right_n honourable_a lionel_n baron_fw-fr cranfield_n earl_n of_o middlesex_n be_v lord_n high_a treasurer_n of_o england_n who_o name_n misselden_n have_v omit_v in_o his_o epistle_n dedicatory_a for_o his_o lordship_n have_v knowledge_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n be_v better_a enable_v to_o advance_v this_o important_a matter_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a that_o this_o time_n can_v entertain_v good_a thing_n wherein_o i_o be_o the_o more_o confident_a because_o the_o king_n himself_o in_o his_o high_a wisdom_n be_v desirous_a to_o be_v inform_v hereof_o by_o the_o lord_n vizcount_v mandevill_n lord_n precedent_n of_o the_o council_n who_o call_v by_o his_o majesty_n commandment_n unto_o he_o sir_n robert_n cotton_n knight_n and_o baronet_n sir_n ralph_n maddyson_n knight_n m_o r._n john_n williams_n his_o majesty_n goldsmith_n m_o r._n william_n sanderson_n merchant_n adventurer_n and_o myself_o in_o the_o month_n of_o april_n 1622_o deliver_v to_o the_o king_n majesty_n a_o 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past_a do_v so_o much_o esteem_v that_o fruit_n as_o prince_n do_v now_o their_o deer_n and_o such_o promouter_n as_o give_v information_n of_o the_o take_n of_o fig_n be_v so_o call_v which_o agree_v with_o we_o howsoever_o i_o hope_v that_o his_o song_n will_v be_v a_o recantation_n of_o his_o error_n as_o all_o good_a patriot_n ought_v to_o do_v albeâ—t_v he_o may_v perhaps_o for_o a_o time_n recantare_fw-la that_o be_v sing_v it_o over_o again_o humanum_fw-la est_fw-la errare_fw-la sed_fw-la perseverare_fw-la diabolicum_fw-la as_o i_o will_v not_o scatter_v any_o society_n or_o corporation_n in_o that_o which_o prove_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n so_o have_v i_o forbear_v to_o speak_v that_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v very_o considerable_a and_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o that_o worthy_a councillor_n and_o secretary_n of_o state_n sir_n francis_n walsingham_n touch_v corporation_n where_o the_o absolute_a dispose_n of_o the_o trade_n be_v leave_v unto_o they_o 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of_o a_o procerpine_n his_o heart_n as_o unclean_a as_o the_o stable_a of_o augnis_n before_o hercules_n bring_v in_o the_o river_n alpheus_n to_o cleanse_v it_o he_o say_v that_o the_o state_n have_v be_v abuse_v by_o information_n that_o the_o dutch_a can_v not_o subsist_v without_o our_o english_a cloth_n 51._o p._n 51._o there_o be_v not_o any_o such_o thing_n in_o my_o writing_n neither_o do_v i_o ever_o stand_v so_o much_o upon_o the_o necessary_a use_n of_o our_o wool_n but_o i_o do_v insist_v upon_o two_o principal_a point_n concern_v the_o sale_n of_o cloth_n cloth_n the_o advantage_n of_o the_o sale_n of_o our_o cloth_n which_o be_v that_o other_o nation_n buy_v heretofore_o our_o clothes_n when_o they_o be_v sell_v dear_a by_o the_o one_o half_a in_o price_n than_o they_o be_v now_o sell_v do_v never_o complain_v that_o the_o clothes_n be_v sell_v too_o dear_a but_o they_o do_v always_o complain_v of_o the_o false_a make_n of_o cloth_n and_o again_o that_o other_o nation_n 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yet_o so_o as_o there_o be_v very_o many_o other_o of_o the_o company_n that_o be_v also_o trader_n in_o colour_a cloth_n as_o well_o as_o he_o have_v not_o this_o man_n be_v one_o of_o his_o supporter_n by_o who_o mouth_n his_o pen_n speak_v i_o will_v have_v imagine_v that_o he_o have_v be_v in_o the_o city_n of_o butus_n and_o have_v consult_v with_o the_o oracle_n of_o latonâ—_n where_o those_o that_o sleep_n before_o her_o image_n can_v make_v a_o prediction_n by_o the_o first_o word_n of_o they_o that_o next_o meet_v they_o euterpe_n herodotus_n in_o euterpe_n i_o bear_v no_o malice_n to_o the_o man_n nor_o to_o the_o secretary_n of_o the_o say_a company_n in_o who_o commendation_n he_o so_o much_o speak_v 65._o p._n 65._o for_o i_o be_o assure_v that_o upon_o better_a consideration_n of_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n they_o will_v willing_o embrace_v the_o true_a reformation_n of_o these_o great_a abuse_n aspis_n a_o viper_n
