Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
to plead for the Empire before the Pope and returns re infecta p. 216 The Fourteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE King of Morocco passes over into spain The War with the Moors The Christians twice defeated Death of Prince Ferdinand the Heir of Castile Troubles in Navarre betwixt the Natives and the French p. 217 Chap. II. Three Popes die in one Year Prince Sancho of Castile contrives to Vsurp that Crown from his Nephews The Death of Jayme King of Aragon and of Alonso of Portugal Peter succeeds the first and Denis the latter p. 218 Chap. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to aid King Alonso returns home leaving 1000 Horse to serve under him King Alonso disinherits and curses his Son Prince Sancho p. 221 Chap. IV. The Conspiracy of John Prochita in Sicily against the French and slaughter of them call'd the Sicilian Vespers Kings of France and Aragon at War about Sicily Castile and Aragon under an Interdict at the same time p. 222 Chap. V. The Death of Alonso King of Castile The beginning of the Reign of King Sancho IV. The defeat of the French Fleet on the Coast of Italy Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon p. 224 Chap. VI. The French Invade Catalonia take Girona and retire back to France with loss The King of Morocco Besieges Xeres and is repuls'd The Death of the four Kings of France Aragon Naples and Morocco p. 226 Chap. VII The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet D. Lope de Haro flies to Navarre A Treaty in order to release the two Princes of Castile Charles Prince of Salerno set at liberty France and Castile joyn against Aragon Denis King of Portugal 's Issue p. 228 Chap. VIII Troubles in Castile The rightful Heirs to that Crown before Prisoners in Aragon set at liberty Wars on that account betwixt the two Crowns Badajoz Mutinies and is reduc'd An Interview betwixt the Kings of France and Castile p. 230 Chap. IX The Revolt of D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jayme Succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia p 232 Chap. X. Alcala de Henares made an Vniversity Tarifa Besieg'd by the Moors A brave Action of the Governour Sancho King of Castile dies Ferdinand IV. succeeds Peace betwixt France and Aragon p. 234 The Fifteenth BOOK Chap. I. NEW Troubles and Wars in Castile where Prince Henry takes the Government from the Queen Prince John Proclaimed King of Leon and Galicia Castile invaded by the Moors Portugueses and Aragonians p. 236 Chap. II. Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal setled by means of the double Alliances betwixt those Princes The Progress of the Wars in Sicily The Jubilee first Instituted Bilbao built and Prince John reconcil'd to the King p. 238 Chap. III. Of Raymundus Lullus and the Master of Calatrava The Marriage of King Ferdinand Peace concluded betwixt the Kings of Sicily and Naples A Synod of Bishops Troubles in Castile Pope Boniface dies Benedict XI succeeds him p. 240 Chap. IV. The Differences betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon reconcil'd After which they joyn in league against the Moors but to no considerable effect Death of Roger Lauria the great Admiral of Aragon and Divisions among the Moors p. 241 Chap. V. The King of Granada depos'd The King of Castile 's Sister Marry'd to the Duke of Britany The Extirpation of the Knights Templers The Death of Ferdinand IV. King of Castile p. 244 Chap. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso XI King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expell their King The Turks their Original and Growth p. 246 Chap. VII The Actions of the Catalonians in Greece The War in Andaluzia Death of Luis Hutin King of France Philip the Long succeeds him John XX. chosen Pope Defeat of the Moors by Prince Peter of Castile p. 248 Chap. VIII Institution of two new Orders of Knighthood in Aragon and Portugal Peter and John Princes of Castile kill'd by the Moors The Government of that Kingdom in Confusion A great Overthrow given the Navarrois by the Biscainers p. 249 Chap. IX King Alonso XI of Castile takes upon him the Government The Conquest of Sardinia by the Aragonians The Death of King Denis of Portugal His Son Alonso succeeds him Jayme II. King of Aragon is succeeded by his Son Alonso IV. p. 251 Chap. X. The Wars betwixt the Christians and Infidels Rebellions in Castile Aragon Castile and Portugal joyn in League The King and Queen of Navarre come into that Country and return again to France p. 253 The Sixteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE King of Granada goes into Africk Abomelique passes over into Spain The War with the Moors A Truce concluded Alonso de la Cerda rightful King of Castile submits to King Alonso the Possessor p. 256 Chap. II. The Moors of Granada murder Mahomet their King Wars among all the Christian Kings of Spain Alonso King of Aragon dies Fresh Rebellions in Castile The Portuguese Fleet beaten by the Castilians p. 257 Chap. III. The Death of Frederick King of Sicily A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Death of Abomelique and defeat of his Army Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon A Synod at Barcelona p. 259 Chap. IV. A new Invasion of Spain by Albohacen King of Morocco with 470000 Moors he Besieges Tarifa is there routed with the loss of 200000 Men by the Kings of Castile and Portugal Three defeats of the Infidels at Sea p. 261 Chap. V. The Siege and Surrender of Algezira The Infidels attempt to murder King Alonso of Castile The Earls of Derby and Salisbury come to his assistance out of England and the Earl of Faux out of France Robert King of Naples dies p. 263 Chap. VI. The King of Aragon Conquers Majorca and all its Dominions Great Troubles in Aragon The Rebels suppress'd An Vniversal Plague The Knights of Calatrava at variance at length reconcil'd p. 265 Chap. VII The Siege of Gibraltar the King dies and the Siege is rais'd King Peter succeeds him The Lady Ellenor de Guzman kill'd Some Nobles Rebel and are subdu'd Biscay annexed to the Crown of Castile Interviews of Kings p. 267 Chap. VIII Embassadors sent by King Peter into France to obtain for his Wife Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon who is brought into Spain and Marry'd to the King but he being before in Love with the Lady Mary de Padilla slights and forsakes his Queen p. 269 Chap. IX King Peter of Castile removes his Officers punishes some Rebels and reduces several Towns The War of Sardinia where Diseases rageing in the Aragonian Army that King claps up a dishonourable Peace and returns to Aragon p. 270 Chap. X. The Nobility of Castile particularly the King's Bastard Brothers in Rebellion they treat with the King without success the
Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and Executes many of them p. 272 The Seventeenth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War in Aragon many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War betwixt Castile and Aragon carry'd on by Sea and Land p. 275 Chap. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The Computation of Time in Aragon altered p. 277 Chap. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and D. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter Marry'd to the King of Sicily p. 278 Chap. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon p. 281 Chap. V. Count Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile King Peter expell'd the Kingdom Refus'd Entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flyes into France to the Protection of the English p. 282 Chap. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom p. 284 Chap. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its relief is overthrown betray'd to and murder'd by Henry the Bastard p. 286 Chap. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League betwixt Portugal and Aragon p. 288 Chap. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Navarre p. 289 Chap. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards Besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restored to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily p. 292 The Eighteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry 's Children The Schism in the Church caused by the Election of the two Popes Urban and Clement The Death of the King of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada p. 294 Chap. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles VI. succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain thro' the French Interest p. 296. Chap. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece and of the former in Sardinia p. 297 Chap. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been Proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forced to raise the Siege and return to Castile p. 299 Chap. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis Proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians p. 301 Chap. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corun̄a and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre p. 303 Chap. VII Peace concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a Fall from his Horse p. 304 Chap. VIII John King of Aragon upon complaint of his Subjects complies with their demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry III. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Form of Government appointed there during his Minority p. 307 Chap. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada War renew'd with Portugal King Charles VI. of France runs distracted p. 308 Chap. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke p. 310 The Nineteenth BOOK Chap. I. KIng Henry takes upon him the Government The Cortes at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility The Death of the Master of Alcantara The Biscainers invade the Canary-Islands The Plague at Madrid p. 313 Chap. II. Another Rebellion in Castile quell'd by the King Pope Clement dies and Benedict XIII is Elected which continues the Schism The strange Death of John King of Aragon p. 315 Chap. III. The Queen of Navarre returns to her Husband The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betwixt Castile and Portugal renew'd Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his second Son Vsurps The Turks come over into Europe p. 317 Chap. IV. Two Franciscans Preaching to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal renew'd Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. p. 319 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again receiv'd in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent VIII chosen at Rome p. 321 Chap. VI. Great Tumults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A Notable Action of his p. 322 Chap. VII The Crown offer'd to Prince Ferdinand be refuses it John II. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea p. 324 Chap. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors and a Truce concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of the Schism p. 326 Chap. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his Nephew Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho' unjust p. 328 Chap. X. The Moors having done much harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love Adventure p. 329 The Twentieth BOOK Chap. I. THE State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal p. 332 Chap. II. Ferdinand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards Proclaim'd at
Zaragoâ—a He settles the Kingdom Besieges and takes the Earl of Urgel who aspir'd to the Grown p. 333 Chap. III. The Christian Princes all Combine with the Emperor to put an end to the Schism in the Church In order to it King Ferdinand of Aragon has a Conference with Pope Benedict The Council of Constance The two Popes John and Gregory Abdicate p. 335 Chap. IV. The Portugueses pass over into Africk and take Ceuta All endeavours us'd to move Pope Benedict to resign the Papacy prove vain Ferdinand King of Aragon 's Death The Council of Constance puts an end to the Schism in the Church p. 337 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colleges built in Castile p. 339 Chap. VI. Original of the Portuguese Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl p. 341 Chap. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples The Death of the pretended Pope Benedict p. 343 Chap. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples p. 344 Chap. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John Proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna Banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada depos'd p. 347 Chap. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the Kings favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church p. 348 The Twenty First BOOK Chap. I. THE War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre Crown'd John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there p. 351 Chap. II. Actions of the Aragonians against Castile Several Assemblies of the Cortes The Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile Confiscated A Truce concluded with that Crown for 5 Years War with the Moors p. 353 Chap. III. The Death of Pope Martin V. Eugenius IV. succeeds him The Moors of Granada overthrown in Battle Peace concluded with Portugal A Truce with the Moors Prince Peter of Aragon made Prisoner p. 354 Chap. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds p. 356 Chap. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples And Death of the Duke of Anjou and Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd p. 358 Chap. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at liberty by the Duke of Milan p. 360 Chap. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile Marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues loss in Africk p. 362 Chap. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Argonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile p. 364 Chap. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dies Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil deposes Pope Eugenius and choses Felix p. 365 Chap. X. The Progress of the Aragonians in Naples That City taken by them New Disorders in Spain The Archbishop of Toledo dies Of some Men famous for Learning p. 368 The Twenty Second BOOK Chap. I. THE success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon p. 369 Chap. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago p. 371 Chap. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly p. 373 Chap. IV. The Earl of Benavente escaping raises new Tumults The Affairs of Portugal The Mutiny of Toledo Fresh Tumults among the Nobility of Castile The Mutiniers of Toledo punish'd p. 374 Chap. V. The Mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick Marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians p. 376 Chap. VI. D. Alvaro de Luna the King of Castile 's great Favourite's Character and fatal end Mamet the Turk takes Constantinople Mahomet King of Granada depos'd Cruzadoes coin'd in Portugal p. 378 Chap. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile p. 380 Chap VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him War of Granada King Henry of Castile Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquakes in Italy p. 382 Chap. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre Inherits the Crown of Aragon p. 384 Chap. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain p. 386 The Twenty Third BOOK Chap. I. THE Council of Mantua Beginnings of Tumults in Castile War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderberg Prince of Epirus comes to the assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 401 Chap. II. War renew'd with the Moors of Granada The Prince of Viana Imprison'd and Releas'd His Death The Rebellion of Catalonia also in Navarre The Kings of France and Castile meet p. 402 Chap. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King
Henry of Castile Created a Duke p. 404 Chap. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of the Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband p. 406 Chap. V. Peter Constable of Portugal dies The Rebels in Catalonia chose the Duke of Anjou for their King The Battle of Olmedo The Death of the Queen of Aragon and Prince Alonso of Castile The King recovers Toledo The Rebels of Castile affront the Pope's Legate and are Excommunicated p. 408 Chap. VI. John Duke of Lorrain supports and heads the Rebels in Catalonia for his Father Ferdinand Prince of Aragon declar'd King of Sicily The Crown of Castile offer'd to the Princess Elizabeth she refuses it Peace betwixt the King and Nobles p. 410 Chap. VII The Marriage of Ferdinand King of Sicily with the Princess Elizabeth of Castile and of the Duke of Guienne with the Princess Joanna who is sworn Heiress of Castile Differences betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master and Troubles in Biscay The Portugueses take Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 412 Chap. VIII The Tumults and Confusions in Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The King of Castile labours to reduce his Rebels Pope Paul II. dies Sixtus IV. chosen King Alonso of Portugal takes Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 414 Chap. IX Catalonia reduc'd Charles Duke of Guienne dies Cardinal Borgia the Pope's Legate comes into Spain Interview of the Kings of Castile and Portugal The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon p. 416 Chap. X. The Pope's Legate's Practices against King Henry of Castile Massacre of the Jews Signal Loyalty of Peter de Peralta Traiterous Practices of Elizabeth Sister to King Henry of Castile A Synod at Aranda p. 417 The Twenty Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Princess Elizabeth pretends to be reconcil'd to her Brother and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago dies Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona Jews Massacred in Sicily Ferdinand and Elizabeth Proclaim'd King and Queen of Castile The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece p. 420 Chap. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth Vsurps the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are Proclaim'd King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Niece p. 422 Chap. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and engage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand p. 424 Chap. IV. Prince John of Portugal comes into Castile with Forces to his Father's assistance The Battle of Toro betwixt King Ferdinand and him of Portugal The latter defeated The Castilian Nobility forsake him and he returns home p. 426 Chap. V. The Tumults of Navarre The King of Portugal 's Zoyage into France Toro recover'd by the Castiliano from the Portugueses Several other Places retaken Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Galcazzo Duke of Milan murdred p. 428 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in trust which has ever since continued in the Kings of Spain War with the Moors of Andaluzia The King of Portugal after having Abdicated his Crown returns home and is restor'd by his Son p. 429 Chap. VII Sardinia entirely reduc'd The Birth of John Prince of Castile The Inquisition first setled in Spain Peace concluded betwixt France and Castile The Death of King John of Aragon p. 431 Chap. VIII Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions started and condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon p. 434 Chap. IX Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal The Turks get footing in Italy and are again expell'd King Alonso of Portugal dies Henry the late King of Castile 's Grants vacated by the Cortes Prince John Son to King Ferdinand Sworn Heir of Castile p. 435 Chap. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crowned and soon after dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal punished and the Conspirators punished Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal ratified Luis XI King of France dies p. 437 The Twenty Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War with Granada King Albahazen surprizes Zahara Alhama taken from the Infidels and in vain besieged by them again p. 440 Chap. II. Preparations for carrying on the War against the Moors Loxa in vain besieged and that War laid aside for some time Some Tumults in Galicia A great slaughter of Christians on the Mountains of Malaga p. 441 Chap. III. The Moors defeated and Boabdill their King taken and afterwards released The Affairs of Navarre Pope Sixtus dies Innocent VIII succeeds him Marquess del Gasto and Pescara from whom descended p. 444 Chap. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moors Albohardil Vsurps the Crown of Granada and defeats the Earl of Cabra The Rebellion in Naples Birth of the Princess Katherine of Castile afterwards Wife to Henry VIII King of England p. 446 Chap. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moors A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle called Albayzin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses p. 448 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moors Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians is expelled by his Subjects and Boabdil Proclaimed King Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East p. 450 Chap. VII Tumults in Aragon the Cities Associate there The War with the Moors renewed and several Places taken from them which they with the same facility recover Maximilian King of the Romans aims to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile p. 452 Chap. VIII The Masterships of all the Military Orders in Spain annexed to the Crown for ever Three Cities and other Places taken from the Moors Elizabeth Princess of Castile Married to Alonso Prince of Portugal His and his Father's Death p. 453 Chap. IX The War with the Moors now effectually renewed The Description of the City of Granada King Ferdinand lays Siege to it and Builds a Town for his Army to Quarter in during the Siege to shew his Resolution not to depart without being Master of that City p. 456 Chap. X. A mighty Mutiny raised in Granada by a Phanatick Moor. The City surrendred to King Ferdinand The Character of King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth Their Triumphal Entry into Granada and Vniversal Joy for their Success p. 457 The Twenty Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE Affairs of Britany The
