â—kâ—â—s An outragious tempest Our entring the coastes dangerous The Island in length 25. leagues This Iland is in the latitude of 57. degrees and 1 second part Two harboroughs in this Island Experience to proue that Torrida Zona is habitable Marochus more hote then about the Equinoctiall Marueiloâ—s fruitfull soile vnder the Equinoctiall Great trees Commoditiâ—â— and pleasurâ—â— vnder the Equinoctiall Heat is caused by two means that is by his maner of Angle and by his continuanceâ— Note this reason Paris in France is as hote as vnder the Equinoctiall in Iune In Iune is greater heat at Paris then vnder the Equinoctial The twilights are shorter and the nights darker vnder the Equinoctial then at Paris In what proportion the Angle of the Sun beames heateth They vse and haue neede of fire vnder the Equinoctiall Colde intermingled with heate vndre the Equinoctial Ethiopâ—ans blacke with curled haire The Sunne heateth not by his neernesse but onely by reflection A black Mooreâ— sonne borne in England The colour of the people in Meta Incognita The complexion of the people of Meta incognita The cause of the Ethiopians blacknesse The Arke of Noe. Chus the sonne of Cham accursed Africa was called Chamesis Greatest temperature vnder the Equinoctial Vndre the Equinoctiall is greatest generation Greatest heate vnder the Tropicâ—â— Cuba Hispaniola 〈…〉 Under the Tropickes is moderate temperature Nine Climates A comparison betweene Marochus and England All the North regions are habitable Elephant Orange tree Two causes of heat Hote nights nere the pole Colde nights vnder the Equinoctiall One day of sixe moneths Moderate heat vnder y e poles The Sunne neuer setteth in 182 dayes Horizon aâ—d Equinoctiall all one vnder the pole London Commodious dwelling vnder the poles The nights vnder the pole The regions vnder the poles want twilights but sixe weeks Winter nights vnder the pole tolerable to liuing creatures An obiection of Meta incognita Meta incognita inhabited Captaine Frobisherâ— first voyage The Michael returned home Frobishers first entrance within â— streights Frobisherâ— strâ—igâ—tâ— Deere The first