the_o centre_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o commerce_n or_o a_o refutation_n of_o a_o treatise_n entitle_v the_o circle_n of_o commerce_n or_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n late_o publish_v by_o e._n m._n by_o gerard_n malynes_n merchant_n magna_fw-la est_fw-la veritas_fw-la praevaluit_fw-la 〈◊〉_d semper_fw-la praevalebit_fw-la london_n print_v by_o william_n jones_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o nicholas_n bourne_n at_o the_o royal_a exchange_n 1623._o regina_fw-la pecunia_fw-la loquor_fw-la haec_fw-la gaudere_fw-la facit_fw-la sapientis_fw-la nomine_fw-la stultum_fw-la &_o grave_a prudentis_fw-la munus_fw-la obire_fw-la viri_fw-la quisquis_fw-la in_o hac_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la sapiens_fw-la quasi_fw-la stultus_fw-la habetur_fw-la &_o quasi_fw-la quod_fw-la vacuum_n sit_fw-la ratione_fw-la caput_fw-la regnat_fw-la in_o incertis_fw-la regina_fw-la pecunia_fw-la rebus_fw-la moribus_fw-la ambiguae_fw-la quae_fw-la stat_fw-la in_o orbe_fw-la deae_fw-la to_o the_o most_o illustrious_a and_o most_o excellent_a prince_n charles_n prince_n of_o wales_n duke_n of_o cornwall_n earl_n of_o chester_n etc._n etc._n it_o may_v please_v your_o highness_n the_o oracle_n of_o apollo_n at_o delphos_n be_v demand_v why_o jupiter_n shall_v be_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o god_n since_o mars_n be_v the_o best_a soldier_n answer_v mars_n be_v valiant_a but_o jupiter_n wise_a conclude_v by_o this_o that_o council_n and_o policy_n be_v of_o more_o force_n to_o subdue_v then_o valour_n parua_fw-la sunt_fw-la arma_fw-la foris_fw-la nisi_fw-la sit_fw-la concilium_fw-la domi_fw-la say_v cicero_n but_o forasmuch_o that_o neither_o wisdom_n nor_o valour_n can_v well_o subsist_v without_o treasure_n since_o money_n have_v obtain_v the_o title_n of_o the_o sinew_n of_o war_n and_o the_o life_n of_o commerce_n i_o hope_v that_o the_o accumulate_v thereof_o may_v proper_o be_v call_v the_o praeheminent_a study_n of_o prince_n when_o the_o same_o be_v procure_v by_o trade_n which_o be_v the_o sole_a peaceable_a instrument_n to_o enrich_v kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n this_o trade_n be_v perform_v between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n under_o three_o simples_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n which_o be_v joint_o and_o distinct_o consider_v in_o their_o proper_a nature_n will_v cause_v our_o decay_a trade_n to_o flourish_v but_o because_o one_o edward_n misselden_n do_v omit_v to_o handle_v the_o predominant_a part_n of_o trade_n in_o a_o treatise_n dedicate_v unto_o your_o highness_n entitle_v free_a trade_n viz._n the_o mystery_n of_o exchange_n and_o that_o not_o without_o a_o aspersion_n lay_v upon_o i_o i_o be_v move_v to_o make_v a_o answer_n thereunto_o show_v his_o main_a scope_n to_o be_v to_o have_v the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n enhance_v and_o the_o foreign_a coin_n to_o be_v currant_n at_o a_o equal_a value_n which_o be_v to_o reform_v thing_n by_o a_o remedy_n worse_o than_o the_o disease_n for_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o our_o money_n will_v increase_v the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n whereby_o the_o king_n most_o excellent_a majesty_n shall_v become_v the_o great_a loser_n in_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o nobility_n and_o land_a man_n also_o and_o to_o make_v foreign_a coin_n currant_n within_o the_o realm_n will_v overthrow_v his_o majesty_n mint_n and_o abrogate_v a_o mark_n of_o sovereignty_n the_o coin_n of_o money_n hereupon_o have_v in_o the_o epistle_n dedicatory_a of_o the_o say_a treatise_n unto_o his_o sacred_a majesty_n entitle_v the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n compare_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o little_a fish_n mention_v by_o plutarch_n swim_v before_o the_o great_a whale_n because_o i_o have_v then_o under_o the_o press_n a_o great_a volume_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la dedicate_v likewise_o unto_o his_o majesty_n and_o both_o present_v unto_o your_o highness_n the_o say_v misselden_n carp_n at_o the_o simile_n and_o direct_v his_o course_n from_o your_o highness_n have_v late_o publish_v a_o opposition_n to_o the_o say_a book_n call_v the_o circle_n of_o commerce_n copious_a of_o uncivil_a speech_n whereby_o in_o respect_n of_o private_a cause_n i_o have_v great_a occasion_n to_o implore_v his_o majesty_n favour_n against_o he_o as_o homer_n do_v ptolemy_n the_o great_a king_n of_o egypt_n against_o the_o rail_a commentary_n of_o zoylus_n but_o the_o matter_n concern_v the_o public_a and_o be_v of_o far_o great_a consequence_n than_o a_o centention_n for_o learning_n i_o be_o compel_v humble_o to_o beseech_v your_o highness_n to_o intercede_v for_o i_o unto_o his_o sacred_a majesty_n