against the Moors and took Exea a Town of note in Navarre in the Year 1110. Near Valterra he overthrew Abuhafalem King of Zaragoça in Battle After this he assumed the Title of Emperor of Spain as his Father-in-law had done before him Having at length setled the Affairs of Aragon he came to Castile in the Year 1111. His principal Study was to gain the Affections of the People and to that end he Honoured the Nobility Relieved the Distress'd Protected the Weak and was Affable to all People insomuch that he got the good will of all Men. Only the Queen 's hard Heart was inflexible He ordered Villorado Berlanga Soria and Almaçan Towns ruined by the Wars to be Peopled and then returned to Aragon resolving to carry on the War against the Moors King Alonso was third Cousin to the Queen his Wife for D. Sancho the Greater was Great-Grandfather to them both It was not then usual for the Pope to dispence in those Cases and therefore many Princes had been Divorced For this reason I suppose King Alonso is not reckoned among the Kings of Castile Besides the Queen for her dissolute Life was Imprisoned in the Castle called Castellar whence she made her escape into Castile She found not the Reception she expected for the Nobility sent her back to her Husband who again put her in Prison Mean while the Nobles of Galicia where D. Alonso and D. Vrraca's Son was bred held Consultation to oppose the Designs of the Argonians They were glad they had found a flaw in that Match which they had so much opposed and therefore gave out that the People were not obliged to own him that was not their lawful King Hereupon they sent an Embassy to Pope Pasqualis II. who committed the Examination of that Affair to James Gelmirek Bishop of Santiago What he determined is not known but it is certain that from that time forwards King Alonso began to bear the Bishops ill will Those of Burgos and Leon were Expelled their Diocesses he of Palencia imprisoned the Abbot of Sahagun was deposed and D. Ramiro the King's Brother put in his place Bernard the Archbishop of Toledo was two Years Banished his Diocess notwithstanding his Legantine Power and his being Primate of all Spain During this time he held a Synod at Palencia the Acts whereof are extant to this day Another Synod he held at Leon at which besides many Bishops and Nobles James Gelmires of Santiago was present Their chief care was to establish Peace for the Forces of Aragon and Navarre marched against Galicia and had taken the Castle of Monteroso by Storm Yet the King of Aragon at the instance of some Holy Men who interpos'd desisted All things were done disorderly without regard to Justice and both Parties sought to strengthen themselves for carrying on of their designs It seemed hard to the Castilians and Galicians to be governed by the Aragonians the King of Aragon right or wrong would keep the Kngdom he was possessed of Such as opposed him were displaced and their Estates taken from them The Galicians being delivered of their first fear made a League with Henry Earl of Portugal This gave them Courage to Proclaim Prince Alonso King tho' very Young He was anointed in the Cathedral of Compostella by James Gelmirez Bishop of that See a Coremony not used till then in Spain but brought up to Authorize that Act the more Peter Earl of Trava Tutor to the Prince was the chief contriver of all these proceedings This Action offended the King of Aragon he was divorced from the Queen and set her at Liberty she having been Prisoner in the Castle of Soria Nevertheless he would not quit the Kingdom that was her Dower The Governours of places tho' not absolved from the Oath they had taken to him revolted to the Queen and Swore Allegiance to her Perancules a Man of unblemished reputation did the same yet having a scruple for that he had Sworn fidelity to the King of Aragon he surrendred himself up to him with a Halter about his Neck that he might punish his breach of Faith At first the King was surprized but being perswaded that the Gentleman had in all things Acted honourably and that his Loyalty ought not to be hurtful to him he forgave and Treated him very Courteously All the Nobility of Castile joyned to preserve the Liberty of their Country resolving to undergo all hazards rather than submit to the Government of the Aragonians D. Gomez Earl of Candespina who before had aimed at Marrying the Queen and being then in the flower of his Youth was greater with her than became the Regal Dignity and the Modesty of a Woman seem'd the most zealous in defence of the Country and for making War upon the Aragonians D. Peter Earl of Lara and his Rival with the Queen held the next place in Power and Authority Commanders being divided among themselves neither could Peace be setled nor the War carryed on as it should be D. Alonso King of Aragon with a Powerful Army entred Castile by the way of Soria and Osma The Nobles with the Army of Castile marched to oppose him Both Armies encamped near Sepulveda and there formed their Battles Peter Earl of Lara led the Van of the Castilians Earl Gomez the rear the main Body was Commanded by other Nobles The King of Aragon drew up all his Army into one square Body The Signal being given they fell on in the Field called de la Espina this was one of the most Famous Battles of that Age. Peter Earl of Lara not able to stand the first charge fled to Burgos where the Queen was in care for the event of that Action D. Gomez stood his Ground better till his Forces being vanquished he dy'd honourably without turning his back His Standard-Bearer a Gentleman of the House of Olea was not inferior to him for his Horse being killed and both his hands cut off he fell down dead embracing the Standard with his Arms and often repeating Olea Henry Earl of Portugal made the Victory easier to the Aragonians by going over to them rather in hatred to the lewdness of the Queen than any kindness he had for King Alonso This success so encouraged the Aragonians that passing the River Duero they advanced as far as the City Leon wasting all the Country The Nobility of Galicia having recruited their Army try'd their Fortune again and had the same success being defeated by the Aragonians between Leon and Astorga In this Battle was taken Peter Earl of Trava a powerful Man who was Marry'd to D. Mayor Daughter to Armengaud Earl of Vrgel Young King Alonso was not in the fight after it he went to the Castle of Orsilon where his Mother was No Battle in that Age was so fatal to Castile as this The Cities of Najara Burgos Palencia and Leon submitted to the Conqueror He wanting Money to pay his Army laid hold of the Treasures of Churches
some security for their Impartial Administration of the Government but no Bonds can contain Ambitious Spirits As soon as they were put into Power D. Alvaro the eldest of the three Brothers departed from Burgos where this Act of Renunciation was perform'd The first thing he did was to Banish certain Noblemen then he seized upon all publick Revenues and spar'd not those of the Church From lay Patrons who had the right of presenting to Benefices he took that Priviledge upon pretence of restoring the immunities of the Church He did all things by open force without any regard to the Laws or good of the Publick His Extravagancies were such as oblig'd Roderick Dean of Toledo and the Archbishop's Vicar to Excommunicate him This check drew him back a little and he made some reparation of damages yet his Mind was not alter'd He summoned the Cortes or Parliament to Valladolid whether resorted for the most part such as were of his Faction who in the name of the whole Kingdom only study'd to secure him the Government Many of the Nobility were offended that D. Alvaro should thus Usurp all the Power Particularly Lope de Haro Son to James de Haro and D. Gonzalo Ruiz Giron the Lord High-Steward resented this disorderly proceeding and having consulted together had recourse to Queen Berengaria complaining against her for resigning the Government and advising to reassume it before all things were brought to destruction Their words mov'd the Queen yet being a Woman she durst not oppose so great a Power as theirs was who had the Command of all the Forces in the Kingdom Therefore fearing least Violent Councils might produce greater mischiefs she thought it the best expedient to put the Three Brothers of Lara in Mind of the Oath they had taken when they entred upon the Goverment which they had much infringed This Admonition only served the more to provoke D. Alvaro who thereupon not only seiz'd upon the Queen's Lands but Commanded her to depart the Kingdom The Queen to prevent further mischief with her Sister Ellenor retired to the strong Castle of Otella near Palencia Many of the Nobility declar'd for her and continued firm till the Death of the King her Brother All this tended to an open breach and to increase the Division the Office of High-Steward was taken from D. Gonçalo Giron and given to Ferdinand de Lara D. Alvaro's Brother The King tho' young lik'd not these proceedings and studied how to make his escape to his Sister but it was in vain for D. Alvaro kept strict watch upon him Besides the more to gain his Favour he allured him with pleasures and talk'd of Marrying him To this purpose Embassadors were sent to conclude a Match for him with Malfada Sister to King Alonso of Portugal The Nuptials were Celebrated at Palencia Queen Berengaria was much concern'd at it because the King was so Young Therefore she writ to the Pope informing him how near of Kin the Marry'd Couple were The Pope upon this information appointed Tello Bishop of Palencia and Maurice of Burgos Commissioners to examine that affair and in case they found it as the Queen said to disannul the Marriage As soon as the Bishops received the Pope's Bull they examined the affair and finding the Kindred to be as had been said order'd them to be divorc'd Thus the Bride still a Virgin as is believ'd return'd to Portugal where in the Monastery of Rucha built by herself she spent the rest of her Life much afflicted not only for that disgrace but because D. Alvaro had presumed to offer to Marry her himself This in Castile in the Year of Grace 1216. in which dy'd Pope Innocent III. inferior to few of his Predecessors for Piety and Learning Honorius III. a Native of Rome succeeded him in whose time dy'd in that City Mary Queen of Aragon Mother to King Jaime Her Body was bury'd in the Vatican near the Tomb of St. Petronila In her Will she recommended her Son and Kingdom to the Pope as Universal Father That Kingdom being divided into Factions and the King being so Young stood in need of such Protection which that Pope afforded it as long as he liv'd At this time Raymund Earl of Provence being invited by his Subjects made his escape from the Castle of Monçon where he was kept as a Prisoner with the King of Aragon and getting safe into his Country appeased many differences that were among the Nobility for want of a Head every one striving to have a hand in the Government Thomas Earl of Maurienne of the House of Savoy had a Daughter called Beatrix who was Marry'd to this Raymund Earl of Provence By her he had Four Daughters three of them Marry'd to Kings and the fourth to an Emperor Raymund's Escape was the cause the King of Aragon was set at Liberty William Monredon Master of the Templers fear'd the King might in like manner be taken from him and then others would reap the benefit of setting him at Liberty whilst he should undergo the blame of having kept him confin'd He therefore consulted with Peter de Açagra Lord of Albaracin and with Peter Ahones both Men in great Power who joyn'd with themselves Aspargus Archbishop of Tarragona and William of Taraçona These in the Month of September resolved to set the King at Liberty and commit the Government of the Kingdom to him notwithstanding he was but Nine Year of Age and took an Oath to bind themselves to the performance hereof This was not done so privately but that Sancho the King's Unkle who then governed the Kingdom had notice of it and in a rage threatned to wash the way the King was to go with Blood With this resolution he march'd with a good Body of Men to Selga a Town on the road the King was to take This being known affrighted the King so that tho' in that tender Age he put on a Coat of Mail to fight if there were occasion D. Sancho tho' he could not have failed of success there being so small a Number with the King durst not attack them and the King having escap'd that danger went on to Huesca and thence to Zaragoca There and in all places he was received with great Joy all Men hoping his Liberty would put an end to the publick Calamities For the establishing of good Order it was requisite to raise Money the Revenues being wasted in the late troubles This want was supply'd by the Catalonians who raised the Tax called Bovaticum because it is laid on Oxen and other Cattle It is rare that this Tax is laid and notwithstanding King Peter had levy'd it three times yet it was now granted to his Son Jaime in the Year of Grace 1217. By these Means a sufficient Fund of Money was Furnished to supply the King's Wants and raise Forces to quell any Insurrection CHAP. V. Great disorders in Castile raised by the Family of Lara Young King Henry killed by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of
Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced instituted THE Enmity betwixt D. Alvaro de Lara and Queen Berengaria put the Kingdom into Confusion and was the cause that many Murders Robberies and other Villanies were committed D Alvaro added one fraud to the perfecting of all his Projects The King being at Maqueda a Town not far from Toledo Queen Berengaria sent a Man privately to advertise him how affairs stood D. Alvaro having notice of it seized the Messenger and Counterfeiting the Queen's Hand and Seal produced Letters as from her directing the King to be Poisoned and the more to credit his invention caused the Messenger to be strangl'd This imposture being known incensed all Men against D. Alvaro and the Inhabitants of Maqueda had slain him but that he withdrew with the King to Huete Thither the Queen again sent one Roderick Gonzales de Valverde to consult with the King how he might make his escape to her This Man also was taken and sent Prisoner to Alarcon but was not put to Death for fear of the People All the storm fell upon such Nobles as adhered to the Queen The King kept his Lent at Valladolid thence D. Alvaro sent Forces to Besiege Montalegre where was D. Suero Tellez Giron a Man of Note well provided to defend himself He had two Brothers Ferdiand Ruyz and Alonso Tellez that might have relieved him but would not out of respect to the King D. Suero being summon'd in the King's name tho' he could long have held out surrendred the Fort. After this the Country was wasted and the King in Person sate down before Carrion Thence he moved to Villalva D. Alonso de Meneses who held it being then out of the Town was forced to make his way in with his Sword not without danger being himself wounded and many of his Servants kill'd Nevertheless he held out so long that the King was glad to quit that enterprize and return to Palencia At the same time the War was carry'd on against Roderick and Alvaro Cameros who held the City Calaborra The King going thither soon made himself Master of that City Garci Zapata the Governour delivering up the Castle to him After the taking of that City they Marched against D. Lope de Haro Lord of Biscay That Country is Mountainous and the People very true to their Lords for which reason the War was protracted and the King return'd home As soon as the King was gone D. Lope entred his Territories as far as Marcanda de Ebro where Gonzalo Brother to D. Alvaro the Governour met him They came not to a Battle because Religious Persons interposed Thus D. Gonzalo went away to the King and D. Lope to Otella where the Queen was not without Apprehensions that the King would Besiege her There are those who write that a Marriage was treated of betwixt the King of Castile and Sancha the King of Leon's Daughter by his first Wife upon condition she should inherit the Crown excluding Ferdinand the Son of Queen Berengaria But it is hard to find out the truth of these Affairs for the History of those times is no less confuss'd than were the times In this Historians agree that the King being at play with others of his Age in the Court of the Bishop's Palace where he then lay a Tile falling from the top of the House broke his Head in such manner that he dy'd 11 days after on the 6th of June in the Year 1217. His Body was afterwards bury'd near his Brother Ferdinand at Huelgas by Burgos He liv'd not full 14 years Reign'd 2 and 9 months This same Year the Portugueses took from the Moors a considerable Town call'd Alcazar de Sal. Matthew Bishop of Lisbon was the chief Contriver of this Enterprize for he raised considerable Forces and persuaded the Knights Templers to be assisting to him But the chief Force consisted in 100 Sail of English French and Flemings who on their way to the Holy-Land touch'd at Lisbon and were persuaded by that Bishop to put their hand to the reducing of that Town A Multitude of Moors from Sevil Cordova and other parts coming to the Relief of that place was overthrown and 60000 of them were killed The Battle was fought on the 25th of September and the place taken on the 18th of October Henry the late King had two Sisters both elder than he These were Blanch Marry'd to Luis eldest Son of Philip Augustus King of France and Berengaria who before she was parted from her Husband Alonso King of Leon brought him four Children to wit Ferdinand Alonso Constance and Berengaria Blanch was the eldest Sister and by Right ought to inherit had not force and the hatred of a Stranger taken place of Justice Many of the Nobility meeting where Queen Berengaria then was declared the Crown to appertain to her It was convenient that all things should be setled before the King of Castile's Death came to the Ears of the King of Leon lest he should pretend to that Crown in Right of his Wife tho' parted from her Accordingly Embassadors were sent to him to request he would send his Son Ferdinand to protect his Mother which they obtain'd before ever that King had notice of the Death of King Henry This was the easier to do for that D. Alvaro de Lara carry'd the dead Body with him to Tariego giving out he was still living and dispatching Business in his Name Prince Ferdinand being come to Otella where his Mother was she made over her Right to the Crown to him At Najara under an Elm-tree the Ceremony of Proclaiming him King was perform'd so little State was used in those times From Najara he went to Palencia designing to take a Progress thro' the Kingdom That City at the persuasion of the Bishop received him with great Joy and Magnificence Then he went to Duenas which shut the Gates against him but the Town being small and not strong was entred by force Here the Nobility began to treat of an Accommodation with the Family of Lara D. Alvaro was not averse to it but being used to Rule he had the presumption to ask to be Tutor to the new King King Ferdinand was at that time 18 years of age tho' some say but 16. Thus the posture of Affairs seem'd to threaten a War The King and Queen went to Valladolid a great and plentiful Town in Castile where the Cortes or Parliament met and determin'd that Berengaria was the rightful Heiress of the Crown as had been twice declared whilst her Father lived So Roderick the Archbishop who says she was the eldest Daughter but other Authors are of another Opinion The Queen here again resign'd her Right to the Crown and her Son was the second time Proclaim'd King in a great open place in the Suburbs of that Town Thence he was carry'd to the Cathedral
