by nature and diligent Art and hath a very faire Hauen Vpon the bay which Ptolomy names AEstuarium Metaris vulgarly called the Washes lieth the large Towne of Linne famous for the safety of the Hauen most easie to be entred for the concourse of Merchants and the faire buildings 20 Cambridgeshire had of old the same Inhabitants and consists all of open corne fields excepting some places yeelding Saffron and it giues excellent Barly of which steeped till it spring againe they make great quantity of Mault to brew Beere in such quantity as the Beere is much exported euen into forraigne parts and there highly esteemed Cambridge is a famous Vniuersity seated vpon the Riuer Grant by others called Came of which and the Bridge ouer the same it is called Cambridge The Northerne part of this County consists of Ilands greene and pleasant in Summer but all couered with water in the Winter whereof the cheefe called Ely giues the name to all the rest called as if they were but one Iland the I le of Ely the cheefe Towne whereof called also Ely is famous for being the seate of a Bishop 21 Hunting donshire had of old the same Inhabitants the cheefe Towne whereof is Huntingdon 22 Northamptonshire was of old inhabited by the Coritani and is a Countrey most painefully tilled and full of Inhabitants Northampton is the cheefe City large and walled Peterborow is the seate of a Bishop Neere Stamford is the stately Pallace Burleigh built by William the first Lord Burleigh 23 Leycestershire had of old the same Inhabitants a Champion Country and fruitfull in bearing Corne. In Lutterworth a little Towne of Trade Iohn Wickliffe was Pastor or Minister Leicester the cheefe City hath more antiquitie then beauty 24 Rutlandshire had of old the same Inhabitants and is the least County of England and had the name of the red Earth The Towne of Vppingham deserues no other mention then that it is the cheefe Towne of the County 25 Linconshire had of old the same inhabitants and is a very large County rich in Corne and Pastures and abounding with Fowle and Fish and all things necessary for foode The great Washes of Holland when the Sea flowes are couered with water but when it ebbes the ground is discouered to be passed but not without danger and with a good guide Lincolne the chief City was of old one of the most populous Cities of England and one that had greatest trade and hath a sumptuous Cathedral Church 26 Nottinghamslire had of old the same inhabitants the chiefe City whereof is Nottingham pleasantly seated In the Westerne part is the Wood called Shirewood feeding infinit numbers of Fallow and Red Deare whether the Kings of old were wont to retire for hunting 27 Darbyshire had of old the same inhabitants the chiefe towne whereof is Darby faire and well inhabited the Ayle whereof is for goodnesse prouerbially preferred before that kind of drinke in any other Towne The Westerne part hath high Mountaines called Peake yeelding Leade which they make into Sowes and stibium in his proper vaines is there found Likewise there Mil-stones are out out and there is the old Castle called the Castle in the Peake neare which is a great hole or caue in the Mountaine gaping wide and hauing many inward caues and this hole with reueuerence be it spoken is vulgarly called The Diuels ars at Peuke of which many fables are told and the place is accounted among the miracles of England The like fables are told of 〈◊〉 hole not farre distant very steepe and deepe 28 Warwickshire was of old inhabited by the Cornauij wherein is Couentry a large faire and walled Citie so called of the Couent of Monkes and at this day it is the fairest City within-land wherof the chiefe trade of old was making round caps of wooll but the same being now very little vsed the trade is decaied Warwick is the chiefe City of the County and neare the same vpon the hill Blacklow Peter of Gaueston was beheaded by the Lords of the Kingdome Not farre thence is a transparant and pleasant but little Wood and there be cleare Fountaines which place yeelds sweete solitude for the Muses and there they report that the famous worthy Guy of Warwick after many aduentures atchieued did first liue an Heremites life and was after death buried 29 Worcestershire had of old the same inhabitants which after in the time of Beda were called Wiccij either of wic signifying a corner or bay or of wyches signifying 〈◊〉 in the Saxons tongue And there are excellent salt-pits or Brookes and new fountaines of salt are daily found The Country is happy in the healthfull ayre tertility of soile and sweete Riuers but especially yeeldeth abundance of Peares of which they make Perry a counterfeit wine but cold and flatuous as all those kinds of drinke are Worcester the chiefe City of the County was built by the Romans and is compassed with a wall and hath the seate of a Bishop and a faire Cathedrall Church with the Monuments of Iohn King of England and Arthur Prince of Wales It is also beautified with many inhabitants rich trade of wollen cloth faire buildings and the number of Churches 30 Staffordshire had of old the same inhabitants and towards the South it hath pit-coales and some vaines of Iron but the greatest quantitie and best kind of pit-coales is in Nottinghamshire Stone is a Towne of Traffike Lichfeild is a large and faire City so called as the field of dead bodies and it is beautified with the seate of a Bishop his Pallace and the house of the Prebends My selfe passing that way did reade these Epitaphes in the Cathedrall Church The first of a Deane Sis testis Christe quod non iacet hic lapis iste Corpus vt ornetur sed spirittus vt memoretur O Christ me witnesse beare that this stone lies not here To grace the vile body but the soules memorie And another excellent Epitaph but superstitious and I know not whose Quisquis eris qui transieris sta perlege plora Sum quod eris fuer amque quod es pro me precor ora Who ere thou be that passest by stand reade and houle Such shalt thou be I was like thee pray for my soule Yet I remember not well whether these were two Epitaphes or onely one and for one man 31 Shropshire had of old the same inhabitants and was a fortified and manned frontyer against the Welsh then diuided from the English and their enemies and thereupon was named the Marches Ludlow is a Towne of more beauty then antiquity beautified with the Pallace of the King or rather of the Prince of Wales and there is a Counsell or Court of Iustice erected for Wales the borders not vnlike to the French Parliaments and instituted by Henry the eight It consists of the President of Wales there residing of a Secretary an Atturney a Solicitor and foure Iustices of the Counties of Wales and as many Counsellers as
the King shall please to appoint In Hackstow Forrest at the hill Stiperstons are great heapes of stones which the vulgar sort dreame to haue been the diuels bridge Wrockceter of old the chiefe Citie burt by the Romans is now a pretty village and from the decay therof grew the well knowne Citie Shrewesburie now the chiefe Citie fortified by art and nature rich by making wollen cloth and trading with the neighbouring Welchmen where Henry Percy the younger with his forces was ouerthrowne by Henrie the fourth 32 Cheshire is a great County of Gentlemen no other County hauing so many Knights houses Westchester is a faire Citie where the twentieth Legion called victrix lay in Garison in the time of Vespasian the Roman Emperor Most white Salt is made at Nantwich and lesse white made at Middlewich and Norwich It is rich in Pastures and sends great quantitie of cheeses to London I know that Worcester cheeses are most esteemed but there is not such quantitie to transport them I know that Suffolke and the Fennes of Essex yeeld huge cheeses in great number to bee exported but they are not so pleasing to the taste as these I know that in all the Counties some quantity of very good cheeses is made for priuate mens vses but not in proportion to bee exported Whereas Cheshire yeelds great quantity of very good cheeses comparable to those of Holland seruing the greatest part of London therewith and exporting the same into other parts When the heyres males of this County faced Henry the third added this large patrimony to the Crowne so as the Kings eldest sonne should be Earle of Cheshire And Richard the second of a County made it a Principality and himselfe was called Prince of Cheshire but Henry the fourth reduced it againe to a Countie Palatine and at this day it hath Palatine iurisdiction administred by a Chamberlaine a speciall Iudge two Exchequer Barons three Serieants at Law a Sheriffe an Atturney an Escheator c. 33 Herefordshire was of old inhabited by the Silures and it so much abeundeth with all things necessarie for the life of man as it is not content in that respect to haue the second place among all the Counties of England Hereford is the chiefe Citie thereof Lemster iustly boasteth of the Sheepes wooll feeding in those grounds with which no part of Europe can compare excepting Apulia and Tarentum It yeelds excellent Fiax and so good Wheate as the bread of Lemster and drinke of Weabley a neighbour Towne are prouerbially praised before all others 34 Radnoxshire had of old the same inhabitants and is the first County of Wales whereof Radnox is the chiefe Towne 35 Brechnocshire the second County of Wales had of old the same inhabitants and hath the name of the chiefe Towne seated in the middest thereof where Henry the eight instituted a Collegiate Church 36 Monmouthshire had of old the same inhabitants and is so called of the chiefe Towne no way so glorious as in that Henry the fifth Conquerer of France was borne there It hath also another faire Towne called Chepstow 37 Glamorganshire the fourth County of Wales had of old the same inhabitants and the chiefe Citie Caerdiffe hath a commodious Hauen 38 Caermardenshire the fifth County of Wales was of old inhabited by the Dimetae and is fruitefull in Corne abounds in Sheepe and in some places yeelds Pit-coale It hath the name of the chiefe Citie where Merlin was borne begotten by an Incubus Deuill whom the common people tooke for a most famous Prophet 39 Pembrookeshire the sixth County of Wales had of old the same inhabitants Here a long neck of land makes an Hauen called Milford hauen then which Europe hath not a more noble Hauen or more safe or more large with many creekes and safe roades made more famous by the landing of H. the seuenth Pembrook is the chiefe Towne of the County The Flemming hauing their Townes drowned by the Sea had a Territorie of this County giuen them to inhabit by Henry the first before Wales was subdued and they euer remained most faithfull to the Kings of England 40 Kardiganshire the seuenth County of Wales and had of old the same inhabitants and hath the name of the chiefe City 41 Montgomeryshire the eight County of Wales was of old inhabited by the Ordouices and hath the name of the chiefe Towne 42 Mertonethshire the ninth County of Wales had of old the same Inhabitants where vpon the mountaines great slockes of sheepefeede without any danger of the wolfe for the wolues were destroied through all England when Edgar King of England imposed the yeerely tribute of three hundreth wolues vpon 〈◊〉 Prince of Wales The little and poore towne Bala is the eheefe of this Mountenous people 43 Caernaruonshire the tenth County of Wales had of old the same Inhabitants and was called Snodenforest before Wales was reduced into Counties so called of the mountaines whose tops are alwaies white with snow deseruing to be named the Alps of Britany and it is certaine that there be lakes and standing waters vpon the tops of those Mountaines The walled City Caernaruon checfe of the County hath a most faire Castle built by Edward the first wherein his sonne Edward the second was borne and named thereof Bangor that is faire Chancell is the seate of a Bishop Aberconway deserues the name of a strong and faire little City rather then of a Towne saue that it is not full of Inhabitants 44 Denbighshire the eleuenth County of Wales had of old the same Inhabitants and hath the name of the cheefe Towne well inhabited The little Village Momglath had the name of the mines of lead which that pleasant territory yeelds Not far thence is the Towne Wrexham bewtified with a most saire Tower called the Holy Tower and commended for the musicali Organes in the Church 45 The little County Flintshire the twelfth of Wales had of old the same Inhabitants the fields whereof the first yeere after they haue line fallow yeeld more then twenty measures for one in some places of Barly in other places of Wheate and generally of Rie and after for foure or fiue yeeres yeeld Oates Holiwell named of the sacred Fountaine is a little Towne where is the Fountaine of Winefrede a Christian Virgin who being defloured by force there was killed by the Tyrant and this Fountaine is farre and greatly famous for the Mosse there growing of a most pleasant smell A faire Chappell of Free stone is built vpon the very Fountaine and a little streame runnes out of it among stones vpon which a certaine bloody humour growes The Castle Flint gaue the name to the County 46 I will omit Anglesey the thirteenth County of Wales because it is to be described among the Ilands 47 Yorkeshire is the farre largest County of all England and was of old inhabited by the Brigantes In the Forrest called Hatfield Chase are great Heards of red Deare and Harts The Townes of Sheffeld and
halfe long and about three quarters broad and little or nothing thicker then a French crowne They shew also foure Crosses of pure gold which they said a certaine Queene once tooke from them but presently fell lunatike neither could be cured vntill she had restored them In the open streets some Monuments are set on the walles in honour of certaine Citizens who died in a nights tumult when the Duke hoped to surprize the City I said that the Senate house is stately built in which they shew to strangers many vessels of gold and siluer of a great value and quantity for a City of that quality From Luneburg I returned to Hamburg whither I and my company might haue had a Coach for 4. Dollors But we misliking the price hired a waggon for three Lubeck shillings each person to Wentzon three miles distant from Luneburg Here the Duke of Lunebergs territory ends to whom each man paid a Lubeck shilling for tribute my selfe onely excepted who had that priuiledge because I went to study in the Vniuersities Here each man paied two Lubeck shillings for a Waggon to the Elue side being one mile and the same day by water wee passed other three miles to Hamburg not without great noy somnesse from some base people in the boat for which passage we paied each man three Lubeck shillings Let me admonish the Reader that if when we tooke boat we had onely crossed the Elue we might haue hired a Waggon from Tolspecker a Village to Hamburg being three miles for two Dollors amongst six persons Being at Hamburg and purposing to goe vp into Misen because I had not the language I compounded with a Merchant to carry mee in his Coach and beare my charges to Leipzig for tenne gold Guldens The first day hauing broke our faste at Hamburg we passed seauen miles ouer the Heath of Luneburg and lodged in a Village In our way we passed many Villages of poore base houses and some pleasant groues but all the Countrey was barren yet yeelded corne in some places though in no plenty The second day we came to a little City Corneiler through a Countrey as barren as the former and towards our iourneis end wee passed a thicke wood of a mile long The third day we went seuen miles to Magdenburg which is counted sixe and twenty miles from Hamburg and this day we passed a more fertile Countrey and more wooddy and they shewed me by the way an Hill called Bockesberg famous with many ridiculous fables of Witches yeerely meeting in that place This City of old called Parthenopolis of Venus Parthenea is now called Magdenburg that is the City of Virgins for an Inland City is very faire and the Germans speake much of the fortification because Mauricius Elector of Saxony besieged it a whole yeere with the Emperour Charles the fifth his Army yet tooke it not Howbeit I thinke that not so much to bee attributed to the strength of the City as to the distracted mind of the besieger who in the meane time sollicited the French King to ioyne with the Dutch Princes to free Germanie from the Emperours tyranny and the French Army being once on foot himselfe raised forces against the Emperour The forme of this City is like a Moone increasing the Bishopricke thereof is rich and the Margraue of Brandeburg his eldest sonne did then possesse it together with the City and territory by the title of Administrator in which sort he also held the Bishopricke of Hall and he lay then at Wormested a Castle not farre of In the market place there is a Statua erected to the Emperour Otho the Great founder of that City and Munster writes of another statua erected to Rowland which I remember not to haue seene In the Senate-house they shewed a singular picture made by one Lucas a famous Painter dead some thirty yeeres before where also is the picture of that monstrous German with all the dimensions of his body who not long before was led about the world to be shewed for a wonder This man I had not seene but in this picture I could scarce reach the crowne of his head with the point of my rapier and many of good credit told me that they had seene this mans sister halfe an ell higher then he In the Church that lies neere the market place there is a Font of great worth and a Lute painted with great Art the Cathedrall Church of Saint Maurice was built by Otho the Great very sumptuously where his wife lies buried in the yeere 948. and the inscription is that shee was daughter to Edmund King of England There they shew one of the three vessels in which our Sauiour Christ turned water into wine at Cana in Galile There be in all ten Churches but the aboue named are the fairest Hence we went foureteene miles to Leipzig being a day and a halfes iourney through fruitfull corne fields and a Countrey full of rich Villages the Merchant with whom I went bearing my charges from Hamburg I might haue hired a Coach to Leipzig for sixe persons those of Nurnburg bearing eight for 24. dollers and if a man goe thence to Luneburg he may easily light on a Coach of returne at a lesse rate so that in respect of the cheapnes of victuals in these parts no doubt I gaue the Merchant too much for my charges in this iourney Leipzig is seated in a plaine of most fruitfull corne ground and full of rich Villages in a Countrey called Misen subiect to the Elector Duke of Saxony and the Countrey lying open to the eye in a most ample prospect onely one wood can be seene in this large plaine The streets are faire the market place large and stately and such are the chiefe houses built of free stone foure roofes high there is a conuenient conduit of water in the Suburbs lying towards Prage the ditch is dry the wals of stone threaten ruine neither may the Citizens fortifie the Towne nor vse red waxe in their publike seales nor winde a Horne in their night watches as other Cities doe these and other priuiledges being taken from them in the yeere 1307. when they killed their Duke Ditzmanus in Saint Thomas Church Out of this City they haue as many Cities in Germany haue a beautifull place to bury their dead called Gods-aker vulgarly Gotts-aker where the chiefe Citizens buy places of buriall proper to their families round about the Cloisters and the common sort are buried in the midst not couered with any building Here I found this Epitaph the numerall Letters whereof shew the yeere when the party died FoeLIX qVI In DoMIno nIXVs ab orbe fVgIt And like Epitaphs are ordinarily found through Germany This Citie hath an Vniuersity and in the yeere 1480. the Students of Prage remoued hither to flie the Hussites warre but at this day the Vniuersitie is much decayed by reason that Wittteberg lieth neere hauing better conueniency for the Schollers liuing From hence I
plaine of inclosed pastures Entering the City we passed the brooke Limachus by a bridge the Suburbs are built vpon the ascent of a Mountaine and the City on the top of it where there is a Castle vpon a Rocke of old very strong but now ruinated on the North side descending into a valley by the brooke on the right hand or vpon the East side within a musket shot lie the Baths which are famous for medicine and are in number thirty seated on each side the Brooke which diuideth them into Bethora the great and the little In the great diuers Bathes are contained vnder one roofe of a faire house and without the gate are two common to the poore These waters are so strong of brimstone as the very smoake warmeth them that come neere and the waters burne those that touch them Of these one is called the Marques Bath and is so hot as it will scald off the haire of a Hogge many hauing no disease but that of loue how soeuer they faine sickenesse of body come hither for remedy and many times find it Weomen come hither as richly attired as if they came to a marriage for Men Weomen Monkes and Nunnes sit all together in the same water parted with boords but so as they may mutually speake and touch and it is a rule here to shun all sadnes neither is any iealousie admitted for a naked touch The waters are so cleere as a penny may be seene in the bottome and because melancholy must be auoided they recreate themselues with many sports while they sit in the water namely at cards and with casting vp and catching little stones to which purpose they haue a little table swimming vpon the water vpon which sometimes they doe likewise eate These Bathes are very good for Weomen that are barren They are also good for a cold braine and a stomacke charged with rhume but are hurtfull for hot and dry complexions and in that respect they are held better for Weomen then Men. The Innes were wont to pay tribute to the three Cantons of Baden Brucke and Bazell but now Baden alone makes great profit of them by the great concourse of sickely persons and the Parliaments of the Cantons commonly held there I paid for my diet six Batzen a meale From hence I hired a Horse at the same rate as before and passing through woody Mountaines came in three houres riding to the City Brucke By the way I passed the Brooke Russe which runneth from Lucerna into these parts and the boate was drawne by a cable running vpon a wheele by reason of the waters swift course where I paide for my passage sixe creitzers and when I came neere Bruck I passed the Brooke Ara by a bridge paying one creitzer for tribute and here I paid fiue batzen a meale From hence hiring a horse as before I rode in two houres space to Hornsea through steepe Mountaines and a wood of Oake by the way lies Kingsfeld that is Kingly field a Monastery so called because Widowe Queenes and Kings forsaking their Scepters and inferiour Princes were wont of old to enter into this place for the solitary profession of Religion In the same Cloyster of old liued the Friars of Saint Francis order in the building on the right hand as you come in and the Nunnes of Saint Clara on the left hand and both came to the same Chappell the Friars to the body of the Church and the Nunnes to close galleries aboue looking out and hearing through grates The Emperour Albertus being killed by his Nephew in the yeere 1380. at Santbacke three miles distant this Monastery was built for his memory though his bones were buried at Spire The reuenewes of this monastery grew in time to be yeerly forty thousand Guldens which are now appropriated to the common treasure of the Sweitzer Cantons Leopold Duke of Austria lies here buried Ferdinand of Insprucke one of the Archdukes of Austria is Lord of Hornesea all the rest of the territories from Schafhusen to this place belonging to the Cantons of Sweitzerland and here I paid sixe batzen a meale Hence I hired a horse as before and rode in fiue houres to Rheinefeld through fruitfull hils of corne hauing on all sides wooddy Mountaines in sight Here againe I passed the Rheine and paid two raps for my horse and my selfe foot-men paying but one The Rheine passeth by with a violent course and washeth the Towne on the East side Here I paid sixe Batzen a meale Hence hiring a Horse as before I rode in two houres space to Bazell through a faire plaine of corne and pasture lying vpon the Rheine hauing on all sides woody Mountaines in sight and neere the City were most pleasant fields planted with vines to the which fields the territory of the said Arch-duke extendeth on the East side of the Rheine I entered by little Bazell seated in a plaine on the East side of Rheine and so passed by a bridge of wood into the greater Bazell seated vpon pleasant hils on the West side of Rheine This City of old was one of the imperiall free Cities but now is ioined to the Cantons of Sweitzerland and was built in the yeere 3 2 hauing the name of a Basiliske slaine by a Knight couered with cristall or of the word Pasell which in Dutch signifies a beaten path or of the greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as a kingly City The lesse Bazell was of old built by an Arch-duke of Austria in preiudice of the greater and after being sold to it for thirty thousand guldens was incorporated therevnto The greater hath many caues vnder the hils and suffered a great earth-quake in the yeere 1346 at which time the Pallace neere the Cathedrall Church fell into the Rheine and another Earth-quake in the yeere 1356. wherein 180. persons were killed all the people flying out of the Towne Eugenius the Pope held a Councell in this City the yeere 1431. The Bridge of wood ioyning the little and great City diuided by the Rheine is broad enough for two carts to passe at once and towards little Bazell six Arches are of stone but towards great Bazell where the Rheine tunneth most swiftly eight Arches are built of wood that they may be more easily repaired and vpon any warre from Germany more readily broken downe This City is of the forme of an half Moone I meane the great City reckoning the lesse for a Suburbe and being seated upon diuers hils on the West side of the Rheine imbraceth betweene the two hornes the lesser City seated in a plaine on the East side of Rheine On the West side of the greater the Emperor Rodulphus of Habspurg besieged the City and on this side something towards the North within the walles is a most pleasant greene for walking called peter platz In this place is the Armory of the City and the tribunal of Iustice and some faire houses of priuate men and a most pleasant shade of trees among
cloth as would couer the same with a Rose-noble at the corner of each cloth Others tell a fable of like credit that it was once sold to a Merchant whom they scoffed when he came to take possession bidding him take away the earth he had bought The great reuenew exacted in this straight hath giuen occasion to these and the like fables And in truth if either the King of Suetia or the free City of Lubeck had the possession of this Iland and were fortified therein they might easily command this passage and extort what they list from the Merchants passing that way and perhaps conquer the parts adioyning but the possession thereof were altogether vnprofitable for any Prince whose Territories lie out of the Sound the entrance whereof is forbid by the two foresaid strong Castles But lest I should bee as foolish as they I returne to my purpose And first giue me leaue to mention that there lies a City not farre distant in the Kingdome of Norway which is called London as the chiefe City in England is called Vpon Sunday the twenty six of August in the yeere 1593 I tooke an English ship heere to saile into Prussen hauing first bought for my victuals halfe a lambe for twelue Danish shillings thirty egges for six shillings and some few pots of Spanish wine for forty two Danish shillings with some other small prouisions From Elsinure to Dantzk they reckon eighty English miles Assoone as wee were come out of the harbour wee saw two ships sayling two contrary wayes and yet hauing both a forewind which sometimes happens vpon the shoare as marriners know For of these two contrary winds the one is airy which holds when you are gone into the maine the other is from the earth and in short time faileth at the very shore which euent we presently saw with our eyes one of the ships going fairely on his course the other casting anchor The English ship in which I went was called the Antilope being of one hundred fifty tuns or thereabouts and one Master Bodley was the Master thereof who shewed me manifest signes where his ship in two places had beene struck with lightning the first whereof passed into the pumpe and rent it but comming to the water was by the nature thereof carried vpward and comming out at the top of the pumpe made two little holes then passing to the great Mast rent it and made a great crany therein from the hatches to the top The second struck the top of the said maine Mast and againe rent it in such wise as it would scarcely beare saile till wee might come to Dantzk where the best Mastes are sold at a good rate The first day we sayled in the Baltick sea some fiue miles with a scant winde and cast anchor neere Copenhagen With a faire winde and good gaile Marriners vsually sayle some three Dutch leagues in an houre On Monday early wee sayled along the shore three miles to Falsterboden On Tuesday early wee sayled eighteene miles to the Iland Brentholm and vpon our left hands saw the land in two places and there sounding with our plummet sand of Amber stuck thereunto The same day by noone wee sayled the length of that Iland and vpon Wednesday by three of the clocke in the morning hauing sayled thirty miles we passed by Rose-head being a Promentory 〈◊〉 Dantzk On Thurs-day by eight of the clocke in the morning hauing sayled eighteene miles we came to a Land called Rettell and entered the Port of Meluin where the water was scarce two fadome deepe our ship drawing one fadome and a halfe the entry was narrow and there were many booyes floting vpon shoales sands and the weather being calme we were drawne in by a boate with Oares In like cases ships vse to draw themselues in by the casting and weighing of Anchors with great labour and flow riddance of way From Kettell we passed ten miles and came to the Port of Meluin Iu the aforesaid entry of the Riuer on the right hand towards the West we saw Dantzke seated not farre from the sea shore where it hath a hauen but not so safe as this and towards the North-east in the same place a channell runneth vp to Konigsberg the Court of the Duke of Prussen The Port of Meluin is searce ten foot deepe but our ship passed through the mud like a plow vpon land This port is a little distant from the City on the North-side where we entered by a faire large street called Martgasse lying thence towards the South Prussen of old was subiect to the order of the Teutonicke Knights but by agreement made betweene the King of Poland and the Margraue or Marques of Brandeburg Master of the said order part of the prouince was giuen to the said Marques and his heires with title of Duke vnder homage to the King of Poland with condition that for want of heire male it should returne to the Kingdome of Poland and the other part was then vnited to the said Kingdome but Dantzke and Meluin remained free Cities acknowledging the King of Poland for their Protector for which cause they giue him many customes and permit his Officer to abide in the City ard receiue the same Meluin is a little and faire City lately compassed with new wals and at this time grew rich by the English Merchants hauing their staple in the same They giue good fare for foure grosh a meale and he that paies for two meales in the day may besides haue meat or drinke betweene meales at pleasure without paying any thing The same euening we landed at Meluin our Marriners staying in the ship entertained other English Marriners comming aboard and according to their custome giuing them a peece when they departed it happened that the peece being of iron brake and therewith cut the Cooke off by the middle and rent all the prow of the ship The English Merchants at Meluin had no Preacher though the Citizens gaue them free exercise of religion so that how so euer they excused in by reason that learned Preachers could hardly be drawne to come so farre for meanes to liue yet I thought them not free of blame in this point because our Merchants further distant in Asia and liuing vnder the Turkes Empire found meanes by their bounty to haue learned Preachers Neither indeed did I euer obserue in any other place Italy excepted that our Merchants wanted Preachers where they held their staples From Meluin I went ten miles in one day to Dantzke and we being onely two conforts paid each of vs a Doller for our Coach In the morning we went sixe miles and by the way passed the Riuer Begot comming out of the riuer Vistula where our Coachman paid three grosh to haue his Coach carried ouer a damme Beyond this riuer we entered the territory of the King of Poland and passing all this way through fruitfull come fields and rich medowes and pastures in a Countrey abounding with