to_o be_v well_o please_v to_o peruse_v this_o my_o three_o book_n entitle_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o commerce_n wherein_o the_o mean_n to_o provide_v his_o kingdom_n and_o dominion_n with_o bullion_n &_o money_n be_v more_o distinct_o declare_v according_a to_o the_o say_a centre_n of_o commerce_n which_o be_v gain_n without_o which_o his_o circle_n be_v vain_a to_o make_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v difficult_a even_o among_o learned_a philosopher_n and_o schoolman_n consider_v aristotle_n his_o doctrine_n ground_v upon_o levity_n of_o thing_n ascend_v and_o gravity_n of_o thing_n fall_v to_o their_o centre_n and_o the_o opinion_n of_o copernicus_n or_o rather_o of_o the_o pythagorian_o ascribe_v a_o stability_n to_o the_o heaven_n and_o a_o mobility_n to_o the_o earth_n but_o to_o make_v a_o definition_n of_o this_o centre_n gain_n be_v easy_a and_o engraft_v in_o every_o man_n judgement_n this_o centre_n make_v a_o perfect_a orb_n include_v all_o geometrical_a proportion_n and_o can_v answer_v all_o mathematical_a problem_n of_o trade_n for_o the_o double_n of_o the_o cube_n of_o solid_n and_o the_o quadrature_n of_o the_o circle_n in_o plain_a without_o plato_n exposition_n or_o misseldens_n conceit_a balance_n of_o trade_n for_o all_o the_o weight_n of_o commerce_n fall_v within_o the_o circuit_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o this_o centre_n gain_n insomuch_o that_o if_o the_o due_a consideration_n hereof_o be_v neglect_v in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n nothing_o can_v be_v expect_v but_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n and_o destruction_n of_o commonweal_n according_a to_o the_o demonstration_n of_o the_o follow_a allegory_n to_o a_o disease_a body_n natural_a so_o that_o statesman_n and_o politician_n be_v to_o bend_v their_o judgement_n in_o all_o public_a cause_n to_o this_o centre_n gain_n which_o bear_v the_o sway_n in_o all_o humane_a action_n thereby_o to_o find_v out_o all_o fallacy_n and_o misprision_n of_o trade_n to_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o kingdom_n stock_n without_o private_a regard_n of_o particular_a merchant_n make_v their_o benefit_n by_o the_o general_a loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n there_o be_v no_o man_n so_o simple_a but_o will_v avoid_v a_o loss_n if_o he_o can_v and_o on_o the_o contrary_a procure_v a_o gain_n where_o he_o may_v or_o can_v shall_v it_o be_v imagine_v then_o that_o bullion_n &_o money_n will_v be_v import_v when_o the_o bringer_n thereof_o become_v a_o loser_n or_o that_o money_n will_v remain_v within_o the_o realm_n when_o so_o great_a a_o gain_n can_v be_v have_v by_o the_o exportation_n thereof_o or_o will_v any_o man_n think_v that_o trade_n can_v be_v drive_v convenient_o without_o money_n and_o exchange_n will_v not_o the_o want_n of_o it_o make_v a_o dead_a trade_n within_o the_o realm_n when_o this_o vital_a spirit_n of_o commerce_n fail_v sure_o it_o be_v questionless_a in_o every_o man_n understanding_n your_o highness_n therefore_o may_v be_v please_v to_o advance_v the_o establish_n of_o this_o centre_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n whereby_o his_o majesty_n kingdom_n and_o dominion_n will_v flow_v with_o bullion_n and_o money_n and_o infuse_v life_n thereunto_o which_o will_v be_v feel_v by_o the_o pulse_n the_o hammer_n of_o the_o mint_n upon_o my_o life_n and_o reputation_n of_o knowledge_n which_o time_n and_o occasion_n seem_v to_o further_a by_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n incline_v thereunto_o since_o this_o treatise_n have_v be_v under_o the_o press_n if_o any_o thing_n therein_o shall_v seem_v impertinent_a to_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o centre_n i_o beseech_v your_o highness_n to_o attribute_v the_o same_o to_o the_o levity_n of_o the_o circle_n the_o rather_o because_o nugae_fw-la seria_fw-la ducunt_fw-la thus_o with_o all_o humbleness_n take_v leave_n i_o shall_v continue_v my_o fervent_a prayer_n to_o the_o almighty_a to_o preserve_v your_o highness_n in_o health_n and_o happiness_n to_o his_o glory_n and_o your_o eternal_a felicity_n london_n the_o 20._o of_o november_n 1623._o your_o highness_n most_o obedient_a servant_n gerard_n malynes_n the_o centre_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o commerce_n or_o a_o refutation_n of_o a_o treatise_n entitle_v the_o circle_n of_o commerce_n late_o publish_v by_o e._n m._n the_o proem_n strong_a imagination_n nourish_v by_o opinion_n may_v cause_v most_o man_n to_o suppose_v that_o edward_n misselden_n sâ—allenger_n sallust_n of_o sâ—allenger_n in_o who_o the_o babylon_n of_o learning_n