Learning gained him renown This moved the Electoral Princes of Germany after the Death of the Emperor William to choose him his Successor But they did not all consent for the Archbishops of Cologne and Mentz and the Count Palatine Elected Richard Duke of Cornwal Brother to Henry King of England This Election was made on the 6th of January in the Year 1256 some say two Years later The Archbishop of Treves and Duke of Saxony looking upon the other as invallid on the last day of March following made choice of King Alonso Embassadors were sent to them both and both took the Title of Emperors but Richard had so much the advantage that he immediately went over into Germany and was Crowned the first time at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne King Alonso was hindred by his Domestick troubles and forced to put off his departure This delay gave time to his party to cool in their Affections and the other to strengthen it self Richard seemed to have the better Title being chosen within the Year after the Death of his Predecessor and on the day appointed for the Election and also for that within the space of another Year he was Crowned at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne and seated in the Chair of Charlemaigne in token of possession Besides the Princes and Governours did him Homage All these Circumstances pleaded for Richard's right whereas King Alonso had performed none of the usual Ceremonies Both the Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia who are the Umpires when there is any thing depending had declared for Richard On the other side King Alonso pleaded that he was Elected according to Custom within the City Walls That the Archbishop of Cologne and the Palatine came with great Military Power as it were to force the others and had made a Separate Election without the Town That the Princes in the City had waited so long to reduce them to observe Order and at length the Archbishop of Treves with the Duke of Saxony who had also the Marques of Bradenburgh's Voice had Elected King Alonso the King of Bohemia's Embassador joining with them Besides these formal reasons they exprobrated Crimes to each other one side said The Archbishop of Treves was Excommunicated for oppressing his Subjects with Taxes The other objected he of Cologne had Wounded the Pope's Legate and stricken a Bishop and that the Elector Palatine abused the Churchmen and in the late Confusions had joyned with the Emperor against the Pope King Alonso being far off was detained by many troubles at home besides that he was naturally unconstant and hoped by some Artifice to put an end to that debate Richard was hindred by the Wars at that time betwixt England and France and dy'd the 6th Year after he took the Title of Emperor The end of this contest shall be told in its place CHAP. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon KING Alonso was naturally Mild had a great Spirit sought Glory rather than Pleasure addicted himself to Learning yet was very inconstant and covetous which drew upon him the hatred of the People and he neglected to gain the Love of the Nobility To shun idleness the ground of all intestine troubles he invaded Andaluzia his Army divided into several Bodies the better to recover divers places the Moors still possessed He in Person took Xeres his Brother Henry Arcos and Nebrixa a Town near the mouth of the River Guadalquivir D. Nun̄o de Lara was appointed Governour of Xerez Now might the Moors have been expell'd all that Country had not another War called away the King Theobald the second King of Navarre being come to Age with the assistance of the King of Aragon with whom he had renewed the League before made resolved to invade Castile pretending that Guipuscoa Alava Rioja and Briviesca belonged to his Crown and had been wrongfully taken from his Predecessors Many Nobles of Castile went over to Aragon and Navarre having first by a publick instrument renounced their Country which was the Custom used then not to be thought Traytors These stirred up and incensed that Young Prince Among them the chief was James de Haro who soon dy'd at Ban̄ares whether he went to be Cur'd Yet his Son Lope de Haro with a great retinue went to Estela where the King of Aragon then was The same did Prince Henry being much disgusted with his Brother These Princes made a League among themselves The People of Castile tho' they had not declared were of the same Opinion They were offended at the baseness of the Coin which caused all things to grow dear and the King having set rates upon all things there ensued a great scarcity because those who had stocks would not sell at that rate King Alonso understanding his danger began to Treat of some Accommodation with the King of Aragon who was not averse to it being again tho' old entangled in the Love of D. Teresa Vidaura to such a degree that he seemed infatuated At Soria the two Kings met and concluded a Peace in the Year 1256. At the same time Marguerite Mother of Theobald King of Navarre dy'd in Champagne whether she went to settle the affairs of that Earldom She was buryed in the Monastery of Claravelle then Famous for the Sanctity of its Monks The following Year dy'd at Toledo Sancho Capelo King of Portugal as Garibay in his History relates but Duarte Nun̄ez will have his Death to have happen'd in the Year 1246. His Brother Alonso who had Governed the Kingdom Thirteen Years only as Regent now took the Title of King He had by Beatrix Daughter to the King of Castile Denis his eldest Son Alonso Earl of Portalegre Blanch who lies bury'd at Huelgas where she was long Abbess and Constance who dy'd Young At this time Henry the King's Brother stirred up both the Moors and Christians at Nebrixa whether he was withdrawn to Rebellion D. Nun̄o de Lara having notice of it repaired thither from Sevil and Prince Henry not being able to oppose him fled by Sea to Valencia The King of Aragon at first received him favourably but for fear of infringing the Treaty concluded with his Brother obliged him to take his flight into Africk Thence after four Years spent at Tun̄ez he went over poor and miserable into France and so into Italy desiring to make War on his Brother if any Prince would support him The King of Aragon having setled Valencia passed over to Mompellier designing to meet the King of France On the 11th of May in the Year 1258. they met at Carbolio and were perfectly reconciled both parties freely resigning what had been before taken on either side Catalonia and Barcelona were also declared wholly independent of the Crown of France for till that
not ceas'd His Nobles were Mutinous and there was a report that the Moors of Africk made greater Preparations against Spain than they had ever done before Yet Peter Martinez the Admiral the last Year had taken Cadiz from the Moors by surprize There was some difficulty in maintaining that Island and therefore it was restor'd to the King of Morocco whose it was before by that means to oblige him King Alonso of Portugal sent his Son Denis then but 8 years old to his Grandfather the King of Castile to obtain of him that Portugal might be independant he quitting his Claim to any Homage from that Crown This was propos'd in an Assembly of the Nobility and oppos'd by none but D. Nun̄o Gonzalez de Lara the chief of the Malecontents Nevertheless the King carry'd it and Portugal was made Independant D. Nun̄o worse offended than before conspir'd against the King with D. Lope de Haro and Prince Philip the King's Brother Finding themselves too weak to carry on a Rebellion they sollicited Prince Henry who then govern'd Navarre to joyn with them but he excus'd himself with the absence of the King his Brother Being disappointed there those great Men sollicited the Kings of Portugal and Granada and even the Emperor of Morocco to joyn with them in making War upon Castile King Alonso was a Man of great sence but more fit for a Scholler than a King for whilst he Study'd the Heavens and Stars he lost the Earth and his Kingdom Understanding what was in hand by the information of Fernan Perez whom the Conspirators endeavour'd to engage to their Party he was much surpriz'd and apply'd his Thoughts to prevent the Mischiefs that threatned To this effect from Murcia where he then was he sent Henry de Arana his Embassador to endeavour some Accommodation with those Nobles who had then assembled themselves at Palencia to prepare for War He with the Queen went to Valencia to Confer with the King of Aragon That Prince like a wise Man having forseen the Storm that threatned Castile had at Burgos advis'd King Alonso not to proceed in making himself odious to his Subjects and that if he could not reconcile the Nobility he should gain the Commonalty and Prelates with whose assistance he might baffle all the designs of the others At this Conference nothing of moment was done King Alonso nevertheless was forc'd the next Year to return to Alicant to see the King his Father-in-law and desire he would withhold the Nobles of Aragon from joyning with the Rebels of Castile as they intended to do He also ask'd his advice for that the King of Granada made War upon Guadix and Malaga which Affair he ought first to take in hand King Jayme advis'd to observe the Treaty made with the Moors but that avail'd nothing for the King of Granada invited by the Rebels entred the Christian Territories burning and destroying all before him A Body of African Horse sent by Jacob Abenjoseph King of Morocco followed him Hereupon King Alonso orders his Son Ferdinand then at Sevil with all the Force he could make to oppose the Moors He himself went to Burgos to try if there were any means left to reduce the Rebels In that City the Cortes or Parliament met all those Mutiniers being summoned upon security of their Persons and for their greater safety the Hospital Royal without the City was appointed for that Assembly After several Conferences they were further from any Accommodation than before Their Passions swel'd to that height that many renouncing their Allegiance went away to Granada in the Year 1272. D. Nun̄o de Lara D. Lope de Haro and Prince Philip were the chief of the Conspirators Next to these Ferdinand de Castro Lope de Mendoça Giles de Roa Roderick de Saldan̄a besides a vast number of inferior Persons At their departure they burnt Towns and wasted the Country in token of their malice The King made hast to Toledo thence to Almagro and despairing of reducing the Rebels endeavoured to appease the King of Granada It this did not succeed he resolved to make War upon him with the greatest Force he could gather Whilst these things were acting in Castile Philip King of France Son to S. Luis added Poitiers and Toulouze to his Crown by Inheritance Not long after he expelled Roger Bernard Earl of Faux because he would not stand to Judgment This had like to have caus'd a War betwixt France and Aragon because that Earldom was a Feof of the latter The wisdom of King Jayme prevented it for he persuaded the Earl to submit himself to the King of France and so the dispute ended There were some apprehensions of Troubles within the Kingdom Peter the King 's eldest Son being offended at Ferdinand Sanchez his Bastard Brother for that in his return from the Holy-Land he had been nobly entertain'd by Charles King of Sicily and he suspected they had contriv'd something prejudicial to the Kingdom Ferdinand was at Burriana thither Peter came with a number of Soldiers and Ransack'd the whole House Mean while Ferdinand and his Wife Aldonça made their escape From this beginning greater Troubles arose the Nobility being divided between the two Brothers with such heat that Ferdinand's Party doubted not to raise War against the King himself All the Effect was that the Viscount of Cardona and other great Men lost their Estates Ferdinand Sanchez being taken by his Brother in the Castle of Pomar was Strangled and cast into the River Cinga The Head being taken off the other Conspirators were soon subdued But the Death of Fernan Sanchez hap'ned three Years later He left a young Son from whom the Family of Castro in Aragon descends To Roger Lauria King Jayme gave an Estate in Valencia because he had accompany'd his Daughter-in-law from the furthest parts of Italy This Gentleman proved a great Commander especially by Sea A Truce was concluded for many Years with Henry now King of Navarre his Brother Theobald dying without Issue The King of Aragon pretended a Right to Navarre but finding his own Subjects inclinable to Rebel thought good to agree with the Foreigners lest they should joyn with his People against him CHAP. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies his Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France to plead for the Empire before the Pope and returns re infecta KIng Alonso ardently desired to go over into Germany to take possession of the Empire and the more for that Richard his Competitor being dead the Electors were about choosing another This moved him to prepare for that Journey The wiser sort said it were better to settle the Kingdom at home Vain Men advised to carry an Army to subdue all that should oppose him in Germany Being resolved upon this Expedition he determined at any rate to Compound with the Moors of Granada and his own Nobles Mean while
tho he had an Obligation laid upon him to continue Loyal favour'd the Enemy Prince Henry grown Peevish by his long Imprisonment and us'd to Evil Practices studied how to get the Government into his Hands and look'd upon it as an Affront that the late King had made no mention of him in his Will He first held Private Cabals at Berlanga then beginning to act more openly many Towns declar'd for him and particularly the Royal City Burgos The Cortes or Parliament Assembled at Valladolid where the Nobility declar'd so much in Favour of Prince Henry that tho' the King and Queen 〈◊〉 thither they would not admit them into the City till it was late and they had left their Retinue behind Here it was resolv'd that Prince Henry should govern the Kingdom and the Queen have the Education of the King to whom nevertheless they all again took the Oath of Allegiance King Sancho by his Will left the Lordship of Biscay as gain'd in War to his Son Prince Henry James Lopez de Haro broke into that Province by the way of Navarre and made himself Master of all Places except Balmaseda and Ordun̄a The Two Brothers of the House of Lara laying aside their Enmity with the House of Haro joyn'd with him in Hatred to Prince Henry who they could not endure should Govern the Kingdom contrary to the King's Will which nam'd one of them Prince John the King's Uncle who had stay'd till then in Africk came into the Kingdom of Granada aiming at the 〈◊〉 of Castile thinking he had a better Title than his Brother King Sancho for that the present King Ferdinand was not Born in lawful Wedlock It was wonderful to see how many Revolted upon this account which gave him an opportunity of seizing Alcantara and other Places on the Borders of Portugal King Denis of Portugal was so earnest for him that at the time the Cortes were held at Valladolid he sent to declare against Castile A great Storm threatned on that side but no less was on the other for at Bordalva in the Territory of Hariza the King of Aragon and D. Alonso de Cerda who stiled himself King of Castile and Leon met There on the 21th of January 1296 they agreed upon the following Articles That they joyn their Forces in order to restore D. Alonso to his Grandfathers Kingdom That the Kingdom of Murcia be given to the King of Aragon The Kingdom of Leon Galicia and Sevil to Prince John Cuenca Alarcon Moya and Can̄ete to Prince Peter of Aragon for his Service as General of that Expedition In this League were included Queen Violante Grandmother to D. Alonso the King of France Portugal and Granada and soon after D. John de Lara in hopes of recovering 〈…〉 On the other side through the Queens Industry D. James de Haro was reconcil'd the King and all the Estate of D. John de Lara who was gone to the Aragonians added his Lordship of Biscay By these means other Great Men were gain'd particularly D. John Alonso de Haro giving him Cameros which he had a Right to The Army of Aragon under the Command of D. Alonso de la Cerda and Prince Peter of Aragon entred Castile in April at Baltanas Prince John and D. John Nun̄z de Lara joyn'd them They march'd without any lett as far as the City Leon formerly great and rich then poor and unprovided and therefore was easily surrendred the sooner for that some Citizens held Correspondence with the Enemy There Prince John was proclaim'd King of Leon Galicia and Sevil. Soon after D. Alonso de la Cerda was in the same manner proclaim'd King of Castile at Sahagun Thence they march'd and laid Siege to Mayorga which is Five Leagues from Sadagun the Town being Strong and well Garrison'd defended it self bravely and the Siege lasted till August Mean while the Cortes or Parliament was summoned to meet at Valladolid The first that appear'd was Prince Henry who as soon as he alighted without changing his Riding Apparel went to the Queen then at Mass in the Castle After the usual Reverence with a feign'd Sorrow he laid before her the Danger of the Kingdom and urg'd how little Defence there was in a Woman a Child and an Old Man Then advis'd her to Marry the Prince of Aragon by whom she might be Protected and the Crown defended The Queen put him away with signs of Displeasure affirming She would rely on God and not use any dishonourable Means for her Preservation Thus Prince Henry's Design fell to the Ground About 4000 Horse were levy'd but Prince Henry could not be prevail'd upon to March with them and raise the Siege of Mayorga excusing himself with the War in Andaluzia Yet they March'd to Zamora to settle that Place then wavering in it's Duty to the King The length of the Siege allay'd the Fury of the Besiegers and the Heat of the Weather together with the Want of all Necessaries caus'd much Sickness among them These things and the Death of their General Prince Peter of Aragon oblig'd them to return home much weaker than they set out At their first entring Castile they consisted of 1000 Men at Arms and 50000 Souldiers The King of Aragon at the same time had better Success in Murcia for he took the City of that Name and all other Places about it except the Towns of Lorca Alcala and Mula which held out for King Ferdinand In all these Dangers and Troubles Prince Henry who govern'd Castile acted nothing for either side but seem'd to stand Neuter so that he oblig'd not the Enemy and drew on himself the Hatred of all Men who laid the Blame of all the Loss sustain'd to his Charge The Queen wink'd at these Practices of the Prince but some Men of Note did not spare to upbraid him therewith The Chief of these was Alonso Perez de Gusman who bravely defended the Frontiers of Andaluzia and more than any oppos'd the Designs of Prince Henry With a Body of Men he gather'd the Prince march'd to Andaluzia lest he should be thought altogether Idle and in a Skirmish he had with the Moors near Arjona was defeated and in great danger of being taken his Reins being Cut so that he could not guide his Horse Alonso Perez de Gusman in that danger furnish'd him with another Horse on which he escap'd After this Rencounter a Treaty of Peace was propos'd to the Moors The King of Granada demanded Tarifa offering in lieu of it 22 Castles 20000 Crowns in ready mony and to advance the usual Tribute of Four Years Prince Henry approv'd of these Conditions because of the present Necessities and want of Mony Alonso Perez de Gusman violently oppos'd it This difference was heighten'd to such a degree that the Moors being joyn'd by some Christians laid Siege to that City Alonso de Gusman had not a sufficient Force his Men deserted and those were his Enemies who ought to have protected him In