with the rich Porphery and Ophyte stones and the Marble Images of Saint Marke and Saint Iohn the Euangelist In the Church of Saint Andrew the fairest of this sextary and a cloyster of Nunnes the pictures of Christ crucified and of his supper with his Apostles and the most faire Altars of the Virgin Saint Anthony and Saint Nicholas In the Church of Saint George the greater giuing name to the Iland in which it is seated ouer against the market place of Saint Marke and the chiefe Church next that of Saint Marke the pall of the great Altar and the brasen Images two brasen Images of the Organs the seats of the wal-nut tree wonderfully ingrauen another Altar built by Vincent Morosini the Altar of Saint Stephen the first Martyr the Altar of the blessed Virgin and her Image the Altar of Saint Lutia with her Image and the wonderfull crucifix of another Altar In the Church of Saint Mary delle gratie the infinite gifts hung vp there vpon vowes In the Church of the Holy Ghost the Pall of the great Altar and the marble stones and pillars and the brasen candlestickes and a skreene of brasse guilded and the pictures of Saint Markes Altar the candlesticke of the great chappel curiously carued the rare Images and arched roofe of the Altar of the Cratch being all the worke of the famous Painter Titiano whose rare image also the Friars haue and in the publike refectory of the Friars the admirable pictures of the resurrection of Sampson and especially of Christ supping with his Apostles In the monastery of Saint Hellen giuing name to the Iland and founded by Alexander Boromeo and being one of the fairest in the City a crosse of inestimable value In the Church of Saint Andrew della Certosa the monument of Austine Barbadici who hartening the confederates to fight was chiefe cause of the victory against the Turkes by sea in the yeere 1571. and while he liued by faire and rough tearmes kept the league vnbroken which presently vpon his death was dissolued In the Church of Saint Nicholas del Liro the sepulcher of Duke Dominicke Contarini rich with porphery and ophyte stones and a well of fresh water lying very neere the sea and hauing so full a spring as it serueth all the shippes and gallies The almes-house of Saint Lazerus is built for lepers The old Lazereto is a pest-house where the Prior and Physitians haue yeerely fee to attend the sicke Not farre from that is the new Lazareto whither they are sent who are suspected to haue the plague but as soone as they begin to be sicke they are sent thence to the old Lazareto and hither all suspected men are sent to try their health which if they keepe for forty daies then they are set free These things are in this sextary most remarkeable The sixth sextary and the third and last beyond the channell is of the forme of the Iland called Il sestiero di dorso duro In the Church of the Saints Geruaso and Protese the grauen Images and pictures in the chappell of the holy sacrament In the cloyster of Saint Agnes the Prioresse bringeth vp six Virgins which being of ripe yeeres are either married or made Nunnes and sixe more of good families sent thither in their place In the Church of Saint Gregory there is a second monument erected to Anthony Bragadini traiterously slaine by the Turkes at the taking of Cyprus The Iland Giudecca belongs to this sextary the chiefe Church whereof is Saint Eufemia it hauing nine other Churches The Church of the Iesuites is called Saint Mary of Humblenes and it hath pictured with great art the pals of the passion of Christ of the Apostles Peter and Paul of Christ circumcised and of Saint Francis and the great Altar is one of the fairest in the City In the Church Carmini a singular paire of Organs the Images of the blessed virgins foure Euangelists and Christ crucified and vpon the altar of Christ crucified two stones shining like christall which are esteemed for iewels In the Church of Saint Mary of Charity the rich chappell of San Saluadore In the most faire Church of the Capuchine Friars seated in the Iland Giudecca the images of brasse and the faire screene of the great Altar In the most faire Church of Saint Mary the greater being a Nunnery the rare pictures of the greater chappell In the Church of the holy crosse Della Giudecca the monument of the Cardinall Francis Morosini sent Ambassador to the Turke and Nuncio to Pope Sixtus the fifth in the French Court and here the rest of his Family vse to be buried The Monastery of the conuerted is for whores repenting Another is built for Orphan Virgins the Church whereof hath rich screenes of marble with brasse images and in the same liue some two hundred and fifty Virgins of almes and by the worke of their hands which comming to ripe yeeres are either married or made Nunnes These things are in this sextary most remarkeable The Venetians haue six fraternities or great schooles such as be also at Rome and the Gentlemen and Citizens all giue their names to one of them as in England at London the Citizens haue companies into which the King Queene and Nobles many times vouchsafe to be admitted And in these schooles as it were in Vniuersities they vse to haue exercises of religion The first of them is called Saint Mary of Charity after the rule whereof the rest are framed and the great Guardian thereof is chosen yeerly and weares a skarlet gowne with large sleeues which they call Ducall sleeues and he hath the title of Magnifito by priuiledge These schooles giue dowries yeerely to 1500. Virgins and distribute among the poore much money meale and clothes for besides many gifts by last testaments daily giuen to those vses each of the schooles hath some fiue or sixe thousand duckets in yeerely reuenew and they are gouerned like common wealthes In the said schoole the Images of the Apostles and the pictures especially one of the blessed Virgin and another of the foure Doctors of the Church are very faire In the schoole of Saint Iohn the Euangelist the passion of Christ is wonderfully figured and Phillip the second King of Spaine and his sonne Ferdinand and Don Iohn of Austria and other Princes haue beene of this fraternity The third is of mercy The fourth of Saint Marke The fifth of Saint Rocco passing the rest in ceremonies pompe and number of brethren The sixth is of Saint Theodore and each of these hath his Church and Pallace and precious monuments and these are subiect to the counsell of ten for there be many lesse schooles each art hauing his schoole and these are subiect to the old Iustice and out of them when need is souldiers are pressed It remaines to adde something of the magnificall building of this City And in the first place the market place of Saint Marke is paued with bricke and it consists of foure market
scoffed at vs and to my great maruell the Citizens of good sort did not forbeare this barbarous vsage towards vs. The description of Naples and the Territory A Rome farre distant B Capua D Torre di Graco and the Mountaine Somma E The Mountaine Pausilippo F The Iland Nisita or Nisa G The Iland Procida H S. Martino as I thinke an Iland I Ischia an Iland K Caprca or Capre an Iland L Palmosa an Iland and beyond it the Syrenes Iland famous by tables M The Citie Caieta N Circello a famous Mountaine for the Witch Circe P The Bay of Baie or Pozzoli R Linternum now called Torre della Patria X The Promontory Miseno Y The Cape of Minerua Z The old Citie Cuma a The Gate of Capua b The Kings Gate c The Church S. Clara. d The Castle of S. Ermo eéeee Scattered houses f The Hauen g Il. Molle h The Castle deuouo k The Vice-Royes house l The new Castle m The Lake d'Agnano compassed with the Mountaine Astruno n Grotta del can ' o Solfataria p Pozzoii q Tripergola r The Lake of Auernus s Baie t Cento Camerelle v Piscina mirabile w The Elisian fields From the foresaid part on the East-side of the Citie where we entred by the a Gate of a Capua without the walls towards the land Eight miles frō the Citie lies D Torre di Graco now called Torre d'ottauio where Pliny writer of the Naturall history and Admirall of the Nauey of Augustus was neere the said sower choked with vapours while too curiously he desired to behold the burning of the Mountaine Vesunius now called Somma This Mountaine Somma is most high and vpon the top is dreadfull where is a gulfe casting out flames and while the windes inclosed seeke to breake out by naturall force there haue been heard horrible noises and fearefull groanes Therest of the Mountaine aboundeth with vines and Oliues and there growes the Greckewine which Pliny calles Pompeies wine and of this wine they say this place is called Torredi Graco The greatest burning of this Mountaine brake out in the time of the Emperour Titus the smoke whereof made the Sunne darke burnt vp the next territories and consumed two Cities Pompeia and Herculea and the ashes thereof couered all the fields of that territory It brake out againe in the yeere 1538 with great gaprig of the earth and casting downe part of the Mountaine The Pallace there taking the name of the next Village is called Pietra Biancha that is white stone which on the inside is all of marble decked with carued worke in the very Chambers and there is an Image of a Nymphe sleeping and lying vpon an earthen vessell out of which great quantity of water flowes and falls into Marble Channels wherein fish are kept as in pondes This Pallace was built in the yeere 1530 by a Counseller to the Emperour Charles the fifth At the foote of this Mountaine of old Decius the first of all the Roman Consuls did by vow giue himselfe for the Army And at the bridge of the Brooke Draco the last King of the Gothes Teius was slaine hauing three Bucklers all pierced with his enemies arrowes On the same East side comming backe to Naples yet the saide Mountaine lyes Northward you shall come to a stately Pallace which the Kings of Naples haue built and called it Poggio Reale being not aboue a mile from Naples There of old was seated the Citie Paleopolis and it lies in a most sweete Plaine From the said Pallace the way leades right to the Kingly b Gate called Porta Reale at which onely the King enters in solemne pompe and from this Gate right to the West lies a most faire and large streete called Strada Toletana the way whereof on both sides is raised with a faire and large pauement for men to walk vpon and it hath a faire Market-place When you come to the end of this streete there is the Church of Saint c Clara called vulgarly San ' chiara which was built by Agnes of Spaine wife to King Robert where are artificiall sepulchers of the said Robert comming of the French Kings and of his wife Agnes and of other Kings and Princes of the French family Durczzana And there in a Chappell the Monkes day and night sing with a lamentable voice or rather groane for the rest of their deceased soules In the Church of Saint Dominick is an Altar which they say cost some twenty fiue thousand Crownes and in the Vesterie lie the bodies of nine Kings in coffins of wood couered with peuter hauing black veluet laied ouer them Among these Kings are Alphonso the first King of Aragon and Ferdinand his sonne and Ferdinand the second And in this place also the Monkes in like sort sing or rather houle rest to their soules They shew a Crucifix which they say did speake to Thomas Aquinas in this manner Thomas thou hast written well of me what reward doest them aske And that Thomas should answere No reward Lordbut thy selfe onely I haue heard that Saint Bernard knowing the fraudes and impostures of the Monkes and not dissembling them when the Image of the blessed Virgin did in like sort praise him did with much more pietie and wisdome answere out of S. Paul 1. Cor. 14. Let women be silent in the Church for it is not permitted them to speake Not farre thence are the publike schooles of the Vniuersity which the Emperour Fredericke the second founded there In the most faire Church of the Monkes of Saint Oliuet the Images of Ferdinand the first and Alphonso the second are so liuely engrauen and doe so artificially represent them as well in the bed dying as vpon their knees praying with the mourning of the by-standers the horror of Religion being increased with lampes continually burning as my selfe by chance passing by this Chappell thought I had fallen among liuing Princes not dead Images and perhaps I haue seene a more sumptuous monument but a more beautifull did I neuer see In the little Church of the Hermitane Friers Saint Iohn in Carbonara is a monument of Robert King of Naples and of Ioane the first his sister of white marble being an Altar which the Italians thinke the most stately monumenr of Europe but for my part I dare not preferre it to some in Germany nor to many in England nor to the monuments of the Turkish Emperours Many tables are hung vp by vow in this Church There is a faire sepulcher of white marble erected to N. Caraccioli Marshall of the Kingdome I omit the most faire Church of Saint Mary of the Preachers almost all of marble and the Cathedrall Church called Episcopio and the Church of Saint Laurence Vpon the North-west and by-north part of the City is the Fort called d S. Eremo cut out in a high Rocke yet the ascent thereunto is so easie as a horse-man may well mount to the top Vpon this mountaines top lies a plaine in which this Castle is seated which commands
the City though it were taken by the enemy A little beneath is the monastery of the Carthusians and vpon pretence to enlarge that monastery the Emperour Charles the fifth built this most strong Castle to bridle the wonted petulancy and inconstancy of the Citizens and from thence there is a most sweet prospect as well into the City as to the bayes of the sea Towards the South-side is the Hauen and beyond the f bay of Naples lies firme land for the Sea comming in from the West makes this bay Vpon this side is a fortification for the safety of the hauen which is called g Il Molle it driues off the waues of the sea and makes the Hauen like an halfe Moone and therein at this time were twenty gallies and ten small ships The Armory lies vpon the Sea from whence the gallies and ships and land forces are armed and among other things there is kept the rich Armour yet without any ornament of gold of the French King Francis the first which he did weare when he was taken prisoner at Pauia Thereby lies a large market place in which is a faire fountaine with many Images casting out water Also there is a Tower where they set light by night to guide sea men into the Hauen In the said market place is a stone vpon which many play away their liberty at dice the Kings officers lending them money which when they haue lost and cannot repay they are drawne into the gallies for the Spaniards haue slaues of both sexes On the outside of the said Molle or fortification vpon the hauen towards the west neere to the shore lies the most strong fort called l Castello nuouo seated in a plaine and built by Charles the first of Arion and so fortified by Alphonso the first King of Aragon as it is numbred among the chiefe forts of Europe The inward gate is most faire all of marble and it hath a little fouresquare hall in which the Parliaments are yeerely held and the Viceroyes weekely sit in iudgement Neere this hall is a faire tower in which the Kingly ornaments are laid vp namely a scepter of gold with great diamonds vpon the top the sword with the haft and scabbard of gold adorned with precious stones the Kings Crowne shining with precious stones a golden crosse an huge pot of gold set with precious stones great Vnlcornes hornes and the chiefe kinds of precious stones Further towards the West yet so neere as the garden of the Pallace lies vpon the ditch of this Castle is the k Viceroyes Palace which hath a large and most sweet garden and delicate walk paued with diuers coloured and engrauen marbles And in this garden are two banquetting houses whereof one is very stately built and hath a sweet fountaine close to the table continually powring out water Also there is a delicate cage of birds wrought about with thick wyer and it is as big as an ordinary stil-house delicately shadowed round about wherein are many kinds of singing birds as well of Italy as forraigne Countries A little further within the water is the h Castle of the egge built vpon a rock by the Normans which Rocke is of an ouall forme and gaue the name to the Castle vulgarly called Castel ' del ' vuono which at this day is ruinous and some say it was the Pallace of Lucullus but it is certaine that the Normans built it as they did also another Castle which is old and called the Capuan Castle of the adioining Capuan-gate Naples was of old called Parthenope of one of the Syrens there buried whom they write to haue cast her selfe into the sea for griefe that by no flattery shee could detaine Vlisses with her The Citizens of old Cuma built Naples and left it should grow great to the preiudice of Cuma they pulled it down againe till at last oppressed with a great glague vpon the warning of an oracle they built it againe and changing the old name Parthenope called it Naples which in Greeke signifies a new City It is seated at the foot of hils and mountaines in length from the North-east to the South-west or rather seemeth to be triangular whereof two corners lie vpon the sea and that towards the West is more narrow then the other and the third blunt corner lies towards the mountaines Vpon the East-side there be pleasant suburbs and vpon the West-side more large suburbs but vpon the North-side without the wals there be onely some few eeeee scattered houses built vpon the sides of hils The houses of the City are foure roofes high but the tops lie almost plaine so as they walke vpon them in the coole time of the night or at left in generall the tops are not much erected like other parts of Italy and the building is of free stone and sheweth antiquity but the windowes are all couered with paper or linnen cloth for glasse windowes are most rare in Italy and as it were proper to Venice It hath three faire broad and long streetes namely La Toletano la Capuana and la vicaria the rest are very narrow There be eight gates towards land and as many towards sea among which the Capuan gate since the Emperour Charles the fifth entered thereat is decked with monuments and statuaes There be in this City very many Pallaces of Gentlemen Barons and Princes whereupon the City is vulgarly called Napoli Gentile Among these two Pallaces are most stately one of the Duke of Greuina which the King of Spaine forbad to be finished the other of the Prince of Salerno There be foure publike houses called Seggij in which the Princes and Gentlemen haue yeerely meetings and there also is the daily meeting of the Merchants Almost euery house hath his fountaine of most wholsome waters Neere the market place are many Innes but poore and base for howsoeuer the City aboundeth with houses where they giue lodging and meat yet it deserues no praise for faire Innes of good entertainement On all sides the eye is as it were bewitched with the sight of delicate gardens aswell within the City as neere the same The gardens without the wals are so rarely delightfull as I should thinke the Hesperides were not to be compared with them and they are adorned with statuaes laberinthes fountaines vines myrtle palme cetron lemon orange and cedar trees with lawrels mulberies roses rosemary and all kinds of fruits and flowers so as they seeme an earthly Paradice The fields are no lesse fruitfull bringing forth abundantly all things for the vse of man The Kings stables without the wals are worth the seeing for the horses of this Kingdome are much esteemed and if any man buy a horse to carry out of the Kingdome he payes the tenth part of the price to the King The City being seated vpon the sides of hils and by lying open to the South being subiect to great heates and most parts of the streetes being narrow so as in walking the heat
is not to be endured and yet they cannot vse Coaches one fashion pleased me beyond measure that at the end of many streetes they had chaires vulgarly called Seggioli di Napoli which those that are weary doe enter and they being couered round about and onely hauing windowes on the sides he that is carried therein cannot be seene of any and yet himselfe may see all that passe Two Porters carry these chaires by two long staues fastened thereunto and lift them but little from the ground and so for a moderate price carry the passenger to any part of the City After I obserued the same fashion at Genoa which is in like sort seated vpon the sides of hils and mountaines and in Cities so seated I thinke this fashion very conuenient The territory of Naples hath many famous antiquities and wonderfull things to be seene which that we might behold we went early in the morning on foot out of the Southwest-side of the City hauing passed long suburbs scattered houses we came within a Musket shot to the mountaine E Pausilippo which is wonderfully pleasant aswell for the houses and villages built vpon it as for the excellent fruits which it yeeldeth of all kinds This mountaine being hard to be ascended extendeth it selfe in good length from the sea towards the land so as the way would be very troublesome to Pozzols either ascending the mountaine or compassing it had they not found a remedy to this inconuenience Therefore the Progenitors of these Citizens which some attribute to Lucullus as they doe all magnificall things and others to one Bassus but Leander the Cosmographer a witnesse without exception attributes it to Coccius a Roman I say their Progenitors with wonderful Art and huge expence digged a passage vnder this mountaine and so made a plaine way to Pozzoli and those parts This way Strabo cals a Caue and it is vulgarly called La grotta di Napoli and serueth this famous City in stead of a gate yet is it a musket shot distant and alwaies lies open And the foresaid Leander witnesseth that it is twelue foot broad twenty foure high and two hundred long to which length if you adde 500. foote more which at both ends was digged but lies not couered as the rest but in open aire this worke may well be said to be an Italian mile long My selfe obserued that part of the passage vnder the mountaine to bee nine hundred and sixteene walking paces long and nine broad and the hight I imagined to double the bredth yet is it in some places biger then in other And for the bredth it is certaine that two Coaches or Carts may passe together one by the other The enterance and the going out at the other end are like two gates and of old light came in by many holes or windowes from the top of the mountaine but the falling of earth did by little and little stop this light and in the time of Seneca this passage was so darke as he compares it to a prison and at last the light was so stopped by the fall of earth by nettles and shrubs as there was no light at all till Alphonso the first of Aragon King of Naples opened two windowes towards the two ends which onely light it hath at this day to direct passengers At the entrance of either end the opposite gate seemes no bigger then a full Moone and a man entering there would seeme a little child It hath no light in the middest but like twilight or the Ouidian light which is in thicke woods and in the twilight of morning and euening passengers vse torches continually the carters or horsmen when they passe by the midst of the caue vse to giue warning one to the other crying vulgarly Alla marina that is towards the sea or Alla Montagna that is towards the mountaine according to the side on which they come Before we entered this caue among other stately Pallaces one vulgarly called Merguilino built by Iames Sanazzarro a famous Poet almost of our age and giuen by his last will to a religious house contains the sepulcher of a learned man vpon which Bembus is said to haue written these verses Da sacro cineriflores hic ille Maroni Sincerus Musaproximus vt tumulo These relikes decke with flowers Sincer us here In tombe as muse to Maro comes most neere Vpon the mountaine of Pausilippo is the sepulcher of Virgil shewed in two places whom Seruius writes to haue beene buried in this way neere Naples and that these verses were written vpon his sepulcher Mantua me genuit Calabrirapuere tenet nunc Parthenope cecinipascua rura Duces Mantuan borne Calaber dead me holds Parthenope who sung ploughs Dukes sheepefolds Or thus Mantua gaue me life Calabry death my graue Parthenope who sung pastures Ploughs Captaines braue Or thus Mantua life did lend to me Calabers laid me on deaths carre My bones lie at Parthenope Who sung sheepe tillage feates of warre And the best iudgements hold that he was buried in the Church of the Friars regular canons at the entrance of the caue as you go frō Naples not in the Church at the going out of the Caue and though both places shew the sepulcher yet these verses are in neither place but the inscriptions are worne out with age the Monks report that there was a statua of brasse vpon his sepulcher which those of Mantua stole fro thence indeede at Mantua they shew such a statua whether stolne from hence or no let them dispute When we had passed this Caue wee bent our way from the Sea towards the land and came to the Mountaine m Astrune being of forme like a Theater compassing a large Plaine Alphonso the first King of Aragon and Naples and his sonne Ferdinand vsed to inuite the Princes Nobles and People of the Kingdome to hunting in this place turning the dogs and beasts they hunted into the valley himselfe and the noble men sitting in a pleasant Groue vpon the top of the Mountaine and the people being scattered round about the Mountaine to behold the sport In the same plaine compassed with this Mountaine is the Lake of m Agnano which is said to be without bottome and to haue nothing in it but frogs And at the foote of the inside of the Mountaine next to Naples there is a venimous Caue vulgarly called n la grotta del'can ' that is the Caue of the dogge because they trie the poison by putting dogs into it This Caue is some eight foote high and sixe broad and goeth some foure paces vnder the Mountaine where a signe is set beyond which if any liuing thing passe it presently dies Pliny writes that this caue was called Cherone a scrobae euaporating a pestilent aire We gaue two poli to a woman dwelling there for a dog to trie the poyson with it which dog wee fastened to a long staffe and so thrust him into the caue holding him there till he seemed dead and being taken
Colledge Cluniacense the Pallace of the Baths which they say was built by Iulius Caesar and is so called either of the bounds of the Tributes or of the Baths of Iulian the Apostata the waters whereof are drawne from a Village adioining and the Colledge of eighteene and vpon the left hand the Colledge of Hericuria the Colledge of Iustice the Colledge of the Treasurers the Colledge Baionium the Colledge Scensa and the Colledge Turonense The fifth Gate on the West side is called O Saint Germain and without the gate is a suburbe all suburbes are vulgarly called Faulxbourg which is large and was pulled downe to the ground in the ciuill war And there King Henry the fourth lay encamped when he besieged the City In this suburbe is the monastery of Saint Germain not inferiour to any in wealth and indowed with great priuiledges and iurisdiction where the old Kings Childebert the second and Ckilperit the fourth and Clotharius the second lie buried and there is a chest of siluer the gift of King Eudo. On the right hand as you come into this Gate in the Minorites Cloyster are the sepulchers of the Queenes and Princes whereof one being of blacke marble with white statuaes is the fairest my memory herein may faile me that there is another Cloyster of Minorites without the gate of Saint Marcellus Also there lie the Colledge Brissiacum and vpon the left hand the house Rothomagensis the Colledge of Burgondy the house of Rhemes the Colledge Mignonium the Colledge Praemonstratense and the Colledge Dinuellium The sixth Gate is called P Bussia and vpon the right hand as you come in lies the Colledge Anthunense and vpon the left hand lies the house Niuernensis The seuenth and last Gate of the Vniuersity lies towards the northwest is called Q Nella and without the same is the meadow of the Clerkes On the right hand as you come in this gate lie the house Nella the Colledge of Saint Denis and the house of the Augustines wherein is the sepulcher and liuely Image of Phillip Comineus And vpon the left hand lie the lower Tower Nella and the Westerne bank of the Riuer Seyne These are the fairest streetes of the Vniuersity the first of Saint Victoire the second of Saint Marcellus the third of Saint Iames the fourth of Saint Germain the fifth of the Celestines vpon the banke of the Riuer the sixth of the mountaine of Saint Genouefa the seuenth of Saint Michaell and the eight of the Augustines vpon the banke of the riuer Seyne The third part of the City is the Iland compassed round about with the Riuer Seyn It had of old foure Gates vpon the foure bridges but seemes to haue had no gate vpon the fifth bridge called Pont aux musniers which in this discription I reckon to be the third gate In the vpper part of the Iland towards the South-east is a fenny market place called the Marsh that is the Fen. Neer that lies R the Cathedrall Church of the blessed Virgin which King Phillip Augustus began to build in the yeere 1257 the foundations being before laid by an vncertaine founder and it is reputed the chiefe among the miracles of France It is supported with one hundred and twenty pillars whereof one hundred and eight are lesse and twelue very great being all of free stone The Chauncell is in the middest of the Church which hath 〈◊〉 walking paces in length and sixty paces in bredth and all the Chauncell is compassed with stone wherein the Histories of the old and new testament are engrauen It hath forty fiue Chappels in the circuit thereof which are shut vp with grates of Iron In the Front it hath two double doores with faire statuaes of twenty eight Kings Vpon the sides are foure Towers or belfreyes thirtie foure Cubits high The greatest bell called Marie requires twentie foure men to ring it and the sound thereof in faire weather may bee heard seuen leagues of In a Chappell towards the South are the statuaes of King Lewis the fat and of his son Phillip with the Image of a hog because he died with a fal from his horse stumbling vpon a hog On the North side is a mark that the ouerflowing of the Riuer Seyne passed the outward statuaes from that of Phillip Augustus King Phillip of Valois hauing gotten a victory against the Flemings in the yeere 1328 offered his Horse and armour to the blessed Virgin and gaue the Chanons an hundred pounds yeerely rent to whom for that cause a Horse-mans statua is there erected Also there is a Giantlike statua erected to Saint Christofer in the yeere 1413 by Antony Dessars Knight In the lower part of the Iland towards the North-West the Church of S Saint Bartholmew is seated which was built by King Phillip the faire and after was turned from the Kings Chappell to a Monastery by King Lotharius in the yeere 973 and then became a parish Church whereof the King in respect of the old Pallace was the chiefe Parishioner and I thinke is so still It became most famous in that the bell of that Church was sounded vpon the verie day of Saint Bartholmew in the yeere 1572 to giue a signe to the Regalists and Guisians that they should kill those of the reformed Religion whom they had drawne to the Citie vnder pretence of loue and could not otherwise haue ouercome as they found by experience of their valour Neere that lyes the Kings greater T Pallace wherein the old Kings kept their Court but it hath since been vsed for the Courts of iustice and pleading of Lawyers In the great Hall hanges vp a dried Crocodil or a Serpent like a Crocodil There bee the painted Images of all the French Kings from Pharamund There is a statua of a Hart with the head and necke of Gold set there in memory of the Treasurers who in the time of King Charles the sixth turned the money in the Exchequer into that forme lest it should be wasted Here was painted vpon the wall neere the Tower vpon the top of the staires of the great Hall the Image of Engueranus Morignon Earle of Longauille and ouerseer of the building of this Pallace vnder King Phillip the faire with this inscription Chascun ' soit content de ses biens Qui n'a suffisance iln ' a riens Be thou content with the goods thee befall Who hath not enough hath nothing at all This was spoken like a Philosopher but the same man vnder Lewis Hatinus was hanged for deceiuing the King and this his Image was broken and kicked downe the staires In the Hall of the Pallace is a Marble Table at which Kings and Emperours were wont to bee feasted The Chamber of the Pallace where verball appeales are decided is called The golden Chamber and it is adorned with stately and faire arched roofes carued and pictures and there the Image of a Lyon with the Head deiected and the Tayle drawne in remembers the Pleaders of their dutie Lewis the