enumeration_n of_o sundry_a signification_n of_o the_o same_o distinction_n definition_n of_o distinction_n with_o a_o apt_a application_n to_o the_o thing_n in_o question_n observe_v we_o the_o plain_a way_n to_o distinguish_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o say_a centre_n gain_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n for_o even_o as_o a_o spider_n have_v the_o best_a quality_n of_o feeling_n sit_v with_o the_o head_n downward_o in_o her_o circular_a web_n as_o the_o centre_n thereof_o to_o catch_v her_o live_n in_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o circumference_n of_o her_o web_n even_o so_o have_v all_o man_n but_o most_o especial_o worling_n look_v down_o ward_n with_o the_o kite_n a_o action_n and_o feel_n of_o their_o benefit_n and_o gain_v which_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o trade_n in_o general_a by_o god_n direction_n to_o be_v observe_v therein_o the_o wealth_n of_o a_o kingdom_n can_v proper_o decrease_v realm_n three_o mean_n to_o decrease_v the_o wealth_n of_o the_o realm_n but_o three_o manner_n of_o way_n namely_o by_o sell_v our_o native_a commodity_n too_o good_a cheap_a by_o buy_v the_o foreign_a commodity_n too_o dear_a and_o by_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n inspecie_fw-la cause_v by_o a_o low_a exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o before_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o manage_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o make_v three_o distinction_n the_o first_o concern_v the_o king_n and_o the_o nobility_n gentleman_n and_o traveller_n considerable_a three_o distinction_n considerable_a who_o be_v here_o deliverer_n of_o money_n to_o serve_v their_o occasion_n beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o else_o they_o be_v taker_n up_o beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o letter_n of_o credit_n to_o their_o great_a loss_n when_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v low_a or_o foreign_a coin_n be_v enhance_v or_o overvalue_v in_o exchange_n unto_o we_o as_o be_v before_o declare_v in_o the_o first_o chapter_n the_o second_o distinction_n concern_v particular_a merchant_n who_o do_v make_v a_o private_a benefit_n by_o money_n and_o exchange_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o a_o low_a exchange_n and_o undervaluation_n of_o our_o money_n the_o three_o concern_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n in_o general_a wherein_o the_o say_v particular_a merchant_n do_v bear_v some_o loss_n unaware_o although_o they_o have_v a_o great_a gain_n by_o a_o disorder_a trade_n another_o way_n to_o the_o utter_a undo_n of_o all_o trade_n and_o destruction_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o we_o be_v now_o to_o distinguish_v it_o be_v demand_v 17._o p._n 17._o whether_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o merchant_n to_o seek_v their_o privatum_fw-la commodum_fw-la in_o the_o exercise_n of_o their_o call_n whether_o gain_n be_v not_o the_o end_n of_o trade_n and_o whether_o the_o private_a be_v not_o invalued_a in_o the_o public_a the_o answer_n be_v extant_a that_o albeit_o the_o general_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o particular_a 3._o maine_n of_o free_a trade_n p._n 3._o yet_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o general_n shall_v receive_v a_o intolerable_a prejudice_n and_o loss_n by_o the_o particular_a benefit_n of_o some_o the_o opinion_n and_o council_n therefore_o in_o the_o reformation_n of_o abuse_n of_o some_o private_a merchant_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o suspicion_n and_o king_n and_o prince_n be_v to_o sit_v at_o the_o stern_a of_o trade_n which_o cause_v the_o wise_a man_n to_o say_v consult_v not_o with_o a_o merchant_n concern_v exchange_n 11._o ecclesiasticus_fw-la 37._o ver_fw-la 11._o the_o gain_n which_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o beneficial_a to_o some_o merchant_n in_o particular_a be_v these_o as_o follow_v english_a merchant_n be_v here_o the_o taker_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v a_o great_a gain_n when_o they_o take_v the_o same_o at_o a_o low_a exchange_n asgument_n pernicious_a asgument_n give_v less_o by_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o foreign_a part_n and_o in_o 〈◊〉_d