all the Thirds of Ecclesiastical Profits which the Kings Alonso Sancho and Ferdinand had receiv'd without leave till then and gave them to her for three Years longer The Nobility was dissatisfy'd with the Queen Mother and the Princes John and Henry the King's Uncles with D. John Son to Prince Emanuel D. John de Lara D. James de Haro and other great Ones endeavour'd to estrange the King from her To this Effect they call'd the Abbot of Santander who was Chancellor and Treasurer to account for the Revenue because he was preferr'd by the Queen but he being clear'd with Honour that Design fell to the Ground Philip King of France at the beginning of the Year 1303. sent Embassadors to demand those Towns the Navarrois pretended to belong to them but they obtain'd nothing The King of Aragon made Overtures of Peace which were also rejected He offer'd to restore all the Kingdom of Murcia if they would only deliver Alicant to him The Queen lik'd not the Proposal She remov'd D. John de Lara who began to be great with the King and made Prince Henry Lord Steward but he held it not long and these beginnings produc'd Jealousies betwixt the King and his Mother and disorders among the Nobility Prince John and D. John de Lara laying aside their former Grudges had great Power over the King Prince Henry D. John Son to Prince Emanuel and D. James de Haro could not endure to see the Queen Mother slighted for that they ow'd her Obligations This disgust had such Effect that they sent for D. Alonso de la Cerda in order to agree with him Gonzalo Ruiz was sent to Almazan to set this Affair afoot and perswade the Aragonians to march into Castile Whilst these things were in Agitation in Castile Pope Boniface was made Prisoner in the City Agnani by a Party of 300 Horse that broke in upon him being rais'd by the Cardinals of the House of Colonna whom he had depos'd and not without consent of the King of France whom he Excommunicated Three days after the Citizens of Agnani rescu'd him from the Conspirators and he return'd to Rome where he dy'd of a Disease caus'd by Grief conceiv'd for this Affront on the 12th day of October and the 35th after his Imprisonment Nicholas General of the Dominicans was in the next Conclave chosen Pope and took the Name of Benedict the XIth CHAP. IV. The Differences betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon reconcil'd After which they joyn in League against the Moors but to no consider able Effect Death of Roger Lauria the great Admiral of Aragon and Divisions among the Moors SPain weary'd out with long Troubles enjoy'd some Peace but there rather wanted Power than Will to disturb it The Differences betwixt the Princes were great and it was requisite to compose them Castile and Aragon were at Variance about the Kingdom of Murcia D. Alonso de la Cerda Itil'd himself King of Castile but had no Power The King of Granada invaded the Territories of the Crown of Aragon and took Bedmar a Town not far from Baeca Prince John the King's Uncle and the Family of Haro were Enemies the former pretending to the Lordship of Biscay in right of his Wife and hoping to prevail by his Interest with the King The Family of Haro for the same reason was Discontented and ready to take up Arms. King Ferdinand earnestly desir'd to put an end to all these Contentions to this purpose he sent Prince John his Uncle Embassador to the King of Aragon whose Power and Authority was then great In the Month of March 1304 at Calatayud after much debate it was agreed that Arbitrators should be chosen to whom the whole Affair should be referr'd and a Truce was concluded till Judgment should be given Time and Place were also appointed for the Kings to meet mean while King Ferdinand being careful for Andaluzia set out from Burges and in April came to Badajoz to meet his Father in Law the King of Portugal of whom he expected to recover certain Towns pawn'd to him during his Minority This enterview produc'd Discontents and nothing was done but only that the Portugues sent his Son in Law some Mony with which he went away for Andaluzia No Action happen'd but a Peace was concluded the Moor promising to pay the same Tribute his Father had done and so both Armies broke up Prince Henry dy'd about this time very Aged at Roa and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis at Valladolid He was ever of a restless Spirit and ambitious of Command His Death was pleasing to all the Kingdom for they fear'd he would disturb the Peace that was afoot and because he left no Issue his Estate was divided among several Noblemen the best part falling to D. John de Lara who held the first Place in the King's Favour In pursuance of the Agreement at Calatayud Denis King of Portugal was chosen Arbitrator to decide the Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon and for his Associates Prince John for the former and D. Ximeno de Luna Bishop of Zaragoça for the latter Kingdom The two Kings met at Torrellas a Town on the Frontiers of Aragon where the Judges decreed that the River Segura should part the Dominions of Castile and Aragon which was what the Aragonian had strugl'd for Judgment was given on the 8th of August and the next day the three Kings met at Campillo and ratify'd the Decree Thence they went to Agreda and so to Taraçona and were receiv'd with great Joy for besides the 3 Kings there were as many Queens the Mother and Consort of Castile and Elizabeth of Portugal famous for Sanctity besides Elizabeth Sister to King Ferdinand who had been Contracted to the Aragonian The Retinue was great especially that of the Portugues who brought with him out of Portugal 1000 Horse and by the Way would never lye in Towns but in Tents set up in the Fields As to the Pretentions of the two Brothers Cerdas the Kings of Aragon and Portugal as Judges decited that D. Alonso should no longer take the Title of King but restore all the Towns he had been and that Alva Bejar Valdecerneja Gibraleon Sarria and some other Towns should be setl'd upon him A small recompence for so many Kingdoms This Judgment was so grievous to D. Alonso that he would not appear but went away heartily cursing the Kings It remain'd only to adjust Matters betwixt Prince John and D. James de Haro Therefore as soon as the Conference was dissolv'd King Ferdinand summon'd D. James to appear at Medina del Campo where the Cortes were to meet Judges were appointed to hear their Pretentions and determine the Cause but D. James fearing the King favour'd his Adversary withdrew After the Cortes broke up Judgment was given in favour of Prince John but the Execution of it deferr'd in hopes some means might be found of adjusting that Matter This was the Posture of
Gentleman of great Note who had been Governour of Granada and had no hand in this Treason set up Joseph Bulhugia Brother to the deceas'd which displeas'd many because there was another Brother Elder than he call'd Ferrachen Thus the Moors were in confusion D. Gonçalo and Ferdinand de Aguilar two Brothers Lords of Montilla and Aguilar went over to the New King being disoblig'd by their own Incursions were made upon the Borders and the Truce lately concluded violated More mischief had ensu'd but that Abomelique was call'd into Africk by his Father to serve against Tremeçen He being gone a Truce was again concluded in the beginning of the year 1334. with the New King for four years yet so that the Moors were freed from the Tribute they used to pay the King of Castile being wholly bent upon subduing his Rebels At this time the Lady Ellenor de Guzman the King's Mistriss was brought to Bed of two Sons at a Birth which were Henry and Fredrick of whom we shall have much occasion to speak In the Spring the King return'd to Castile was at Segovia and thence went to Valladolid The Rebellious Nobles not being able to maintain a War were hard press'd and most of the Towns belonging to them taken the greatest part of Biscay submitting to the King to whom they swore Fidelity under an Old Tree at Guernica as is their Custom Some few Places impregnable by Nature still held out for D. John de Lara D. John de Haro was beheaded as a Traytor in his own Town of Agoncillo and his Estate Confiscate except the Town of Cameros given to his Brothers D. Alvaro and D. Alonso that so Noble a Family might not wholly perish The Governour of the Castle of Iscar shut the Gates against the King and being taken lost his Head for the same About the end of August the Queen was deliver'd of a Son at Burgos who was call'd Peter and his Brother Ferdinand dying came to be King of Castile By the Lady Ellenor the King had another Son call'd Ferdinand In Aragon two Brothers of that King dy'd one after another one was D. Jayme Master of the Knights of Montesa who had renounc'd his Right to the Crown and D. John Archbishop of Tarragona in whose place Arnaldus Cascomes Bishop of Lerida succeeded The King of Aragon by reason of his indisposition committed the whole care of the Government to his eldest Son Prince Peter Queen Ellenor who govern'd the King through her importunity obtain'd of him several Towns for her Sons Ferdinand and John to the prejudice of Prince Peter and as was said contrary to the King's Oath who had sworn not to alienate any thing belonging to the Crown This was the ground of great Hatred betwixt the Mother and Son-in-Law which caus'd many Tumults in the Kingdom The Queen had a meeting with her Brother of Castile and he promis'd to support her as did D. John de Exerica and his Brother Peter who were both of her Party At the beginning of the year 1335 D. John Manuel terrify'd by the example of D. John de Haro and D. John de Lara was reconcil'd to the King to the great Joy of all People for which there were publick Sports and particularly a notable Turnament But this Joy was not lasting for the King of Portugal was resolv'd to put away his Wife Blanch and Marry the Lady Constance and ratheâ— hazard a War than not have his Will The King of Aragon's Eldest Son was contracted to Mary Daughter to the King of Navarre she â—eing preferr'd before her Sister Joanna the Elder to inherit the Crown in case that King dy'd without Issue Male. Henry Viceroy of Navarre contriv'd these Affairs which were very displeasing to the King of Castile against whom they seem'd to be levell'd for the Prince of Aragon made this League with Navarre in hatred to his Mother-in-Law The Navarrois surpriz'd the Monastery of Fitero appertaining to Castile Complaint being made to the King of Aragon he answer'd by reason of his Indisposition he could not govern his Son Thus the War broke out Martin Portocarrero was sent with a great Army into Navarre They came to a Battel near Tudela which was very Bloody but the Navarrois were defeated and a great number of them drowned in the River Ebro D. Michael Zapata the Aragonian General was absent fortifying Fitero but appear'd on the Neighbouring Hills when the Battel was almost over His coming caus'd the Navarrois to Raily and the Battel was renew'd yet the Aragonians tho' they came in fresh were put to Flight and their General taken by the Castillians The Slaughter was not so great as expected because the Castilians were tir'd and Night drew on besides that the Enemy differ'd not in Language which sav'd many On the other side the Biscayners under their General Lope de LescanÌ„o having destroy'd all the Territory of Pamplona took the Castle of Vnsa Thus the Insolency of the Navarrois was check'd At that time the King of Castile lay sick of an Ague at Palencia and taking Compassion of the Navarrois order'd his General to March out of that Country who brought with him Prince Peter of Aragon's Royal Standard Gaston Earl of Faux march'd to the Assistance of Navarre and their Forces being joyn'd they laid Siege to LogronÌ„o the chief City on the Frontiers The Neighbouring People and Inhabitants of that Place gave the Enemy Battel but were defeated and forc'd to retire into the City Ruy Diaz de Gaoâ—â—â— â—â—â—mander and a Native of LogronÌ„o with only three Soldiers made good a Bridge against the whole Army of the Enemy left they should enter the Town together with the Citizens He was kill'd his Companions came off and defended the Town for the Navarrois finding great opposition rais'd the Siege and return'd home John Archbishop of Reimes going on Pilgrimage to Santiago at this time in his way made a Peace betwixt these two Crowns Three Embassies came at once to the King of Castile from the Kings Edward of England Philip of France and Alboacen of Morocco The last sent Rich Presents and desir'd to have the Truce renew'd The English offer'd a Wife for Prince Peter which was refus'd by reason of his tender Age. This in the Year 1335. Soon after at the beginning of the following Year D. Alonso King of Aragon dy'd at Barcelona He was a just merciful and religious Prince and was therefore call'd the Pious He was more Fortunate during his Father's Reign than his own and that by reason of his continual Indisposition To D. Jayme his youngest Son by his first Wife he left the Earldom of Vrgel and Prince Peter was Heir to the Crown To his Sons by the 2d Wife he left other Possessions as has been said above Queen Ellenor fearing her Son in Law went away to Albarazin being a place of great Strength and near the Frontiers of Castile D. John and Peter de Exerica follow'd
month dy'd D. Gonçalo Archbishop of Toledo D. Vasco or Blas then Bishop of Palâ—ncia succeeded him From Aguilar the King went to Cordova at such time as Dâ— Maria de Padilla was brought to Bed of â— Daughter call'd Beatrix Thence he return'd into the Kingdom of Toledo At Torrijos five Leagues from Toledo in a Turnament made for Joy of his Success and Birth of his Daughter the King receiv'd a Wound in his Hand which had like to have cost him his Life foâ— that the Surgeons could find no means to stop the Blood To this Town came D. Alonso â—â— Albuquerque who had been on an Embassy in Portugâ—â— and brought with him D. John de la 〈◊〉 whom the King receiv'd into Favour with demonstrations of Affection but could never â—â— prevail'd upon to restore him his Father in Laws Lands for he now began to be positive About this time the Lady Blanch of Borbon came to Valladolid accompany'd by the Viscount of Narbonnâ— and D. Frederick the Master of Santiago who went out to meet her D. Alonso de Albuquerque was for having the Marriage solemniz'd immediately He then was so absolute that at times he spoke disrespectful Words to the King and hastned his Marriage lest Da. Maria de Padilla's Relations should work him out of Favour and so it fell out Yet the Marriagew as solemniz'd on the 3d. of June At the same time in France another more fortunate Marriage was consummated betwixt Charles King of Navarre and the Lady Joanna eldest Daughter to the King of France A Match I say more happy for the 〈◊〉 they always had to one another and their Issue They had three Sons â—â—arles 〈◊〉 and Peter the second dyed young and three Daughters Mary Blaâ—ch and Joâ—â—n◠〈◊〉 liv'd 〈…〉 Years the other two were Match'd to great Princes Before he was Marry'd King Charlâ—s had a Bastard-Son called Leo of whom are descended the Marqueses of Cortes in Navarre The Marqueses of Falces in that Kingdom say they are descended from Peter the Kings lawful Son Scarce was King Peter married when he began to slight the Bride being wholly devoted to Da. Maria de Padilla Two Days after he prepar'd to go to the Castle of Montalvan on the Banks of Tagus where he had left his Minion The Queen his Mother and his Aunt Queen Ellenor conjur'd him not to forsake his Queen and give himself up to his Lust but he nothing mov'd said He did not design any such thing yet immediately took Horse and rode away without speaking to any body Count Henry D. Tello and the Princes of Aragon went with him for now the Nobility study'd to please and flatter him Only D. Giles de Albornos the Cardinal who had been Arch-Bishop of Toledo ceas'd not to reprove him till he became hateful to him Then with leave he retir'd to Cuença and thence went into France to Pope Innocent who had succeeded Pope Clement the last Year The King and Lady Mary Padilla from Montalvan went to Toledo At Valladolid it was consulted how to bring him back by force which he understanding was so offended at D. Alonso de Albuquerque the first mover of that Design that he was forc'd to appease him to deliver up his Son Giles as an Hostage At length through much intreaty of the Nobility he was perswaded to return to Valladolid to see the Queen but stay'd with her only two Days It was given out he was bewithc'd by a Jew with a Ribben so charm'd that it appear'd to the King like a Snake Some believ'd the King did not so suddenly quit his â—â—een without cause but because he discover'd Treachery in his Brother Frederick which I suppose is ment in regard to her Honour But all these are Surmises for there needs no stronger Witchcraft nor other Offence to draw a Man away than Love From Valladolid the King went away to Olmedo a Town in that Neighbourhood Thither by his Order came the Lady Mary de Padilla from Toledo and he never more had Compassion or so much as thought of the Queen his unfortunate Wife CHAP. IX King Peter of Castile removes his Officers punishes some Rebels and reduces several Towns The War of Sardinia where Diseases raging in the Aragonian Army that King clapâ— up a dishonourable Peace and returns to Aragon D. Alonso de Albuquerque being in disgrace spent some time upon his own Estate and then fearing the King would pursue him fled to Portugal D. Frederick Master of Santiâ—go had been discontented ever since the King caus'd his Mother to be put to death but being now reconcil'd came to Cuellar where the Court resided D. Tello his Brother at Segovia Marry'd Joanna Daughter to D. John de Lara and had with her the Lordship of Biscay The Kindred of Da. Maria de Padilla promoted this Match to oblige the King's Brothers who were Enemies to D. Alonso de Albuquerque Queen Blanch resided at Medina del Campo with the Queen her Mother-in-Law living like a Widow and spending her time in modest Recreations Thence she was by the King's Order remov'd to Arevalo and forbid conversing with her Mother-in-Law or any of the Nobility Peter Gudiel Bishop of Segovia and Tello Palomeque a Gentleman of Toledo were appointed to guard her The King chang'd the Officers of his Houshold and made James Garâ—â—a â—â— Padilla Brother to his Mistress Lord Chamberlain Alvaro â—â— Albornâ—z Cup-bearer and Peter Gonzalez Mendoça Taster These changes were made in hatred to D. Alonso de Albuquerque who had before many of his Creatures at Court. In Autumn the King went to Andaluzia and displac'd many great Men preferr'd by Alonso de Albuquerque The King was wholly govern'd by Dâ— Maria de Padilla and her Kindred and 〈…〉 Nobility even his Brothers made their Court to her This Winter the great Rains caus'd mighty Floods especially at Sevil where they made up all the Gates of the City lest it should break in At the beginning of the year 1354. D. John NunÌ„ez de Prado Master of Calâ—â—râ—â—a who had fled to Aragon came to Almagro the chief Town of that Order being invited by the King 's kind Letters There D. John de la Cerda who was in Favour made him Prisoâ—â— His greatest Crime was being a Friend to D. Alonso de Albuquerque and having perswaded the King to return to the Queen D. James de Padilla was immediately chosen Master and John Nunez put to Death at Maqueda The King seem'd sorâ—y for hiâ—â—â—ath but no body being question'd it was concluded to be done by his Comâ—â—â—d Nâ—â—â—â—he King invaded the Inheritance of D. Alonso de Albuquerque in which were manâ—â—â—rong â—â—aces Medeâ—â—â—n was besieg'd and the Governour not able to defend it surrender'd having first obtain'd his Master's Consent The Town of Albuquerque tho' besieg'd held out and D. Frederick and Count Henry were left at Badajoz to Blockade it The King went to Câ—cerâ—s and thence sent Embassadors to Alonso King of