of Mount Oliuet in which they say Christ vsed to pray and did sweat bloud 44 Here they shew a place where they say beleeue it who list that S. Thomas after the Virgines buriall did see her both in body and soule assumed into heauen and that she casting her girdle to him gaue it for testimony thereof that all others might beleeue it In my opinion they did well to make Saint Thomas see it for otherwise hee would neuer haue beleeued it 45 The place where they say the Virgin was wont to rest when she visited the places frequented by her Sonne in the time hee liued heere and where she beheld the stoning of Saint Stephen and prayed for him 46 The stone where Christ leauing Peter Iames and Iohn said that his soule was heauy vnto death and went aside to pray warning them to watch 47 Here is a little circuit inclosed with a low wall where they report the Garden to be at the foot of Mount Oliuet where Christ vsed to pray and was betrayed by Iudas with a kisse 48 The place where they say the Village of Getsemany was of old seated Round about this place the Turks doe bury their dead as they do also in a field on the North side without the walles for they neuer burie within Cities excepting onely the monuments of their Emperours 49 Here they say Saint Iames the lesse did lye hidden till hee heard that Christ was risen againe the third day after his Passion 50 Here be two old Sepulchers almost of a round forme built of Free-stone or rather cut out of the liuing stone wherof the one is called the Sepulcher of Absolon the sonne of Dauid the other of King Manasses or as others say of the King Ezektas And considering the antiquitie they seeme no Plebean Sepulchers but stately and fit for Princes being foure Elles from the ground in height 51 Here is the top of Mount Oliuet the highest of all the Mountaines that compasse Ierusalem and here in a Chappell they shew in stone the print of Christs feete when he ascended into Heauen And this Chappell is kept by a Turkish Zanton that is a kinde of their Priests and the Turkes giue such reuerence to the monuments of Christ liuing on earth as they are much offended with Christians if they creepe not on their knees and with their shooes off to this and like monuments To the keeper hereof we gaue a few meidines for reward 52 Here they say Christ did weepe ouer the Citie and rich Temple of Salomon and in this place is the fullest prospect to view the Citie and Temple 53 Here they shew the ruines of the house wherein the Apostles assembled did write the Creede 54 Here they say Christ taught his Disciples to pray in the forme euer since receiued and here was a Church built by the Christians of old 55 Here they say Christ foretold the signes of the day of Iudgement 56 Here they say the Angell foretold the Virgin shee should die at three dayes ende Vpon Thursday the sixth of Iune we being to goe to Bethania hired each of vs an Asse for foure meidines that place being scarse two Italian miles from the citie Of our company we were foure Lay-men and because the Friers our consorts pleaded themselues to be free from such expences we were content to yeeld to them and gaue iointly into the hands of the Fryer our guide two zechines wherewith he was to giue small rewards and to pay the Muccaro who furnished vs with Asses for we meant not to eate till our returne the place being no further distant and there being no dwellings but onely the ruines of houses What our guide spent I know not for he neuer offered to giue vs account and because he was a Frier wee would not trouble him in demaunding it We went out by the Gate Sterquilinea noted with the figure 11 on the South side 57 First we came to the Fountaine Siloe to which Christ sent the blind man to wash his eyes and there we found Turkish women washing who beate vs away with stones 58 Here they shew a monument of the Prophet Elia but what it was I remember not 59 Here they shew a Fountaine where they say the Virgin washed Christs clothes when he was an infant 60 The Mount of Offence opposite to Mount Sion which Mount lies beyond the Brooke Cedron and extendeth Eastward towards Bethania and vpon the top thereof they shew the ruines of the Pallace which Salomon built for his Concubines and of the Altar vpon which hee sacrificed to Idols Betweene this Mount and that of Mount Sion they shew the Valley of the sonnes of Hinnon towards the West and there they shew a place wherein the Iewes offered their children to the Idoll Molech that is Saturne yet we reade that this Valley lies by the entry of the East-Gate Ieremtah chap. 19. vers 2. 61 Here they say the Prophet Isaiah was cut in pieces with a Sawe at the commaund of King Manasses 62 Here is a bridge ouer the Brook Kedron or Cedron of one Arch built of stone whereby they passe when the bed of the Brooke is filled with water which now wee passed drie footed And here they shew a place where they say Christ fell vpon the stones of the bed where the brook should runne when he being betraied by Iudas was drawne into the Citie in a great presse of the Iewes And vpon these stones are the prints of hands and feete as they say his 63 The way leading to Bethania ouer Mount Oliuet 64 The place where they say Iudas hanged himselfe and burst after he had betraied his Lord. Not farre hence they shew a figge tree which they say Christ cursed because it had leaues without fruit 65 Here descending from Mount Oliuet towards the East we did see farre off the valley Iordan to which the Mountaines decline by little and little And now we were come to Bethania where we did see the House of Simon the Leaper not yet ruined and inhabited by a Moore to whom we gaue a few meidines 66 Here they shew stately ruines of a Pallace which they say belonged to Lazarus And not farre thence is a Chappell built ouer the stately sepulcher of Lazarus the key whereof the Friars our guides had with them For the Turkes putting great religion in reuerencing this place haue an Oratory neere it and enter into the Sepulcher by another way Here they say Christ raised Lazarus out of his graue At our going forth wee were forced to giue some few meidines to certaine Turkes and Arabians I know not whether they had the Place in keeping or no 67 The House of Mary 68 The House of Martha her sister 69 The stone vpon which they say Christ did sit before he did see the sisters of Lazarus bewailing his death and it is some halfe mile from Bethania 70 This small line sheweth the bed of the Riuer Iordan running through a most pleasant valley which
Iuly in the yeere 1597 our hearts beingfull of ioy that our mercifull God had safely brought vs thither This early hower of the morning being vnfit to trouble my friends I went to the Cocke an Inne of Aldersgate streete and there apparrelled as I was laid me downe vpon a bed where it happened that the Constable and watchmen either being more busie in their office then need was or hauing extraordinary charge to search vpon some foraine intelligence and seeing me apparrelled like an Italian tooke me for a Iesuit or Priest according to their ignorance for the crafty Priests would neuer haue worne such clothes as I then did But after some few howers when I awaked and while I washed my hands did inquire after my friends health dwelling in the same streete the Host of the house knowing me dismissed the watchmen that say to apprehend me and told me how I had been thus mistaken CHAP. V Of the iourney through England Scotland and Ireland HE that desires to see the Cities and Antiquities of England Scotland and Ireland let him reade the Chapter of the vsuall manner of all kingdomes to iourney and to hire Coches and horses and also the Chapter wherein these Kingdomes are Geographically described out of Camden or if he list rather let him reade Camden himselfe of this point and lastly let him in the same last named Chapter peruse the diet of these Kingdomes and the entertainement in Innes Touching the distances of places by miles first for England he shall easily find a little printed booke particularly setting downe the same For Scotland I will briefely set downe my iourney therein And for Ireland the Cities being rare and farre distant hee must haue a guide who may without great trouble inquire them out Onely giue me leaue for the helpe of strangers to adde this one thing namely how they being curious to search antiquities and loth to omit the light of things worthy of obseruation may to this purpose best dispose of their iournies which all other men may fit to their endes and purposes First let them passe out of Normandy to Rhye an English Hauen in Sussex then let them visit such of the fiue Kentish Ports as they please let them see Cânterbury famous for the Seate of the Metropolitan Archbishop then the Castle of Qüinborrough in the Iland of Shoppey and the Regall Nauy then let them passe by Rochester a Bishops Seate the Regall Pallace at Greenewich and Depford the Nauall storehouse and not farre thence see the broken ribbes of the ship wherein famous Sir Francis Drake compassed the World and so let them come to London When they haue viewed the Monuments of London and Westminster and seene the Kings Court they may take a cursory iourney to view such antiquities in Middlesex Surry and Barkshire as vpon the reading of Camden they shall most desire to see and especially all or the chiefe Pallaces of the King Againe from London they may take a cursory iourney to see the Vniuersity of Oxford and so by Worcester returne to London In their iourney to the confines of England and Scotland they may see the Vniuersitie of Cambridge and view the most choise antiquities mentioned by Master Camden in Harfordshire Northamptonshire Lincolnsheire Yorkeshire Durham and Northumberland My selfe vpon occasion of businesse in the month of Aprill and the yeere 1598 tooke a iourney to these said confines namely to Barwick a Towne then very strongly fortified by the English to restraine the sudden incursions of the Scots and abounding with all things necessary for food yea with many dainties as Salmons and all kindes of shell-fish so plentifully as they were sold for very small prices And here I found that for the lending of sixtie pound there wanted not good Citizens who would giue the lender a faire chamber and good dyet as long as he would lend them the mony Being to returne from Barwicke I had an earnest desire first to see the King of Scots Court So from hence I rode in one day fortie miles to Edenborrow the chiefe Citie of that Kingdome And in this said daies iourney after foure miles riding I came to Aton a Village where the Lord of Hames dwelles whose Family was powerfull in those parts After sixteene miles more I came to Dunbar which they said to haue been of old a Towne of some importance but then it lay ruined and seemed of little moment as well for the pouertie as the small number of inhabitants After the riding of eight miles more on the left hand towards the West and something out of the high way the pleasant Village Hadrington lay which the English in the raigne of Queene Elizabeth tooke and kept against the French who drawne ouer in the time of faction kept the Towne of Dunbar and fortified the same When I had ridden fiue miles further I came to the ancient and according to the building of that Kingdome stately Pallace of the L. Seton beautified with faire Orchards and Gardens and for that clime pleasant Not farre thence lyes the Village Preston-graung belonging to the Family of the Cars powerfull from these parts to the very borders of England within land After I had ridden three miles more I came to the Village Fisherawe neere which beyond a Brooke lyes the Village Musselborow in a stony soyle famous for a great Victorie of the English against the Scots On the left hand towards the West and something out of the high way the Queene of Scots then kept her Court in the absence of the King at the Village Dawkeith in a Pallace belonging to the Earle of Murray From the said Village Fishrawe I rode the rest of the way being foure miles and so in one dayes iourney as I said came to Edenborow seated in Lodouey of old called Fictland the most ciuill Region of Scotland being hilly and fruitfull of corne but hauing little or no wood This City is the seat of the King of Scotland and the Courts of Iustice are held in the same Of old according to the changeable fortune of warre it was sometimes in the possession of the Scots sometimes of the English inhabiting this Easterne part of Scotland till the English Kingdome being shaken with the inuasions of the Danes at last about the yeere 960. it became wholly in the power of the Scots This City is high seated in a fruitfull soyle and wholsome aire and is adorned with many Noblemens Towers lying about it and aboundeth with many springs of sweet waters At the end towards the East is the Kings Pallace ioyning to the Monastery of the Holy Crosse which King Dauid the first built ouer which in a Parke of Hares Conies and Deare an high mountaine hangs called the chaire of Arthur of Arthur the Prince of the Britanes whose monuments famous among all Ballad-makers are for the most part to be found on these borders of England and Scotland From the Kings Pallace at the East the City still riseth
higher and higher towards the West and consists especially of one broad and very faire street which is the greatest part and sole ornament thereof the rest of the side streetes and allies being of poore building and inhabited with very poore people and this length from the East to the West is about a mile whereas the bredth of the City from the North to the South is narrow and cannot be halfe a mile At the furthest end towards the West is a very strong Castle which the Scots hold vnexpugnable Camden saith this Castle was of old called by the Britaines Castle meyned agnea by the Scots The Castle of the Maids or Virgines of certaine Virgines kept there for the Kings of the Picts and by Ptolomy the winged Castle And from this Castle towards the West is a most steepe Rocke pointed on the highest top out of which this Castle is cut But on the North South sides without the wals lie plaine and fruitfull fields of Corne. In the midst of the foresaid faire streete the Cathedrall Church is built which is large and lightsome but little stately for the building and nothing at all for the beauty and ornament In this Church the Kings seate is built some few staires high of wood and leaning vpon the pillar next to the Pulpit And opposite to the same is another seat very like it in which the incontinent vse to stand and doe pennance and some few weekes past a Gentleman being a stranger and taking it for a place wherein Men of better quality vsed to sit boldly entred the same in Sermon time till he was driuen away with the profuse laughter of the common sort to the disturbance of the whole Congregation The houses are built of vnpolished stone and in the faire streete good part of them is of free stone which in that broade streete would make a faire shew but that the outsides of them are faced with wooden galleries built vpon the second story of the houses yet these galleries giue the owners a faire and pleasant prospect into the said faire and broad street when they sit or stand in the same The wals of the City are built of little and vnpolished stones and seeme ancient but are very narrow and in some places exceeding low in other ruiued From Edenborow there is a ditch of water yet not running from the Inland but rising ofsprings which is carried to Lethe and so to the Sea Lethe is seated vpon a creek of the Sea called the Frith some mile from Edenborow and hath a most commodious and large Hauen When Monsieur Dessy a Frenchman did fortifie Lethe for the strength of Edenborow it began of a base Village to grow to a Towne And when the French King Francis the second had married Mary Queene of the Scots againe the French who now had in hope deuoured the possession of that Kingdome and in the yeere 1560. began to aime at the conquest of England more strongly fortified this Towne of Lethe but Elizabeth Queene of England called to the succour of the Lords of Scotland against these Frenchmen called in by the Queene soone effected that the French returned into their Countrey and these fortifications were demolished Erom Leth I crossed ouer the Frith which ebs and flowes as high as Striuelin to the Village King-korn being eight miles distant and seated in the Region or Country called Fife which is a Peninsule that is almost an Iland lying betweene two creekes of the Sea called Frith and Taye and the Land yeelds corne and pasture and seacoales as the Seas no lesse plentifully yeeld among other fish store of oysters shel fishes and this Countrey is populous and full of Noblemens and Gentlemens dwellings commonly compassed with little groues though trees are so rare in those parts as I remember not to haue seene one wood From the said Village King-korn I rode ten very long miles to Falkeland then the Kings House for hunting but of old belonging to the Earles of Fife where I did gladly see I ames the sixth King of the Scots at that time lying there to follow the pastimes of hunting and hawking for which this ground is much commended but the Pallace was of old building and almost ready to fall hauing nothing in it remarkeable I thought to haue ridden from hence to Saint Andrewes a City seated in Fife and well known as an Vniuersity and the seate of the Archbishop But this iourney being hindred I wil onely say that the Bishop of Saint Andrewes at the intercession of the King of Scotland Iames the third was by the Pope first made Primate of all Scotland the same Bishop and all other Bishops of that Kingdome hauing formerly to that day beene consecrated and confirmed by the Archbishop of Yorke in England Likewise I purposed to take my iourney as farre as Striuelin where the King of the Scots hath a strong Castle built vpon the front of a steepe Rocke which King Iames the sixth since adorned with many buildings and the same hath for long time beene committed to the keeping of the Lords of Eriskin who likewise vse to haue the keeping of the Prince of Scotland being vnder yeeres And from thence I purposed to returne to Edenborow but some occasions of vnexpected businesse recalled me speedily into England so as I returned presently to Edenborow and thence to Barwicke the same way I came I adde for passengers instruction that they who desire to visit the other Counties of England and Ireland may passe from Edenborow to Carlile chiefe City of Comberland in England and so betweene the East parts of Lancashire and the West parts of Yorke and then through Darbyshire Nottinghamshire Warwickeshire Staffordshire and Chesshire may take their iourney to the City Westchester whence they shall haue commodity to passe the Sea to Dablin in Ireland and while they expect this passage they may make a cursory iourney into Flintshire and Caernaruenshire in Northwales to see the antiquities thereof or otherwise may goe directly to Holy Head and thence make a shorter cut to Dublyn in Ireland From Dublyn they may passe to see the Cities of the Prouince Mounster whence they may commodiously passe to the South parts of Wales and there especially see the antiquities of Merlyn and so taking their iourney to the West parts of England may search the antiquities of these seuerall Counties and easily find commoditie to passeinto the West parts of France And all this circuit beginning at London may with ordinary fauourable winds according to the season of the yeere be easily made from the beginning of March to the end of September Alwaies I professe onely to prescribe this course to such as are curious to search all the famous monuments and antiquities of England mentioned in Camdens compleat description thereof CHAP. VI. Of the manner to exchange Moneys into forraine parts and the diuers moneys of diuers parts together with the diuers measures of miles in sundry Nations most necessary
brother to the Lord Deputies wife and Robert Turnour Seriant Mastor of the Army and two foster brethren to Henry 〈◊〉 of Kildare who with his troope of Horse valiantly serued vpon the Rebell and tooke the death of his foster brethren so to heart after the education of the Irish as he shortly after died Many also were wounded among whom Thomas Walker was of chiefe name When the Lord Deputy first resolued to draw vp to Blackewater he sent directions to Sir Conyers Clifford to come vp with the Connaght forces by the way of Ballyshainnon and to meete him there which he in like sort attempted but being ouer matched by the Rebels lying in his way could not peirce so farre but was forced to retire and by that retreat wonne great reputation to himselfe and the men vnder him for hauing with him some sixe or seuen hundred foote onely of which part was of the old Britan Souldiers and being assayled by more then 2000. Rebels during thirty miles march he valiantly repelled them and safely retired to the garrison The Lord Deputy leaning the Fort at the Blacke-water well guarded to the charge of Captaine Thomas Williams withdrew the Forces towards the Pale Now the Rubels tossed betweene hope feare and shame resolued to besiege the Fort and Tyrone thought his reputation lost if he recouered it not and so with ioynt force they compassed and assay led the same Whereof the Lord Deputy being aduertised with all possible expedition gathered the forces to leade them to the reliefe of that fort and the Rebels hearing of his Lordships approach quitted the siege of the Fort and retired into their strengths Whereupon the Lord Deputy marched forward and hauing passed the Blackwater Fort and purposing to enter and passe the pace leading to Dungannon Tyrones chiefe House he fel suddenly sicke and being carried backe in his horse litter to Armagh and thence to the Newry died in the way to the great ioy of the Rebels deiected with his sharpe prosecution and bold aduentures and to the no lesse griefe of the English erected with hope of good successe Howsoeuer many of good iudgement held his purpose of passing to Dungannon very dangerous and altogether fruitlesse since no garrisons being planted to gaine ground no other issue could be hoped in the best euent then a bragge of courage in passing to Tyrones cheefe feate which no other Deputy had yet attempted And as they greatly commended the Lord Deputies valour in these actions so they feared the ingaging and losse of the Queenes Army by this or some like bold attempt After his death Sir Thomas Norreys Lord President of Mounster was vnder the great seale of Ireland prouisionally made Lord Iustice of the Kingdome as the customeis in such sudden changes who repaired to Dublin and there executed his place for one month as I thinke of September and no longer for he being sick cast down in minde by the great sorrow he had conceiued for the late death of his worthy brother made great suite to the Queene and the Lords in England to be eased of this burthen of being Lord Iustice and to haue leaue to retire himselfe to his gouernement of the Prouince of Mounster And so Adam Loftus Lord Chauncellor of Ireland and Lord Archbishop of Dublin and Robert Gardner chiefe Iustice of Ireland by letters out of England the thirteene of October were made Lords Iustices for the ciuell gouernement and the Earle of Ormond with title of Lord Liefetenant of the Army was authorized to command in cheefe for all martiall affayres Tyrone after his old custome flies vnto the Lord Lieftenant with protestations of loyalty and complaines of wrongs inforcing his disloiall courses which his Lordship aduertising into England receiued authority from thence to treat with Tyrone about his submission hauing Sir Geffery Fenton Secretary of Ireland ioyned with him for an assistant Hereupon ensued a meeting at Dundalke on the 22 of December where Tyrone made his most humble submission in writing acknowledging her Maiesties great mercie in giuing him and his Associates their pardons vpon former submissions and vpon the knees of his heart as he writes professed most heartie penitencie for his disloialtie and especially his foule relopses thereinto humbly befeeching the Lord Lieutenant to be a meanes to her sacred Maiestie for his pardon withall making knowne his grieuances which how soever they could not iustifie his offence yet might in some measure qualifie the 〈◊〉 thereof And till these might be booked to be sent ouer with his Submission most humbly crauing of his Lordship to grant a truce or cessation of Armes for eight weeks following And further to the end it might appeare that his submission proceeded from his heart promising that for the time of this cessation there should be no impediment giuen to her Maiesties Ministers bringing victuals to Blackwater Fort yea that for a poore token of his humblest duty hee would voluntarily giue to the hands of the Captaine fortie Beeues and suffer the souldiers to cut and fetch in wood or any other prouisions For his performance whereof hee offered presently to giue Pledges to his Lordship The same day hee subscribed the following articles propounded to him by the Lord Lieutenant First he promiseth for him and his associates faithfully to keepe her Maiesties Peace during the cessation Secondly that hee will presently recall all Vlster men sent by him into Lemster leauing those who should not obay his directions to the Lord Lieutenants discretion Thirdly it any during the Truce shall breake into Rebellion he promiseth not to aide them so as none depending on his Truce be in the meanetime taken in by the State without his consent Fourthly he agreeth to a generall Liberty of buying necessaries for his men in the Pale and for the Queenes subiects in Vlster and nothing to be forceably taken on either side Fiftly that vpon pretended wrongs no reuenge be taken but restitution be made within ten dayes after complaint Sixthly that during the Truce hee shall haue no intelligence with the King of Spaine or other forraine Prince but acquaint the State with any message hee shall receiue or proiect he shall heare Seuenthly that he shall presently draw a booke of his grieuances such as he can proue without mention of friuolous matters vnworthie her sacred Maiesties view Eightly that he will deliuer into the Fortforty Beeues and giue safe conduct to her Maiesties Ministers to vittaile the said Fort of Blackwater and suffer the souldiers to cut and fetch wood on the South-side of Armagh and for all other necessaries permit them to agree with the owners so as they come not of themselues into his Countrie but haue his men with them in company Ninthly that any prey being tracked into his Countrie he shall make restitution and deliuer the theeues to be executed and if any be stopped from following of his track the stopper shall answere the goods so tracked which course the Lord
to make any proiect vnto your Lordships either of my requests to you or my owne resolutions here since so many things fall suddenly out which may alter the grounds of either yet since I do write now by one that can so sufficiently supply the defects of a letter I haue presumed at this time to impart vnto your Lordships that I thinke fit to bee remembred or doe determine on most humbly desiring your L p. that if I erre in the one or hereafter alter the other you will not impute it to my want of sincerity or constancy but to the nature of the subiect whereof I must treat or of the matter whereon I work And first to present vnto your Lordships the outward face of the foure Prouinces and after to guesse as neere as I can at their dispositions Mounster by the good gouernement and industry of the Lord President is cleere of any force in rebellion except some few vnable to make any forcible head In Lemster there is not one declared Rebell In Connaght there is none but in O Rorkes Country In Vlster none but Tyrone and Brian Mac Art who was neuer Lord of any Countrey and now doth with a body of loose men and some creaghts continue in Glancomkynes or neere the borders thereof Connogh Macgayre sometimes Lord of Fermannagh is banished out of the Countrey who litres with O. Rorke and at this time O Connor Macgayre is possessed of it by the Queene and holds it for her I beleeue that generally the Lords of the Countries that are reclaimed desire a peace though they will be wauering till their lands and estates are assured vnto them from her Maiesty and as long as they see a party in rebellion to subsist that is of power to ruine them if they continue subiects or otherwise shall be doubtfull of our defence All that are out doe seeke formercy except O Rorke and O swilliuan who is now with O Rorke and these are obstinate onely one of their diffidence to be safe in any forgiuenesse The loose men and such as are onely Captaines of Bonnaghtes as Tyrrill and Brian Mac Art will nourish the warre as long as they see any possibility to subsist and like ill humours haue recourse to any part that is vnsound The Nobility Townes and English-Irish are for the most part as weary of the warre as any but vnwilling to haue it ended generally for feare that vppon a peace will ensue a seuere reformation of Religion and in particular many bordering gentlemen that were made poore by their owne faults or by rebels 〈◊〉 continue their splene to them now they are become Subiects and hauing vsed to helpe them selues by stealths did neuer more vse them nor better preuaile in them then now that these submitties haue laied aside their owne defence and betaken themselues to the protection and Iustice of the State and many of them haue tasted so much sweet in intertainements that they rather desire a warre to continue them then a quiet haruest that might arise out of their own honest labour so that I doe find none more pernitious Instruments of a new warre then some of these In the meane time Tyrone while he shall liue will blow euery sparke of discontent or new hopes that shal lie hid in any corner of the Kingdome and before hee shall be vtterly extinguished make many blases and sometimes set on fier or consume the next Subiects vnto him I am perswaded that his combination is already broken and it is apparant that his meanes to subsist in any power is ouerthrowne but how long he may liue as a wood-kerne and what new accidents may fall out while he doth liue I know not Ifit be imputed to my fault that notwithstanding her Maiesties great forces he doth still liue I beseech your Lordships to remember how securely the Banditoes of Italy doe liue between the power of the King of Spaine and the Pope How many men of all Countries of seuerall times haue in such sort preserued themselues long from the great power of Princes but especially in this Countrey where there are so many difficulties to carry an Army in most places so many vnaccessable strengths for them to flie vnto and then to be pleased to consider the great worke that first I had to breake this maine rebellion to defend the Kingdome from a dangerous inuasion of a mighty forraigne Prince with so strong a party in the Countrey and now the difficulty to roote out scattered troopes that had so many vnaccessible dens to lurke in which as they are by nature of extreame strength and perill to be attempted so is it vnpossible for any people naturally and by art to make greater vse of them and though with infinite danger we doe beat them out of one yet is there no possibility for vs to follow them with such agility as they will flie to another and it is most sure that neuer Traitor knew better how to keepe his owne head then this nor any Subiects haue a more dreadfull awe to lay violent hands on their sacred Prince then these people haue to touch the person of their O Neales and he that hath as pestilent a iudgement as euer any had to nourish and to spread his owne infection hath the ancient swelling and desire of liberty in a conquered Nation to worke vpon their feare to be rooted out or to haue their old faults punished vpon all particular discontents and generally ouer all the Kingdome the feare of a persecution for Religion the debasing of the Coyne which is grieuous vnto all sorts and a dearth and famine which is already begunne and must of necessity grow shortly to extremity the least of which alone haue beene many times sufficient motiues to driue the best and most quiet estates into sudden confusion These will keepe all spirits from setling breed new combinations and I feare euen stirre the Towns themselues to solicite forraigne aid with promise to cast themselues into their protection And although it be true that if it had pleased her Maiesty to haue longer continued her Army in greater strength I should the better haue prouided for what these Cloudes doe threaten and sooner and more easily either haue made this Countrey a rased table wherein shee might haue written her owne lawes or haue tied the ill disposed and rebellious hands till I had surely planted such a gouernement as would haue ouergrowne and killed any weeds that should haue risen vnder it yet since the necessity of the State doth so vrge a diminution of this great expence I will not dispaire to goe on with this great worke through all these difficulties if we be not interrupted by forraigne forces although perchance wee may be encountered with some new eruptions and by often aduenturing with some diasters and it may be your Lordships shall sometimes heare of some spoiles done vpon the Subiects from the which it is impossible to preserue them in all places with farre
be concealed especially in him vpon whole face all men eyes were cast himselfe was content to insinuate that a tender sorrow for losse of his Soueraigne Mistresse caused this passion in him but euery dull vnderstanding might easily conceiue that thereby his heart might rather bee more eased of many and continuall ielousies and feares which the guilt of his offences could not but daily present him after the greatest security of pardon And there needed no Oedipus to find out the true cause of his teares for no doubt the most humble submission he made to the Queene he had so highly and proudly offended much eclipsed the vaine glory his actions might haue carried if he had hold out till her death besides that by his cōming in as it were between two raignes he lost a faire aduantage for by Englands Estate for the present vnsetled to haue subsisted longer in rebellion if he had any such end or at least an ample occasion of fastning great merit on the new King if at first and with free will he had submitted to his mercy which hee would haue pretended to doe onely of an honourable affection to his new Prince and many would in all likelihood haue beleeued so much especially they to whom his present misery and ruined estate were not at all or not fully knowne The sixth of Aprill the Earle of Tyrone made a new submission to the King in the same forme he had done to the Queene the name onely changed He also wrote this following letter to the King of Spaine IT may please your most Excellent Maiesty Hauing since the first time that euer I receiued letters from your Highnesse Father and your Maiesty or written letters vnto you performed to the vttermost of my power whatsoeuer I promised insomuch as in the expectation of your assistance since the repaire of O Donnell to your Maiesty I continued in action vntill all my neerest kinsemen and followers hauing forsaken me I was inforced as my duty is to submit my selfe to my Lord and Soueraigne the beginning of this instant moneth of Aprill in whose seruice and obedience I will continue during my life Therefore and for that growing old my selfe I would gladly see my sonne setled in my life time I haue thought good giuing your Maiesty all thankes for your Princely vsage of my sonne Henry during his being in Spaine most humbly to desire you to send him vnto mee And for the poucrtie whereunto I was driuen I haue in sundry letters both in Irish and other languages so signified the same as it were inconuenient herein to make relation thereof And so I most humbly take my leaue From Dublin c. Your Highnesse poore friend that was Hugh Tyrone Together with the same he wrote another letter to his sonne Henry to hasten his comming from Spaine into Ireland but without any effect Lastly the Lord Deputic renewed to the Earle of Tyrone his Maiesties Protection for a longer time till hee could sue out his Pardon and sent him backe into his Countrey to settle the same and to keepe his friends and former confederates in better order vpon this change of the State Sir Henry Dauers who lately brought letters to the Lord Deputy from the Lords in England returned backe with purpose to repaire presently vnto the King wherevpon the Lord Deputy commended to his relation the following instructions signed with his Lordships hand Wherein you must note that his Lordship omits the newes of the Queenes death receiued by the seruant of a Gentleman as aforesaid the same being onely a priuate inteliigence whereupon hee could not safely build his late proceedings and that his Lordship onely insists vpon letters from the State which could onely giue warrant to the same The instrustions are these You are to informe the Kings Maiesty that at your comming ouer hither the fifth hereof with the letters from the Lords in England signifying the decease of my late Scueraigne Mistresse you found with mee heere at Dublin the Earle of Tyrone newly come in vpon Protection and by that meanes the Rcalme for the present generally quiet all expecting that vpon a conclusion with him which then euery one conceiued to be likely in as much as he put himself into my hand which till that time he would neuer doe to any the Countrey would in short time be thorowly settled so that euery one thet found himselfe in danger did presse me in a manner hourely for his pardon foreseeing that he that staied out longest was sure to be made the example of the Iustice of the State where such as could soonest make their way by assuring their future loyaltie and seruice were hopefull to lay hold vpon their Soueraignes mercy Now to the end you may acquaint his Maiesty how farre forth I haue proceeded with the Earle of Tyrone and vpon what warrant you shall be heereby thus remembred He had often made great meanes to be receiued to mercy which as often I had denied him prosecuting him to the vttermost of my ability being cuer confident in opinion that vntil I had brought him very low driuen him out of his own Countrey as I did the last Summer and left Garrisons vpon him that tooke most of the Creaghts and spoiled the rest of his goods hee would not bee made fit to crauc mercy in that humble manner that was beseeming so great an offender In December last when I was at Galloway he importuned me by many messages and letters and by some that he trusted very well vowed much sincerity if hee might be hearkened vnto there and at that time hee sent me a submission framed in as humble manner as I could reasonably require To that I sent him this answer that I would recommed it to her Maiesty but vntill I had further direction from her I would still prosecute him as I did before and get his head if I could and that was all the comfort I gaue him yet ceased he not to continue a sutor with all the earnestnesse that hee could deuise hoping in the end to obtaine that hee desired In the month of March I receiued letters from her Maiesty of the sixteenth and sauenteenth of February whereby I was authorised to giue him my word for his comming and going safe and to pardon him so as he would come parsonally where I should assigne him to receine it and yeeld to some other conditions in the last of those two letters contained And withall I was specially required aboue all things to driue him to some issue presently because her Maiesty then conceiued that contrariety of successes heere or change of accidents in other parts might turn very much to her disaduantage for which she was still apt to beleeue that hee lay in wait and would spin out all things further then were requisite with delayes and shifts if I should not abridge him Shortly after the Earle renewing his former suit with very great carnestnesse and in most humble manner as may