manner_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o give_v flemish_n or_o other_o money_n there_o to_o have_v here_o starlin_n money_n for_o it_o they_o be_v there_o common_o the_o deliverer_n of_o money_n so_o that_o a_o low_a price_n of_o exchange_n by_o the_o undervaluation_n of_o our_o money_n be_v profitable_a to_o the_o merchant_n and_o to_o maintain_v this_o it_o be_v infer_v that_o merchant_n stranger_n will_v export_v more_o money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n into_o foreign_a part_n if_o english_a merchant_n do_v not_o take_v the_o say_a money_n by_o exchange_n and_o that_o at_o a_o low_a price_n whereby_o the_o english_a merchant_n become_v a_o gainer_n and_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n a_o loose_a again_o if_o a_o equal_a exchange_n be_v use_v according_a to_o the_o standard_n of_o money_n of_o other_o nation_n and_o we_o then_o can_v not_o english_a merchant_n sell_v our_o native_a commodity_n so_o good_a cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o undersell_v other_o nation_n cast_v their_o calculation_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v according_a to_o the_o low_a price_n of_o exchange_n also_o if_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v high_a beyond_o the_o sea_n then_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n can_v not_o make_v such_o gain_n by_o the_o royal_n of_o 8_o which_o they_o transport_v thither_o make_v return_n of_o the_o proceed_v of_o they_o by_o a_o low_a exchange_n to_o their_o great_a benefit_n of_o 25_o per_fw-la cento_fw-la where_o they_o can_v make_v here_o but_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o if_o the_o money_n be_v not_o enhance_v beyond_o the_o sea_n merchant_n can_v not_o sell_v our_o native_a commodity_n at_o the_o price_n they_o now_o do_v and_o return_v the_o value_n thereof_o by_o a_o low_a exchange_n from_o thence_o or_o take_v up_o the_o same_o here_o give_v so_o little_a by_o exchange_n there_o english_a merchant_n buy_v here_o cloth_n upon_o their_o credit_n and_o sell_v the_o same_o beyond_o the_o sea_n have_v a_o good_a gain_n to_o return_v their_o money_n by_o a_o low_a exchange_n to_o pay_v the_o seller_n of_o the_o cloth_n with_o his_o own_o &_o so_o trade_v without_o stock_n be_v instrument_n to_o sell_v the_o native_a commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n if_o the_o exchange_n be_v not_o low_a under_o the_o value_n of_o the_o standard_n merchant_n can_v not_o make_v a_o great_a benefit_n by_o take_v up_o money_n here_o be_v he_o either_o english_a or_o stranger_n and_o transport_v the_o same_o to_o pay_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o reserve_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o money_n for_o their_o benefit_n neither_o can_v they_o buy_v foreign_a commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n upon_o long_a day_n of_o payment_n and_o transport_v money_n to_o pay_v the_o seller_n at_o the_o say_a time_n all_o this_o be_v do_v by_o maintain_v the_o undervaluation_n of_o our_o money_n by_o a_o low_a exchange_n equity_n the_o rule_n of_o justice_n &_o equity_n which_o must_v be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o true_a rule_n of_o justice_n and_o equity_n which_o require_v a_o equal_a valuation_n in_o exchange_n or_o a_o advantage_n over_o and_o above_o to_o accommodate_v the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o then_o it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o the_o underualuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n be_v intolerable_a and_o that_o this_o gain_n procure_v to_o the_o hurt_n of_o the_o kingdom_n although_o profitable_a to_o particular_a merchant_n be_v to_o be_v abolish_v the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o sell_v of_o our_o cloth_n good_a cheap_a beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o great_a quantity_n when_o merchant_n have_v beat_v down_o the_o price_n with_o the_o clothier_n whereby_o the_o clothier_n be_v force_v to_o do_v the_o like_a with_o the_o woolegrower_n which_o disimprove_v the_o revinew_n of_o land_n but_o the_o merchant_n employ_v the_o lesser_a stock_n and_o have_v not_o therefore_o the_o less_o benefit_n the_o woolegrower_n and_o the_o clothier_n bear_v the_o loss_n beside_o other_o private_a deal_n of_o merchant_n which_o be_v error_n of_o trade_n declare_v in_o out_o former_a treatise_n p._n 75_o 76._o the_o three_o distinction_n concern_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v now_o to_o be_v examine_v by_o way_n