the King of Navarre then a Prisoner in France was solicited by both Parties but he would declare for neither tho he rather inclin'd to the Aragonian Incursions were made three several ways into the Kingdom of Valencia Prince Ferdinand of Aragon hoping that Kingdom would rebel but he was deceiv'd for they were terrify'd with Punishment Thus the War was carry'd on at the end of August with great Desolation of the Country Near the same time was the memorable Battle of Poitiers in France in which the whole power of that Kingdom was discomfited by a small Number of English the King of France and his younger Son Philip taken and a great number of Nobility slain That famous Battel was fought on the 19th of September 1356. Upon occasion of this defeat the King of Navarre broke Prison and getting to Paris headed the People against the Dauphin There in a great Assembly he complain'd of the Wrongs done him and pleaded his right to the Crown as Grand-Son to King Luis Hutin whereas the King of England was Son to the Lady Elizabeth that King's Sister This had been a ground of new Confusions but that the King of Navarre wanted Power However he prevail'd so far as to have all that was his own restor'd to him with an addition of the Lordships of Mascon and Bigorre Yet he could not obtain the Earldoms of Champagne Brie and Burgundy to which he pretended to have right Heny Earl of Trastamara escaping from that Fight fled to the King of Aragon being invited by him This was the first step he rose towards obtaining the Crown of Castile It was agree'd betwixt the King of Aragon and him That Count Henry should renounce his Country and take an Oath of Fidelity to the Aragonian and that the King should give him pay for 600 Horse and as many Foot who were to serve under him At the beginning of the Year 1357 the War went on with various Success on the Frontiers of Castile and Aragon The Arigonians took Alicant the Castilians Embite and Bordalva Chief Commanders for the King of Aragon were Count Henry D. Peter de Exerica and Count Lope Ferdnandez de Luna For the King of Castile D. Frederick Master of Santiago the two Princes of Aragon and D. John de la Cerda Those of Aragon serv'd their Master with greater Fidelity than those Castile who at last were all drawn over by the Enemy D. John de la Cerda and Alvar Perez de Gusman were the first that deserted the King of Castile remembring the death of D. Alonso Coronel whose Daughters they had marry'd and who was kill'd by the King's Order as also fearing the King had a Mind to Da. Aldonça Wife to Alvar Perez They fled to Andaluzia hoping to raise a Rebellion there At this time the King of Castile laid Siege to a Castle on the Borders of Castile and Aragon call'd Tebat or as others write Silamo there he receiv'd the News that those Gentlemen were fled into Andaluzia He pursu'd them a while but finding it impossible to overtake them return'd to the War with more fury than before He took some Towns of small Note and with the same Violence enter'd Taraçona a noble City near Navarre on the 9th of March. The Citizens seeing the upper part of the Town lost surrender'd upon promise of Life and Goods and were suffer'd to depart to Tudela It was said this City was lost through the Cowardise of the Governour Michael de Guerrea who not knowing how to answer it withdrew with his Family to Navarre The King peopled the Town with Castillian Souldiers dividing the Houses and Lands among them This City being lost the King of Aragon thought not himself safe in Zaragoça especially for that at the same time D. John de la Cerda was defeated and kill'd by the Forces of the Council of Sevil commanded by D. John Ponce de Leon Lord of Marchena and Gilos Bocanegra the Admiral From France came the Earl of Faux with many Gentlemen of Note to serve the King of Aragon His Enemy the Lord La Brie came with a number of Lances to King Peter Pope Innocent's Legate the Cardinal of Bolonia sent to that purpose labour'd much to bring them to Peace and at last obtained a Truce for 15 Months Mean while Bernard de Cabrera and John Fernandez de Hinestrosa were appointed Commissioners the first for Aragon the other for Castile to treat All Places taken on both sides were deliver'd in Trust to the Cardinal Legate who excommunicated him that should offer to break the Truce This Agreement was made on the 18th of May. This Month dy'd Alonso the IIId King of Portugal Aged 77 Years and a Half He reign'd 31 Years 5 Months and 20 Days and was buried by his Queen Beatrix in the Cathedral of that City His Son Peter call'd the Cruel succeeded him About a Month before he had a Son born to him of Da. Teresa Gallego whom he kept after his Father caus'd the Lady Agnes de Castro to be put to death She was graceful but had no other good quality her Son was call'd John to whom Heaven had reserv'd the Crown of Portugal as shall appear in its Place The Truce concluded betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Aragon the Aragonian deliver'd up to the Legate the Places he had taken being but few but King Peter could never be induc'd to draw the Souldiers out of Taraçona to whom he had given Houses there He went away to Sevil to settle Andaluzia and set out a Fleet to infest the Coast of Aragon for he neither expected nor desir'd Peace At Sevil he was so taken with the Lady Aldonça Coronel that he made no account of Da. Maria de Padilla The Legate offended at his course of Life excommunicated him and laid an Interdict upon all Castile This was an extravagant Action of the Legate therefore the Pope call'd him out of Spain All was contriv'd by the King of Aragon to make King Peter odious Another Displeasure befel him The Lady Joanna Wife to Count Henry was convey'd into Aragon to her Husband by Peter Carillo a Servant of his which cut off all hope of Peace The other Brothers Frederick and Tello were willing to rebel but fear'd they could have nothing in Aragon equivalent to the Estates they must leave in Castile Prince Ferdinand of Aragon kept the Town of Jumilla taken from the Aragonians he dealing underhand with Bernard de Cabrera went over to the King of Aragon upon conditition to be made Vicar of the Kingdom and have all his Estate restor'd The Revolt of Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand as it was the Life of Aragon so it prov'd fatal to their Brothers as shall be seen here after Mathew Doria dying in Sardinia advanc'd the King of Aragons Interest for tho Marianus of Arborea was not quiet his Power alone was inconsiderable Luis of Naples was possess'd of the greatest part of Sicily Frederick
of Castile whom Farax Reduan serv'd with 600 Moorish Horse sent by the King of Granada Count Henry was daily expected out of France with 3000 Lances yet all the Power of Aragon was Inferior to that of Castile wherefore Taraçona Tervel Segorbe Exerica and many other Places surrender'd The Castilians without Opposition peirc'd into the Heart of the Kingdom and took Monviedro On the 20th of July they besieg'd Valencia In Aragon they gave themselves for lost when Count Henry arriving reinforc'd their Army so that they durst advance towards the Enemy But the Army of Castile being much weaken'd with Garrisoning the Towns taken the King would not hazzard a Battel and therefore retir'd to Monviedro The Aragonian perceiving he could not draw the Enemy to a Battel retir'd to Burrlanna a strong Town 2000 Horse were sent by the King of Castile to disturb their March but they did nothing worth taking notice of Whilst these Things were in Agitation in Spain King John of France dy'd at London whether he went to ransom the Hostages left there when he was releas'd His Son Charles the Vth. succeeded him Charles the new King was an utter Enemy to him of Navarre therefore as soon as he was possess'd of the Kingdom he sent Bertran Claquin a famous General with an Army to invade his Territories in France This General took several Towns and overthrew in Battle Philip the King's Brother who soon after dy'd His death mov'd the King of Navarre to propose a Peace betwixt the Kings of Spain Besides he began to pity his Kinsman the King of Aragon and was envious of the Success of the Castilian Hereupon Luis the King of Navarre's Brother and the Abbot of Fuscan the Popes Nuncio went to treat with the King of Castile and found with him the Count de Denia and Bernard de Cabrera Embassadors from the King of Aragon These Gentlemen mollify'd the King of Castile's Heart especially by proposing two Matches one for him with Joanna Daughter to the King of Aragon the other for his Daughter Beatrix with John Duke of Girona Heir of that Crown This is what was propos'd publickly Underhand the death of Henry Earle of Trastamana and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon were contriv'd but the King of Aragon was unwilling to condescend Nevertheless whether it was to please the King of Castile or for any other Reason Prince Ferdinand was put to death at Castellon a Town near Burriana The old Animosities were reviv'd and he was about making his escape into France with some Castilians that follow'd him His Wife flying towards Portugal was taken by the way and afterwards sent to her Father Count Henry was not a little pleas'd at the death of Prince Ferdinand as being thereby deliver'd of a powerful Competitor in his pretensions to the Crown of Castile But his Joy had like to be but short for the next day he was in evident Danger of his Life without knowing any thing of it The Kings of Aragon and Navarre had agreed to meet together with Count Henry in the Castle of Vncastel belonging to the Aragonian on the Borders of Navarre and there to kill him The Count tho ignorant of the Design was jealous and would not go into the Castle To satisfy him John Ramirez de Arellano was made Governour of the Place in whom doubtless the Count had some Confidence and went thither upon his patole Some say this Meeting was at Sos on the Frontiers of Navarre This Caution sav'd Count Henry's Life for the Kings could not prevail with the Governour to suffer him to come to any harm He said the Count was his Friend and besides he had ingag'd his Honour to him and therefore on no account would blast his Reputation with the Name of Treachery About this time Constance Queen of Sicily ended her days at Catanea She left one Daughter called Mary who afterwards inherited her Father's Kingdom which in her right came to Martin Her Husband the Son of another Martin Duke of Monblanc and lastly King of Aragon The Treaty of Peace being broke up the King of Aragon went to Catalonia to provide for his defence He of Castile return'd to Sevil with such eager Desire of renewing the War that about the end of the Year he enter'd the Kingdom of Valencia took the Towns of Alicant Muela Gallosa Denia Gandia and Oliva and in the Month of December laid Siege to Valencia the Metropolis of that Kingdom CHAP. V. Count Henry proclaimed King of Castile King Peter expelled the Kingdom Refus'd entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flies into France to the protection of the English THE King of Aragon who kept his Christmas at Lerida was much surpris'd at this Advance of the Castilians On the 23d of February 1364 he had a Conference with the King of Navarre at Sos. Count Henry was there being reconcil'd to the Two Kings or what is likelyest not knowing what had been design'd against him They make a Confederacy which was not lasting Castile they divided among themselves The King of Navarre was to have Biscay and old Castile he of Aragon the Kingdoms of Murcia and Toledo Count Henry all the other parts Only Bernard de Cabrera lik'd not these Proceedings therefore they resolv'd to kill him which was not so private but he had some notice of it and fled to Navarre Count Henry sent some Officers after him by whom he was apprehended at Carcastillo and deliver'd to the King of Aragon That King having gather'd his Forces march'd to raise the Siege of Valencia The Castilians would not come to a Battel but kept within their Intrenchments and so the Aragonians got into Valencia The Fleet of Castile consisting of 24 Galleys and 46 Ships sail'd to Monviedro there they understood that the Viscount Cardona was with 17 Galleys of Aragon in the River of Cullera The King of Castile made thither resolving to take them but at the Mouth of the River a sudden Tempest forc'd him back to the Port from whence he set out The King himself was in great Danger and therefore as soon as he Landed went in Pilgrimage to the Church of our Lady del Puch to give Thanks He is said to have done this Barefoot and in his Shirt which shews he was not so ungodly as he is represented After this the King of Aragon return'd to Barcelona he of Castile to Murcia and thence to Sevil in the Heat of Summer On the 26th of July Bernard de Cabrera was publickly put to death at Zaragoça the King himself giving Sentence against him and consiscating all his Lands This was doubtless a cruel Act for he had serv'd well was Innocent and had been the King's Tutor all his Crime was speaking the Truth to the King's Advantage but Kings love Flatterers The Queen the King of Navarre Count Henry and Count de Ribagorça contriv'd his death The War continu'd hot Ayora in the Kingdom of Valencia was taken by
Son to the Earl of Faux His Wife and Daughter-in-Law the Princess Ellenor came to him but of Aragon and with them D. Lope Fernandez de Luna Arch-Bishop of Zaragoca and several other Men of Note It was requisite to settle the Kingdom and raise Mony for it was not doubted but a Storm threaten'd from France Therefore the Cortes were assembled at Burgos and there John the Son of the new King Henry was sworn Heir to the Crown after his Fathers Decease The Tenth of all things sold was here given him without any limitation of time Their hatred to King Peter binded them so as not to reflect how heavy a Burden they lay'd upon the Country King Henry gave to the City Burgos for their Service at his Coronation the Town of Miranda de Ebro D. Dominick was at this time Bishop of Burgos who Election was remarkable His Predecessor Ferdinand dying the Chapter could not agree who should succeed It was therefore resolv'd to stand the Decision of this Dominick being then one of the Canons He without regarding the Competitors said Since there must be a Bishop let Dominick himself be Bishop All the Chapter rejoye'd at his Choice and he was accordingly consecrated About this time D. Lope de Luna the Archbishop came again into Castile being sent Embassador by the King Aragon to demand Performance of Covenants and a great Summ of Mony he had lent Count Henry The new King acknowledg'd the Debt and all that was demanded to be due but said the Kingdom being not yet setled he could not alinate so great a part of it without exposing himself to extraordinary Danger yet assoon as he were well fixed he would perform all Articles and in the mean while look'd upon the King of Aragon as his Father and Preserver This he said to amuse that King be-being resolv'd to part with nothing Thus Princes devote themselves to their Interest without regarding Promises or Oaths CHAP. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France Is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom THE War commenc'd three Years befor this betwixt France and Navarre still continu'd with disadvantage to the latter who lost several Towns At Toulouze a League was concluded betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon wherein it was agree'd that the Aragonian should make War upon Navarre to which effect the King of France was to assist him with 500 Lances maintain'd at his own cost This being known to the King of Navarre he stay'd in Spain to make head against the Aragonian by whose command Luis Coronel was already wasting the Frontiers of that Kingdom He sent the Queen his Wife tho with Child into France to try if she could bring that King her Brother to Composition Her Journey proved in vain for the King of France was resolv'd to seize all that the Navarrois possess'd in France At Evreux in Normandy the Queen was brought to Bed of her Second Son call'd Peter who was Earl of Mortaine With him in the heat of Summer she return'd to Navarre not liking her Entertainment in France It was requisite for the King of Navarre to seek some new Allyes he thought it convenient to joyn with King Peter then in Banishment who made him great Offers as Men commonly do in distress King Peter of Castile was then busy soliciting for Succours to recover his Kingdom and particularly apply'd himself to Edward Prince of Wales who then govern'd Guienne for his Father They met at Cabreron a Town not far from Bayonne King Charles of Navarre was with them The Prince invited them to Dinner King Peter was seated on the Right Hand and the Prince next to him on the left sat King Charles by himself There they swore to the Articles of Allyance made betwixt them which were That King Peter should be restored to his Kingdom That the Prince for his Service therein should have Biscay the King of Navarre Logron̄o and That King Peter should leave his Daughters in Guienne as Hostages for performance of Articles and payment of Mony lent him to defray the Army The King of Aragon renew'd his League with France He of Navarre fearing all the Burden of the War would fall upon him chang'd his Mind and meeting Henry the new-made King of Castile at Campeio concluded a League with him by which it was Articled That the King of Navarre should not give Passage to the English through his Dominions That he should assist Henry against them and deliver up certain Towns for Security of Performance That Henry should give him the Town of Logron̄o promis'd to him not long before by King Peter About this time Luis Brother to the King of Navarre marry'd Joanna Dutchess of Durazzo in Macedonia as eldest Daughter and Heiress to Duke Charles to whom Pope Vrban the VIth some time after gave the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples Because there is generally a mistake made in the Genealogy of these Princes I thought good to set it down here Charles the IId King of Naples was Father to John Duke of Durazzo John had Charles and Luis Charles was Father to John and Margarite Luis the other Son to John had Charles that came to be King of Naples and Joanna who we said marry'd Luis Brother to the King of Navarre On the 18th of January 1367 some Authors say a Year later King Peter of Portugal dy'd at Estremoz He liv'd 46 Years 9 Months and one Day and reign'd 9 Years 9 Months and 28 Days His Body was bury'd with great Pomp at Alcobaça near to the Lady Agnes de Castro He left a Revenue for Chaplains to pray for his Soul and those of his Predecessors was a rigorous observer of Justice and much lamented by his People He order'd that nothing should be taken up for his Use upon trust but paid for at the full Value with ready Mony made wholsome Laws to curb the Avarice of Judges and Lawyers was most Severe against Malefactors particularly for Adultery insomuch that he is say'd to have struck the Bishop of Porto on that Account and us'd Yearly to distribute a considerable Sum of Mony among his Servants according to the Merits of every Man His Son Ferdinand succeeded him who concluded a Peace with the King of Aragon's Embassadors This King kept the Lady Ellenor de Meneses whom he took from her Husband Laurence Vasquez de Acuna who therefore fled to Castile and is said always to have worn in his Cap a pair of Silver Horns denoting the King's Lust and his own Shame All France and Spain resounded with Warlike Preparations Henry the new-made King was at Burgos gathering an Army to oppose the Enemy who had passed the Mountains at Ronoesvalles and without meeting any Opposition advanc'd to Pamplona that King being detain'd a Prisoner at Burgid by Oliver de Mani who held
that Place for Bertran Claquin and took the King as he was Hunting From Burgos Henry set out with a great Number of Foot and 4500 Horse compos'd of all the Gentry of Castile with the French and Aragonians that came to his Assistance At the Wood of BanÌ„ares he held a Council of War The French Embassadors and Bertran Claquin were against Fighting and gave several Reasons for this their Opinion Others more hot would not hear of Delays The worst Advice was taken and the Army march'd towards Alava to oppose some Parties of Horse that spoil'd that Country Near Saldrian they encamp'd in Sight of the Enemy upon an Advantagious Ground the Rear cloas'd up with Mountains The English perceiving that Advantage march'd away towards LogronÌ„o which was for King Peter resolving to draw the Enemy to a Battle or else to pierce into the Heart of the Kingdom Henry understanding their Design mov'd backwards towards Najara made famous by the Battle fought there Some Letters pass'd betwixt the Princes but the Difference being a Crown it was impossible to reconcile them and therefore they order'd their Battles On the right Henry plac'd the French and his Brother Sancho with most of the Nobility of Castile on the left his Brother D. Tello and the Earl of Denia He and his Son D. Alonso commanded the main Body On the Enemies side who consisted of about 10000 Horse and as many Foot the Duke of Lancaster led the Van with Hugo Carbolaye who was gone over to the English the Count de Armagnac and Monsieur de la Brie commanded in the Body the Rear was brought up by King Peter the Prince of Wales and Jayme Son to the King of Majorca who after he escap'd out of Prison had marry'd Joanna Queen of Naples Charles King of Navarre sent 300 Horse under Martin Enrique to serve King Peter Henry had pass'd a River that ran between the two Armies and drawn up his beyond it Here both Armies met with great Fury The Right of Henry's Army where Claquin commanded stood firm and seem'd to have the better but D. Tello on the Left fled without so much as giving a Charge Thus Bertran and D. Sancho being encompass'd on all Sides were easily Overthrown with a great Slaughter of the Nobility and Commanders Henry did all that could be expected to stop and rally his Man but seeing all lost fled to Najara and thence into Aragon with a few Men of Note that follow'd him He made no stay fearing that King but went quite through into France His Army was so dispersed that no one Body was to be found in any Place After the Fight King Peter put to Death some of the Prisoners others were protected by the English and the Prince of Wales is say'd to have blam'd him for that Severity Peter Lopez de Ayala who writ the History of King Peter was one of the Prisoners and therefore deserves little Credit having writ Maliciously as being Attainted of Treason at Alfaro This Battle was fought upon a Saturday being the 3d of April 1367. D. Tello carry'd the News of the defeat to Burgos and the Lady Joanna Wife to Henry with the Archbishops of Toledo and Zaragoça fearing King Peter fled to Aragon where they were not well receiv'd for that King was resolv'd to side with the Conqueror To that purpose Hugo Carbolaye was already in Aragon and because it requir'd more time to settle a Peace a Truce was for the present concluded King Peter with all his Army march'd to Burgos where he apprehended the Arch-bishop of Braga for sâ—ding with his Enemy and put him into a Dungeon The King was perplex'd about performing what he had Covenanted It was hard to deliver up Biscay to the Prince of Wales because that People would never condescend to be Subject to a Stranger and it was no less difficult to raise so great a Sum of Mony as was due to the English In order to raise the Mony he went to Toledo and thence to Cordova where he caus'd 16 Men of Note to be Executed for admitting his Enemy Others were executed at Sevil. Among them Da. Vrraca de Osorio was Burnt and a Maid of hers is said to have cast her self voluntarily into the Fire The King of Navarre after the Fight came from Borgia where he had been Prisoner to Tudela and kept Mossen Oliver Prisoner till he deliver'd him his Son Prince Peter left as a Hostage for Performance of what was agreed betwixt them This same Year on the 24th of August dy'd the Cardinal D. Giles de Albornoz a Man of great Parts and much in Favour with 3 Popes He recover'd the Patrimony of the Church from those that had usurp'd it and by that means made way for the Popes to return to Rome His Body was deposited at Assis and thence translated to the Cathedral of Toledo The Pope granting Indulgence to such as should carry him upon their Shoulders People came flocking out of the Towns that lay in the way and in that manner he was carry'd to Toledo CHAP. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its Relief is overthrown betray'd to and Murder'd by Henry the Bastard THE Author we have above spoken of who calls himself Q. Ellenor's Caterer make smention of the Master of S. Bernard taken in the Battle of Najara and put to Death by King Peter No other Historian mentions it nor have we any the least Memory remaining of such a Dignity This Master must needs have been a Churchman for on his Account King Peter was Excommunicated Pope Vrban the Vth because the King had killed that Master and bannish'd the Bishops of Culahorra and Lugo sent an Archdeacon to notify the Sentence of Excommunication to him This Archdeacon fearing to trust to the Mercy of King Peter came up the River to Sevil in a swift Galliot and waited there till the King coming that way he asked if he would hear some News from the Levant The King drawing near to hearken to him he pronounc'd the Sentence of Excommunication and immediately fled down the River The King in a Rage spurred his Horse into the River and went so far he had been drown'd had not a Boat brought him off He vow'd to be revenged of the Pope and immediately gave orders for fitting out a great Fleet and raising a powerful Army The Pope dreading the Anger of King Peter sent the Cardinal of S. Peter his Nephew to appease and absolve him They were reconcil'd by the Legate upon these Conditions That the Dignity of Master of S. Bernard being extinct all the Towns belonging to it should as before be call'd Behetrias and be annex'd to the Crown so as never to be alienated That the 3d part of Ecclesiastical Revenues then pay'd to the Pope should be given to the King towards the Charges of the War with the