Cities beene In one word I will say what can be said vpon this subiect Euery soyle is to a valiant man his owne Countrey as the Sea to the Fishes We are Citizens of the whole World yea not of this World but of that to come All our life is a Pilgrimage God for his onely begotten Sonnes sake the true Mercury of Trauellers bring vs that are here strangers safely into our true Countrey CHAP. II. Of Precepts for Trauellers which may instruct the vnexperienced I Will follow my purpose and giue precepts not to expert men as Phormio did to Hanniball in military affaires but onely to the vnexperienced and that not curiously as if I would prescribe them euery step they should goe but such as may whet the wits and memories of other men well knowing that many things may be added which are slipped out of my memory and which others may daily find out 1 In the first place as euery man in any course of life so most of all a Traueller who is subiect to many dangers must by his daily prayers sollicite God for his gracious protection All our actions must take beginning from God the fountaine of all good if we desire with the Israelites to haue Gods Cloud and pillar of fier protect vs in our iournies and aboads Let him daily commend himselfe to Gods protection and euen in his iourneys daily at morning and euening not while he siumbers in his bed but in priuate withdrawne from company either kneeling as before his father or standing as before his Master and Lord make his prayers though neuer so short to his almighty and most mercifull God And let no man take this for a needlesse precept for I freely professe that when I was most deuout in this kind I found my selfe hedged about with the good Angell as on the contrary when I neglected the same I often obserued by some manifest accident that I was left to errour and danger 2 Let each Traueller forecast with himselfe his owne purposes and ends For they which are vnskilfull in the Arts of painting caruing and building can neuer worthily praise nor well imitate the rare workes they shall see of these kinds Experience teatheth that no action is wisely vndertaken whereof the end is not forecast in the first place howsoeuer it be last put in execution but since it were infinit to apply my precepts to the seuerall ends of seuerall men and no more possible then for a Physician to cure the Patient not knowing the causes and the progresse of his sickenesse I professe to write especially in this place to the Humanist I meane him that affects the knowledge of State affaires Histories Cosmography and the like and out of that I write let other men apply to their vse what they iudge fit for them And if the Humanist iudge many things I shall write lesse necessary for him let him know that as an Orator and Poet must haue some skill in all Sciences so the Humanist must haue some knowledge of all things which fall into practice and discourse 3 Let a Traueller obserue the vnderwritten things of them some curiously some slightly as he shall iudge them fit for his purpose He shall obserue the fruitfulnes of each Countrey and the things wherewith it aboundeth as the Mines of mettals and precious stones the chiefe lawes and customes of the workers in those Mines also Batches and the qualitie of the water with the diseases for the curing whereof it is most proper the names springs and courses of Riuers the pleasant Fountaines the aboundance or rarity of Pastures Groues Wood Corne and Fruits the rare and precious Plants the rare and proper Beasts the prices of necessary things and what he daily spends in his diet and horsemeat and in hiring Horses or Coaches the soyle of euery dayes iourney the plenty of Fishes or Flesh the kinds of meat or drinke with the sauces and the rarer manners of dressing meates the Countreys expence in apparell with their constancy or ficklenesse in wearing it the races of Horses as the Giannets of Spaine the Coursers of Naples and the heauy Horses of Freesland and how they manage and feed these Horses the scituation of Cities and Prouinces the healthfulnes of the Aire the Chorography the buildings the ritches the magnificence of Citizens their houshold stuffe and in generall all speciall things as Statuaes Colosses Sepulchers with the inscriptions Lybraries with the most rare Bookes Theaters Arches Bridges Forts Armories Treasuries Monasteries Churches publike houses Vniuersities with their Founders reuenewes and disputations To conclude let him visit the most learned men and those that excell in military Art or any vertue and let him conferre with them as his ends require Thus did I visit Beza at Geneua thus did I visit Belarmine at Rome being ready to take Horse and in the habit and person of a Frenchman Thus in my returne did I gladly see Henry the fourth of Burbon King of France famous for the feats of Armes and Wisdome onely Lipsius whom I loued for his Booke of constancy and much desired to see for his vniuersall learning did bereaue me of this hope when I came into the Low-Countreys by his inconstant flight to the Spaniards The Traueller shall further obserue the policy of each State and therein the Courts of each King or Prince with the Courtiers entertainements fees or offices the statures of the Princes their reuenewes the forme of the Common-wealth whether the Prince be a Tyrant or beloued of the people what Forces he hath by Sea or Land the military discipline the manners of the people their vices vertues industry in manuall Arts the constitution of their bodies the History of the Kingdome and since the soule of each man is the man and the soule of the Common-wealth is Religion he shall obserue the disposition of the people whether it be religious superstitious or prophane and the opinions of Religion differing from his and the most rare Ceremonies thereof He shall also obserue the trafficke of Merchants and therein the commodities which they carry out and most want the Hauens and roades for Ships theit skill in nauigation and whether they vse subiects or strangers for their Marriners Lastly the value of the Coynes in each Countrey and the seueral currant peeces and whatsoeuer he shall thinke meet to adde hereunto 4 And because the memory is weake and those who write much are many times like the Clerkes that carry their learning in their Booke not in their braine let him constantly obserue this that whatsoeuer he sees or heares he apply it to his vse and by discourse though forced make it his owne Thus Students of Rhetoricke at first seeking matter for words rather then words for matter at last attaine an easie stile flowing like a still Riuer and lay aside the affectation of words Let nothing worth the knowledge passe his eyes or eares which he draweth not to his owne possession in this sort In the
did a thing ill can neuer doe it well But whereas many boast and haue the same to speake many tongues aswell as their mother tongue I doe not thinke but know that it is false The French haue a good Prouerbe Entre les auengles les borgnes sont les Roys Among the blinde the pore blind are the Kings And thus they which haue no skill in tongues will boldly say that this or that man doth perfectly and without stamering speake many tongs But howsoeuer a stranger liuing some six or more yeeres in any forraigne part may perhaps speake that tongue as perfectly as his own yet he that trauelleth in few yeeres through many Kingdoms and learnes many languages shall neuer speake all nor many of them with naturall pronuntiation and without errours and some stamering and slownesse in speech Yea he that learnes one tongue alone and that with many yeeres practice shall more hardly attaine the perfect properties and elegancies thereof then an vnskilfull man would thinke For Theophrastus hauing liued many yeeres at Athens was knowne to bee a stranger of an old woman selling herbes onely by the pronuntiation of one sillable For my owne particular I remember that I passed from Genoa to Milan on foote in a disguised habit and that in an Inne not farre from Pauia I met an Englishman Wee satdowne to supper where he voluntarily and vnasked did rashly professe himselfe to be a Dutchman whereupon I saluted him in Dutch familiarly till hee betraied manifestly his ignorance in that language and excused himselfe that he was no Dutchman but borne vpon the confines of France where they speake altogether French Then I likewise spake to him in French till he was out of countenance for his want of skill in that language So as my selfe being a man in his case dissembling my Country and quality ceased further to trouble him And wee after discoursing in the Italian tong he chanced to speake these words Io mi repentiua whereas an Italian would haue said Io mi ne pentiua And by this little difference of adding the sillable ne I knew him to be an Englishman for I had found before that he was no Frenchman which Nation together with the English addes that sillable Thus when supper was ended I tooke him aside and spoke English to him whereat hee reioyced and imbracing mee swore that he had been in the stable and commanded his man to make ready his horses and would presently haue rid away if I had not discouered my selfe to him And so wee lodged in one chamber and bed See how small a thing will make it manifest that we are not that Country men whereof we speake the language The knowledge of tongues hath euer been highly esteemed Aulus Gellius writes that Mithridates spake the languages of two and twenty Prouinces which were subiect to him so as he neuer spake with any subiect by an Interpreter Themistocles in one yeere got so much knowledge in the Persian tongue as hee was able to speake with Artaxerxes without an Interpreter Ennius said he had three hearts meaning three languages Claudius the Emperour put a Grecian Prince from being a Iudge because he could not speake Latine and sent him into Italy to learne the Tongue as Suetonius writes To conclude who hath not heard the worthy fame of that Heroicall Woman Elizabeth late Queene of England among whose rare vertues her skill in Languages was not the least being able to conferre with most Ambassadours or Princes in their owne tongue And whereas some Kings thinke it a base thing to speake in a strange tongue and take it for honour if they can induce any Ambassadour to speake their tongue they seeme to me like vnto those who being poore and proud speake much against rich apparrell and extoll stuffes and furnitures of small price that they may seeme to doe that of election and iudgement which they doe onely for want Yet I would not be so vnderstood as if I thought fit that one Ambassadour at a treaty should consent to haue the same written in the language of another Ambassadour but rather that it should be written in a third tongue equally knowne to them both as in the Italian Tongue the Treaty being betweene England and France But in the meane time I thinke it honourable to the most mighty King to be able to entertaine familiar speech with any Ambassadour or Prince of neighbour Kingdomes though lesse potent then his owne Let vs be incouraged by these noble foresaid examples to labour diligently that we may attaine this rich Iewell of speaking Tongues In the last place I aduise the Traueller that if he can haue leasure he ioyne for greater ornament the learning to write the hand of each Nation with the knowledge of each tongue especially of that which is most of vse in his Countrey 9 For Englishmen they shall doe well at their first setting forth to passe into Germany and there spend some time for since we vse too much the helpe of our seruants so as we will scarcely make our selues ready and since wee vse to despise the company of meane people at bed or board there wee may learne to serue our selues where hee that comes into a shoomakers shop must find out the shooes will fit him and put them on himselfe There we may learne to admit the company of meane men where many times poore fellowes yea very Coachmen shal be thrust to be our bedfellowes and that when they are drunke and like men will often sit by vs at the Table and in some places as most part of Low-Germany they drinke alwaies round so as wee shall be sure to pledge like men and drinke to them in the same cup and if wee haue a seruant of our owne would rather haue him sit next vs then any other There wee may learne to feed on homely meat and to lie in a poore bed There among many other things wee may learne to moderate our aptnesse to quarrell whereof I will speake more in the proper place To conclude all in gene all that passe Germany as strangers are free among that honest people from all colinages and deceipts to which in other parts they are subiect aboue others especially vnexperienced 10 As it is good before his setting forth to be reconciled with his enemies that they may practice no ill against him or his friends in his absence and that his mind may be more religiously composed against all euents so while he is abroad let him often write to his friends of his health which precept if Thesius had not forgotten hee had not beene Authour of his most deere Fathers death by bearing the false signe of a blacke sayle And this is no lesse good to himselfe then to his friends since he that writes often shall often receiue letters for answere for one hand washeth another and the Poet saieth well Vt ameris Amabilis esto Who wilt beloued be that thou bist louing see For indeed
not generally vsed neither are there any to bee hired though the waies be most plaine and generally good for Coaches They ride for the most part vpon their owne horses but they are also to bee hired for some twelue pence or eighteene pence the day finding the horses meate which in the stable will cost some twelue pence each night and at grasse little or nothing In euery City there be some knowne houses where an ordinary is kept for diet and beds may be had and the Ordinary is commonly twelue pence each meale By the way in poore Hamlets at this time of peace there bee English houses where is good lodging and diet and where no such are passengers must goe to the houses of Noblemen Gentlemen and Husbandmen English and Irish-English where they cannot want intertainement in some good measure these inhabitants much louing hospitalitie but all other houses are full of filth and barbarousnesse But there are not any Innes in the very Cities which hang out Bushes or any Signes only some Citizens are knowne who will giue stable and meate for horses and keepe a table where passengers cate at an ordinarie and some Citizens haue cellers wherein they draw wine if not al the yeere yet as long as their wine lasts but they haue no Tauerns with Iuy bushes or signes hung cut saue onely some few at Dublin In Scotland a horse may be hired for two shillings the first day and eight pence the day vntill he be brought home and the horse letters vse to send a footeman to bring backe the horse They haue no such Innes as bee in England but in all places some houses are knowne where passengers may haue meate and lodging but they haue no bushes or signes hung out and for the horses they are commonly set vp in Stables in some out-lane not in the same house were the passenger lyes And if any man bee acquainted with a Townes-man hee will goe freely to his house for most of them will entertaine a stranger for his money A horseman shall pay for Oates and Straw for hay is rare in those parts some eight pence day and night and he shall pay no lesse in Summer for grasse wherof they haue no great store Himself at a cōmon table shall pay about sixe pence for his supper or dinner and shal haue his bed freesand if he will eate alone in his chamber he may haue meate at a reasonable rate Some twenty or thirty yeeres agoe the first vse of Coaches came into Scotland yet were they rare euen at Edenborough At this day since the Kingdomes of England and Scotland were vnited many Scots by the Kings fauour haue been promoted both in dignitie and estate and the vse of Coaches became more frequent yet nothing so common as in England But the vse of Horse-litters hath been very ancient in Scotland as in England for sickly men and women of qualitie CHAP. II. Of the Sepulchers Monuments and Buildings in generall for I haue spoken particularly of them in the first Part writing of my daily iournies AMong all the Sepulchers that I haue seene in Europe or in Turkey that in Westminster erected to Henrie the seuenth King of England of Copper mettall adorned with vulgar precious stones is the fairest especially considering the stately Chappell built ouer it The next to that in my opinion is the Sepulcher at Winsore made of the same mettall curiously carued at the charge of Cardinall Wolfye had he not left it vnperfected so as none hath yet been buried vnder it The next place I would giue to the Sepulchers of the Turkish Ottomans whereof the fairest is the monument with the Mosche or Chappell built ouer it for Sultan Soloman at Constantinople The other monuments of the Sultans are built more low with a little round Mosche ouer them all of the best Marble the top being a round Globe of brasse or leade and for the better shew they are commonly set vpon hilles The insides are round and lightsome with windowes and in the very middest lyes the Sultan with his sonnes round about him which according to their custome are strangled by the command of their eldest brother assone as the father is dead and his Sultana is laid by his side when she dies These are all laid in chests of Cypresse lifted vp from the ground with their Tulbents ouer their heads which liuing they woare vpon their heads with some Iewels at the crowne And these chests are compassed with a grate of iron without which is a round Gallerie or walking place spread with Tapestry vpon which the Zantones or Priests that keepe the Sepulcher continually sit as if the Sultans would not be left alone without attendance when they were dead I speake not of the Turkes common Sepulchers which haue no beauty being in common fieldes with three stones erected at the head the breast and the feete Neither did I see any other stately monuments erected to the Turkish Visiers and Bashaes In the next place is the monument of the Saxon Elector Mauritius at Friburg in Germany being of black Marble three degrees high with faire statuaes and the monuments of English Noblemen in Westminster and Saint Pauls Church at London of greater magnificence and number then I haue seene any otherwhere In the next place are the Sepulchers of the French Kings at Saint Dennys neere Paris and of the Palatine at Heydelberg in Germany I speake not of the Prince of Orange his Sepulcher at Delph in Holland which is a poore monument farre vnfit for so worthy a Prince who deserued so wel of the Low-Country men But they haue few or no stately monuments nor almost any ordinary Sepulchers erected to the dead Of the same degree with the French Kings Sepulchers or rather to be preferred before the most of them are the Sepulchers of Italy but they are of another kind Some of them at Rome and that of the King of Aragon at Naples and some few other are stately and beautifull The rest are crected little from the ground and sometimes Pyramidall but the Altars built ouer them are adorned with rare pictures Porphery Marble and Lydian siones and vpon these Altars they sing Masses and prayers the dead lying vnder them As I said that all the Turkes excepting the Sultans or Emperours are buried in the open fields so I haue seene in Germany some fields without the Cities compassed with faire square walles of stone wherein Citizens were buried Of these the fairest is at Leipzig the walles whereof are built with arched Cloysters vnder which the chiefe Cittizens are buried by families the common sort onely lying in the open part of the field and at one corner of the wall there is a Tarras couered aboue but open on the two sides towards the field and paued on the ground wherein stands a Pulpet This place is called Gotts aker that is that Aker or field of God The like burying place I haue seene at Geneua without
will cost him sixe pence or in some places but foure pence yet this course is lesse honourable and not vsed by Gentlemen but if he will eate in his chamber he commands what meate he will according to his appetite and as much as he thinkes fit for him and his company yea the kitchin is open to him to command the meat to be dressed as he best likes and when he sits at Table the Host or Hostesse will accompany him or if they haue many Guests will at least visit him taking it for curtesie to be bid sit downe while he eates if he haue company especially he shall be offred musicke which he may freely take or refuse and if he be solitary the Musitians will giue him the good day with musicke in the morning It is the custome and no way disgracefull to set vp part of supper for his breakefast In the euening or in the morning after breakefast for the common sort vse not to dine but ride from breakefast to supper time yet comming early to the Inne for better resting of their Horses he shall haue a reckoning in writing and if it seeme vnreasonable the Host will satisfie him either for the due price or by abating part especially if the seruant deceiue him any way which one of experience will soone find Hauing formerly spoken of ordinary expences by the high way aswell in the particular iournall of the first Part as in a Chapter of this Part purposely treating thereof I will now onely adde that a Gentleman and his Man shall spend as much as if he were accompanied with another Gentleman and his Man and if Gentlemen will in such sort ioyne together to eate at one Table the expences will be much diminished Lastly a Man cannot more freely command at home in his owne House then hee may doe in his Inne and at parting if he giue some few pence to the Chamberlin Ostler they wish him a happy iourney England hath three publike Feasts of great expence and pompous solemnity namely the coronation of the Kings the Feast of S. George as well vpon his day yeerely as at all times when any Knight of the Order is installed and the third when Seriants at the Law are called The Lord Mayor of the City of London vpon the day when he is sworne enters his Office keeps a solemne Feast with publike shewes of great magnificence besides that hee and the Sheriffes of the Citie daily keepe well furnished Tables to entertaine any Gentleman or stranger that will come to them to the great honour of the City in this particular passing all other Cities of the World knowne to vs. For the point of drinking the English at a Feast will drinke two or three healths in remembrance of speciall friends or respected honourable persons and in our time some Gentlemen and Commanders from the warres of Netherland brought in the custome of the Germans large garaussing but this custome is in our time also in good measure left Likewise in some priuate Gentlemens houses and with some Captaines and Souldiers and with the vulgar sort of Citizens and Artisans large and intemperate drinking is vsed but in generall the greater and better part of the English hold all excesse blame worthy and drunkennesse a reprochfull vice Clownes and vulgar men onely vse large drinking of Beere or Ale how much soeuer it is esteemed excellent drinke euen among strangers but Gentlemen garrawse onely in Wine with which many mixe sugar which I neuer obserued in any other place or Kingdome to be vsed for that purpose And because the taste of the English is thus delighted with sweetenesse the Wines in Tauernes for I speake not of Merchants or Gentlemens Cellars are commonly mixed at the filling thereof to make them pleasant And the same delight in sweetnesse hath made the vse of Corands of Corinth so frequent in all places and with all persons in England as the very Greekes that sell them wonder what we doe with such great quantities thereof and know not how we should spend them except we vse them for dying or to feede Hogges CHAP. IIII. Of Scotland touching the Subiects contained in the first Chapter THE Longitude of Scotland extends fiue degrees from the Meridian of sixeteene degrees to that of one and twenty degrees and the Latitude extends foure degrees from the Paralel of fifty sixe degrees and a halfe to that of sixty degrees and a halfe In the Geographical description wherof I wil briefly follow the very words of Camden as neere as I can being an Authour without exception 1 The Gadeni of Scotland were of old next neighbours to the Ottadini of Northumberland in England and inhabited the Countrey now called Teyfidale wherein is nothing memorable but the Monastery of Mailors 2 In Merch so called as a bordering Countrey the Castle Hume is the old possession of the Lords of Hume neere which is Kelso the ancient dwelling of the Earles of Bothwell which were long by inheritance Admirals of Scotland and the Merch is mentioned in Histories for nothrng more then the valour of the said Earles 3 Laudania of old called Pictland shooteth out from Merch towards the Scottish narrow Sea called the Frith and is full of mountaines but hath few woods In this Country are these little Cities or Townes Dunbarre Haddington and Musleborrow places wherein hath beene seene the warlike vertue of the English and Scots Somewhat lower and neere to the foresaid Frith lies Edenborough which Ptolomy cals Castrum Alatum a rich City of old compassed with wals and the seate of the Kings whole Palace is at the East end in a vally ouer which hangs a mountaine called the Chaire of Arthur our Britan Prince and from this Pallace is an easie ascent to the West end where the length of the City ends in a steepe rocke vpon which is built a most strong Castle called the Maidens Castle the same which Ptolomy cals Alatum This City was long vnder the English Saxons and about the yeere 960 England being inuaded by the Danes it became subiect to the Scots Leth is a mile distant and is a most commodious Hauen vpon the narrow Scottish Gulfe vulgarly called Edenborough Frith 4 Towards the West lay the Selgouae vpon another Gulfe running betweene England and Scotland vulgarly called Solway Frith of the said Selgouae inhabiting the Countries called Eskedale Annandale and Nidtsdale in which is the little Towne Dunfrise 5 Next lay the Nouantes in the Valleys where Gallway and Whitterne which Citie Ptolomy calles Leucopibia are seated 6 In the little Countrie Caricta hauing good pastures is the little Towne Gergeny which Ptolomy calles Rerigonium 7 More inward lay the Damnij where now Sterling Merteth and Claidsdale are seated Here the Riuer Cluyde runnes by Hamelton the seate of the Hameltons Family of English race of which the third Earle of Arran liueth in our dayes and after by Glascow the seat of an Archbishop and a little Vniuersitie Here
Turkish women weare smocks of which fashion also the mens shirts are of fine linnen wrought with silke at the wrests vpon the sleeues and at the skirts and a long cote of silke wrought with needle-worke and edged with sleeues close to the arme and at the breast with their necks naked The womens gownes are much like those of the men for cloth and fashion and in like sort without lace and plaine without cutting and open before so as the smocke is seene and they weare linnen breeches as men by day and night or else such breeches of cloth as men weare and both these open at the knee and as the men so likewise the women haue no collar of any garment but their neckes bee naked and the women haue Pearles hanging in their eares But they seldome weare shooes or flockings like men but commonly Buskins of light colours adorned with gold and siluer or with Iewells if they be of the richer sort or wines of great men and these they weare onely abroad for at home their feet be naked as men so they sit crosselegd vpō carpets They weaue vp their haire in curious knots so let them hang at length deck the haire with Pearle and buttons of gold and with Iewels flowers of silk wrought with the needle The women in Syria couer their heads with little peeces of coined moneys ioyned together with thread instead of a linnen coife No Turkish woman that euer I obserued in that vast Empire at any time goeth forth to buy any thing or for any businesse of the family but when vpon other occasions they go forth then they couer their heads and foreheads with a white vaile their eyes with a blacke Cipers and muffle their mouthes and neckes with white linnen and hide their very hands vnder their vailes though their hands be all painted ouer with a red colour made of an hearb which in the Easterne parts is held a great ornament so as the very men in some places paint their hands Also the women ouer their garments be they costly or poore weare a gowne of a darke coloured cloth which both rich and meaner women all generally vse of the same kind of cloth and the same colour whensoeuer they goe out of the dores so as thus muffled and couered they cannot be distinguished in condition or beauty Neither goe they abroad in any pompe to be seene nor without the leaue of their husbands to whom and to no other at any time they shew their face open and their hands vnpainted except they will by immodesty procure their owne danger Vnder the necke of this gowne couering all their apparrell they thrust the end of their white vaile hanging downe from the hinder part of the head yet the Greekish women weare this vaile loose ouer that gowne And this singular modesty is attributed to these women that they blush to come into Market places or publike meetings or great companies and are not displeased to be strictly kept at home Lastly in respect of their frequent bathing and their faces couered when they goe abroad and so neuer open to the Sunne wind or any ill weather the Turkish and Greekish women haue most delicate bodyes and long preserue their beauties The French if we respect the time of these late Ciuill wars weare light stuffes and woollen cloth with a doublet close to the body and large easie breeches and all things rather commodious for vse then braue for ornament and scoffed at those who came richly attired to the Campe or wore long haire But if wee consider their apparrell before the misery of the said ciuill warres we shall find them authors to vs English of wearing long haire doublets with long bellies to the nauell ruffes hanging downe to the shoulders and breeches puffed as big as a tunne with all like wanton leuities In time of peace Gentlemen weare mixed and light colours and silk garments laid with silke lace and sattens commonly raced and stockings of silke or of some light stuffe but neuer woollen or worsted which only Merchants weare and imbrodered garments with great inconstancy in the fashion and negligently or carelessely which the Germans call slouenly because they many times goe without hatbands and garters with their points vntrust and their doubtles vnbutned The sumptuary lawes forbid Gentlemen to weare cloth or lace of gold and siluer but when the King proclaimes an honourable warre against any fortaine Prince he permits any brauery to his soldiers yet so as the warre ended after a fit time to weare out that apparrel they must returne to their former attire except the king be so weake as he cannot giue life to these lawes Aswell men as women commonly weare course linnen and Gentlemens Lacqueis or seruants ruffle in plaine ragges In generall men and women excepting Courtiers and some of the Gentry weare light stuffes and rather delicate then sumptuous garments And howsoeuer the Law forbids to weare silke lace vpon silke stuffe yet the execution of the Law being neglected they euer offend more or lesse according to the libertie of the time against this old Law neuer yet abolished but rather in time worne out of respect Merchants weare blacke garments of cloth or light stuffes of silke commonly after a modest fashion The Senators weare cloakes and hats not gownes and caps as ours vse and onely the Presidents and Counsellers of Parlaments weare scarlet gownes and that onely at solemne times as the first day that the Court sits and all the Procurators daily weare gownes The Country people commonly vsed to weare blew cloth in loose coates and close breeches with stockings hanging ouer their shooes But they haue left this fashion and now for the most part weare close doublets and large breeches with a large coate hanging downe to the knees all of light stuffes made at home and stockings of course wooll And their wiues in like sort attyred haue their heads all ouer-wrapped in linnen In generall the women married couer their heads with a coyfe or netted cawle The Gentlewomen beare vp their haire on the fore-heades with a wier and vpon the back part of the head weare a cap of other haire then their owne ouer their cawle and aboue that they weare a coyfe of silke lined with Veluet and hauing a peake downe the forehead Or else the Gentlewomen and wiues of rich Merchants with small difference of degree weare vpon their heads a black vaile of Cipers peaked at the forehead with a veluet hood hanging downe behind onely the Gentlewomen weare this hood gathered and the Merchants wiues plaine Women of inferiour sort weare like hoods of cloth and sometimes of silke or a light stuffe And some Merchants wiues and women of ordinary condition weare a white coife of linnen fine or course according to their condition with certaine high and not very comely hornes wreathed vp on the forehead Both men and women lately vsed falling bands which the better sort starched