of_o antithesis_fw-la or_o conterpoint_v show_v how_o gain_n do_v command_v and_o direct_v trade_n in_o the_o say_v three_o simples_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n and_o especial_o in_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n which_o overrule_v the_o other_o two_o whereby_o the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o our_o native_a commodity_n in_o price_n be_v procure_v and_o this_o may_v be_v avoid_v and_o prevent_v by_o the_o contrary_a if_o it_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n according_a to_o the_o say_a rule_n of_o justice_n and_o equity_n inconvenience_n arise_v to_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n upon_o the_o pound_n of_o xx_o shilling_n for_o the_o main_a place_n of_o trade_n first_o when_o our_o
money_n and_o exchange_n have_v be_v make_v as_o in_o the_o margin_n in_o primo_fw-la of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o sir_n thomas_z bullen_z knight_n be_v the_o king_n exchanger_n by_o letter_n patent_n for_o all_o change_n and_o rechange_n for_o foreign_a part_n as_o by_o the_o record_n appear_v in_o his_o majesty_n exchequer_n and_o there_o also_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o during_o the_o râ—igne_n of_o the_o say_a king_n henry_n the_o seven_o one_o petrus_n contarin_n a_o venetian_a merchant_n be_v sue_v in_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n upon_o the_o say_a statute_n and_o the_o like_a â—uâ—e_n be_v bring_v in_o the_o ninteenth_fw-mi year_n follow_v against_o dominico_n polliâ—oâ—o_o the_o pope_n collector_n and_o lorenzo_n albâ—rti_fw-la upon_o the_o like_a condemnation_n do_v pay_v 933_o l._n cron._n graftons_n cron._n this_o cause_v the_o say_a king_n henry_n the_o eight_o in_o the_o twenty_o two_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n to_o make_v a_o very_a severe_a proclamation_n that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o say_a act_n and_o statute_n but_o as_o war_n discompound_v all_o good_a order_n and_o necessity_n have_v no_o law_n so_o in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o this_o king_n reign_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o base_a money_n then_o coin_a this_o office_n of_o exchange_n do_v discontinue_v and_o in_o edward_n the_o sixth_o his_o time_n the_o practice_n of_o exchange_n be_v for_o a_o time_n prohibit_v but_o upon_o urgent_a necessity_n of_o the_o convenience_n thereof_o again_o admit_v unto_o merchant_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o late_a queen_n elizabeth_n of_o bless_a memory_n the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n be_v call_v in_o question_n by_o m_n r._n hussly_n governor_n of_o the_o merchant_n aduenturor_n afterward_o the_o lord_n burghley_n lord_n treasurer_n of_o england_n have_v a_o grant_n by_o letter_n patent_n of_o the_o say_a office_n for_o 23._o year_n who_o not_o be_v inform_v how_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v true_o govern_v after_o proclamation_n make_v can_v not_o find_v convenient_a mean_n to_o establish_v the_o same_o this_o in_o progress_n of_o time_n do_v touch_v the_o say_a lord_n so_o much_o in_o his_o honour_n and_o reputation_n that_o his_o son_n sir_n robert_n cecil_n lord_n treasurer_n of_o england_n after_o he_o will_v never_o incline_v to_o establish_v the_o say_a office_n much_o less_o to_o reform_v the_o abuse_n thereof_o beside_o some_o other_o consideration_n may_v move_v he_o because_o the_o business_n be_v propound_v by_o other_o so_o that_o misselden_n do_v speak_v untrue_o that_o the_o same_o be_v reject_v 92._o p._n 92._o for_o it_o have_v still_o continue_v and_o be_v in_o agitation_n even_o as_o the_o fish_n trade_n hitherto_o neglect_v whereof_o more_o hereafter_o the_o importance_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n prince_n treaty_n of_o exchange_n with_o other_o prince_n do_v not_o only_o appear_v by_o the_o say_v general_a act_n of_o parliament_n hitherto_o unrepeal_v and_o now_o most_o necessary_a than_o ever_o to_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n but_o also_o by_o diverse_a treaty_n that_o the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v have_v by_o many_o conferrence_n with_o other_o prince_n and_o state_n concern_v the_o loss_n sustain_v thereby_o now_o utter_o neglect_v let_v it_o be_v consider_v what_o incredible_a loss_n england_n sustain_v when_o we_o loose_v above_o twoâ—shillings_n in_o the_o pound_n when_o the_o duchess_n of_o savoy_n regent_n of_o the_o low_a country_n