Moors That the Pope without the King's Consent should not in his Dominions dispose of Bishopricks Masterships of Military Orders the Grand Priorship of S. John or other considerable Benefices Count Henry was well receiv'd and entertain'd in France by the Count de Faux yet not without Apprehensions of the English Thence he went to Villeneufe near Avignon where Luis the King of France's Brother lent him Mony and advis'd him to send an Embasly to the King begging his Assistance for recovering of Castile That King easily condescended to favour him in Hatred to the English and King Peter He gave him the Castle of Perapertuse on the Borders of Russillon for his Wife and Children who were fled from Aragon to live in and the Earldom of Sesene to subsist on till he receiv'd the Crown Many Prisoners who were ransom'd and had been protected by the English came daily to him Among them was Bernal Son the Earl of Faux whom afterwards King Henry created Earl of Medina Celi he marry'd the Lady Elizabeth de la Cerda Daughter to Luis and Grandchild to D. Alonso de la Cerda from whom King Sancho usurp'd the Crown from them the present Dukes of Mc-dina Celi are Lineally descended It happen'd well for Count Henry that the Prince of Wales return'd to Guienne much offended at King Peter for that he neither gave him the Lordship of Biscay as had been agreed nor pay'd him the Money lent or the Army their Arrears Besides in Castile many great Men declar'd for him as did the Provinces of Guipuscoa and Biscay and the Towns of Segovia Avila Palencia Sulamanca Valladolid and others in the Kingdom of Toledo Henry having gather'd an Army enter'd Aragon at the Pass of the Pyreneans call'd Valdeandorra and march'd with such swiftness that he was in Castile before the Aragonian could stop him tho he endeavour'd it On the Banks of Ebro he ask'd whether that were the Dominion of Castile and being told it was that a solemn Oath never more to go out of Castile but rather to die Then he mov'd to Calahorra the first City of Castile and was receiv'd there with great Joy From Calahorra he went to Burgos where the Bishop Clergy and Townsmen met him in Procession He releas'd D. Philip de Castro a Nobleman of Aragon marry'd to his Sister Joanna who was Prisoner in the Castle and put into his place D. Jayme King of Naples and Son to him of Majorca left there with the Governour Alonso Fernandez by King Peter Many other places follow'd the example of Burgos and Henry march'd to Leon which was surrender'd to him upon the last Day of April 1368. In Toledo some were for Henry but the greater part for King Peter In the City was a good Garrison of Crossbow-Men and 600 Men at Arms under the command of the Governour Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Henry's Army consisted of 1000 Men at Arms and a great number of Foot He laid Siege to Toledo believing nothing would withstand him that City once taken He incamped on the Plain that lies on the North Side and secur'd the Passes beyond the River Tagus which encompasses the City on three sides To secure the communication he built a Wooden-Bridge which prov'd very useful The Townsmen held out couragiously dreading King Peter who had carry'd away the principal Men as Hostages Cordova had now rebell'd and King Peter ask'd Aid of the King of Granada to besiege it Mahomet sent a good body of Horse with whom and his own Forces he laid Siege to that City and press'd it so hard that the Moors scal'd the Walls and took the old Palace but the Citizens dreading the King if the Town were taken fought so desperately they again drove out the Moors killing many the very Women assisting the Men. The two Kings despairing of Success rais'd the Siege King Peter went to Sevil to provide for the War meeting with greater difficulties than he had imagin'd The King of Granada plunder'd Jaen and Vbeda which were in Rebellion he also wasted all the Country of Andaluzia carrying away a vast multitude of Captives in so much that it is said above 11000 Souls were taken in only the Town of Vtrera King Peter in cave for the City Toledo resolv'd with what Forces he had to give the Enemy Battel the People of Sevil advis'd him to stay till his Army was recruited and his Friends could joyn him but he was running to his Ruin at this Conjuncture another misfortune befel him which was that Vitoria Salvatierra and Logron̄o that had adher'd to him were taken by the King of Navarre being assisted by D. Tello who tho an Enemy to King Peter was at variance with his Brother Henry and therefore kept in Biscay The Siege of Toledo continu'd and the Citizens being divided the Faction that was for Henry attempted to secure a Tower opposite to the Camp and being disappointed thought to give the Enemy entrance over S. Martins Bridge the other Party having Notice of it they came to Blows and many Townsmen were kill'd King Peter hearing of these Tumults made the more hast to relieve the City His Sons Sancho and James with all his Treasure he put into Carmona a strong Town near Sevil. Then gathering his Army he prepar'd to march to Toledo He had 3000 Horse but half of them were Moors and therefore no great Confidence was repos'd in them At the time of his departure he is said to have consulted a Moor call'd Benagarin who foretold his death out of Merlin's Prophecy but these Prophecies always come to light after the Event King Peter march'd to Montiel a strong Town in that part of Spain call'd La Mancha Henry being inform'd of his approach left Gomez Manrique Arch-Bishop of Toledo to continue the Siege and march'd away in hast to meet King Peter without expecting the Foot At Orgaz five Leagues from Toledo Bertran Claquin joyn'd him with 600 Foreign Horse a considerable reinforcement they being old try'd Soldiers Several Noblemen came thither to him With this Body Henry march'd all Night and at break of Day discover'd the Enemy who knew not that they were remov'd from Toledo This caus'd a great Consternation among them but the Officers gather'd their Men who were dispersed in the Villages about Montiel and at Sun-rising both parties form'd their Battels and encourag'd their Soldiers The first Onset was furious but King Peter's Moors betaking themselves to flight the Castilians could not stand it long but retir'd with King Peter into the Castle of Montiel Many of the Moors were kill'd of the Christians only one Gentleman This Battel was fought on Wednesday to 14th of March 1369. Henry perceiving King Peter had shut himself into the Town immediately encompass'd it with a dry Wall of Stone without Mortar that he might not escape Want pinch'd the besieged and the King began to study how to make his escape Men Roriguez de Sanabria a very Loyal Gentleman of
King stole away privately to Porto and was there solemnly marry'd He setl'd on her many Towns and commanded the Nobles there present to kiss her Hand as their Queen which all did even the King's Brothers except only Denis who refuss'd which at the King was so incens'd that he ran at him with his Dagger D. Denis fled and absconded for some time till he got into Castile where he serv'd that King From this time the Queen govern'd the Kingdom absolutely The Gentlemen of the Family of Vasquez de AcunÌ„a fled knowing she bore them a Grudge for the Mutiny of Lisbon whereof they were the Authors Her Kindred and Relations were all preferr'd and honour'd The King and Queen's greatest Favourite was D. John Fernandez de Andewo a Nacive of Galicia who in the Wars of that Country came over to the King and was created Earl of Oren. The Queen was very Familiar with this Gentleman and us'd to be alone with him in Private for which reason it was suspected their Friendship was dishonest and it was publickly say'd the Children she had were not got by the King but by D. John These were the malicious Suggestions of the Multitude At the end of this Year King Henry held the Cortes at Toro where it was decreed the Army should be sent to recover the Places taken by the Navarrois since the Portuguese had restor'd those in his Possession It was also order'd that the Jews who liv'd intermix'd with the Christians should wear a Mark of Distinction The Cruzados and Royals coin'd before were cry'd down to a lesser Value but not quite forbid to pass because the Treasury was exhausted The King would have had those Towns call'd Behetrias which did not belong before to the Master of S. Bernard given to some Great Men but he could not carry it When the Cortes broke up King Henry sent his Army into Navarre where after a few Days it was agreed with the Queen Regent that those Towns about which they were at Variance should be put into the Hands of Pope Gregory the XIth who this Year was elected in the Place of Vrban the Vth. This Pope restor'd the Apostolick See to Rome The first Cardinal he created was Peter Gomez Barroso Archbishop of Sevil who dy'd 4 Years after at Avignon D. Peter de Luna a Noble and Learned Aragonian was made Cardinal by him It was agreed that the Pope's Legate who was daily expected should be Arbitrator betwixt Castile and Navarre These Towns were put into the Hands of John Ramirez de Arellano a Navarrois made Lord of Cameras by King Henry for that he would not deliver him up at the Congress of Vncastel or Sos. This Gentleman took an Oath to hold them for his Holiness and to deliver them to whom they should be adjudg'd by him Thus for the present the War betwixt Castile and Aragon ceas'd yet soon after King Henry sent his Army contrary to what had been agreed and to â—â— Salvatierra and Santa Cruz de Campezo No Faith is to be had in Usurpers for they can never be true to Strangers who are false to their Sovereign Logrono and Victoria continu'd firm to the King of Navarre A more dangerous War was fear'd from Aragon that King being offended upon many Accounts and particularly for that D. Jayme King of Naples had been releas'd contrary to what he had sent the Archbishop of Zaragoça to desire That King fear'd he should endeavour to recover the Island of Majorca taken from his Father Therefore a League was design'd with the Duke of Lancaster against King Henry but it came to nothing because the English were engag'd in a War with France and the Aragonian was in Care for Sardinia besides he fear'd the Prince of Majorca would invade Russillon with French Forces as was confidently Reported Pope Gregory the XIth sent the Cardinal of Cominges to compose these Differences He prevail'd with them to ratify the Promise they had made to one another and threaten'd severe Penalties to him that should break the Truce concluded on the 4th of January 1372. Yet King Henry fearing the Pope would favour the Aragonian delay'd the Conclusion of this Affair hoping to find some other means of Accomodation About this time King Henry besieg'd and took the City Tuy which Men Rodriguez de Sanabria and other banish'd Men of Castile held for the King of Portugal He also sent 12 Galleys under the Command of Micer Ambrosio Booanegra his Admiral to the Assistance of the King of France These having join'd the French near Rochel defeated the English took several Ships and the Earl of Pembrook with many other Men of Note and much Mony All was sent to the King then at Burgos From this Ambrose Bocanegra are descended the Earls of Palma The King of Aragon had 3 Children by his Wife Queen Ellenor Daughter to the King of Sicily these were Prince John the Heir of the Crown Martin and Constance who as has been said was marry'd to Frederick King of Sicily In June Prince Martin marry'd the Lady Mary de Luna Heiress to the Earl D. Lope de Luna her Dower was the Earldoms of Luna and Sogorve the King gave him the Barony of Exerica made an Earldom and soon after appointed him Constable of the Kingdom Prince John marry'd Martha Sister to the Earl of Armagnac and had with her 150000 Francs Of them was born the Princess Joanna marry'd afterwards to Matthew Earl of Faux On the 22d of August D. Bernardine de Cabrera Grandson to Bernard de Cabrera was restor'd to all his Grandfather's Estate except the Town of Vique and the Country a League about it The War broke out again betwixt Castile and Portugal on Account that the Portugueses took certain Ships belonging to Biscay King Henry was then at Zamora whence he sent Embassadors to demand Reparation of Dammages and in case of Denial to declare War D. Alonso King Henry's Bastard-Son was sent to make War in Portugal on the Side of Galicia and to besiege Viana Bocanegra the Admiral was order'd to equip 12 Galleys at Sevil and scour the Coast of Portugal King Ferdinand of Portugal was at Variance with his Subjects therefore King Henry laying hold of this Opportunity enter'd Portugal with a great Power Burning and Plundering all the Country and took the Towns of Almeyda Panel Celorico and Linhares This was about the end of the Year He now receiv'd Letters from Guido Cardinal of Bolonia sent by Pope Gregory to fettle Peace betwixt him and Portugal King Henry sent to desire him to expect his coming at Guadalajara where the Queen was The Cardinal answer'd it was not fit for him to neglect what he came about which was putting an end to the War and therefore made hast to Cuidad Rodrigo designing to speak with both Kings Mean while Portugal was consum'd for at the beginning of the Year 1373 King Henry took the City Viseo march'd in sight of Coimbra but would not
stay to besiege it resolving to advance towards his Enemy who was incamp'd at Santaren The King of Portugal being too weak for his Enemy kept himself within the Walls and King Henry march'd away to Lisbon At his first coming he enter'd and burnt the Suburbs but the City being strong and well defended could not be taken However some Ships were burnt in the River and others taken by the Fleet of Castile a great Number of Prisoners and a rich Booty was carry'd away Mean while the Legate ceas'd not to labour for Peace and at last brought the two Kings together into a Boat upon the River Tagus on the 28th of March and they agreed to these Conditions That the King of Portugal by a certain Day should banish his Kingdom the Gentlemen that fled from Castile who were about 500 in Number That all Places taken during that War should be restor'd on both Sides That Beatrix Sister to the King of Portugal should be marry'd to D. Sancho Brother to King Henry and Earl of Albuquerque and Elizabeth Bastard Daughter to the King of Portugal to Alonso the Bastard of King Henry King Ferdinand gave Hostages for Security of Performance D. Sancho and the Lady Beatrix were presently marry'd at Santaren The Lady Elizabeth being but 8 Years of Age was delivered to King Henry and then the two Kings parted King Henry march'd directly against Navarre but the Pope's Legate reconcil'd those two Kings also The Navarrois restor'd the Towns of Victoria and Logron̄o Charles his Son was contracted to Ellenor Daughter to the King of Castile her Portion 120000 Crowns of Gold The Kings met at Briones a Town on the Frontiers where the Princes were marry'd and the King of Navarre gave his younger Son Peter to him of Castile as a Hostage When the King of Navarre return'd out of France he found that Bernard Bishop of Pamplona and Cruzate Dean of Tudela whom he had joyn'd in Commission with the Queen had not discharg'd their Trust faithfully They understanding the King's Displeasure fled the Bishop got to Avignon but the Dean was kill'd by the way as was suspected by the King's order The Bishop went on to Rome where he dy'd CHAP. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restor'd to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily FRom Briones the King of Castile return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo he of Navarre to his Court whence he sent the Queen into France to appease that King who was highly offended suspecting the Navarrois had employ'd People to Poison him Then the King of Navarre went in Person to Madrid to perswade King Henry to forsake the French and side with the English Offering if he would pay the Arrears due to the Prince of Wales and his Army from King Peter that the English would quit their Claim to the Crown of Castile and lay down all other Animosities King Henry answer'd he would never depart from the Interest of France where he had found Relief in his Distress but that if the English would make Peace with France he would join in it and pay them as much as should be adjudg'd by impartial Judges Thus nothing was concluded and the Navarrois return'd to Pamplona the Castilian to Andaluzia The Lady Mary Daughter to D. Ferdinand de la Cerda marry'd in France to the Earl of Alençon sent to demand of King Henry the Lordships of Biscay and Lara as of right appertaining to her He reply'd if she would send two of her Sons to reside at his Court they should be put into Possession but having better Estates in France they never came In October Balthasar Spinola a Genoese came into Aragon as Embassador from the English to conclude a League against Castile They offer'd him if the Kingdom were conquer'd the Cities of Murcia Cuenca and Soria with all their Dependencies but the King of Aragon could not be prevail'd upon In February happen'd a great Earthquake in the Earldom of Ribagorça in which many Towns were wholly swallow'd up Luis Duke of Anjou came to Carcassonne to endeavour to settle a Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon fearing lest the English the mortal Enemies of France should become Masters of Castile After much debating it was resolv'd to referr the Dicision of their Differences to Guido Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate On the 15th of October Pope Gregory the XIth confirm'd the Order of the Fryers of S. Hierome first invented by certain Italian Hermits near the City Toledo Some Years after the Order of the Isidorians was taken from this same In December tho Peace could not be concluded a Truce was agreed upon till the Feast of Pentecost In the Year 1374 John Duke of Lancaster landed with an Army at Calis and being join'd by the Duke of Britany march'd across the Country to Bourdeaux with a Design to conquer Castile He sent Embassadors to the Kings of Aragon and Navarre to ask Supplies but they thought it safest to look on as Neuters King Henry fearing this Storm went to Burgos where he made all possible Preparations to withstand it D. Sancho his Brother endeavouring to appease a Sedition among the Souldiers was wounded in the Face with a Spear and dy'd The Lady Beatrix his Wife left with Child was deliver'd of a Daughter called Ellenor who was marry'd to Prince Ferdinand afterwards King of Aragon King Henry near Ban̄ares made a review of his Forces and found 1200 Horse and 5000 Foot a small Number but good Men. The English Forces consum'd by their long March when they came to Bourdeaux were not above 6000 strong and therefore had lay'd aside the Design of entring Spain Luis Duke of Anjou thinking this a good Opportunity to expel them France advis'd King Henry to joyn his Forces with him and besiege Bayonne King Henry took his Advice and besieg'd the Place but was forc'd by the Rains and want of Provisions to quit it Beltran de Guevara Lord of On̄ate did good Service in this Expedition for which the King at his return gave him the Valley of Leniz In August the Prince of Majorca enter'd the Country of Russillon with a powerful Army yet did nothing considerable On the other side the Lord of Bearne and Godfrey Recco a Breton made an Incursion into the Territory of Borgia and destroy'd all they came near The King of Aragon sent Francis de Perellas Viscount Roda to conclude a League with the Duke of Lancaster A violent Storm cast him upon the Coast of Granada where he was made Prisoner by that King in revenge for certain Vessels of his taken by the Aragonians and to please the King of Castile A new Embassy was sent by King Henry to Barcelona to establish Peace with the Aragonian On the 3d of November dy'd in Normandy Joanna Queen of Navarre at whose Request her Brother the King of France often pardon'd her Husband