shirt till it be worne And these shirts in our memory before the last Rebellion were made of some twenty or thirty elles folded in wrinckles and coloured with saffron to auoid lowsinesse incident to the wearing of foule linnen And let no man wonder that they are lowsie for neuer any barbarous people were found in all kinds more slouenly then they are and nothing is more common among them then for the men to lie vpon the womens laps on greene hils till they kill their lice with a strange nimblenesse proper to that Nation Their said breeches are so close as they expose to full view not onely the noble but also the shamefull parts yea they stuffe their shirts about their priuy parts to expose them more to the view Their wiues liuing among the English are attired in a sluttish gowne to be fastned at the breast with a lace and in a more sluttish mantell and more sluttish linnen and their heads be couered after the Turkish manner with many elles of linnen onely the Turkish heads or Tulbents are round in the top but the attire of the Irish womens heads is more flat in the top and broader on the sides not much vnlike a cheese mot if it had a hole to put in the head For the rest in the remote parts where the English Lawes and manners are vnknowne the very cheefe of the Irish as well men as women goe naked in very Winter time onely hauing their priuy parts couered with a ragge of linnen and their bodies with a loose mantell so as it would turne a mans stomacke to see an old woman in the morning before breakefast This I speake of my owne experience yet remember that the foresaid Bohemian Barron comming out of Scotland to vs by the North parts of the wild Irish told me in great earnestnes when I attended him at the Lord Deputies command that he comming to the house of Ocane a great Lord among them was met at the doore with sixteene women all naked excepting their loose mantles whereof eight or ten were very faire and two seemed very Nimphs with which strange sight his eyes being dazelled they led him into the house and there sitting downe by the fier with crossed legges like Taylors and so low as could not but offend chast eyes desired him to set downe with them Soone after Ocane the Lord of the Countrie came in all naked excepting a loose mantle and shooes which he put off assoone as he came in and entertaining the Barron after his best manner in the Latin tongue desired him to put off his apparrel which he thought to be a burthen to him and to sit naked by the fier with this naked company But the Barron when he came to himselfe after some astonishment at this strange right professed that he was so inflamed therewith as for shame he durst not put off his apparrell These Rogues in Summer thus naked beare their armes girding their swords to them by a with in stead of a girdle To conclude men and women at night going to sleepe lie thus naked in a round circle about the fier with their feete towards it and as I formerly said treating of their diet they fold their heads and vpper partes in their woollen mantles first steeped in water to keepe them warme For they say that woollen cloth wetted preserues heate as linnen wetted preserues cold when the smoke of their bodies hath warmed the woollen cloth CHAP. III. Of the Germans and Bohemians Commonwealth vnder which title I containe an Historicall introduction the Princes pedegrees and Courts the present state of things the tributes and reuenews the military state for Horse Foote and Nauy the Courts of Iustice rare Lawes more specially the Lawes of inheritance and of womens Dowries the capitall Iudgements and the diuersitie of degrees in Family and Common-wealth COnstantine the great made Emperour about the yeere 306 remoued his seate from Rome to Constantinople and at his death deuided the Empire among his children And howsoeuer the Empire was after sometimes vnited in the person of one Prince for his reigne yet it could neuer bee againe established in one body but was most commonly deuided into the Easterne and Westerne Empires In the time of Augustulus Emperour of the West the remote Countries of the Empire recouered their liberty by the sword and barbarous Nations in great armies inuaded the Empire till they possessed Italy so as this Emperour was forced to depose his Imperiall dignity about the yeere 476. And thus the Westerne Empire ceased till Charles the great King of France about the yeere 774 subdued the Lombards and was at Rome saluted Emperour of the West by Pope Leo the third and the Princes of Italy From which time the Empires of the East and West of old deuided by inheritance among brothers and Kinsmen had no more any mutuall right of succession but began to bee seuerally gouerned Histories write that Charles the great King of France was descended of the Germans and that all Gallia Transalpina that is beyond the Alpes and vpper Germany as farre as Hungary were by a common name called France onely deuided into Easterne and Westerne France And the diuers Nations of Germany formerly gouerned by their Kings and Dukes were at this time first vnited vnder this Charles the great About the yeere 911. Conrade the first Ion to the Duke of Franconia a large Prouince of Germany was first out of the race of Charles the great saluted Emperour of the West by the Princes of Germany though Charles the Simple and others of the race of Charles the great still reigned France to the yeere 988 yet with lesse reputation then their progenitors had and troubled with many confusions Thus Germany deuiding it selfe from France drew to it selfe the Empire of the West whereof in our age it retaineth rather the shadow then the old glory Foure Dukes of Saxony succeeded Conrade in this Empire and in the time of Otho the third Duke of Saxony and Emperour contrary to the former custome whereby the Emperours succeeded by right of bloud or the last testament of the deceased Emperour or by the consent of the Princes of Germany the election of the Emperour was in the yeere 984 established hereditary to seuen Princes of Germany called Electors by a law made by the Emperour and the Pope From that time the Empire hath remained in Germany with free election yet so as they most commonly therein respected the right of bloud in which respect the house of Austria hath long continued in the possession of the Empire And the Emperours of Germany for many ages by this right gouerned Italy and receiued their Crowne at Rome till wearied and worne out by the treacheries of the Popes and forced to beare the publike burthen vpon their priuate reuenues they were made vnable to support their former dignity For these causes Rodulphus of Habsburg of the house of Austria chosen Emperour in the yeere 1273 first
Cardinals Hat maried Isabel daughter to the K. of Spaine and gouernes Netherland but hath no children 7. Wencestaus 8. Fredericke 9. Carolus al three died yong Foure sisters Anna married to the King of Spaine anno 1563 died anno 1580. Elizabeth married to Charles the 9 King of France anno 1570. Mary Margaret died yong Fiue sisters Elizabeth married to the King of Poland died an 1545. Anne wife to the Duke of Bauaria Marie wife to the Duke of Cleue Magdalen vnmarried and Catherine wife to the Duke of Mantua and after to the King of Poland Ferdinand of Ispruck so called of that Citie wherein he holds his Court. Hee married the daughter of the Duke of Mantua by whom he had some daughters but no heire male But by a Citizens daughter of Augsburg his wife hee had two sonnes This is the third Family of the Arch-Dukes called of Ispruch the Citie wherein they liue Charles Marques of Burgh Andrew a Cardinall Iohn died a childe Sixe sisters Leonora wife to the Duke of Mantua Barbara wife the Duke of Feraria Margareta Vrsula Helena and Ioanna Charles of Gratz so called of that City where he held his Court. Hee is the fourth sonne of the Emperour Ferdinand by Marie the daughter of the Duke of Bauaria Hee begat twelue children and dying in the yeere 1519 left two sonnes besides diuers daughters This is the fourth Family of the Arch-Dukes of Austria called Zu Gratz of that City wherein they hold their Court. Ferdinand zu Gratz Carolus Posthumus Margeret gouerned Netherland and died in the yeare 1530. Leopold the second Duke of Austria died in the yeare 1386. Fredericke proscribed in the Counsell at Constantia died in the yeere 1440. Sigismond dyed in the yeere 1497. Ernestus of Iron died in the yere 1435. Ladislaus Posthumus King of Bohemia vnder George Pochibraccius his Tutor and King of Hungary vnder Iohn Huniades Tutorage died in the yeere 1457. Thus I haue shewed that besides the branch of the House of Austria now raigning in Spaine there remaine three branches thereof in Germany the first of the Emperour Rodolphus and his brethren Ernestus dying in his life time Mathias and Maximilianus and Albertus Whereof foure liued vnmarried the fifth named Albertus hath long been married but hath no child The second branch is that of Ferdinand of Ispruch waa married Philippina the daughter of a Citizen in Augsburg whereupon his kinsmen difdaining that her ignoble Issue should enherit with them forced him to agree that the County of Tyroll should not descend vpon his sonne whereupon his eldest sonne by her named Charles possesseth onely the City and territory of Burgh which was in his Fathers power to giue with title of the Marquesse of Burgh and the said County at the Fathers death fell backe to the Emperour His second sonne Andrew Cardinal of Brixia besides the spirituall possessions of that County hath also the Bishopricke of Costnetz in Sueuia But Ferdinand of his second wife daughter to the Duke of Mantua had some daughters but no heire male The third branch is of Charles of Gratz who besides his heires males left eight daughters whereof one is now married to Sigismund King of Poland by election and of Suecia by inheritance the second to the Prince of Transiluania the third to Philip King of Spaine The Emperour by right of his owne inheritance not of the Empire is Lord of many and large Prouinces namely King of Hungary King of Bohemia with the annexed most fertile Prouinces of Morauia Silesia and Lusatia Also towards the Alpes he hath by Inheritance many large Prouinces gotten by his Progenitors as appeares by his Pedegree namely the Arch-Dukedome of Austria the Prouinces of Styria Carinthia Carmola Tyroll and other large territories in Sueuia and Alsatia besides great iurisdictions among the Sweitzers called the Grysons Ferdinand the Emperour brother to the Emperour Charles the fifth married the sister and heire of Lodouicus King of Hungary and Bohemia and after the vnhappy death of Lodouicus killed in the field by the Turkes in the yeere 1526 was chosen King of Bohemia which Kingdome with the Empire descended to his heires And this Kingdome is exempted from the Parliaments and Contributions of Germany by a priuiledge granted by Charles the fourth Emperour and King of Bohemia of whom the Germans complaine as more respecting Bohemia then the Empire In which point he is lesse to be taxed because howsoeuer that Kingdome freely elects their Kings yet the heire is therein alwaies respected before any other and being an Infant yet is commonly chosen King with a Tutor for his Nonage The three States of Barrons Knights and Citizens chuse the King but Ferdinand the Emperour in his life time caused his sonne Maximilian to be chosen King In like manner this Emperour Rodolphus was chosen King of Bohemia and also King of Hungaria while his Father liued And howsoeuer he being vnmarried hath lesse care of his Successour yet custome and the publike good haue such force as Bohemia seemes hereditary to the House of Austria either for feare of so great a Family bordering vpon the Kingdome or because they iustly triumph to haue the Emperours sente at Prage the cuecfe City of Bohemia especially since no Prince out of that Family is able to beare the burthen of the Empire if they obserue the Law binding the Electors to chuse an Emperour among the Princes borne in Germany As the said three States choose the King so they chuse a Viceroy for life to gouerne the Kingdome at the Kings death and to be one of the Electors as King of Bohemia at the choyce of the Emperour dead in the same person Yet commonly before this time wherein the vnmarried Emperour neglects the succession the Germans were wont while the Emperour liued to chuse his successor intitled King of the Romans At this time the Baron of Rosenburg was Viceroy of Bohemia for life who held his Court neere Lintz vpon the confines of Austria and was said to haue the keeping of the Kings Crowne in a Castle called Carlstein Touching Hungary it had the name of the people called the Hunns who vnder their King Geysa receiued the Christian Religion his sonne Stephen was chosen King in the yeere 1002 from whom in order many Kings haue beene chosen so as due respect was alwayes had of the eldest sonnes to the deceased who sometimes refused did stirre vp ciuill warres King Andrew about the yeere 1230 first gaue great priuiledges to the Nobility which their Kings to this day haue vsed to confirme as soone as they were elected King Vladislaus in the yeere 1490 first ioyned the Kingdomes of Bohemia and Hungary together whose sonne Lodouicus perished in the vnhappy battell against the Turkes in the yeere 1526 At which time Ferdinand of the House of Austria brother to the Emperor Charles the fifth and successor to him in the Empire was chosen King of Hungary as well by the couenant which the
name of Gregorie and he first instituted the seuen Electors of the Emperour which institution some attribute to Pope Silnester But whether Gregorie made this Law or confirmed it no doubt about the yeere 1002 the Electors were established about which time many tumults were at Rome betweene the Emperours and the Roman Prince Crescentius for the choise of the Pope and the common opinion is that Pope Gregorie in the yeere 997 made this Law of seuen Electors to chuse the Emperour and that Pope Siluester restrained it to certaine Families And this Institution seemed to giue great strength to the Empire since the former seditions were thereby taken away and it was likely these Princes would chuse a man of the greatest vertues and power But Charles the fourth chosen Emperor with condition not to meddle with Italy first obtained of the Electors to chuse his son to be Caesar in his life time and so made this Institution of no effect all Emp. after him chiefely laboring as much as they could to make the Empire hereditary by like meanes And the successor thus chosen in the life of the Emp. was called King of the Romans and after his death receiuing the Crowne was stiled Emp. Of the Electors 3 are Churchmon and Arch-bishops 3 are lay-Lay-Princes of Germany and least by faction of sixe Churchmen and Laymen the voices should be equall the King of Bohemia was added for the seuenth Elector The Archbishop of Trier Chauncellor for France sits before the Emperour The Archbishop of Mentz Chansellor sor Germany sits at the Emperors right hand in all places but in the Diocesse of Colon where he giues place to the Archbishop therof The Archbishop of Colon Chancelor for Italy sits on the Emperors right hand in his own dioces but on his left hand in all other places The K. of Bohemia Arch-butler of the Empire sits next the Archbishop of Mentz on the right hād of the Emperor The D. of Saxony the Marshal of the Empire carrying the sword before the Emperor sits on his left hand next the Archbishop of Colon. The Count Palatine of the Rheine carries the first dish at the feast of the Emp. coronation and sits on his right hand next the K. of Bohemia And the Marquisse of Brandeburg Great Chamberlaine sits on the left hand of the Emp. next to the D. of Saxony It is to be remembred that for long time the Emperor hauing been also King of Bohemia to the end that vpon the death of the old Emperour there should not be wanting one to supply the place of the King of Bohemia at the Election of the new Emperour the Bohemians haue alwaies a Viceroy chosen for life who not onely supplies that place but also gouernes Bohemia till the new Emperour be chosen and after receiued for King at Prage The Emperour Charles the fourth made many Lawes concerning the Emperour and the Electors which Lawes are all collected together and by the Germans called the Golden Bulla and it will not be impertinent to remember some of them It is decreed that no Elector shall lie in ambushment for another Elector comming to chuse the Emperour neither shall denie him safe conduct through his Country vnder the paine of periurie and losse of his Voyce for that Election Vnder the same penalty that no man whosoeuer lye in waite to intercept the person or goods of any Elector That the Arch-Bishop of Meuts shall apdoint the day of the Election by letters Pattents so as the Electors or their Deputies hauing full power may meete for that purpose at Franckfort vpon the Meyne within three moneths and if the Archbishop faile to appoint the day yet that the Electors vncalled shall meete there within that time That no Elector nor Depute shall enter the City attended with more then two hundred horsemen nor aboue fiftie of them armed That the Elector or Deputy called and not comming or departing before the Emperour be chosen shall loose his Voyce for that time That the Citizens of Franckfort if they protect not those that come to the Election shall be proscribed and depriued of their priuiledges and goods That no man be admitted into the Citie besides the Electors and their Deputies and the horsemen attending them That the next morning early after their entry Masse bee sung in the Church of Saint Bartholmew and that done the Archbishop of Mentz at the Altar giue an oath to the Electors in these words I N. N. sweare by the faith that I owe to God and the sacred Empire that I will chuse a temporall Head of Christian Princes and giue my Voyce without any couenant stipend reward or any such thing howsoeuer it may be called as God helpe me c. That if they shall not agree of the Election within thirty daies they shall eate bread and water and shall not goe out of the City till the Election be finished That the greater part bee held for a generall 〈◊〉 consent That the Elector slacking his comming shal notwithstanding be admitted he come before the Election be finished That the person elected shal presently sweare in the royall name of King of the Romans to the Electors Princes Secular and Spirituall and to all the Members of the Empire that hee will confirme all priuiledges customes c. and that after his Coronation hee shall sweare the same in the name of Emperour That an Elector shall haue his Voyce in the choice of himselfe to be Emperor That the Arch-bishop of Mentz shall aske the Voyces first of the Arch-bishop of Trier then of the Arch-bishop of Colon then of the King of Bohemia then of the Palatine then of the Duke of Saxony then of the Marquis of Brandeburg and lastly that these Princes shall aske the Voyce of the Arch-bishop of Mentz That the Empire being vacant the Count Palatine shall bee Prouisor of the Empire in Sueuia and Franconia as well in Iudgements as in conferring Church-liuings gathering of Rents inuesting of Vassals which inuesting notwithstanding is to bee renewed by the Emperour when he is chosen and Alienations c. That the Duke of Saxony shall haue the same right in his Prouinces That when the Emperour must answere any cause he shall answer before the Palatine so that be in the Imperiall Court That no man in the Court shal sit aboue the Electors That to a Secular Prince Elector his eldest Lay son shall succeed or for want of sons the first of the fathers Line and if he be vnder age that the eldest brother to the deceased father shall be his tutor till hee be eighteene yeares old and that this Tutor for that time shall haue all his right which he shall then restore to him and for want of heires males that the Emperour shall giue the Electorship to whom hee will excepting the King of Bohemia who is to bee chosen by the Bohemians That mines of mettals found in the Territories of any Elector shall bee proper to himselfe That the
Cities subiect to them least they should thereby be prouoked to make leagues with the free Cities and so make themselues free And this cause alone makes the Princes lesse able to giue strong helpes to the Emperour if they were willing to doe it Againe the free Cities feare the ambition of the neighbouring Princes For as most of the Cities of old subiect to the Emperour or to particular Princes got their freedome in ciuill warres by assisting one of the parties or else by priuiledges granted by fauour or bought for money or else by open force of armes so they thinke it likely that the Princes vpon the change of the state of things will omit no fit occasion to bring them againe into subiection And the said Princes doe not onely feare the said free Cities for combyning with their Subiects but haue also mutuall iealousies among themselues as well for inheritance as for the difference of Religion Lastly all and each of these states feare the power of the Emperour least hee should breake the absolute power they haue in their owne territories or least hee should by force of armes make them more obedient to himselfe or least hee should oppresse them in the cause of Religion either of his owne motion or by the instigation of the Pope Hence it is that hee who dares not make warre vpon the Emperour yet dares denie to helpe him and he that dares not deny helpe yet dares either fayle in performance or by delayes make it vnprofitable Besides that by nature the decrees and counsels of many heads are carried with lesse secrecy and are seldome executed with conuenient speed and that for which many care each one neglects as Piato faith disputing against community Also the Emperours power is many other wayes weakened First that the Germans in the very warre against the Turkes slowly grant or plainely refuse any contributions or subsidies and would little reioyce that the Emperour should haue a great victory against the Turkes partly least hee should turne his Forces vpon the absolute Princes or Cities of Germany partly least the Emperour then being as they openly professed should spend the money contributed in his priuate lusts not in the publike affayres and lastly because the charge of the Warre should be common but the profit of the Conquest should onely be to the aduancement of the House of Austria For which causes the Princes and Cities vsed to denie contributions of money towards the Turkish warres and rather chose to send and maintaine bands of Souldiers in Hungary vnder their owne pay for a set time And these bands were so commonly sent without order or mutuall consent and so slowly as when some of the bands came to the Army other bands hauing serued out the appointed time desired leaue to returne home Thus they seldome met together to attempt any braue enterprise while part of the forces was expected the occasions of good aduentures were lost Secondly the Emperour is more weake because the meetings of Parliaments which they call Dytetaes require the expectance of some moneths besides the delayes of Counsels after the meeting and the contrariecy of opinions which must needes be great in mindes so ill vnited Thirdly because the Germans vnwisely thinke that the tyranny of the Turkes hanging ouer them yet is a lesse and more remoued euill then the iealousie of their priuate estates and feare to be oppressed in the cause of Religion Lastly because the Germans thinke it not equall to be at publike charge to recouer the priuate Cities of the House of Austria from the Turkes These things make the great power of Germany so weake that as the whole body pined away while the hands denied meate to the belly so not onely the Empire to the generall shame of Christians drawes the last breath vnder the Turkish tyranny while the disagreeing and sluggish Christian Princes denie helpe in this case to the House of Austria and oppose the weaker branch of that House to the most powerfull force of the Turkes but also it may iustly be feared lest other Kingdomes and the very name of Christians should be vtterly consumed in this fier daily creeping and increasing vpon vs which God in his mercy forbid Next to the said vassals to the Emperour a King a Palatine a Duke a Marquesse and three Archbishops the seuen Electors of old were instituted foure Dukes of the Empire namely the Dukes of Bauaria of Brunswicke of Sueuia and of Lorayne and foure Langraues and of each degree foure whereof some are at this day extinguished and many other haue since beene created by diuers Emperours In like sort of old were instituted foure Metropolitan Cities of the Empire namely Augsburg called of the Vandals for difference Aquisgranum vulgarly Ach Mentz and Lubecke Bishops sprirituall Princes were of old twenty seuen in number whereof some haue secular Dominions onely by habite distinguished from secular Princes but the Churchmen knowing no meane not content with tithes but scarce leauing that portion to the Laymen haue caused Princes first to make Lawes against inordinate guists to the Church and then by other vanities prouoked them to reforme this aboundance of their riches the impurity of their liues and the falshoods of their Doctrines so as at this day many Bishoprickes are in the hands of secular Princes within their owne Dominions vnder the title of Administrators In this sort to passe ouer the rest the eldest sonne of the Marquesse of Brandeburg was in his Fathers life time called the Administrator of Halla Not onely the Emperour but also many Princes of Germany as well secular as spirituall haue Kingly power in their owne Dominions and these absolute Princes are so many in number as a passenger in each dayes iourney shall obserue one or two changes of Prince Money and Religion Furthermore in free Cities here the Patritian Order there the common people and other where both with mixed power gouerne the City in such absolute freedome as most of the Cities haue regall rights of making peace or warre of coyning Monies and of like priuiledges But the Plebeans among them proue they neuer so rich cannot haue any higher degree and their gouernements are with such equity equality and moderation as no degree is subiect one to the other but all equally to the Law Of these Princes secular and spirituall and of the Deputies for free Cities meeting in Parliaments which they cal Ditetaes is the true Image of the Empire where they deliberate of great affaires and impose contributions from which onely the King of Bohemia is free by priuiledge granted from Charles the fourth Emperour and King of Bohemia as I haue formerly said The forme of the Commonwealth in the Empire is Aristocraticall ouer which the Emperour should bee as head appointing the meetings with the consent of the Princes and causing the Decrees to be put in execution But at this day the name of the Emperour is become a
from so disunited mindes as they haue He addes that the free Cities of the Empire yeeld a small yeerely tribute to the Emperour of fifteene thousand Guldens It is well nowne that those Cities of old custome maintained twenty thousand foote and foure thousand Horses for the Emperours Army when he went to be crowned at Rome but this custome by long discontinuance is vanished since the Emperours for many ages haue forborne this expedition The matter of greatest moment is the contribution which for the doubtfull affaires of the Empire hath been accustomed to be granted by the three Estates in Parliament And these such as they are yet are more easily or hardly obtained of that free Nation as the Emperour hath more or lesse reputation with them But that it may appeare that the Empire wants not treasure the sinew of war let vs gather by one particular example what may generally be iudged of this subsidie In the time of the Emperour Maximilian the first the following subsidie was granted in a Dyet or Parlament at Worms by consent of the Estates for the vse of the Common-wealth and especially for the warre against the Turkes which at that time much lesse pressed Germany then it doth in these our daies First it was decreed that for foure yeeres next following each person of any sex or quality howsoeuer possessing through long and broad Germany or being worth by all meanes 500 gold Guldens should yerely pay half a gold Gulden to this purpose and each one of lesse value should pay a quarter of a gold Gulden and all Iewes as well men as women and children should pay yearely by the Pole one gold gulden That Princes Barons for decency yet of their free will should contribute much more And that this collection should be made not onely in the priuate Dominions of the Emperour but in the priuat Teritories of al Princes and the mony first deliuered to the Superintendents or chiefe Ministers of Gods word and by them be conueied to seuen Treasurers residing at Franckfort the first appointed by the Emperour the second by the Electors the third by other Princes the fourth by the Prelates the fifth by the Earles and Barons the sixth by the Knights the seuenth by the free Cities all which were to take their oathes for the faithfull execution of this office After it was againe decreed in the Diet held at Nurnberg that for the Turkish warre each 40 inhabitants reckoning the husband wife and children for one person should maintaine one Footeman That men and maid seruants should giue the sixth part of their yeerely wages and each one hauing no wages should pay a shilling of Germany That spirituall persons men and women that is Nunnes as well as others should for each forty Guldens value pay one gold Gulden and in like sort the spirituall Orders of Knights and namely those of Saint Iohn and all Monasteries and Almes-houses and whatsoeuer spirituall communities should giue the like contribution excepting the foure Orders of Mendicant Friers of which each fiue Monasteries were to maintaine one Footeman That men and maid-seruants of Spirituall persons should pay as much as those of the Layety That no Elector or Prince should maintaine lesse then fiue hundred Horses and each Earle should maintaine one Horseman That Knights should contribute according to their estates That the Iewes should pay by the Pole one gold Gulden yearely the rich paying for the poore That all Preachers should in the Pulpit exhort men willingly to giue these contributions giuing hope that they shall be diminished according to the booties gotten by victories And that Bishops should make collection of this money and deliuer it ouer to the Counsellers of the States Twenty Noble men were at that time chosen to haue care of the Commonwealth for matters of peace and warre who in difficult accidents were to call vnto them the sixe Electors the King of Bohemia in the Emperours person not reckoned and certaine other Princes And this must alwaies be vnderstood that these collections are made in Germany with great seuerity or strictnesse where he that dissembles his full wealth shall be forced to repaire all the domage the Commonwealth hath sustained thereby and shall bee also deepely fined when the fraude is made knowne which at least will appeare at the death of each priuate man by his last will and testament So as these subsidies must needs be of great moment But the Germans in our daies though ready to be deuoured by the Iawes of the Turkish Tyrant yet for the aboue-named causes very vnwillingly grant these contributions yea for the very Turkish warre The Germans for the said mutuall iealosies at this day in the greatest Peace at home yet liue as in the time of a Ciuill warre at least in common feare of surprising so as almost in all Cities they haue victuals laid vp in Storehouses to beare a yeeres siege and besides this publike prouision all housholders are commanded to make their priuate prouisions before hand of dried fishes corne and like things to eate of fewell to burne and of all necessaries to exercise their manuall trades The Cities haue Watchmen continually dwelling with their families on the top of high Steeples and Towers who by sound of Trumpet and by hanging out flags of diuers colours one for horsemen another for footemen continually giue warning what people approach to the Towne and in what number and besides these Watchmen are inioyned to sound their Trumpets at certaine howers of the day and night The very recreations of the Citizens are no other then shooting in Pieces and Crosebowes at markes in publike houses and thus they exercise themselues on Holidaies and at all idle times shooting for wagers both priuate and publike and for like rewards and prises So as they must needes bee thereby much better trained vp for warre Yet their footemen in warre doe not so much vse the Piece as the Pike and their Horsemen contrarie to the custome of other Nations are generally armed with two short Pistols not at all with Lances To conclude if any man in this time of peace shoote ofa piece within the wals of a Citie he shall no lesse then in a Towne of Garrison bee drawne by the Serieants before the Magistrate be sure to pay a mulct for his error Caesar reports that the Schwaben or people of Sueuta a great Prouince in Germany most part of vpper Germany hauing been so called of old were most warlike yet at the first hearing so feared the Romans as some thought to leaue their dwellings some made their last wils and all mourned and were sad He reports also that the halfe part of this people was imployed and nourished in Armes and the other halfe gaue themselues to Husbandry and that so by yeerely course they were one yeere Husbandmen another yeere Souldiers That none of them had any priuate fields nor dwelt in one place more then a yeere Lastly that freedome