allege_v that_o one_o half_a penny_n in_o the_o pound_n loss_n will_v ruin_v the_o state_n of_o those_o country_n as_o by_o ancient_a record_n in_o the_o exchequer_n appear_v king_n henry_n the_o eight_o be_v come_v to_o calais_n require_v the_o archdutches_n of_o austria_n than_o governor_n of_o the_o low_a country_n to_o permit_v his_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o pass_v currant_n in_o her_o dominion_n a_o little_a above_o the_o true_a value_n thereof_o for_o the_o better_a enable_v of_o his_o soldier_n and_o merchant_n the_o duchess_n dispatch_v thomas_n gramay_n general_n of_o her_o mint_n and_o john_n dewsbrooke_n her_o assay-master_n with_o instruction_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n advertise_v he_o consideration_n notable_a consideration_n that_o to_o suffer_v the_o english_a coin_n run_v at_o a_o overvalue_n be_v against_o all_o statute_n and_o ordinance_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o that_o it_o will_v redound_v to_o the_o great_a scandal_n loss_n and_o harm_n to_o the_o commonweal_n and_o the_o harm_n and_o loss_n shall_v be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o esteem_v it_o for_o the_o merchant_n find_v that_o more_o may_v be_v get_v in_o england_n then_o in_o her_o doâ—inions_n for_o bullion_n by_o this_o overualuation_n of_o the_o english_a coin_n will_v carry_v away_o all_o five_o gold_n melt_v and_o unmolten_a not_o only_o in_o ingot_n but_o also_o in_o piece_n of_o gold_n make_v in_o the_o archduke_n mint_n to_o convert_v they_o into_o angel_n noble_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o country_n and_o subject_n of_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v total_o consume_v spoil_v and_o destroy_v which_o will_v turn_v to_o a_o damage_n inestimable_a the_o like_a be_v affirm_v to_o ensue_v by_o the_o toleration_n of_o our_o english_a silver_n money_n to_o be_v over_o value_v centre_n gaine_n be_v still_o the_o centre_n because_o all_o merchant_n for_o their_o gain_n will_v carry_v into_o england_n not_o only_o the_o material_n of_o silver_n but_o also_o piece_n coin_a whereby_o the_o intercourse_n of_o merchandise_n shall_v cease_v and_o the_o merchant_n shall_v become_v merchant_n of_o silver_n without_o sell_v any_o other_o ware_n or_o merchandise_n furthermore_o she_o plead_v that_o never_o any_o prince_n will_v permit_v strange_a money_n to_o pass_v high_a than_o his_o own_o but_o that_o of_o custom_n they_o use_v the_o contrary_n and_o which_o be_v most_o effectual_a she_o urge_v that_o the_o ordinance_n of_o the_o mint_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o his_o subject_n ought_v ever_o to_o be_v keep_v of_o good_a policy_n for_o a_o law_n firm_a and_o stable_a forasmuch_o the_o mean_n of_o prince_n and_o of_o nobleman_n together_o with_o the_o rent_n fee_n and_o wage_n of_o all_o his_o subject_n be_v tax_v and_o value_v and_o all_o merchandise_n rule_v and_o govern_v thereby_o wherefore_o without_o great_a necessity_n or_o evident_a utility_n no_o alteration_n ought_v to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o price_n of_o money_n upon_o this_o remoustrance_n the_o archdutchesse_n commissioner_n &_o the_o mint-master_n of_o the_o tower_n make_v assay_n of_o all_o english_a and_o flemish_a coin_n and_o after_o long_o dispute_v and_o wrangle_v the_o king_n can_v never_o obtain_v to_o have_v his_o coin_n pass_v at_o a_o half_a penny_n above_o the_o true_a value_n what_o shall_v we_o say_v of_o these_o our_o day_n wherein_o we_o suffer_v so_o great_a a_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n and_o inhauno_v of_o foreign_a coin_n whereby_o the_o trade_n be_v decay_v the_o realm_n impoverish_v and_o every_o man_n in_o a_o manner_n undo_v be_v all_o the_o precedent_a law_n and_o ordinance_n make_v in_o vain_a and_o forget_v when_o hercules_n have_v loâ—t_v his_o ox_n god_n bateman_n in_o his_o leaden_a god_n and_o have_v long_o time_n seek_v they_o in_o vain_a they_o be_v at_o last_o discover_v by_o their_o bellow_n to_o be_v in_o cacus_n den_n now_o cacos_fw-la in_o greek_a signify_v evil_a which_o draw_v man_n backward_o by_o the_o tail_n as_o cacus_n do_v the_o ox_n whenc_n i_o do_v conclude_v that_o the_o say_v law_n and_o ordinance_n be_v hide_v in_o misseldens_n den_n for_o in_o his_o circle_n he_o will_v take_v no_o notice_n of_o they_o 9_o p._n 9_o but_o keep_v they_o back_o but_o thanks_n be_v give_v unto_o god_n and_o honour_n to_o the_o king_n who_o out_o of_o his_o princely_a care_n and_o providence_n have_v