She now dy'd of Grief because he refus'd her Her Body was bury'd among the Kings at S. Denis The King her Husband made himself odious by persecuting the Kindred of those who had been against him Aragon besides the Wars this Year suffer'd by Famine which was somewhat abated by bringing Corn from Africk and did some good by forcing the Enemy to depart the Kingdom Jayme King of Naples who marched into Castile with his Army to look for Provisions dy'd there at the beginning of the Year 1375. His Sister Elizabeth who was with him led the Army back into France there she resign'd all her Claims against the House of Aragon to Luis the King of France his Brother which caus'd new Troubles Now the Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon was concluded on the 12th of April the Conditions were That the Lady Ellenor before promis'd to Prince John should be marry'd to him her Dower 200000 Florins lent by the Araganian to King Henry at the beginning of the Civil Wars That Molina should be restored to Castile and That the Aragonian should pay 12000 Florins towards the Charge of the War This Agreement was celebrated with great Joy in both Kingdoms This Year was Fortunate to all Christendom as well as Spain because Pope Gregory the XIth return'd to Rome after the Popes his Predecessors had resided 70 Years at Avignon Bertran Claquin having for his good Service got the Earldom of Longueville in France ◠sold his Lands in Spain to King Henry for 260000 Doubles At Soria on the 27th of May Prince Charles of Navarre marry'd Ellenor King Henry's Daughter and on the 19th of June Prince John his Son took to Wife Ellenor Daughter to the King of Aragon News was now brought that D. Ferdinand de Castro who the last Year fled to Portugal was dead in England Also that Ferdinand de Tovar Admiral of Castile had done much harm along the Coasts of that Island From Soria King Henry went to Burgos He design'd to assist the French with all his Power against the English His Son Alonso Earl of Gijon to avoid marrying Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Portugal fled into France but was soon brought back by his Father At the end of this Year dy'd D. Gomez Manrique Arch-bishop of Toledo The Chapter having chosen two to succeed him the Decision of the Controversy was left to the Pope who allow'd of neither of them but gave that Dignity to Peter Tenorio then Bishop of Coimbra About this time dy'd some Men of Note of Navarre Particularly D. Roderick Vrriz a Man of a great Estate and Interest was by the King's Command apprehended and Beheaded in Pamplona at the latter end of March 1376. Some private Correspondence he held with the King of Castile was the cause of his Death It was Reported he intended to betray the Castles of Tudela and Caparroso but it is not likely they should so soon design to disturb the Peace D. Bernard Folcaut Bishop of Pamplona dy'd on the 7th of July in Banishment at Agnani in Italy D. Martin Calva a most learned Man was chosen to succeed him Frederick King of Sicily departed this Life at Messina on the 26th of July His Daughter the Lady Mary was left sole Heiress of that Kingdom and the Dutchies of Athens and Neopatria which produc'd Differences betwixt several Princes aspiring to marry her This also administred to the Aragonians a fair Opportunity of enlarging their Dominions The End of the Seventeenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Eighteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry's Children The Schism in the Church caus'd by the Election of the Two Popes Urban and Clement The death of King Henry of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada SPAIN now enjoy'd a perfect Peace all its Kings being Ally'd by Marriages and grown weary of the long Wars With the Moors there was a Truce The Duke of Lancaster ingag'd in the Wars of France could not apply himself to the Conquest of Castile King Henry having thus put an End to all the Wars apply'd himself to the Civil Government and reformation of many Abuses crept in by the liberty of the Times Only Aragon was under the Apprehensions of a War for Luis Duke of Anjou to whom Jayme Prince of Majorca had made over his Title to that Kingdom began now to set up his Pretensions The King of Aragon assembled the Cortes at Monçon where new Impositions were laid upon the Jews and Moors only for none would be allow'd upon the Christians yet they offer'd to defend the Country at their own Charge Great Preparations were made for that War It is reported that 40 Galleys were fitted out on the Coast of France and 4000 Men at Arms gather'd and it was fear'd in Aragon that peace being concluded with the English as was expected the Pope interposing all the Power of France would fall upon that Kingdom Besides a Matter of small Moment had like to have produc'd another War D. John Ramirez de Arellano returning from Rome through Aragon at Barcelona was challeng'd and call'd Traitor in the King's presence by the Viscount de Rota for that he had entic'd D. Jayme Prince of Majorca to invade Aragon The Challenge was accepted and the time fix'd for fighting 90 Days after King Henry labour'd to prevent the Combat but the King of Aragon favouring the Viscount they could not agree The King of Castile hereupon said They should Fight but he would send 3000 Horse to see Justice done which was as good as declaring War This mov'd the Aragonian to desist A Treaty of Peace was set afoot at Bruges in Flanders first and in the Year 1377 at Bologne in Picardy betwixt the English and French the Embassadors of Castile being present in Order to have their King Comprehended but nothing was concluded The Death of the Prince of Wales and his Father King Edward the IIId broke all their Measures Richard the King's Grandchild and Son to the Black Prince succeeded King Edward The Duke of Burgundy after the Treaty broke up came into Spain to pay a Vow he had made to visit the Body of the Apostle S. James in Galicia In his return Home he was nobly entertain'd by King Henry at Segovia The rest of the Summer the King spent at Leon and the Winter at Sevil. All the Warlike Preparations made in France fell upon the King of Navarre's Dominions Charles Peter and Mary Princes of Navarre were in France With Charles went Baldwin who was Governour of several strong holds in Normandy and Jaques de la Rue his Favourite who had Orders to propose to the English that the King would make War upon France if they would give him the Dutchy of Guienne to be held in Feof of them The French having intelligence of this Design secur'd Rue put him to the rack and he confessing was executed at Paris Baldwin was commanded to deliver up
all the Towns in Normandy he held for his King Charles the Heir of Navarre was confin'd to the Court and his Brethren Peter and Mary were imprison'd at Bretol All the Dominions of the Navarrois in France were taken from him except two Towns and Cherbourg which was pawn'd to the English Not content with this the French labour'd to induce the King of Castile to invade Navarre and he wanted not the Will only look'd for some specious pretence to declare War It happen'd opportunely that the King of Navarre complain'd that the Mony agreed to be paid him in Gold was paid partly in Silver Coin which had much Allay and was under Value To revenge this Wrong he dealt underhand with Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Castile and Governour of Logron̄o to deliver up that City to him The Governour gave his King an account of it who order'd him to carry on the Plot and secure the King of Navarre He did so and that King coming with 400 Horse sent part of them to the City suspecting some Treachery and therefore would not go himself Those sent being admitted into the Place were most of them taken and stript only a few escaping Among these Martin Enriquez the King's Standard-bearer defended himself with only his Sword against a great Number and at last sav'd himself and the Standard leaping off the Bridge into the River Ebro This was the beginning of the War King Henry gave the Command of his Army to his Son Prince John who enter'd Navarre plunder'd the Country took Guardia and Viana and burn't 〈◊〉 and Artaxond Thus Navarra was wasted by two powerful Kings neither of whome alone it was able to withstand This in the Year 1378. The King of Castile resided at Burgos where the marriage of his Bashard Son D. Alonso Earl of Gijon with Elizabeth the Bastard-Daughter to the King of Portugal was solemniz'd He also contracted two Bastard-Daughters to the two Sons of D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denis and Marquis of Villena Peter the younger Son presently marry'd Joanna the eldest and had by her Henry and Alonso Ellenor the youngest was contracted to D. Alonso who was then as a Hostage in the Hands of the English for his Father's Ransom yet afterwards the Match broke off Another Match was concluded betwixt Beatrix Legitimate Daughter to the King of Portugal and Frederick Bastard to King Henry Pope Gregory the XIth dy'd at Rome on the 27th of March. The conclave Meeting to elect a new Pope after many intreaties and Threats of the People and Senators of Rome chose Bartholomew-Butillius a Neapolitan Arch-bishop of Bari who took the Name of Vrban the VIth This done some of the Cardinals withdrew to the Castle of ◠Angelo others fled yet they all assisted at the Coronation Nevertheless they met afterwards at Fundi and elected another Pope who was Robert Cardinal of Geneva and took the Name of Clement the VIIth This was the beginning of the Schism that follow'd Pope Vrban in one day created 29 Cardinals all Men of Note Clement went away to Avignon and all Christendom was divided not knowing the true Pope The English Italians and Germans follow'd Vrban the French and Scotch supported Clement The Spaniards at first stood Neuters tho courted by both Whilst the Church was thus divided Portugal enjoy'd perfect Peace yet as it is usual the People was discontented for that the Queen manag'd all things and bestow'd all Honours upon her own Friends and Relations besides she was suspected of entertaining a scandalous Familiarity with D. John Fernandez de Andeyro Earl of Dren Denis and John the King's Brothers being disgussed fled to Castile John their Bastard-Brother and Master of Avis was cast into Prison but submitted to the Queen and appeas'd her The lower part of the City Lisbon towards the Sea was wall'd in because that side had receiv'd most Harm in the last Siege Both the Popes sent their Legates to court the Kings of Spain to declare for them The Aragonians resolv'd to stand Neuter tho offended at Vrban who went about to take Sicily and Sardinia from him yet he would not suffer the Edicts of Clement to be read in his Kingdom but order'd all the Ecclessastical Revenues appertaining to the Pope to be deposited in a third Hand Pope Vrban's Legates found King Henry at Cordova and press'd him to declare against Clement but he would not give any Answer till the Case was debated by learned Men at Toledo Prince John being return'd from the War in Navarre was in that City as also the French Embassadors who came to sollicit for Clement An Assembly of Bishops and Learned Men was held who declar'd it was not their Part to judge of that Controversy but would stand by him that should be own'd Pope by the Church and that till it were decided the Ecclesiastical Revenues should be deposited for the true Pope This was the Answer given to the Embassadors in the Year 1379 Hence King Henry went away to Burgos to prepare for the War with Navarre and there met him Embassadors from that King to treat of Peace which was concluded upon these Conditions That the English Soldiers should depart Navarre That 20 strong places and among them Estela Tudela and Viana should admit Castilian Garrisons for 10 Years That the King of Castile should lend the Navarrois 20000 Ducats as soon as the Peace was ratify'd This done the two Kings met at Santo Domingo de la Calcada with great Retinues and strove to outdo one another in Grandeur and Courtesy The King of Granada having always favour'd King Peter fear'd King Henry now at leisure would take Revenge Not finding himself able to withstand his Power he employ'd a Moor to Murder him This Moor endeavour'd to gain King Henry's Favour by continual Attendance and many Presents Among other Things he gave him a pair of Moorish Buskins as Grave Authors affirm they were poison'd but this is a fabulous Conceit taken up because he fell Sick the Day he put them on and dy'd ten Days after in the City of Santo Domingo His death happen'd on the 29th of May. Good Writers affirm he dy'd of the Gout He liv'd 46 Years and 5 Months and Reign'd after he was call'd King at Calahorra 13 Years and 2 Months His Body was carry'd to Burgos his Son John now King accompanying it and was deposited in the Cathedral Thence he was translated to Valladolid and lastly to Toledo He order'd himself to be buried in the Habit of S. Dominick for the particular Devotion he had to that Saint of whose Order the Kings us'd to choose their Confessor About the same time dy'd the King of Granada Mahomet call'd of Gaudix for his Curiosity in beautifying that City He may be esteem'd more fortunate than all his Predicessors having had no civil Broils during his whole Reign The King of Aragon tho very antient took to Wife Sybila Fortia a Widow Lady
of great Beauty which made him prefer her before Joanna Queen of Naples who was offer'd to him By this Lady he had two Sons who dy'd young and a Daughter call'd Elizabeth afterwards marry'd to the Earl of Vrgel CHAP. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain through the French Interest KING John having bury'd his Father was Crown'd together with his Wife Queen Ellener in the Monastery of Huelgas at Burgos He Knighted 100 young Gentlemen according to the manner of those Times and gave the Town of Pancorvo to that City in Payment of the Expence it had been at and to reward its Loyalty The Cortes or Parliament was held in that City where several Laws were enacted One was that a Man who had receiv'd the lesser Orders if he marry'd should pay Taxes but if he liv'd Single was shorn and were the Habit of a Clergy Man he should be priviledg'd as a Church Man Great rejoycing was throughout the whole Kingdom for the King's Coronation The Joy was the greater for that it was hop'd he would prove an excellent Prince being Generous sharp Witted Mild Religious and not Conceited but always inclinable to be advis'd Of Stature he was low yet with Majesty The first thing he did after his Accession to the Crown was to express his Affection to the French and therefore immediately fitted out a Fleet and sent it against John de Montfort Duke of Britany whom because he sided with the English the King and Counsel of France had declar'd an Enemy to the Crown and confiscated his Estate The Fleet scower'd the Coast of Britany and took there the Fort they call'd Gaye The King spent the Summer at Burgos Two things concurred the one to increase the other to lessen the publick Joy The first was that one Joseph Pico a rich and famous Jew was kill'd by his own People He was Receiver General of the Revenue which rais'd him to a great height Some Jews of Note bore him ill will the reason of it is not known and they contriv'd to make him away To this purpose they deceitfully obtain'd an Order of the King for putting of him immediatly to Death and finding out the Executioner prevail'd with him to kill the Jew without delay The Fraud being discover'd the Contrivers of it were punish'd and that People were debarr'd the Power they had before of Judging their own Members a Liberty till then allow'd by the Kings forc'd by their wants because the Jews have extraordinary Methods of raising Mony The Subject of Joy was that on the 4th of October the Queen was deliver'd at Burgos of a Son call'd Henry in Honour of his Grandfather this Child came afterwards to inherit the Crown About the end of this Year and beginning of the next which was 1380 the Rains were so great and continu'd so long that all the Rivers overflow'd and all the low Lands were under Water Particularly the River Ebro near Zaragoća broke down it's Banks and ran a new way so that it cost much Mony and Labour to bring it back into it's own Channel From Burgos King John went to Toledo where he again repeated his Father's Exequies and plac'd his Body in the Tomb built for him Then he set out for Andaluzia resolving to aid the French against the English At Sevil he fitted out 20 Galleys with which Fernan Sanchez de Tovar having coasted along Spain and France came to the English Shore and ran up the River Thames destroying all the Country and burning the Villages The Difference about the two Popes was now hotter than ever and each of them had powerful Supporters Pope Vrban meditated Revenge against the Queen of Naples the chief causer of the Schism whom her wicked Life had rendred Infamous He invited Charles Duke of Durazzo descended of the Kings of Naples into Italy intimating he would conferr that Crown upon him On the other sid'e the Queen having no Children adopted Luys Duke of Anjou giving him the Title of Duke of Calabria appertaining to the Heirs of that Crown not doubting by that means to be supported by the Arms of France This is all the Title the Dukes of Anjou have to that Crown which was the occasion of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt them and Spain tho at this time the Design was only to support the Queen and Pope Clement On the 13th of July dy'd the Famous Bertran Claquin at the Siege of Chasteauneuf in Britany and on the 16th of September following Charles King of France departed this Life at Bois de Vincennes His Son Charles the VIth succeeded him The King of Portugal was concern'd about the Succession be being old and having never a Son Beatrix his Daughter by the Queen whose Birth was afterwards call'd in Question was contracted to Frederick Duke of Benavente and Bastard Son to King Henry After the Death of Henry the Portuguese would not stand to that Match but sent Embassadors to the new King to offer her to his Son Prince Henry then a Child but a few Months old King John hoping to joyn the Kingdom of Portugal to Castile admitted of the Proposal The Articles of Marriage were agreed upon at Soria where the Cortes met but at last they came to nothing Peter Manrique Leiutenant of Castile was apprehended being accus'd of holding a treasonable Correspondence with D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denia He dy'd in Prison without leaving any Children James Manrique his Brother inherited his Estate and Honours as he well deserv'd for his good Service in Navarre Luis Duke of Anjou govern'd France for King Charles who was under Age. The King of Aragon fear'd lest he should lay hold of that Opportunity to conquer the Kingdom of Majorca to which he pretended a right as has been said but he had bent his Thought upon securing the Crown of Naples to himself and his Heirs However King John of Castile sent Embassadors into France to accommodate that Affair and it was agree'd he should sell the Title he had bought King John advanc'd a good Summ out of kindness to his Father-in Law and to secure the Peace of Spain He also sent Embassadors to the Soldan of Egypt to sollicite for the Liberty of Leo King of Armenia whose Wife and Daughter had dy'd in Prison The barbarous King granted his Request and releas'd the Prisoner sending him into Spain with Letters full of Pride and Arogancy in relation to himself but honourably writ in regard to King John whose Power and Valour he extoll'd desiring his Friendship Three Years after that unfortunate King came into France and thence into Spain where the King entertain'd him honourably and gave him the Towns of Madrid and Andujan with a competent Revenue for his Maintenance He stay'd not long in Spain but return'd into France designing thence to go into England to perswade those Kings to