appeales for vniust causes should be punished by paying charges and being fined and that no appeale should bee admitted vnder the value of fifty Guldens excepting those who haue priuiledge to appeale for lesse summes and that no appeale be made for corporal punishments That the Chamber should be held at Spire till it be otherwise decreed by Parliament but that in time of famine or plague they may for the time choose another place That two brothers should not be the one an Assessor the other a Procter That the Iudges shall meete three dayes in the weeke and eight of them at the least shall be present That execution of iudgement shall first be required by letters of the Court to which if the Defendant shal not yeeld obedience he shal be cited to appeare and shall be condemned in costs and the Plaintife shall be put in possession of his goods and the Defendant by the Popes priuiledge granted to this Court shall be excommunicated and then execution shall be desired from the Magistrate of the Community or in case the defendant be powerful it shall be desired from the Emperour himselfe Lastly that no appeale nor petition against the iudgement of the Chamber shall be admitted And thus much breefly written of the Imperiall Chamber or Court shall suffice Onely I will adde that appeales were of old granted to the Electors subiects and at this day in some cases and aboue a certaine value are granted to the subiects of Princes and Cities and that in difficult causes the Germans often referre them to beiudged by the Colledges of ciuill Lawyers in the Vniuersity but since Princes and Cities weekely hold Courts of iudgement so as execution is done before appeale can be made and since many Cities and Princes haue priuiledges against appeales granted to them from the Emperor these appeales are many times and by diuers meanes made voide In this Chamber the Emperour himselfe may be accused and many times a Gentleman or any man of inferior condition hauing difference with a Princes gaines the cause against him and the great differences of Princes wont to breake into warre vse quietly to be composed in this Court The cheefe Iudge if he be Earle or Barron hath two thousand Guldens yeerely by the statute made in the yeere 1548 and hath more if he be a Prince An Assessor if he be an Earle or Barron hath yeerely by the same statute seuen hundred Guldens if he be a Doctour of the Ciuill Law or a Gentleman he hath fiue hundred Guldens and each Aduocate in Exchequer causes hath yeerely three hundred Guldens and by a statute in the yeere 1557 they receiue for each Gulden 77 Creitzers for bettering of their pensions whereas formerly each Gulden was valued at sixteene Batzen or sixty foure Creitzers Touching capitall iudgements By the Ciuill Law in most heinous offences the affection is punished though it take no effect yet in common custome and after the forme of the Statutes of Italy he that hath a mind to kill is not punished except he doe kill The old Law of Saxony respects the fact not the will but of late the Electors of Saxony haue made a Statute which is yet in vigour that he that prouokes a man to fight or threatens death to him shall dye though hee neuer assaile him The Germans hold it reprochfull to apprehend any malefactor which is onely done by the Serieants of the Hangmans disgracefull Family My selfe obserued that a young man Kinsman to the Consul or Maior of a Citie hauing killed a Gentleman remained two howers in the Citie and then fled without any stop by the Serieants who notwithstanding did afterwards for fashion sake pursue him some few howers Yet I must needs confesse that the Germans are generally most seuere in Iustice sparing not the Inhabitants more then strangers yea in some cases fauouring strangers more then the Inhabitants as in debts which a stranger cannot stay to recouer by long processe My selfe hauing a sute for money at Lindaw my aduocate would by no meanes take any fee of me and the Iudge gaue mee right with great expedition In criminall offences they neuer haue any pardons from Court which are common in forraigne Kingdomes but the punishment is knowne by the fact so the malefactor be apprehended For all hope of safety is in flight yet I deny not that fauour is often done in the pursute For since onely the Serieants can apprehend there is no place where more malefactors escape by flight In the Citie of Lubeck most honoured for Iustice the common report was that the very Iudges and Senators had lately wincked at a Gentlemans breaking of prison and flight with his keeper whom being imprisoned for a murther they could neither execute without greatly offending the King of Denmark nor otherwise set free without scandall of Iustice. A man suspected of any crime or accused by one witnesse is drawne to torture yet is neuer condemned vpon any probability till himselfe confesse the fact which confession is easily extorted because most men had rather dye then indure torment So as many times innocent men haue been after knowne to haue perished by their owne confessions as with vs sometimes innocent men haue been knowne to dye being found guilty by a Iurie of twelue sworne men And because it cannot be that the iudgements of men should not often erre hence it is that the Ciuill Lawyers haue a strange yet good saying that a mischiefe is better then an inconueniency namely that it is better one innocent man should dye by triall then many nocent persons should escape for want of triall In Germany not onely men but women also being accused are put to torture And for diuers great crimes the Law iudgeth them to death with exquisite torments And because they can hardly bee indured with Christian patience lest the condemned should fall into despaire the very Preachers when they haue heard their confessions and setled their mindes in true faith by rare example of too great charitie permit and aduise that they be made drunken to stupifie their sences so as thus armed they come forth with more bold then holy mindes and lookes and seeme not to feele vnsufferable torments of death Neare Lindaw I did see a malefactor hanging in Iron chaines on the gallowes with a Mastiue Dogge hanging on each side by the heeles so as being starued they might eate the flesh of the malefactor before himselfe died by famine And at Franckford I did see the like spectacle of a Iew hanged aliue in chaines after the same manner The condemned in Germany lose not their goods but onely in case of Treason against their absolute Lords But in Bohemia the goods of the condemned fall to the Emperour as he is King of Bohemia in the Territories belonging to the King and to the Princes and Gentlemen in the Territories whereof they are absolute Lords as they are all in their owne lands In Germany Courtiers and Students of Vniuersities
the Daughter and Heire to the sickely Duke to whom himselfe was next of kinne by the Fathers side and Heire And it was a common speech that the said sickely Duke had lately lent forty thousand Guldens to the King of Poland and that the Elector of Brandeburg had offered seuen Tunnes of gold to the King of Poland that his Grandchild might succeed in the Dukedome of Prussia but that it was flatly refused by the Senate of Poland so as it was diuersly thought according to mens diuers iudgements what would become of the Dukedome after the said sickly Dukes death some iudging that the King of Poland would keepe the Dukedome falling to him others that the powerfull Family of Brandeburg would extort the possession thereof by force of money or of armes I omit the military Orders of Knights in England France and Netherland to be mentioned in their due place Among the Germans I could not obserue any ordinary degree of Knights conferred in honour vpon such as deserue well in ciuill and warlike affaires such as the Kings of England giue to their Subiects with the title of Sir to distinguish them from inferiour Gentlemen But in our age we haue seene Master Arundell an English Gentlemen created Earle of the Empire for his acceptable seruices to the Emperour Christian Elector of Saxony deceased did institute a military Order of Knights like to the Teutonike Order saue that it is no Religious Order and he called it Die gulden geselschaft that is the Golden Fellowship by which bond hee tied his neerest friends to him And the badge of the Order was a Iewell hanging in a chaine of gold hauing on each side of the Iewell engrauen a Heart peirced with a Sword and a Shaft and vpon one side neere the Heart was the Image of Faith holding a Crucifix with these words grauen about the Heart Virtutis amore that is for loue of Vertue vpon the other side neere the Heart was the Image of Constancie holding an Anker with these words grauen about the Heart Qui perseuer at adfinem saluus erit that is He that perseueres to the end shall be saued Lastly about the circle of the Iewell these great letters were engrauen F. S. V that is Fide sed vide namely in English Trust but beware The Prouinces of the reformed Religion haue no Bishops but the reuenues of the Bishoprickes are either conucrted to godly vses or possessed by the Princes vnder the title of Administrators And in like manner the reuenues of Monasteries for the most part are emploied to maintaine Preachers and to other godly vses but in some places they still permit Monkes and Nunnes I meane persons liuing single but not tied with Papisticall vowes for the education of their children and the nourishing of the poore In each City and each Church of the City many Ministers or Preachers serue who haue no tythes but onely liue vpon Pensions commonly small and not much vnequall For Ministers commonly haue one or two hundreth Guldens and the Superintendants one or two thousand Guldens by the yeere besides wood for fier and Corne and some like necessaries for food These Superintendants are instead of Bishops to ouersee the Cleargy but are not distinguished in habite or title of dignity from the other Ministers yet to them as cheefe in vertue and learning as well the Ministers as all other degrees yeeld due reuerence and in all Ecclesiasticall couses they haue great authority But otherwise Germany hath many rich and potent Bishops of whom generall mention is made in the Chapter of Prouerbs and particularly in this Chapter much hath beene said of the three spirituall Electors The Husbandmen in Germany are not so base as the French and Italians or the slaues of other Kingdomes but much more miserable and poore then the English Husbandmen yet those of Prussia a fat and fertile Country come necrest to the English in riches and good fare The other being hired by Gentlemen to plough their grounds giue their seruices at low rates and pay so great rent to their Lords as they haue scarcely meanes to couer nakednes with poore clothes and to feed themselues with ill smelling coleworts and like meate In Morauia incorporated to Bohemia and lying betweene it and Polonia the husbandmen are meere slaues And at my being there I heard that the Barron of Promnetz hauing been lately in Italy did make free a slaue of his who was there a Potecary and gaue him a present Also I vnderstood by discourse that the Marquesse of Anspach in Germany hath many meere slaues for his husbandmen But all other in Germany are free howsoeuer without doubt they be greatly oppressed not only by the Gentry but also by the Church-men so as wee find in late histories that the Bawren or clownes in the yeare 1502 made a rebellion perhaps with the mind after the example of the Sweitzers to get liberty by the sword but yet pretending only reuenge vpon Bishops and Church-men prouerbially saying that they would not suffer them to draw breath And it is probable that the neighborhood of the Sweitzers who rooted out their Noblemen got liberty by the sword makes the Gentlemen of Germany lesse cruell towards the poore clownes For either vpon that cause or for the fertility of the Country no doubt the clownes in Sueuia and places neare Sweitzerland liue much better then in any other parts as likewise in places neere Denmarke and Poland admitting slaues generally the poore people are more oppressed then any where else through Germany In Bohemia the highest degree is that of Barons and the Gentlemen haue the same priuiledges with them all other in townes and fields are meere slaues excepting Cities immediately subiect to the Emperor as King of Bohemia where many are either emancipated for mony or find more clemency vnder the yoke of a German Prince For in lands belonging to the Barons and Gentlemen the King hath no tribute but all is subiect to the Lord with absolute power of life and death as likewise the King hath his lands and some thirty Cities in like sort subiect to him And howsoeuer the Gentlemen doe not commonly exercise this power against the people left the Germans should repute them tyrants yet with wonder I did heare at Prage that a Baron had lately hanged one of his slaues for stealing of a fish It is free for a Gentleman to hang any of his slaues for going into strange Countries without being made free if he can apprehend him Many times they giue them leaue to goe into forraigne parts to learne manuary arts but they call them home at pleasure and when they come back make them worke for the Lords behoofe They take their Daughters for mayd seruants and Sonnes for houshold seruants at pleasure And these poore slaues can leaue their children nothing by last Will and Testarnent but all their goods in life and at death belong to the Lords and they will find
them be they neuer so secretly hidden In the Prouince of Morauia incorporated to Bohemia I haue formerly said that the Gentlemen haue like priuiledges and absolute power ouer their subiects being all born slaues And in Germany that the Marquis of Anspach hath like born slaues And I shall in due place shew that in Denmark and Poland the people are meere slaues so as the Gentlemen and Lords recken not their estates by yearly rents but by the number of their Bawren or clownes who are all slaues In Bohemia the goods of condemned persons fall to the Lord of the fee. Among the Barons the Baron of Rosenburg was cheefe who for life was chosen Viceroy and dwelt vpon the confines of Austria being said to haue the yearly rents of eighty thousand Dollers but in respect he had no Sonne to succeede him he was lesse esteemed especially himselfe being decrepite and his brother also old and without probable hope of issue The second family of the Barons was that of the Popels hauing many branches and plenty of heires One of them was at that time in great grace with the Emperor Rodulphus And the whole family for the issue was much estemed of the people and States of the Kingdome In Bohemia as in Poland Gentlemen cannot be iudged but at fower meetings in the yeare and then are tried by Gentlemen so as the accusers being wearied with delaies the offenders are commonly freed but men of inferior condition are daily iudged and suddenly tried The Bohemians giue greater titles to Gentlemen by writing and in saluting then the Germans where notwithstanding as appeares in the due place there is great and vndecent flattery by words among all degrees I did not obserue or reade that the Bohemians haue any military or ciuill order or degree of Knightes as the English haue The Hussites hauing changed nothing in religion saue onely the communicating of the Lords Supper in both kinds with some other small matters yet I did not heare that they haue any Bishops and I am sure that the Bishopricke of Prage had then been long void They and all of the reformed Religion in Bohemia send their Ministers to Wittenberg an Vniuersity in Saxony for receiuing of Orders with imposition of hands from the Lutheran Superintendant and the Ministers of that place CHAP. IIII. Of the particular Common-wealths as well of the Princes of Germany as of the Free Cities such of both as haue absolute power of life and death IT remaineth to adde something of priuat Princes Courts and the Gouernement of the free Cities And since I haue formerly said that these Princes and Cities hauing absolute power of life and death are many in number and that according to the number of the Princes the places also where taxes and impositions are exacted are no lesse frequent as well for subiects as strangers passing by both for persons and for wares And that they who deceiue the Prince in any such kind neuer escape vnpunished Now to auoid tediousnesse I will onely mention the chiefe Princes and Cities by which coniecture may be made of the rest and this I will doe briefely without any repetition of things formerly set downe Touching the Electors I haue formerly related the principall lawes of the golden Bulla The Duke of Saxony is one of these Electors many waies powerfull and he deriues his pedegree from Witikind a famous Duke of the Germans in the time of the Emperour Charles the Great who forced him to lay aside the name of King permitting him the title of a Duke and to become Christian in the yeere 805. Witikynd the second Deitgrenius Frederike Fredericke inuested Marquis of Misen by the Emperour Henrie the first he died in the yeere 925. Bruno Dittimare Christian inuested Marquis of Lusatia by the Emperor Otho the first Theodorike died in the yeere 1034. Henrie Marquis of Misen and Lusatia died in the yeere 1106. Timo. Conrade the Great died in the yeere 1150. Otho the Rich built Friburg where hee had found Mines of Siluer and died in the yeere 1189. Theodorike was poisoned by the Citizens of Leipzig in the yeere 1220. Henrie by right of inheritance became Langraue of Thuring and died 6287. In right line from Henrie discends Fredericke who chosen Emperour yeelded the Empire to his Competitor the Emperour Charles the fourth taking mony for giuing vp his right and he died in the yeere 1349. In right line is Fredericke the Warlike who ouercame the Bohemians rebelling against the Emperour receiued the Scholers of Prage to study at Leipzig restrained the title of Dukes of Saxony to Families which after the Emperours of Saxonie had been confusedly vsurped and lastly appropriated the title of Elector to his Family He died in the yeere 1423. Fredericke the Gentle died in the yeere 1464. Ernestus the Elector died in the yeere 1486. The Elector Frederike the Wise who put the Empire from himself chose Charles the fifth Hee did found the Vniuersitie at Wittenberg and died 1525. Iohn Elector exhibited the eformed Confession at Augsburg and died 1533. Iohn Frederike for the Reformed Religion deposed from the Electorship by the Emperour Charles the fifth He married Sibill daughter to the Duke of Iuliar and died 1554 Iohn Frederike proscribed by the Empire and prosecuted by Augustus Elector of Saxonie in the Emperours name was taken prisoner by him at the taking and razing of Gotha Iohn Casimire borne of his fathers second wife Elizabeth daughter to Frederike Elector Palatine He was borne 1564 and married Anna daughter to Augustus Elector of Saxonie Iohn Ernest then vnmarried borne in the yeere 1566. These Dukes of Saxony then liuing were called the Dukes of Coburg Iohn William serued the King of France in those Ciuill warres and died 1573. Will. Frederik borne of another daughter to Frederike Elector Palatine 1562 he buried the daughter to the Duke of Wirtenberg and married the daughter of Philip Lodowick Prince Palatine 1591. He was Tutor to the sonnes of Christian Elector preferred to the Duke of Coburg because his father was proscribed and neuer restored Iohn borne 1570 then vnmarried This Duke of Saxonie was called the D. of Wyneberg The last Elector of this branch Albert the Stout Duke of Saxonie died in the yeere 1500. George of Leipzig called the Popish was Duke of Saxonie and died in the yeare 1539. Henrie Duke of Saxonie made Gouernour of Friesland by his father was there in danger to be put to death had not his father come to deliuer him he died in the yeere 1541. The first Elector of this branch Mauritius made Elector by the Emperor Charles the 5 was borne 1521 died 1553. Augustus Elector maried Anne daughter to the K. of Denmarke and died 1586 Eight Boyes and three Girles died Christian the Elector married the daughter to the Elector of Brandeburg and died 1591. Three young daughters Christian the second Elector but then a Pupill borne 1583 the fiue and twentieth of September at three of
the clocke in the morning Iohn George borne 1585 the fifth of March at ten of the clock in the night Augustus borne the seuenth of September 1589. These three were Pupils vnder William Frederike D. of Wyneberg whereof the elder was to be Elector the other two Dukes of Saxony Elizabeth married to Casimire Administrator of the Electorship of the Palatinate Dorothy married to the Duke of Brunswick and Anne to Iohn Casimire Duke of Coburg This is the seuenteenth Duke of Saxonie and the first Elector of Saxonie in his Family Witikynd the third of whom are the Capeti Kings of France The Princes borne of these three Families are Dukes of vpper Saxony for there bee also poore Dukes of lower Saxonie as one residing at Angria While I liued at Leipzig Christian the Elector of Saxonie died 1591 whose Vncle by the Fathers side Mauritius was the first Elector of that Family For the Emperour Charles the fifth making warre against Iohn Frederike then Duke and Elector of Saxonie and against the Langraue of Hessen as Rebels to the Empire but indeede with purpose to suppresse these chiefe defenders of the Reformed Religion and to bring the free Empire of Germany vnder the Spanish yoke he cunningly warned Mauritius as next heire to sease the lands of Iohn Frederike or otherwise they should fall to him that tooke possession of them Whereupon Mauritius though he professed the Reformed Religion which now had great need of his helpe yet inuaded his kinsmans lands vnder a faire pretext that he tooke them least the Emperour should alienate them to strangers professing that he would restore them to his kinseman when he should be reconciled to the Emperour But such is the power of ambition as in the end he did nothing lesse but further receiued the title of Elector taken from Iohn Frederike and his children and conferred vpon him and his heires males by the Emperour The report was that Luther seeing Mauritius brought vp in the Court of the Elector Iohn Frederike foretold the Elector that he should one day confesse hee had nourished a Serpent in his bosome True it is that Mauritius shortly after restored the cause of Religion in like sort deceiuing the Emperours hope by making a league with the King of France But euer since the posteritie of Mauritius hath been iealous of the heires to Iohn Frederike and hath gladly taken all occasions to suppresse them Whereupon Augustus succeeding his brother Mauritius was easily induced by vertue of his Office as Arch-Marshall of the Empire to prosecute with fire and sword Iohn Frederike the eldest sonne of the said Iohn Frederike whom the Empire had proscribed At which time he besieged him in Gotha a strong Fort which he tooke and razed to the ground coining Dollers in memory of that Victory with this inscription Gotha taken and the proscribed enemies of the Empire therein besieged either taken or put to flight in the yeere 1567 Augustus Elector of Saxony coined these And it is not vnlikely that Christian sonne to Augustus especially for feare of this Family fortified Dresden with so great cost and art howsoeuer the common people thought it rather done because he affected to be chosen Emperour at the next vacation Of this Family thus prosecuted and deposed from the Electorship are the two Dukes of Saxony the one of Coburg the other of Wineberg so called of the Cities wherin they dwell And the Duke of Coburg hauing been proscribed by the Empire and neuer restored the Duke of Wineberg though more remoued Kinsman yet was made Administrator of the Electorship with title of Elector as Tutor to the sonne of Christian his two brethren who were brought vp by him in the Court at Dresden vnder their mother the Widow to Christian being of the house of Brandeburg So as were not the Germans nature honest and peaceable had not the power of the Elector of Brandeburg stood for the Pupils it was then thought that the wronged Family had great meanes of reuenge This example makes me thinke that it is farre more safe to make the next Kinsman on the mothers side Tutor who can haue no profit but rather losse by the death of the Pupill then the next Kinsman by the Fathers side being his heire The Dukes of Coburg and of Wineberg are Dukes of Saxony by right of blood and of possessions therein but the Family of the Elector hath nothing either in vpper or lower Saxony but onely Wittenberg belonging to the Electorship which was conferred vpon them by the Emperour Charles the fifth The Elector holds his Court at Dresden in the Prouince of Misen Touching Christian the Elector hee was reputed to be much giuen to hunting to be prone to anger not to be sollicited by petition but at some fit times to affect solitarinesse and little to be seene of the people hardly to admit strangers to his presence at any time much lesse when he sat at the table to eate contrary to the vse of the Princes of the house of Austria to haue skill in the Art of Gold-Smithes and to spare no charge in keeping braue Horses And no doubt hee was so carried away with this last delight as he would take in gift from his very enemies any beautifull thing belonging to the Stable And while I was at Wittenberg a Scholer hauing spoken some words that he loued Horses better then Scholers was sent to Dresden and there whipped about the streetes Beyond measure he was giuen to large drinking in plaine termes to drunkennesse and that of the most strong Wines so as this intemperance was thought the cause of his vntimely death And for these drinking games he had certaine faire chambers ouer his Stable something distant from his lodgings of his Court which were appropriated to festiuall solaces As soone as he was made Elector he presently ordained the new Iudges for the Saxon Law vulgarly called Schoppenstuel and the Consistories In the yeere 1586 hee had a meeting at Lubeck with the King of Denmarke and the Elector of Brandeburg In the yeere 1589 at Naumberg he renewed the hereditarie league betweene his Familie and the neighbour Princes namely the Elector of Brandeburg his eldest sonne 〈◊〉 Frederike then called Administrator of Hall the three brothers a William Lodwike and George Langraues of Hessen Frederike William Duke of Saxony for one man hath often times two names in Baptisme Iohn Duke of Saxony for the title is common to younger brothers and houses of one Family with the elder Iohn Casimire Tutor to his Nephew the Elector Palatine Iohn Ernest Duke of Saxony Christian Prince of Anhalt Wolfang and Phillip Dukes of Grubenhagen And to knit his friends loue more firmely to him I haue said that he did institute an Order of Knighthood called the Golden Fellowship He had for his Counsell his Officers of Court and some Doctors of the Ciuill Law and among them Crellius Docter of the Ciuill Law and the Master of his Game or hunting whose name I
two hundred Dollers yeerely stipend and apparrell One chiefe and two inferiour Horse-leeches and Smiths foure Armourers to pollish the Armes for Tilting three Sadlers two Cutlers to pollish the Swords two Feathermakers and two Porters of the Stable had each of them one hundred Guldens yeerely stipend and apparell twice in the yeere Besides the Elector Christian had a Kingly Armoury or Arsonall for Artillery and Munitions of warre which they said had furniture for an Army of eighty thousand Men ouerseene by a Captaine or Master of the Ordinance his Liefetenant and three Captaines of the watch who had no small stipends besides fifty Gunners who had each of them sixe guldens by the moneth with yeerely apparrell But when I was at Dresden this Armory was much vnfurnished by aides newly sent into France to King Henry the fourth at the instance of his Ambassadour the Earle of Tarine These aides though sent with the consent of the foresaid Princes confederate yet were leuied as at the charge of the King of France and as voluntary men because the Princes are bound vpon paine to leese their fees and by the couenants of the peace giuen to the confession of Augsburg not to vndertake any waire without the Emperours knowledge which bonds are often broken the Princes of Germany administring all as absolute Princes onely with consent of their confederates But I passe ouer this and returne to the matter in hand The foresaid so many and so great stipends were most readily paid without delay out of the Exchequer called the Siluer Chamber monethly or yeerely as they did grow due And all the Pensioners aforesaid did keepe the horses in the city for which they had pay to which if you adde the 136 horses of the chiefe stable and the 200 kept by the D. in other stables you shal find that Dresden was neuer without a 1000 horses of seruice for any sudden euent And the number was not lesse of the horses which the Elector kept in his Castles not farre from the Citie so as he had euer as it were in a moment ready 2000 horses for all occasions This Christian Elector of Saxony was said to impose most heauy exactions vpon his subiects no lesse then the Italian Princes who place all their confidence in their treasure none at al in the loue of their subiects or then the Netherlanders who for feare to become slaues to the Spaniard beare vntollerable exactions The Country people about Dresden cried that they were no lesse oppressed then the Iewes in Egypt being daily forced to labour at their owne charge in fortifying the City And many complained that the Red Deare wilde Boares and like beasts destroied their fields for I said that the Duke was much delighted in hunting which is also forbidden to all euen the best Gentlemen no man daring so much as to driue the beasts out of their pasture and corne he that sets a Dog on them being subiect to great penalty and he that killes one of them being guilty of death But nothing did more cause the Duke to be maligned then that he had left the positions of Luther in religion and carefully endeuoured to establish those of Caluin as shal be shewed in due place His subiects were wont to pay for seuerall goods as a sheepe a cow and the like a yeerely tribute but of late it had been decreed by the 3 States that after the value of goods each man for 60 grosh should pay two fennings yeerely I meane as well moueable goods namely wares and ready money as houses lands and all vnmoueable goods and that not according to the yeerely value but yeerely according to the value at which they were or might be bought or sold. Neither could any man dissemble his wealth since that deceit will appeare at least vpon the last Will and Testament and once found vseth to be punished with repairing the losse and a great fine This tribut was at first granted only for 6 yeres but those ended the terme was renewed and so it continueth for euer And this tribute alone was said to yeeld yeerely 600000 guldens but the chiefe reuenue of the Elector was by the imposition vpon Beere which as I haue formerly said that people drinkes in great excesse And they said that this tribute also at first was imposed only for certaine yeeres But the Elector meaning nothing lesse then to ease them of this burthen of late there had bin a paper set by some merry lad vpon the Court gates containing these words in the Dutch tongue Ich woundschihm lang leben vnd kein gutten tag darneben vnd darnoch den hellisch fewr der hatt auffgehebt dab bearstewer Vndergeschreiben Das wort Gottes vnd das berestewer wheren in ewigkeit That is I wish long life may him befall And not one good day therewithall And Hell-fier after his life here Who first did raise this Taxe of Beare Post-script The Word of God and the Tax of Beare last for euer and euer The Brewers pay tribute according to the value of the brewing not according to the gaine they make namely some eighth part for one kind of Beare some fifth part for another kind in most places At Wittenberg I obserued that for one brewing of some 48 bushels of Mault worth some 48 guldens the Dukes Treasurer receiued 8 guldens This Treasurer doth foure times yeerely view the brewing vessels and number the Students of Wittenberg to preuent any defrauding of Tribute For howsoeuer in all these parts they drinke largely yet at Wittenberg in respect of the great number of Students and at Leipzig for the same cause and in respect of a great Faire this tribute growes to an higher rate then in other cities yet the Citie Torge though lesse in circuit then these only exceeds these and all other in yeelding this tribute because the beare therof is so famously good as it is in great quantitie transported to other Cities of these Prouinces where the better sort most commonly drink it and no other so as that Citie alone yeelds one yeere with another seuenteene thousand gold Guldens for tribute of Beare The same Citie makes yeerely seuen thousand wollen clothes each cloth thirty two elles long and worth some fourteene Dollers yet for each cloth they pay onely one siluer Grosh whereby it appeares that the tribute of cloth and like commodities is lightly esteemed as of lesse importance then the transcendent traffique of Beare Torge likewise yeerely paies to the Elector 500 Dollers for the fishing of a Lake neare the City which once in 3 yeeres was said to yeeld 5000 Dollars to the City One sole Prouince yet much inhabited and very fertill namely Misen was said one yeere with another to yeeld 1800000 Dollers for all tributes and halfe part thereof onely for Beare The Mines of Siluer are of great importance which by the Law belong to the Electors in their Prouinces not to the Emperour And this Elector hath many of these Mines-namely