hercules_n strength_n to_o put_v the_o say_a law_n in_o execution_n to_o which_o purpose_n and_o to_o advance_v trade_n his_o highness_n have_v be_v gracious_o please_v first_o to_o grant_v a_o special_a committee_n to_o examine_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n next_o a_o especial_a commission_n direct_v to_o diverse_a noble_a personage_n and_o privy_a councillor_n of_o state_n associate_v with_o most_o worthy_a person_n of_o quality_n to_o divise_v wholesome_a remedy_n for_o these_o disease_n wherein_o they_o bestow_v unfatigable_a industry_n and_o pain_n to_o receive_v all_o information_n which_o may_v conduce_v they_o to_o find_v out_o the_o true_a remedy_n and_o discern_v they_o from_o all_o fallacy_n to_o they_o i_o doubt_v not_o my_o labour_n will_v be_v acceptable_a do_v free_o and_o sincere_o for_o the_o common_a good_a it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o reformation_n hereof_o have_v also_o be_v reserve_v until_o these_o day_n now_o the_o
first_o and_o retain_v the_o same_o last_o so_o commodity_n in_o traffic_n be_v first_o and_o money_n come_v afterward_o whereby_o commutation_n or_o barter_n be_v bring_v into_o a_o trade_n and_o to_o preserve_v that_o money_n as_o the_o blood_n in_o the_o body_n exchange_n be_v devise_v as_o a_o spirit_n to_o quicken_v the_o same_o and_o shall_v it_o be_v use_v to_o destroy_v the_o body_n because_o the_o true_a use_n of_o it_o be_v not_o understand_v and_o the_o same_o be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n shall_v we_o imagine_v that_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n shall_v be_v prevent_v when_o by_o take_v enhanced_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n above_o the_o true_a value_n in_o exchange_n we_o feed_v the_o cause_n of_o exportation_n or_o shall_v we_o expect_v that_o money_n shall_v be_v import_v unto_o we_o when_o there_o be_v a_o loss_n by_o the_o bring_n of_o they_o which_o loss_n be_v measure_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o to_o avoid_v compel_v we_o to_o 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and_o by_o the_o bone_n be_v decipher_v the_o inextricable_a and_o perplex_a labour_n in_o the_o curiosity_n of_o everstrive_a contradiction_n wherein_o he_o do_v a-abound_a sed_fw-la magna_fw-la est_fw-la veritas_fw-la &_o praevalet_fw-la he_o do_v think_v once_o to_o have_v make_v a_o index_n 〈◊〉_d of_o my_o writing_n but_o find_v that_o his_o dirty_a broom_n have_v employment_n to_o cleanse_v the_o stable_n at_o hackâ—â—y_n and_o now_o to_o find_v out_o the_o interloper_n beyond_o the_o sea_n he_o leave_v it_o i_o still_o do_v strive_v to_o be_v temperate_a but_o public_a slander_n can_v be_v wash_v off_o but_o by_o public_a defence_n sure_o i_o be_o that_o my_o book_n be_v acceptable_a unto_o wiseman_n and_o lex_fw-la mercitoria_n be_v translate_v into_o spanish_a and_o french_a and_o much_o respect_v beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o which_o book_n to_o the_o indicious_a reader_n i_o give_v notice_n long_o since_o that_o envy_n will_v command_v triple_a head_a 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better_o cheap_a prevent_v the_o overballance_a and_o enrich_v the_o kingdom_n with_o a_o advancement_n of_o all_o the_o dependence_n of_o trade_n contain_v in_o the_o article_n of_o your_o commission_n god_n grant_v a_o blessing_n in_o all_o to_o his_o glory_n the_o king_n honour_n and_o the_o kingdom_n welfare_n obsta_fw-la principijs_fw-la sedo_fw-la medicina_fw-la paratur_fw-la finis_fw-la errata_fw-la pag._n 5._o lin_v 11._o read_v reprehension_n for_o apprehension_n p._n 17._o l._n 27._o r._n depredation_n for_o depudation_n p._n 18._o l._n 29._o r._n we_o for_o i_o p._n 25._o l._n 2._o r._n piece_n for_o price_n p._n 37._o l._n 8._o r._n piece_n for_o price_n p._n 38._o l._n 2._o r._n 20_o â—_o for_o 2_o â—_o p._n 42._o l._n 20._o r._n construction_n for_o contution_n p._n 44._o l._n 17._o r._n good_a for_o go_n p._n 58._o l._n 14._o r._n caution_n for_o cannon_n p._n 58._o l._n 22._o r._n confusion_n for_o conclusion_n p._n 64._o l._n 18._o r._n hoop_n for_o hop_n p._n 64._o l._n 31._o r._n endear_v for_o endure_v p._n 68_o l._n 8._o r._n mobile_n for_o mobill_n p._n 77._o l._n 22._o r._n cornute_a for_o corneited_a p._n 78._o l._n 7._o r._n flatter_v for_o scatter_v p._n 78._o l._n 30._o r._n procupine_n for_o procerpine_v p._n 80._o l._n 20._o r._n for_o for_o from_o p._n 81._o l._n 12._o r._n enable_v for_o enable_v p._n 101._o l._n 〈◊〉_d â—_o contratenor_n for_o contratos_fw-la