chief Consul hauing notice therof commanded the gates to be shut and the streets to be chained when the Duke had long sate vpon the cart with some annoiance by reason of raine and found he could not goe back and thought it dangerous to goe into any priuate house at last the Consul bought his wood and so drew the Duke to his house where he intertained him honorably yet remembred him that he had put himselfe in needles danger knowing the ill affection of the common people towards him and then sending for the Dukes servantes to attend him led him out of the city with honour Luneburg a free City of the Empire is strongly fortified and statly built but hath no lesse ielosy with the neighbor Dukes bearing the title of the City yet they neither dwell in the City nor medle with the gouernment therof but abide at Cella and at Sethern some twelue miles distant and in other Cities of that Prouince according to the diuision of their inheritance betweene them The Citizens of Luneburg knowing that of old they bought their liberty of these Dukes and that to this day they pay them some tributes iustly feare lest the Duke or his Brothers and Cosens being many in number shold practise any thing against their liberty or at least being poor shold seek new occasiōs to extort mony frō them The Duke of old had a strong Castle built vpon a Mountaine hanging ouer the City vulgarly called Kalckberg that is the Mountaine of Chalke but the Butchers of the City at a Shroftide making shew of mustering in Armes tooke this Castle for which seruice to the Common-wealth the Butchers to this day haue the keeping therof But the Citizens are so suspitious lest it should be betraied to the Duke for mony as if any of them who keep it doe at any time goe forth of it into the City or to any other place they are no more permitted to enter the same Vpon the furthest shore of the Baltike sea towards the North-east the free City of Dantzke is seated It is free in respect of priuiledges for traffique and for that it is gouerned by the Senators and the Lawes of the City yet not numbered among the Imperiall Cities because it in some sort acknowledgeth the King of Poland and paies some couenanted tributes to his Minister residing in the City In the time of Stephen Bathory Prince of Transiluania and King of Poland this City was by him besieged and forced to pay these tributes Whervpon the Citizens to pay them without their own preiudice doubled all Impositions vpon strangers trading there The Consul of the City there as in all Germany is vulgarly called Burgomaster he iudgeth all ciuill criminal causes but appeales are granted from him to the Colledge of ciuil Lawyers from them to the Senate of the City and in some causes from the Senate to the King of Poland This City consists of three Cities vulgarly called Reichstat Furstat Altstatt that is the City of the Kingdome the fore City and the old City and each hath his gates and his Senate and the Consull may be chosen out of either Senate so as for the time of his Office he reside in the cheefe City called Reichstatt Here be the furthest limits of the Empire towards the North and the East And from hence towards the West Iles the shore of the Balticke Sea and of the German Ocean vpon which are seated Stetinum Meckleburg Lubecke Hamburg and Breame Imperiall Cities and free as weli for priuiledges of trafficke in neighbour Kingdomes as for absolute gouernement at home And in East-Freesland for West-Freesland belongs to Netherland the furthest limits of the Empire towards the West and North end in the City of Emden This City hath his Count bearing title of the City and of late he kept his Court therein but the Citizens professing the reformed Doctrine of Caluin and the Count attempting to force them to the profession of Luthers Doctrine not long before I passed that way the Citizens expelled the Count and gaue oath to the Senators of the City to obey them to be ready in armes for the defence of the City and not to remoue their dwellings from thence without leaue of the Senate And the Citizens were thus confident because the City lies vpon the confines of the Netherlanders who maintained men of warre in that Inland Sea and vpon the Riuer passing by the wals of the City to stop any passage and to defend the ships of Merchants forced in those flats to expect the returne of the tide And generally it was thought that Emden would ioine in league with the vnited Prouinces of Netherland but as yet it remained vnder the Empire not free by priuiledge nor yet subiect to the Count of Emden This Count at this time had two sonnes by the daughter of the King of Suelia and howsoeuer his younger brother by the loue of his mother had obtained the best part of the inheritance yet he had no children nor was thought likely to haue any so as no doubt was then made but that the whole inheritance would after his death returne to the children of the elder brother And these things shall suffice briefly written in generall of the Common-wealth of Germany and in particular of the absolute Dominions vnder the Empire CHAP. V. Of the Common-wealth of Sweitzerland according to the diuers subiects of the former Chapters THE Sweitzers deriued of diuers peoples and among others of the Schwalen and Friselanders howsoeuer they be Germans both in language and manners yet because the old Galles gaue them a seat at the foote of the Alpes they were accounted Galles or French till the time of Iulius Caesar. In the Commentaries of Caesar wee find their Commonwealth diuided into foure Communities whereof one namely that of Zurech had not long before ouerthrown the Army of Lucius Cassius Consul of Rome About this time the Sweitzers weary of their barren seat attempted to seeke a new place of dwelling had not Caesar ouercome them and contained them at home And from that time to the daies of Charles the Great and so long as his race possessed the renewed Empire of the West they were still esteemed Galles but when that imperiall dignity fell to the Germans they became subiects to those Emperours and were numbred among the Germans hauing the same manners lawes and customes with them as at this day they haue The Emperours gouerned this Nation by Gouernours vulgarly called Reichs vogt till at last the Common-wealth of the Sweitzers was seuered from that of the Germans and made a free state which in the age before ours hath gotten great reputation And here it is worthy to be obserued that the ambition of Popes and their diuellish tyranny ouer the Emperours not onely after some eight hundred yeeres from Christ caused almost all the Garboyles of States whereof we haue heard or read or which with our owne eyes wee haue
the Leagues of Burgundy and Milan with the Cantons of the Roman religion to last fiue yeres after his death and this was done in the Church of Milan where the Ambassadours are said to haue hung vp their Shields in memory therof and to haue giuen a thousand gold crownes to the beautifying of the Church at which time the King of Spaine diuided twelue thousand gold crownes betweene the Ambassadours besides the charges passing three thousand crownes But the Ambassadours of Solothurn with-drew themselues from this League because the King of France was indebted to them which debt the King of Spaine refused to pay By this League they are mutually bound to aide each other with one thousand two hundred foote and the King of Spaine promised yeerely Pensions in generall to the Cantons and in particular to diuers chiefe men and Captaines For the Sweitzers vse to make no League without profit since the Neighbour Princes grew of opinion that they could not make warre except their Armies were strengthened with a firme body of Sweitzers Not onely Solothurn renounced the said League but also the Cantons of the reformed religion partly not to do any thing against their League with France partly left they should take part with a King whom they iudged most ambitions and a great enemy to the Reformed Religion howsoeuer he couered that hatred and partly lest they should aduance the House of Austria iustly suspected by them whose victories might turne to their ruine And at the same time the Cantons and Fellowes in League being of the Reformed Religion after the doctrine of Caluine made a League for defence of religion among themselues and with Strasburg a neighbour free city of Germany being of the Reformed Religion after the doctrine of Luther The Duke of Sauoy had his Ambassadour residing at Lucerna where the Popes Ambassadours also reside of whose Leagues for yeeres we formerly spake The old Allobroges now called Sauoyans had old Leagues with the Cantons of Bern Friburg and Solothurn but Charles Duke of Sauoy in the yeere 1512 made a League for twenty fiue yeeres with all the Cantons by which among other things it was couenanted that the Duke should aide the Sweitzers with sixe hundred or more horse at his owne charge so hee were not distracted with warres at home and that the Sweitzers should aide the Duke with sixe thousand foot for any warre in his owne Countrie to whom the Duke should pay each man sixe Frankes by the moneth But hee should not imploy them to fight at sea nor leade them beyond the sea but onely to defend his owne Countrie and the confines thereof And it was couenanted that during this League the Duke should yeerely pay at Bern two hundred gold crownes to each Canton When this League was expired Duke Charles put out of his Dukedome by the French King Francis the first followed the Emperour Charles the fifth and the renewing of this League was intermitted But the King of France restoring Philebert his sonne to the Dukedome this Duke in the yeere 1560 made a new and perpetuall League with sixe Cantons namely Lucerna Suitia Vria Vnderualdia Zug and Solothurne And after the rest of the Cantons vpon like conditions renewed the old league with this Duke onely in this last league no mention is made of mutuall aides couenanted by the former league The French Ambassadour resided at Solothurn who of old vsed to reside at Bazil and the league of the French Kings with the Sweitzers is of farre greater moment then any of the rest The first of the French that made warre with the Sweitzers was Lewis the French Kings sonne after the eleuenth King of that name who leading an Army to assist Pope Eugenius in dissoluing the Councell at Bazill was perswaded by the Emperour Fredericke to assaile the Sweitzers but a small number of them possessing straight passages did so annoy his Army as he soone retired He made peaco with the Sweitzers in the yeere 1450 and hauing tried their strength made league with them for ten yeeres His son Charles the eighth in the yeere 1483 renewed this league and vsed the Sweitzers in his warres with the Duke of Britany and for the Kingdome of Naples Lewis the twelfth after the league for yeers was expired renounced the payment of all publike or priuate pensions wherwith the Sweitzers were so greatly offended as after they refused to renew that league with him and ioined in league with the Pope and the Duke of Milan against him so as by their aide he was in the yeere 1512 cast out of the Dukedome of Milan The French King Francis the first fought with the Sweitzers ioined against him in league with the Emperour Maximilian Pope Leo the tenth and Sfortia Duke of Milan For howsoeuer the Sweitzers suspected the proceeding of their confederates and purposed to returne home yet the Pretorian Sweitzers of the Duke of Milan assailing the French the rest of the Sweitzers though called home yet lest they should seeme to forsake their companions ioined with the Pretorian Sweitzers and so by art and cunning drawne to fight gaue the French a notable ouerthrow at which time the Sweitzers had the greatest Army they euer brought into the field being 31000 foot but the French King Francis the next day fighting again with the Sweitzers ouerthrew them yet so as the retreit as they write was nothing like a flight And so the King casting Sfortia out of the Dukedome of Milan recouered the same After this prosperous successe the French King sought nothing more then to be reconciled and ioined in league with the Sweitzers hee had ouercome which hee did the league consisting of 13 heads 1. They couenanted for taking away all iniuries controuersies 2. For freeing of captiues 3. How the Sweitzers may plead any cause in iudgement against the King 4 That al should enioy the benefit therof being borne within the confines of Sweitzerland speaking the Dutch tongue 5. Priuiledges are confirmed to the Merchants of Sweitzerland 6 For charges in the siege of Dyiune and in Italy the King couenants to pay them a great sum of mony by yeerly portions 7. It is agreed that all controuersies shall be determined by courses there set downe not by warre 8. That neither part shall giue passage to the enemies of the other 9. That Merchants all subiects on both parts shall freely passe not offended with reproches or oppressed with impositions 10. That the King shall yeerly pay to each Canton 2000 Franks and to the Abbot of S. Gallus and his subiects and to those of Toggenburg 600 Frankes and to the City of S. Gallus 400 to the Mulhusians 400 to the Gruerians 600 to the Valisians 2000 and to the Grisons the pensions giuen by Lewis the 12 and moreouer yeerly 2000 Franks but howsoeuer the Rhetians or Grisons by this league serue the King in his warres with the Sweitzers yet Semler witnesseth that they serue seuerally vnder
their owne Captaines In the 11 Article all immunities in the Dukedome of Milan are confirmed to the Bilitianenses the Inhabitants of the middle Valley the Luganenses the Locarnenses 12. Choice is giuen to the Sweitzers to retaine the Castles they had or to take mony for them Lastly it is agreed couenanted that the league shall be peripetuall not be broken vpon any fraudulent pretence In this league the King excepts all his confederates the Sweitzers except Pope Leo the 10 the Emperor Maximilian the Empire and the House of Austria and all old leagues so as if the King should make war vpon any of these in their own countries it may be free to the Sweitzers to obserue their leagues with them but if any of them assaile the King in his own Kingdome the Sweitzers shal not permit any of their subiects to serue them but shall call them home This League was made at Friburg in the yeere 1516 the moneth of Nouember and vpon the day of Saint Andrew And the King rested not till after fiue yeeres since this Peace was made he leagued himselfe more strictly at Lucerna with all the Cantons that of Zurech only excepted and with all their fellowes in league of which league I will briefly relate some heads added to the former namely that if any man should make warre vpon the King in France or in the Dukedome of Milan the King at his pleasure might leauy in Sweitzerland an Army of sixe thousand at the least or sixteene thousand foote at the most except the Senate should grant a greater number That the King might chuse the Captaines and the Senate without delay should permit them to march within tenne dayes and not recall them till the warre should bee ended if the King shall please so long to vse them That by the same right and vnder the same conditions the King making warre vpon any may freely leauy souldiers but with this caution that the Sweitzers troubled with warre at home should be free from these couenants It was further cautioned that the King should not diuide the Army of the Sweitzers into diuers places or Forts but should keepe it vaited in one body That he should not vse it for any fight at Sea That they should receiue pay the same day they should march out of their country and were they neuer so soone sent backe yet three months pay should be presently due vnto them and that the first moneths pay should be giuen them within the confines of Sweitzerland That the King to aide the Sweitzers hauing any warre should send them two hundred armed horse and twelue great pieces of Ordinance with all furniture namely six battering pieces and sixe middle pieces and besides towards the charge of their warre should each three moneths pay a certaine summe of mony at Lyons and if the Sweitzers shall chuse rather to haue mony in stead of the armed horse the King should further pay them two thousand crownes each three moneths That if in time of warre the Sweitzers shall be forbidden to buy Salt in other places they may buy and bring Salt out of France That neither part shall make the subiects of the other free of their Cities or receiue them into patronage That the King to declare his good will towards the Sweitzers shall besides the two thousand Franckes promised by the former League to each Canton pay yeerely one thousand Franckes more to each of them during this League and moreouer shal besides the former Pensions giue to their Confederates yeerely halfe as much more In this League the King excepts Pope Leo the tenth the Emperour the Kings of England Scotland and Denmark with other Princes and the Sweitzers except the Pope the Emperor the House of Austria the house of Medici the D. of Sanoy and some others But if these so excepted should make war vpon either part within their territories that aides should be sent mutually without any respect This League was made to last three yeeres after the death of the French King Francis the first and was renewed by his son Henrie the second at Solotburn in the yeere 1549 by all the Cantons excepting Zurech and Bern and was after renewed by Charles the ninth and the succeeding Kings But in the leagues made with the successors of Francis the first caution is inserted that the Sweitzers shal not serue the King in any warre for the recouery of any part of the Dukedome of Milan but if the King shall recouer it with any other Army then they shall aide him to defend his possession as formerly And whereas the Cantons of Zurech and Bern refused to ioyne in the Leagues made with Francis the first and Henrie the second these reasons thereof were then alleaged First because the Canton of Zurech was then alienated from the French by the Cardinall of Sedon Secondly because Zwinglius a notable Preacher of the Reformed Religion did in many Sermons sharpely inueigh against mercinary warfare Thirdly because this League much displeased the military men of Sweitzerland in that the Senate had no liberty to looke into the cause of the warre in that the Souldiers and Captaines were not to be chosen by the Sweitzers but by the King at his pleasure in that the large profits of the League redounded to few in that the armed horse to bee sent by the King were of no vse to the Sweitzers warres commonly made in mountainous places and craggy passages Lastly because it seemed a point of great inconstancy that the Sweitzers who lately when the French King Francis and Charles the deceased Emperors grandchild were competitors for the Empire had written to the Electors that they would yeild no obedience to the French King in case he were chosen should so suddenly change their minds and make a more strict league with the French but the greater part was of a contrary iudgement because Souldiers were not bound curiously to enquire after the causes of warre for which onely the King in his conscience was bound to giue accompt And because their barren Countrey being also populous was most fit for a mercenary warre and that military experience was thereby to be retained and gained by which and like reasons they perswaded the necessity of this league Thus haue I according to the discription of Sembler briefly shewed that the Sweitzers Commonwealth consists of three parts at home not to speake of the forraigne leagues namely of the Cantons of the Fellowes in league and of the stipendiary cities and prefectures or gouernments Each community is vulgarly called Ort and the Italians call them Cantons whereof I haue said that there be thirteene in number namely Suitia vulgarly Schweis whereof the rest haue the name of Sweitzers Vria Vnderualdia Lucerna Tigurum vulgarly Zurech Glarona Tugium vulgarly Zug Berna Friburgum Solodorum vulgarly Solothurn Basilea vulgarly Bazill Seaphusium vulgarly Shafhusen and Abbatiscella vulgarly Apenzill I haue said that the Fellowes in league are the
demands with other men yea at home froward and obstinat in traffick and in following their Comands vnder whose pay they serue in war Their chiefe men haue pensions of Princes to fauour them in their publike meetings and so publike Counsels being referred to priuate profit they are apt to be corrupted and by degrees fall at discord among themselues with great lessning of the reputation they had gotten among strangers He addes that the Sweitzers at the Popes instigation armed against the French in Milan as if it were onely the act of Suitia and Friburg who pretended offence against the French for a messenger of theirs killed by them And that the French King for sparing a small addition to their Pensions neglected to reconcile himselfe to them and so lost their friendship which after hee would haue redeemed with great treasure hoping that either they would not arme against him or if they did that hauing no horse nor artilery they could do him small hurt The same Guicciardine in the actions of the yere 1513 witnesseth that the Sweitzers had then gotten great reputation by the terrour of their Armes and that it seemed then that their States or Burgesses and souldiers began to carry themselues no more as grasers or mercinary men but as Senatours and subiects of a well ordered Common-wealth and that they now swaied all affaires almost al Christian Princes hauing their Ambassadours with them by pensions and great rewards seeking to haue league with them and to be serued by them in their warres But that hereupon they grew proud and remembring that by their Armes the French King Charles the eighth had got the Kingdome of Naples and Lewis the twelfth the Dukedome of Milan with the City and State of Genoa and victorie against the Venetians they began to proceede insolently in the affaires with Princes that the French King Francis the first then wooed them and to haue audience gaue them the Forts of Lugana and of Lugarna with such indignitie did Princes then seeke their friendship Yet that hee could not obtaine his demaunds but that they rather chose vpon ample conditions of profit to assist the Duke of Milan Also in the actions of the yeere 1516 when the Emperour ioyned with other Princes in League against the King of France he writes that the Sweitzers according to their Leagues serued both on the Emperours and the French Kings side And that the Emperour knowing the hatred that Nation bore to the House of Austria feared lest the Sweitzers on his owne part should serue him as they serued the Duke of Milan at Nouaria thinking it more probable in that he wanted money to content them whereof the French King had plenty And that hee feared this the more because their generall Captaine had with much insolency demanded pay for them And that hereupon the Emperour retired with his Army the Sweitzers not following him but staying at Lodi which after they sacked and so returned home Of the other side hee writes that onely some few of the Sweitzers were at first come to the French party who professed to bee ready to defend Milan but that they would in no wise fight against their Countrimen on the other side That the French complained of the slow comming of the rest and at first doubted lest they should not come and when they came feared no lesse lest they should conspire with their countrimen seruing the Emperour or left vpon pretence of their Magistrates command they should suddenly leaue thē and returne home That the French iustly complained thus of their slow cōming purposely vsed to be affected by them and continued to doubt of their faith especially because they had alwaies said that they would not fight with their country men and to feare as before lest the Cantons should recall their men from seruing the French which feare after increased when they saw two thousand of them already returned home and doubted that the rest would follow Also in the actions of the yeere 1526 he writes that the French King made request to haue a great leauy of Sweitzers hoping they would readily serue him the rather to blot out their ignominy in the battell of Pauia but that this Nation which not long before by their fierce nature had opportunity much to increase their State had now no more either desire of glory or care of the Common-wealth but with incredible couetousnesse made it their last end to returne home laded with money managing the warre like Merchants and vsing the necessitie of Princes to their profit like mercenary corrupt men doing all things to that end in their publike meetings And that the priuate Captaines according to the necessity of Princes stood vpon high termes making most impudent and intollerable demaunds That the French King requiring aides of them according to his league they after their accustomed manner made long consultations and in the ende answered that they would send no aides except the King first paid them all pensions due in areare being a great summe and not suddenly to bee prouided which their delay was very hurtfull to the King making his Army long time lie idle By the premises we may gather that the Sweitzers Armes were first made knowne to forraine parts about the yere 1483 that they increased in reputation to the yere 1513 when they attained to the height of their glory which fel in few yeres by the foresaid iealousies and couetous practises And no maruell for their leagues and leuies are made with huge expences Their Bands are great consumers of victuals and wasters of the Countries they passe They make frequent and great mutinies for pay They haue league with the Emperour as possessing the Arch-Dukedome of Austria with the Kings of Spaine as Arch-Dukes of Austria by title as heires to the Duke of Burgundy and Conquerors of the Dukedome of Milan and with the Kings of France vpon ample Pensions Now all the warres of those times hauing been managed by these Princes and the Sweitzers by league seruing on all sides since they will not fight against their Countrimen small trust can be placed in their auxiliary Bands If any man speake of the King of England he did not in those times leade any army into the continent but associated with one of the Kings of Spaine or France or with the Emperour in which case the Sweitzers serued vpon the same condition on both sides And if any of their confederates should make warre with the King of England at home they shall haue no vse of Sweitzers who condition in their leagues not to bee sent beyond the Seaes nor to be imploied in Nauall fights If any man speake of the warres in Netherland the Sweitzers wil be found no lesse vnprofitable to their confederates those wars consisting in taking and defending strong places and the Sweitzers couenanting in their leagues not to haue their bodies diuided nor to serue in that kind And in truth since all the rage of late warres commonly
Cantons the Gouernours are sent by course from the Cantons for two yeeres who iudge according to the lawes of the seuerall people and for those beyond the Alpes the Gouernour hath assistants of the Country chosen and ioyned with him to iudge of capitall and more weighty causes but in Ciuill causes he iudgeth alone though sometimes he calles some of the wiser inhabitants to aduise him therein The Gouernours about the Solstice of the yeere yeeld account before the Senate of Sweitzerland which then iudgeth the appeales made by the subiects They serue the Cantons in warre to which they are subict and they follow the standard of that cantons which for the present yeere giues them a Gouernor and in ciuill warre they are bound to follow the greater part of the Cantons to which they are subiect The Gouernor of Baden is present in the publike Senate of the Sweitzers he takes the voices and they being equall is the arbiter of the difference but he hath only power in the territory of Baden not in the City and there he appoints capitall Iudges for life for their manner is that the Iudges once chosen by him exercise that place so long as they liue And the same Gouernour hath the power to mitigate their Iudgements The next in autority are the Clerke or Secretary and the vnder or Deputy Gouernour Two little Townes of the County or territory of Baden haue Gouernours from the Bishop of Costnetz but they serue the Sweitzers in their warres and the Gouernour of Baden is their Iudge for capitall causes The prefecture or gouernement of Terg most large of all the rest hath 50 Parishes whereof some haue their own immunities or priuiledges the rest are subiect to diuers iurisdictions but the Soueraigne power is in the Gouernour sent and chosen by the Cantons excepting Cella where the Citizens haue their owne gouernement the Bishop of Costnetz hauing only the keeping of the Castle and halfe the mulcts or fines The seuen Cantons with consent of the Lords in the seuerall iurisdictions of all this prefecture of Torg appoint one forme of Iustice. And the Iudges impose very great fines which belong to the Cantons and especially vpon crimes which haue coherence with capitall offences namely foule iniuries breaches of peace violence offered by the high way challengers of publike waies or passages changers of Land-markes or goods committed in trust to their keeping breakers of publike faith and those who scandale or reproch any Magistrate The prefectures of the Saranetes and the Rhegusci and those of Italy haue each a Gouernour vulgarly called Commissary sent from the Sweitzers and because the people speake the Italian tongue hee hath a Sweitzer skilfull in that tongue for his interpreter The people hath the power to chuse their owne Magistrates and Officers and to determine of things concerning their Common-wealth the Commissary not intermedling therewith CHAP. VI. Of the Netherlanders Common-wealth according to the foresaid subiects of the former Chapters LOwer Germany called of old Belgia and now commonly Netherland which the French name Pais bas that is Low countries is diuided into seuenteene Prouinces as I haue formerly shewed in the Geographicall description thereof namely seuen Counties of Flaunders of Artois of Hannaw of Holland of Zealand of Zutphane and of Namurtz foure Dukedomes of Luzenburg of Limburg of Brabant and of Gelderland the Lordship or Dominion of West Freisland three Countries or Territories or places of Iurisdiction of Grouing of Vtrecht and of Transisola vulgarly Dlands ouer Ysel To which fifteene Prouinces that the number of seuenteene may be compleate some adde the County of Walkenburg which is part of the Dukedome of Limburg and others adde the two dominions of Mecblin and Antwerp which are contained vnder the Dukedome of Brebant And how soeuer it be not my purpose to speak of any other Prouinces then those which they cal vnited and through which onely I passed yet it is not amisse in a word or two to shew how these Principalities at first hauing seuerall Princes by little and little grew into one body and in our daies through ciuill warre became diuided into two parts the one of diuers Prouinces vnited for defeuce of their liberty the other of the rest remaining vnder the obedience of their Prince The County of Flaunders hath giuen the name of Flemmings to all the inhabitants of these Prouincess before named and the Earles thereof when other Prouinces were erected to Dukedomes did obstinately retaine their owne degree least they should disgrace their antiquitic with the newnesse of any Ducall or other title And it is manifest that this Earle was the first Peere of France hauing the prerogatiue to carry the sword before the King of France at his Coronation and to gird the same to his side being not bound to appeare in Iudgement before his Compeeres except some controuersie were about the property of his Earledome or he should deny iustice to his subiects and finally hauing the badges of Soueraigne Maiesty to raise an Army to make Warre and Peace to yeeld no tributes or subiection to the King of France to punish or pardon his subiects to make Statutes to grant priuiledges to coine mony and to write himself by the Grace of God Earle which no other Prince of France might do but only the Duke of Britany Baldwyn Earle of Flaunders in the yeere 1202 became Emperour of Constantinople and held that dignity sixty yeeres after which time the Empire returned to the Greekes Earle Lodwick died in the yeere 1383 and Margaret his daughter and heire was married to Phillip Duke of Burgundy who by her right became Earle of Flaunders Charles Duke of Burgundy died in the yeere 1477 and Marie his daughter and heire was married to the Emperour Maximillian and so Flaunders became subiect to the House of Austria For Phillip sonne to Maximillian died before his father and left two sons whereof Charles the eldest was Emperour the fifth of that name and heire to his Grandfather Maximillian And Charles the Emperour taking the King of France Francis the first prisoner in the battell of Pauia in the yeere 1525 forced him to renounce all Soueraigne power ouer Flaunders and Artois and to yeeld the Rightes of the House of Aniou to the Kingdome of Naples and of the House of Orleans to the Dukedome of Milan and of Genoa Charles died and his younger brother Ferdinand succeeded him in the Empire being long before designed his successor by being chosen King of the Romans but he left al his States of inheritance to his eldest son Phillip King of Spaine The rest of the Prouinces by like right of marriage became subiect to Maximillian and so fell to Charles and lastly to the King of Spaine excepting Virecht and the Transisolan Dominion which by the yeelding of the Bishop reseruing his spiritual rights and of the States of those Prouinces were ioyned to the rest and so finally fell to Phillip King
of Spaine Histories witnesse that some of these Prouinces did owe homage to the Empire and the rest to the King of France till they fell into the hands of the powerfull Dukes of Borgundy who by diuers transactions tooke all rights from the Kings of France and because the Empire hath been euer since in the House of Austria it cannot seeme strange the Kings of Spaine being of the same House that these Prouinces haue been freed of the homage due to the Empire The Emperour Charles the fifth happily gouerned these Prouinces with great iudgement handling the people gently who had alwaies been held vnder a gentle yoke by their Princes inioying great priuiledges inuiolably kept to them neuer vsed to absolute gouernement but hauing often taken Armes when their Princes imposed exactions vpon them or broke any of their priuiledges and so bringing their Princes to iust and equall termes But his son Phillip K. of Spaine and many other Kingdomes straying from his Fathers example in the gouernement of Netherland and obstinately despising his counsell which at his death as it were by his last Testament he gaue him to handle this people gently and not induring their voluntarie and free subiection hath caused the greater or at least the richer part of these Prouinces to fall from him and his heires For vpon the first dissention about Religion Pope Pius the fourth induced Phillip King of Spaine to publish a Decree in Netherland for the establishing of the infamous Inquisition first inuented in Spaine of late to punish the Iewes and Saracens who being Christians yet retained their owne rites and also for the execution of the Decrees made in the Councell of Trent which done more then 400 Gentlemen made petition to the King to abolish this decree and ioyning the intercession of the Emperor sent this petition to the King by the hands of diuers Lords and Gentlemen whereof the Prince of Egmond was one who had done the King very great seruice in the battell of Saint Quintens These petitioners were despised by the Spaniards and called Geuses that is beggers or poore slaues and the King sent them backe vnregarded and sent the Duke of Alua to go uern Netherland who cruelly raged against the Professors of the reformed religion beheaded the Prince of Egmond and the Earle of Horn both Knights of the golden fleece and on all sides proceeded butcherly In the meane time the Prince of Orange who formerly had in vaine perswaded the Prince of Egmond to fly foreseing this tiranny with other banished Geutlemen was gone out of Netherland and fled to the Prince of Condy in France At last the Duke of Alua hauing brought all in subiection reformed the policy and imposed an exaction of the tenth penny was recalled into Spaine whither he retourned with much treasure he had extorted and Don Iuvan of Austria succeeded in that Gouernment in whose time the fatal Ciuill warre began in Flaunders and shortly after mutinous troopes called Male contents ioined together neither acknowledging the King nor the States of the Prouinces and while Don Iunan pursued them he died in the Camp in the yeere 1578. Then Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma was made Gouernor of Netherland and the King persisting in his purpose to bring that people to absolute subiection and the Professors of the reformed religion being grieuously persecuted and all the people being murinously affected for the newe and tirannicall exaction of the tenth penny without consent of the generall States the troubles still continuing in Flaunders at last some few Prouinces hauing the Prince of Orange for their Generall in the warre strictly combined themselues in league for mutual defence So Flaunders and the firme land was left vnder the Spanish yoke but the confederate Prouinces firmly resoluing to cast off all subiection to the King of Spaine instituted a new forme of common wealth For the Prince of Orange wisely and variantly procuring the publike good was in the yeere 1584 traiterously slaine with a baller by a desperate Roague whereupon the cities of Flaunders lay open to the Duke of Parma But the foresaid vnited Prouinces cast themselues into the protection of the Queene of England and if my memory faile not they are thus named Holland Zealand Vtreiht Groning west Friesland besides many townes for Gelderland some fortes and strong cities of Brabant and Ostend in Flaunders a towne for neerenes fit to annoy the Enemy And the foresaid fortes and strong cities for the most part lying vpon the coast of the sea within land vpon the mouth of the Rheine where it fals into the sea gaue free traffick by sea to the vnited Prouinces forbad the same to the cities within land and besides yeelded this commodity that as the Spanish soldiers from their forts send frey booters to spoile the vnited countries of Gelderland Groning Friesland so the soldiers of the states might frōthence make incursiōs vpō the countries subiect to the King of Spaine wherby the country people were forced to pay large yeerly cōtributions to be free from this spoile The few inhabitants of these small Prouinces whome men will iudge but a breakefast to the Spanish Army notwithstanding haue not only bene able to this day to keepe out these powerfull forces from entring their territories but may iustly brag that they haue wonne many strong forts and townes from the Spaniard and carried their Army into Flaunders where in a field fought at Newport they obtained a glorious victory against the Spaniardes And so much in small progresse of time haue their iust and moderate Counsells increased their common-wealth gouerned with great equity and equality as at last forsaken as it were by the King of France for the time hauing little helpe from England they alone did not onely long defend themselues from the powerfull reuenge of the Spaniard but stoutly bearing out the warr to a wished peace are now no more to be pittied but in common iudgment rather to be enuied and feared by their neighbours Mention hath bene made of the Prince of Orange and hereafter mention is to be made of his sonne Count Maurice therefore it will not be amisse to say somthing of this noble family The vnited Prouinces consisting of citizens and the common people there being few Gentlemen in Friesland and few or none in Holland and Zeland and such kind of Plebean men vnfit to leade Armies they aswell for the common-wealths sake first tooke the Prince of Orange for their head as after for thankfulnes to him much esteemed the Family of Nassaw and besides others of that Family gouerning in Friesland and other parts made choise of the said Princes sonne Count Maurice to be General of their Army but with limited power from the States and he hath a double as I thinke voice in their publike meetings in which notwithstanding hee seldome or neuer vsed to be present His father the Prince of Orange had all his
Constable so called of Conine and stapel as the stay and vpholding of the King who hath the highest command in the warres and the Admirall so called of a Greeke word who hath the chiefe command in Nauall affaires Then two Marshals so called as skilfull in horsmanship for the old Dutch called an Horse-mar and now a mare is by them called meri and schalc signifies cunning Also the Steward of the house And the militarie titles still remaine hereditary to diuers families but the exercise of the Office is taken from them Other Gentlemen of this third ranck are by inheritance Officers to ouersee the Reuenues and to take accounts such are the Treasurers and receiuers for the Princes Rents for perpetuall Tributes of land and these honours still remaine to certaine Families though these Rents are now brought in ready money into the Exchequer Other Gentlemen of this third ranck haue Offices in Court as the Master of the houshold Chamberlaine Cup-bearer which offices are proper by inheritance to certaine Families but the Master of the game as well for hunting as hawking and the Water-Graues ouerseeing Lakes and Riuers for Swannes fishing and other like things are offices giuen at the Princes pleasure and not proper to any Familie The fourth rancke of Gentlemen is of those who are adorned with the Knightly girdle and they are called guilded Knights of their golden spurres and other ornaments which honour the Princes giue for great seruices creating them with laying a drawne sword on their left shoulder and with certaine solemnity of words those who haue this title be they neuer so meane are made Gentlemen with their posteritie and if they be Gentlemen yet it addes dignities to them And because I haue made this mention of Knights giue mee leaue to adde a word of the Knightly order of the Golden Fleece instituted by the Duke of Burgundy Phillip the Good in the yeere 1429 vpon the very day of his mariage with Elizabeth of Portugall in imitation of Gedions Fleece and of the Golden Fleece fetcht by the Argonauts of Greece He receiued into this Order Gentlemen vnblameable for life and valour in Armes whereof the Prince and his successours are the Head or chiefe President and hee gaue each of them a Scarlet gowne of woollen cloth which his son Charles changed into a red Veluet Gowne and a gold chaine with his fathers Emblem of a steele striking fire out of a flint vpon which chaine hangs the Golden Fleece and vpon the death of any Knight this badge is sent backe to be bestowed vpon some other Gentleman of merit At first the number of these Knights with the Prince their head was twenty fiue but within fiue yeeres they were increased to thirty fiue And the Emperour Charles the fifth in the yeere 1516 made the number fifty one At the first institution this order had foure Officers a Chancelor a Treasurer a King at Armes and a Secretary and in the Court of this Order the vnlawfull flying of any Knight out of the field and all other crimes and the dissentions among them are iudged without appeale The feast of the Order hath been kept in diuers places according to the Princes pleasure but the Armes of the Knights are set vp in the Chancell of the chiefe Church at Bruges where the feast thereof was kept at the first institution In generall Flaunders hath a great number of Lords and Gentlemen as likewise the Dukedome of Luxenburg and adioyning Prouinces and they exercise themselues in feeding of Cattle and tillage but iudging ignoble all trade of Merchants and profession of manuall arts They haue no immunities as in Artois Henault and all France but beare the same burthen of tributes with the people to keepe them from sedition while the Gentlemen hated by them beare the same burthen as they doe Hauing spoken of the two States of the Clergy and Gentlemen it remaines to adde something of the third State namely the foure members which haue the place of the common people in other Kingdomes and they are Ghant Bruges Ypre and Terra Franca that is the Free land which foure Territories haue the chiefe or rather all authoritie in Flaunders Each of these members is exempted from all confiscation of goods by old priuiledge confirmed by the Emperour Charles the fifth in the yeere 1549. Other Cities howsoeuer they haue their Magistrates Lawes and Reuenewes to themselues yet in the common Counsell or Parliament for imposing tributes or leauying of souldiers they follow the foure members and all Flaunders is bound to their Decree in this generall meeting of the States the Clergie Gentlemen Lords and Burgesses of other Cities consulting with the foure members but they challenging all authoritie to decree and solely representing the whole bodie of Flaunders in the generall meetings of all Netherland Iohn Duke of Burgundie remoued from Lile to Ghant the Senate called the Counsell of Flaunders and giuing the Law to all Flaunders Bruges a most pleasant Citie is the second member hauing this priuiledge aboue all other Cities that hee who is free of the same by birth gift buying or marriage is freed from all confiscation of any goods wheresoeuer found no crime or case excepted whereas the priuiledges of other Cities alwaies except violence offered to the persons of the Prince his Wife and Children Also Bruges hath a stately Mint-house with priuiledge to coyne money Ypre is the third member which City I passe ouer for feare to be tedious The fourth member is Terra Franca added to the rest being but three at the first institution by Phillip the Good in the yeere 1437 with intent to bridle the power of Bruges which Citie then much repined at the same and neuer ceased to raise tumults till Marie wife to the Emperour Maximilian abolished this fourth member which Charles the fifth their Grand-child shortly after restored to that dignitie Among the Magistrates some of them doe properly belong to the Princes affaires namely the Legall Chamber consisting of the Princes Counsellers and being as it were the head of other Courts the meeting and number whereof is at the Princes pleasure but commonly the meeting is at Ghant and they consult of waighty affaires which since haue beene referred to the Princes Priuy Counsell or to the counsell of Flaunders seated at Ghant And to the same are referred all controuersies touching fees and appeales from feodnary Courts which are iudged without appeall in the presence of the Earle or his Baily there being a chaire cushion and Sword of estate Also the chamber Hastredeninga that is the supreme court of accounts cōsisting of hereditary treasurers yeerly meeting at Lile for three daies who iudge without appeale all things touching Receiuers with personall and reall actions belonging to the Princes patrimony and giue oathes to new Treasurers and Feo daries The third court of accounts established at Lile consists of a President foure Masters fiue helpers and two clarkes It examines the accompts of reuenues
by rents of lands woods customes at gates confiscations Fines goods left to the Prince as by shipwracks and Bastards dying without children by homages Pensions and like profits and all hereditary treasurers and the two generall Receiuers giue accompt in this court Phillip the bold gaue this court great authority but Iohn his sonne remoued the counsellers thereof to the office of Iustice in Ghant and left the court at Lile to register the Princes edicts and Priuiledges granted by him Fourthly the court called the Counsell of Flaunders which I said was remoued from Lile to Ghant and seems chiefe in dignity first instituted partly by litle litle to draw Flaunders from the iurisdiction of Paris in imitation of Brabant Hennault and Holland for which howsoeuer the Princes did homage to the Emperor yet they belonged not to the iurisdiction of the Empire homage and iurisdiction by nature and in themselues being much different But the chiefe cause of the institution was the long absence of Phillip the bold in France during the infirmity of the French King in whose time this court formerly kept in diuers places at the Princes pleasure was setled at Ghant and to this court are referred all things belonging to the Princes right and authority the controuersies of Coiners of the Church of the Prouince and of Cities among themselues and with others and appeales from Magistrates and ratifying the Princes pardons for crimes The Counsell consists of a President of a Knightly degree by vertue of his office eight Counsellors hauing yeerly stipends foure Commissaries hauing part of the profit by informations and for Assessors the Procurator the Aduocate of the Prince the Treasurer of the reuenues a Secretary and a Notary Besides these courts and this said Counsell Marchantius mentioneth a court of Iustice highest and without appeale ouer all Netherland instituted by Charles last Duke of Burgandy in the yeere 1473 at Mechlin as being in the Center of Netherland and it iudgeth after that is equall and good in imitation of the Parliament of Paris so as suiters needed not to follow the Earles Court And the Prince was chiefe head of this Counsell or in his absence the Chancellor he being not present the Bishop of Tornay with two Presidents ten Lay and nine Clergy Counsellors six Masters of Requests who were commanded to ride on horseback to the Senate clad in Purple But Mary the daughter of the said Charles fearing the French and Ciuill war commanded the ceasing of iudgement in this Court which Phillip her son restored and in the yeere 1493 reestablished that court at Mechlin but lesse and more weake as it still remaines And this shall suffice of the Magistrates belonging to the Princes affaires Others belong to the subiects in seuerall Countries and Cities Such are the Scabines and the Bailies Scabines are so called of a German word Schaffen that is to dispatch or of an Hebrew word as the Germans say These defend the rights and priuiledges of the people determine controuersies by the Statutes and municipall customes or for want of them by the written Law and are present when any are tortured and iudge capitall causes the pardoning whereof is rather permitted to the Prince then much vsed by him And these Magistrates are diuersly named in diuers places as Voegte Tutor Portmeister Officer of the Port or Hauen Lanthouder that is Keeper of the Land Kourcher that is chosen Lord and Burgermaster that is Master of the Citizens Vnder them are the Treasurers or Receiuers in each City and aswell they as the Scabines are chosen by the Commissaries of the Prince Next are the Baylies so called of a French word as Tutors and Keepers and they are diuersly called in diuers places namely Schuldheten as Iudges of debts and they differ from the Scabines in that the Scabines Iudge the Bailies execute their Iudgements and the Princes Edicts they haue stipend these are paid out of the Fines they are changed after one or two yeeres these continue long in Office lastly they respect the rights of the people these of the Prince In the Villages they haue Officers called 〈◊〉 who 〈◊〉 the Edicts of the Magistrate and warne Debters to make payment and vpon longer delay then is permitted by the Municipall Lawes sell their goods at the outery They haue a supreme Iudge of capitall causes whom they call Soueraigne Baily instituted in the yeere 1374 to apprehend murtherers and banished men and to put them to death or otherwise punish them with the assistance of two Gentlemen hauing fees or being Feodatory Clients to the Prince And to this Officer authority was lately giuen confirmed by the Emperor Charles the fifth to release banishment and for the eues and man slayers by chance or vpon their owne defence and like offenders vpon satisfaction made to the next Kinsman of the man-killer and to him that was robbed not onely to giue them safe conduct to passe for forty daies but also to pardon their crimes so as the Mulcts or Fines be gathered for the Prince not to his behoofe and the Counsell of Flanders approue the confessions of the offender to be true But in case the Magistrate of the place where the offender dwelt require him to be there tried it cannot be withstood And this Office is of such dignity as Knights for long time haue executed the same Many Tributes were of old granted to the Prince as perpetuall Tributes of the Fields of Corne Oates Cheese and Larde which things for foode haue long time beene redeemed with money the price being yeerely set diuersly by the Counsell of accounts seated at Lile And no doubt through troubles and ciuill warres from the beginning to this day all like burthens are greatly increased both in number and measure which may more easily bee coniectured by that which shal be said of this subiect in the discourse of the vnited Prouinces Flanders is most ruled by municipall Lawes and customes of Townes and Cities and for want of them by the Ciuill Lawes The Lawes of Flanders forbid any man to giue in Legacies by his last Will and Testament more then the thirds of his goods wherein are comprehended Lands in Fee or that any stranger should beare the office of Magistracy yet strangers may there inherite their Kinsmens goods contrary to the custome of France England and Scotland where the Kings haue the goods of all strangers dying intestate and hauing there no children In Flanders no man is depriued of his mothers inheritance for bastardy no not the children of a noble woman being a concubine except some municipall Statute made by the Princes doe in some places preiudice them The Citizens of Curtrae about the yeere 1557 and those of Ghant some sixe yeeres after haue excluded those who are borne in adultery or incest from their mothers inheritance but the prouinciall Counsell of Flanders in the yeere 1532 gaue sentence that a Bastard should succeed in the see of his mother with
at Hage yet so as they doe not take vpon them to determine difficult matters without some diffidence till they haue the consent of their particular Cities and Prouinces except they be made confident by the concurring of eminent men who can draw or leade the people to approue of their doings or in such cases as by long practice they fully know not vnpleasing to the people So wary are they notwithstanding the Prouinciall States from their Communities and the generall States at Hage from them haue most ample power and absolute commission in expresse words to doe any thing they iudge profitable for the Commonwealth And it is a remarkeable thing to obserue their Art when in difficult cases they desire to protract time or delude Agents how the generall States answere that they must first consult with the prouinciall States and they againe answere that they must first know the pleasure of their Communities before they can determine and each of them hath nothing more in his mouth then the consent of his superiours for so they call them Whereas if businesse were so to be dispatched no doubt great difficulty would arise in all particular actions In the Senate of the generall States besides the States themselues Count Maurice hath as I thinke a double voice yet I neuer obserued him to be present at their assemblies The Ambassadour of England hath likewise his voice and Count Solms as I heard because he married the widdow of Count Egmond and for his good deserts in the seruice of the vnited Prouinces hath for himselfe and his heires the like priuiledge Thus the Commonwealth in generall is Aristocraticall that is of the best Men saue that the people chuseth the great Senate which rules all Touching the Commonwealths of particular Cities Amsterdam is the chiefe City of Holland where the great Senate consists of thirty sixe chiefe Citizens whereof one dying another is chosen into his place and this Senate yeerely chuseth foure Consuls who iudge ciuill causes and haue power to appoint ten Iudges of criminall causes vulgarly called Skout though they be not of that Senate The other Cities are in like sort gouerned but according to the greatnesse of the City or Towne they haue greater or lesser number of Senators The Tributes Taxes and Customes of all kinds imposed by mutuall consent so great is the loue of liberty or freedome are very burthensome and they willingly beare them though for much lesse exactions imposed by the King of Spaine as they hold contrary to right and without consent of his Subiects they had the boldnesse to make warre against a Prince of such great power Yet in respect of the vnequal proportioning of all contributions they are somewhat at ods among themselues many times iarre so as it seemed no difficult thing to breake their concord had not the common Enemy the eminent danger of Spanish reuenge together with the sweetnesse of freedome once tasted forced them to constant vnity This I dare say that when they humbly offered themselues vassals to the Queene of England in the first infancy of their Common-wealth if her Maiesty or any other Prince whosoeuer vndertaking their protection had burthened them with halfe the exactions they now beare it is more then probable that they would thereby haue beene so exasperated as they would haue beene more ready to haue returned vnder the obedience of the King of Spaine whose anger they had highly prouoked then to endure the yoke of such a Protector For each Tunne of Beere which they largely swallow they pay into the Exchequer sixe Flemmish shillings each shilling being sixe stiuers I meane of Beere sold abroad for they pay onely foure shillings for such Beere as men brew for the vse of their priuate families which frugality few or none vse except perhaps some brew small Beere for their Families and indeed I doubt they would find small frugality in brewing other Beere for themselues if the Cellar lay open to their seruants And howsoeuer the Tunnes be of diuers prices according to the goodnesse of the Beere namely of two three foure fiue or sixe Guldens the Tunne though at Leyden onely the Brewers may not sell Beere of diuers prices for feare of fraud in mixing them yet there is no difference of the Tribute They haue excellent fat pastures whereof each Aker is worth forty pound or more to be purchased and they pay tribute for euery head of cattle feeding therein as two stiuers weekely for each Cow for the Paile the great number whereof may be coniectured by the plenty of cheese exported out of Holland and the infinite quantity of cheese and butter they spend at home being the most common food of all the people For Oxen Horses Sheepe and other Beasts sold in market the twelfth part at least of the price is paid for tribute and be they neuer so often by the yeere sold to and fro the new Masters still pay as much They pay fiue stiuers for euery bushel of their owne wheate which they vse to grind in publike Mils And since they giue tribute of halfe in halfe for foode and most necessary things commonly paying as much for tribute as the price of the thing sold the imposition must needs be thought greater laid vpon forraigne commodities seruing for pleasure pride and luxury besides that these tributes are ordinary and no doubt vpon any necessity of the Commonwealth would be increased French wines at Middleburg the Staple thereof and Rhenish wines at Dort the Staple thereof are sold by priuiledge without any imposition but in all other places men pay as much for the Impost as for the wine Onely in the Campe all things for food are sold without any imposition laid vpon them And some but very few eminent men haue the priuiledge to pay no imposition for like things of food Each Student in the Vniuertie hath eighty measures of wine vulgarly called Stoup allowed him free from imposition and for six barrels of Beere onely payes one Gulden and a quarter that is two shillings six pence English being altogether free from all other tributes which priuiledge the Citizens enioy in the name of the Students dieting with them and no doubt the Rector and professors of the Vniuersity haue greater immunity in these kinds One thing is hardly to be vnderstood how these Prouinces thus oppressed with tributes and making warre against a most powerfull King yet at this time in the heate of the warre which vseth to waste most flourishing Kingdomes and make Prouinces desolate had farre greater riches then any most peaceable Countrey of their neighbours or then euer themselues formerly attained in their greatest peace and prosperitie Whether it be for that according to the Poet Ingenium mala sape monent Aduersity oft whets the wit so as by warre they are growne more witty and industrious Or for that Flanders and Antwerp the famous City in former times so drew all trafficke and rich Merchants to them as
them as the barring of this freedome which then seemed more easie or lesse difficult to the King of England then to any other neighbour Prince or I will boldly say to all other neighbour Princes ioined together against them they hauing strength of their owne to maintaine that freedome by Sea and being able with the onely support of Britany to defend themselues by land against all other Enemies For they had onely three passages to Sea one by Vlishing in Zeland another by Brill vpon the South-west Coast of Holland and a third narrow passage by the Iland Fly to the Tassell on the North-east side of Holland whereof the two first were guarded by the said two strong Cities with the Forts belonging to them all kept by Garrisons of English Souldiers and the stopping or restraining of the third seemed lesse difficult to the Nauy of Britany then to the power of any other Enemy At this time when I passed through these parts of which time I write the vnited Prouinces much complained of the English for taking their goods at Sea hindering their free traffick wherein they should haue considered that they caused the warre with Spaine which we bore onely to second them And if our Merchants were forced to leaue the trafficke of Spaine where they had great freedome and amitie onely for their sakes how could they thinke it iust and equal that they should freelie supplie Spaine with food and necessaries for warre so as the very commodities of England could not then be vented into Spaine but onely by Flemmish and some few Scottish ships and Marriners except they desired to make the warre Eternall by which they onely grew rich in which case our proiect was more iust who for a time made war that we might after liue in peace And whereas they then complained that not only prohibited wares carried to prohibited places but also other their commodities carried to friends were spoiled by our men of war which perhaps through the insolency of Captaines and Souldiers might sometimes happen no doubt these iniuries were rare and neuer borne with by the Queene or inferiour Magistrates and they could not bee ignorant how hardly the insolency of Souldiers can be restrained by land much more by sea For all good Englishmen I may professe that they abstaining from prohibited traffick no good Englishmen wished good successe or impunity to any English ships exercising piracy especially against so neare confederates These complaints I well remember to haue been at that time frequent in those parts I know not how since appeased or continuing And because the Q. of England had disbursed much treasure for their safety which they were bound to repay at the end of the warre and threatned to deduct these spoiles out of the same many then feared lest this difference might in processe of time breed discord between England and those Prouinces Also because the Townes and Forts giuen to the Queene as pledges for money disbursed were then kept with weake Garrisons ouer-topped in number by the very Citizens it was then thought that the States might take them by force if our Gouernours had not watchfull eye vpon their dessignes and changes of counsell In generall good men on both sides are to wish the continuance of Peace betweene England and these Prouinces by which both Common-wealths haue long had and may still haue vnspeakable benefit and that the rather because we neuer yet had warre but perpetual amity together neither can any war proue more bloudy or mischieuous to either part then that betweene our selues To conclude happie be the makers cursed the breakers of our peace FINIS 1591. Stode Hamburg Lubeck Luneburg Magdenburg Leipzig Witteberg Torg Misen Dresden Friburg Prage 1592. Nurnberg Augsburg Vlme Lindaw Costnets Schaffhausen Zurech Baden Bazell Strasburg Heidelberg Spire Wormz Franckfort Cassiles Brunswike Humburge Breme Oldenburg Emdex Ann. 1592. Dockam Lewerden Froniker Harlingen Enchusen Amsterdam Harlam Leyden Leyden An. 1593. Delph Brill Roterodam Dort Getrudenberg Bergenapzome Midleburg Vlishing The Hage Lausdune This yeere fell in a lying and supersitious age An. 1593. V'tretcht Fly Coppenhagen Roschild Fredericksburg Elsinure An. 1593. Meluin Dantzke Crakaw Vienna Paduoa An. 1594. Anno. 1594. Ferraria Bologna Rauenna Rimini Pesaro Anconae I. oreto Let the Reader beleeue as he list Woe to him that lelecues Woe to him that beleeues This Image neuer rested till it came into the Popes Territory where it is not more helpefull to others then profitable to the Pope and Church men Behold how holy these walles of bricke are which cannot abide the impure touch of Marble Rome Capua Naples Rome Anno 1594. Pistoia Lucca Pisa. Florence vulgarly Fiorenza Pratoline San ' Casciano Thus in English Pobe Ioane This monument as I heard was defaced in the time of Pope Clement the eighth then liuing Anno 1594 Nou. 18. Genoa Paula Milano Cremona Mantua Paduoa Ar. 1595. Vicenza Verona Brescia ' Bergamo Solothurn Losanna Geneua Berne Monwick Nanzi Metz. Anno. 1595. Chalons Paris Fontain-bleau Roane Dieppe Anno 1595. Inspruck Trent Our iourney from Venice to Ierusalem Anno 1596. Aprill Anno 1596. Raguza Cephalonia Zante Candia Cyprus Ioppa Lydda Ramma The house of the good thiefe Modon David and Goliah Ierusalem Christs birth Nine Sects of Christians 1. The Frankes 2. The Georgians 3. The Greekes 4. The Serians 5. The Costi 6. The Abisines 7. The Armenians The Nestorians 9. The Maronites Iune 14. Ann. 1596. Casaria Antipatris Carmel Achon Tyrc Sarepta Sydon Lybanus Barutti Biblis Tripoli Huss Hamath Iune 29. Haleppo The last of Iune Antioch Byland Iuly 4. Anno 1596. Scanderona Tarsus Scanderona Octo. 19. An. 1596. The Iland of Candia The Iland of Candia The Laborinth The City Candia The City Candia December 20. Zantorini Paros Naxos Zio Seuen Churches Pathmos Metelene Troy Tenedos Sestes Abydes Gallipolis Marmora Aloni Ianua 1. Anno 1597. Palormo Heraclea Constantinople Ann. 1597. Selebris Erylis Marmora Gallipolis Two Castles Tenedos Lemnos Metelene Zio Smirna Andros Athens Delos Citherea Zante March 30. Ann. 1597. Cefalonia Corfu Raguza Il Cornaro Venice Iuly 10 an 1597. Aprill Ann. 1598. Edenborow Lethe Of the diuers Monies of England Of the diuers moneys of Scotland Of the diuers moneys of Ireland Of the diuers moneys of Germany Generally At Stoade and those parts At Emden At Breme Oldenburg and those parts At Brunswicke At Misen and those parts In vpper Germany In generall Diuers moneys of Bohemta Diuers moneyes of Sweitzerland Of the diuers Coynes of the Low-Countreys Of the diuers moneys of Denmark Of the diuers moneys of Poland Of the diuers moneys of Italy In generall At Venice At Ferrara At Bologna At Pesara At Ancona At Rome At Naples At Fiorenza In Liguria At Milane In Piemont At Mantua The diuers moneys of Turkey At Zante At Candia At Cyprus At Ierusalem At Tripoli At Constantinople Of the diuers moneys of France The difference of miles Italian English Irish. Scottish French German