They wish'd for any manner of Composition and at length the Mortality was so great that the Siege was rais'd with much Loss and Dishonour and the Army march'd away James Sarmiento was made Marshal de Camp in the Place of his Brother deceas'd and had the Government of Santarem given him Other Officers were put into Garrisons about the Country the King designing to recruit his Army and return as soon as possible This done the Fleet and Army mov'd towards Sevil. Much harm might have been done them had the Besieg'd pursu'd but they were glad to be rid of them at any rate Processions were made at Lisbon and throughout the Kingdom for this Deliverance At this time the King of Aragon shew'd no Kindness to his two Sons by the first Wife the Princes John and Martin The Blame was laid upon the Mother in Law but Prince John had offended his Father by Marrying privately the Lady Violante Daughter to the Duke of Berri not regarding the Queen of Sicily which was much the better match The King vented his Passion upon John Earl of Ampurias in whose Dominions and under whose Protection they were Marry'd for as soon as his Son return'd home and was Pardon'd he seiz'd the greatest part of the Earl's Estate The Earl himself fled by Sea to Avignon resolving to make use of the Forces of his Friends for recovering of his Dominions CHAP. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians AT the beginning of the Year 1385 the King of Castile was employ'd in raising Land-Forces and had fitted a Fleet of 12 Galleys and 20 Ships Yet all things went on slowly because he fell Sick and was in Danger of Death yet as soon as recover'd he forwarded all Preparations News was brought that the Garrison of Santarem had taken the Master of 〈◊〉 and Grand Prior of S. John but this prov'd False and the Joy conceiv'd was turn into Sorrow for it was certainly known that the Portugueses in Coimbra had proclaim'd the Master of Avis King which was engaging themselves so far that there was no way to go back again The chief of the Rebels in that City had consulted together and agreed it was absolutely Necessary to choose them a Head and that for the greater Authority he ought to be declar'd King Some thought this too bold an Attempt and were against excluding Queen Beatrix whose Right it was or so far Provoking the Anger of Castile Others favour'd Prince John tho then a Prisoner at Toledo but this was wholly rejected he being in no Condition to assist them Therefore they all voted for the Master of Avis who was present and proclaim'd him King on the 5th of April at the Monastery of St. Francis in Coimbra where that Consultation was held All that were present even those that had before oppos'd it kiss'd his Hand and did Homage to him to express their Zeal Prophesies were then invented to justify their Choice and they gave out that at the beginning of these Troubles a Child in the Cradle had three Times with a loud Voice cry'd out D. John King of Portugal Which they attributed to the Master of Avis for Men are apt to fancy every thing as they would have it From that Day the Portugueses despairing of Pardon became more resolute and bold The Province between the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o soon declar'd for the new King This Joy was somewhat abated by the Arrival of the Fleet of Castile on the Coast of Portugal which meeting no body to oppose it ravag'd all the Sea Coasts The King of Castile was at Cordova and thence at the beginning of Summer sent his Queen to Avila since she could be no longer useful her Subjects having wholly cast her off About the beginning of July D. Peter Tenorio Archbishop of Toledo made an Incursion into the Country of Viseo destroying all the Country and sparing neither Sex nor Age but at their Return they were met with and overthrown by the Portugueses Many other Encounters happen'd with various Success but all prov'd ruinous to the Natives for both Parties liv'd at Discretion The Army of Castile randevouz'd at Guidad Rodrigo when the Summer was well advanc'd Only Prince Charles Son to the King of Navarre was expected with a good Body of Men. A Council of War being held the wiser sort were against Fighting and only for wasting the Country and wearying out the Rebels But their Opinion prevail'd who being young were hottest and magnify'd the Strength of Castile despising the Enemy as a raw and undisciplined Rabble and therefore were for putting an end speedily to the War This advice the King follow'd tho the other was the safest The Castilians were overseen in many things and they ought at least to have expected the Succours that the Prince of Navarre was to bring Having fix'd this Resolution they enter'd that part of Portugal call'd Beâ—ra and took Cillorico Thence they advanc'd and burnt the Suburbs of Coimbra and attempted to take Leyria which held for Queen Ellenor During the Siege of Cillorico the King being unhealthy and considering the Danger of the War made his Will upon the 21st of July In it he ordain'd that the Lordships of Biscay and Molina his Mother's Inheritance should for ever be annex'd to the Crown and belong to the eldest Sons of the Kings of Castile He appointed 6 Tutors for his Son and Heir Henry and 12 Governours of the Kingdom during his Minority The Queen his Mother in Law the Princes John and Denis of Portugal the Children of King Peter and Son of D. Ferdinand de Castre who were all Prisoners in Castile he order'd should have Justice done them The Shortness of his Life gave not Leasure to make it known whether he design'd to put to Death or release them Many other things he ordained in his Will which being made without Deliberation was the Cause of many Troubles and Confusions The Portugues Army was advanc'd to Tomar with a Resolution to try their Fortune The Castilians march'd to meet them They discover'd one another about the Mid-way and there Intrench'd themselves The Portugueses were in a narrow Place having a Plain on the Front and deep Morasses on each side which secur'd their Flanks they were 2200 Horse and 10000 Foot The Castilians being much more Numerous encamp'd in an open Plain about a League and half from them and being confident of their Strength advanc'd and offer'd Battol on the Eve of the Assumption The King of Castile led the main Battel and some of the Nobles the Wings which in the time of need were useless by season of the Streightness of the Ground D. Gonzalo NunÌ„ez de Guzman with a Body of 〈◊〉 was order'd through By ways to fall upon the Enemies Rear that none might escape being taken or
Castile the Tumults continu'd and consequently the poor People suffer'd But the King raising Forces such of the Noblemen as were not strong enough to oppose him submitted Upon security given for their Persons there came first to Court the Archbishop of Santiago and after him the Duke of Benavente They pleaded in their own defence the great Power of their Enemies and promis'd to make amends for their Faults by their future Fidelity Both were pardon'd by the King and the more to oblige the Duke he had a Pension of 500000 Maravedies allow'd him and the Town of Valencia in Estremudura given him in lieu of the Portion he was to have from Portugal but upon Condition he should be accountable for as much of the King's Revenue as he had receiv'd the last Years To add to the Joy of the Reduction of these great Men. D. Alonso Enriquez prevail'd with his Brother the Earl of Trastamara to submit himself A Pension of 500000 Maravedies was also assign'd him and that he might be equal to the Duke of Benavente the Town of Paredes wrongfully detain'd from him by the Earl of Gijon was restor'd Only the Earl of Gijon remain'd who being ill inclin'd was not to be reduc'd by fair means and the King prepar'd to subdue him by force At that same time came Embassadors from the King of Navarre upon the old Account of having the Queen return to live with her Husband What Justice could not effect in so long time an Accident brought to pass The Queen had retir'd from Madrid offended that part of her Pension was cut off and kept Correspondence with the mutinous Noblemen For this Reason the King of Castile was displeas'd and this was the Occasion of the Embassy It happen'd the Earl of Trastamara under standing what was design'd against the Queen went away from Court to Roa where she was to assist her that no Violence should be offer'd her His Departure troubled the King fearing new Tumults and the more for that it was suspected he had communicated his Designs with the Duke of Benavente who was therefore sent for to Court and being come was arrested and secur'd on the 25th of July This done lest the Queen and Earl should grow strong the King with the Forces he had prepar'd against the Earl of Gijon march'd hastily to Roa The Earl fled in time to Galicia The Queen understanding the Danger she was in went out with her Children in Mourning to appease the King and excus'd her self saying she had no Hand in the Earls escape and could do no less than receive her Brother who came to comfort her These Excuses seem'd to satisfy the King yet he secur'd the Town leaving her the Revenue and carry'd her to Valladolid where she was kept under a Guard that she might not fly Mean while the Earl of Gijon fortify'd himself in that Place and the King march'd speedily for Asturias He took the City Oviedo which held for the Earl and then advanced and incamped before Gijon The Place could not be taken by force because of its natural Strength and the Coldness of the Season and Sickness in the Army would not allow to lye long before it Yet the Labour was not quite lost for the Earl of Trastamara submitted was pardon'd and came to the Camp It was also concluded betwixt the King and the Earl of Gijon that the King should put Garrisons into all Towns of his Estate except only that Also that the Earl should appear in Person before the King of France who by both Parties was appointed Umpire betwixt them and should stand by his Judgment For security to Performance 〈◊〉 Earl deliver'd his Son Henry as a Hostage to the King of Castile Thus they lay'd down 〈◊〉 and the Kingdom was eas'd of a great Trouble This was the posture of Affairs in Castile when Pope Clement dy'd at Avignon on the 16th of September All the Christian Princes by their Embassadors requir'd the Cardinals not to proceed rashly to another Election but find out some Method to put an end to the Schism which so long disturbed Christendom They resolv'd not to delay the Election but to show they in some Measure comply'd with those Princes ordain'd that every Cardinal should positively Swear that in case he were Elected he would abdicate the Papacy whensoever the Pope at Rome would do the same which they look'd upon as the best expedient to unite Christendom By the unanimous Consent of 21 Cardinals who were present at the Election D. Peter de Luna Cardinal of Aragon was â—â—osen His Birth was well known his Learning famous in the Civil and Canon Law besides many Embassies in which he had been employ'd He was very dexterous in gaining the good Will of all Men. In his Papacy he was call'd Benedict the XIIIth On 〈◊〉 chosen he began to think of removing his Seat into Italy without remembring the Oath 〈◊〉 taken or considering of means to abdicate the Papacy This much surprized the French An Assembly of Nobles and Prelates was held at Paris and there in order to curb the aspiring Thoughts of the new Pope who they knew was a Man of a high Spirit as he sufficiently testify'd afterwards they resolv'd to send some eminent Persons to represent to him the desires of France and the Church in general The Dukes of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Boâ—rges were appointed Embassadâ—â—â— These being come to Avignâ—â— requir'd him to restore â—eace to Christendom to 〈◊〉 the Calamities câ—â—s'd by that Division in the Church to remember his Oath and particularly press'd him to call a general Council in which the Prelates might determine what was fit to be done in that Case He answer'd he would upon no Account for sake the Church of the living God and quit the Helm of S. â—eter's Ship put into his Hands This answer was no way pleasing to those Princes but seeing they could prevail no fâ—rther upon him they return'd home much offended as was their King and all the Nation To appease the King the Pope granted him the Tenths of all Ecclesâ—â—stical Revenues for one Year This happen'd in May and the Year of Grace 1395 in which the new Pope's prosperity began by degrees to dâ—cline and was converted into Misery The Governour of Avignon by the King's order with French Forces besieg'd him in his Palace An 〈◊〉 was also publish'd forbidding all Persons to have recourse to him upon Ecclesiastical Affairs all his Cardinals forsook him except only he of Pamplâ—na who continu'd with him till Death In fine he was so streighten'd he was forc'd to fly in a disguise to Câ—â—alonia But this happen'd somewhat later Many Embassies pass'd betwixt the Christian Princes about this Affair The King of France labour'd to draw those of Castile Aragon and Navarre from the Obedience of that Pope They were hard to be perswaded especially the King of Castile who sent the Bishop of Câ—enca Embassador into France to reconcile that King to the Pope
his Nephew Pâ—tâ—r de Luna but the King not approving of him the Bishop of Siguença Vicar of the Archbishoprick had charge of it for some Years till the Popes election took place The Joy and Devotion of the great Year of Jubilee 1400 was much lessen'd by the Schism in the Church tho the Christian Princes us'd all possible Means to put an end to it To this purpose for the humbling the Obduracy of Pope Benedict the King of Castile at the perswasions of D. Peter Hernandez de 〈◊〉 Cardinal of Spain publickly disown'd him Yet the King of Aragon interposing three Years after he submitted to him again From Lagâ—â—doc and Cataloâ—â—a the Plague spread over all Spain with such a mighty Mortality that it oblig'd the King of Castile to give leave to Widows to marry the same Year their Husbands dy'd which before was forbidden The King generally resided at Sevil that being a Pleasant and Healthy place and he very â—ickly In July the first Clock was fixing in the Steeple of the Cathedral for there were no such Clocks before in Spain and a great Bell to it the King Nobleâ— and a Multitude of People being present when on a sudden a Storm rising a flash of Lightning kill'd several Men. This being taken as an ill Omen Processions were made to appease God's Wrâ—th Near the Town of Niebâ—â— 5 Leagues from Segovia an Image of our Blessed Lady was 〈◊〉 and many People devoutly resorting thither to visit it Queen Cathâ—rine built there a Church for it with a Monastery of Dominicanâ— adjoyning to it which drew many 〈◊〉 and settle there so that in our Days it is grown up to be a pretty considerable 〈◊〉 â—â—â—P V. The Death of the 〈…〉 Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again received in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent the VIIâ—â— chosen at Roâ—â— THE Lady Violante Daughter to John King of Aragon was during her Father's Life contracted to Luis 〈◊〉 Anjoâ— as was said before Her Marriage was delay'd because she 〈◊〉 under Age and 〈◊〉 Year it â—â—s concluded upon She was to have 160000 Florins Portion and he to sweâ—â— never to lay any claim to the Crown of Aragon in her Right This done she was nobly Conducted into France to her Husband In the Month of March 1401 the King of Castile assembled the Cortes at Tordesillas where many good Laws were enacted particularly to restrain the Avarice of the Farmers of the Revenue and Officers of Justice In the Month of May Mary Queen of Sicily dy'd at Cataneâ— as was thought of Grief for the Death of her Son who ended his Days at 〈◊〉 Age of 7 Years Both the Mother and Son were bury'd in that City However her 〈◊〉 next of Blood remain'd King and all the Nobility aim'd to marry their Daughters 〈◊〉 to him He marryed Blanch third Daughter to the King of Navarre who afterwards inherited her Father's Kingdom The Kings of Aragon and Navaâ—â—â— met upon this Account on the Frontiers there the 〈◊〉 deliver'd his Daughter to the 〈◊〉 in Law who sent her from Valencia to Sicily in a â—â—eet commanded by D. Bernard de Cabrera but her Departure and Marriage was in the Year 1402. In November the same Year the Queen of Castile was deliver'd of a Daughter call'd Mary who was afterwards marry'd to her Cousin German Alonso King of Aragon and Naples but they had no Issue for she prov'd Barren After the Defeat of the French and Hungarians at Nicopolis Bajazet Emperor of the Turks lay'd Siege to Constantinople At the same time Tamerlan the Tartar with an incredible Army as is reported of 40000 Horse and 600000 Foot overran all the East His Custom was when he sat down before a City the first Day to put up white Colours in token of Mercy the second Day they were red to denote he would shed the Blood of the Inhabitants and the third black which signify'd the utter Desolation of the Place It happen'd the City Berytus did not surrender before the second Day and then sent out their Women and Children cloath'd in White with Boughs in their Hands to appease him but he nothing mov'd caus'd his Horse to trample them to Death A Genoese who follow'd his Camp took the Boldness upon this Occasion to put him in mind he was a Man and he with a furious Countenance answer'd Dost thou think I am a Man I am no such I am the Scourge of God and Plague of Mankind Bajâ—zet seeing all Asia was in danger of being lost rais'd the Siege of Constantinople and pass'd over into Asia On that part of Mount Taurus call'd Stella they came to a Battle and after a moâ—â— Bloody Dispute 200000 Men being slain Bajazet was overthrown and taken Him Tamerlan put into a Cage and in that manner carry'd him about Asia treading on his Shoulder every time he mounted a Horse-back and feeding him like a Dog with bits thrown from his Table King Henry of Castile though sickly attended the Affairs of the Government and sent Embassies to all parts and particularly to the Levant he sent Pelayo de Sotomayâ—â— and â—â—â—dinand de Palaçuelos who were present at that famous Battle between the Turks and Tartars Tamerlan treated them courteously and at their return to Spain sent along with them an Embassador of his own to settle Peace and Unity with the King of Spain He having concluded his Negociation return'd home accompanied by three Spanish Embassadors who writ a Journal of that Embassy which is still Extant Tamerlâ—n's Glory was not lasting At his return home he built a beautiful City which he called Mercanti He left two Sons who differing about the Inheritance tore in 〈◊〉 the Empire purchas'd by their Father This Year was unhappy to the Portugueses and Navarrois for the Heirs of both Kingdoms dy'd D. Alonso eldest Son to the King of Portugal was but 12 Years of Age. He was bury'd in the Cathâ—â—ral of Braga This Loss was the more tolerable for that there were several Brothers besides as the Princes Edward Peter Henry John and Ferdinand and two Sisters Blanch and Elizabeth At Painplona dy'd the Princes Charles 5 Years and Lâ—â—ys but 6 Months 〈…〉 were bury'd in that Cathedral The Grief of the Navarrois was the more inconsolable for that there remain'd never an Heir-male and the Crown must of course fall to the Female This Wiâ—â—er at the end of the present Year and beginning of that of our Lord 1403 the Rains were so great in Spain that most Rivers overflow'd doing great harm Particularly Guadalquivir swell'd above the Waâ—â—s of Sevil and came as far as the Church of St. Michael Alonso Perez then Governour by his Industry prevented much Mischief that might have been done The See of Toledo was vacant since the Death of the late Archbishop D. Peter Tâ—â—orio This was caus'd by the Discord betwixt the Popes for Castile had
the Crown but I will make your Reigs short This said he call'd in the Executioners and 600 Souldiers he had in a readiness All were astonish'd but the Archbishop of Toledo fell on his Knees begging Pardon and all the rest follow'd his Example Seeing them at his Feet the King pardon'd them but kept them two Months Prisoners in the Castle till they deliver'd up all the Towns they held and refuâ—â—ed what they ow'd to the Crown This Example made the Nobility more Submissive than ever they had been He us'd greater Severity at Sevil for he 〈◊〉 1000 Men to be Executed for being guilty of the Tumults â—ais'd by the Earl of Niebla 〈◊〉 Peter Ponce He advanc'd his own and the Prince his Brother's Revenue so that great 〈◊〉 were every Year lay'd up in the Palace of Madrid to which he added those Towers that are still standing for its greater Security His is that saying I fear the Curses of the People more than the Enemy's Weapons Thus without oppressing his Subjects he gather'd great Treasure only by looking after his Revenue CHAP. VII The Crown offered to Prince Ferdinand he refuses it John the IId proclaimed King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea After the 〈…〉 of the King's Interrment were perform'd with the Pomp and Majesty that was becoming the Nobility met as the Rebellious Custom was to appoint a Successor and do their Homage to him This was in the beginning of the Year 1407. Their Opinions vary'd and every one spoke according to his Inclination Many thought it hard to stay till a Prince then but 22 Months old came to Age. The late King's Will was read in which he â—â—dain'd that the Queen and Prince Ferdinand should govern the Kingdom and 〈◊〉 â—lectors to the young King James Lopez de Zuniga and John de Velasco were appoint 〈…〉 guard and educate him and the Bishop of Carthagena Lord Chancellor to be his Preceedor till he was 14 Years of Age. These three were commanded only to attend to the Education of the Child without intermedling with the Government Some said no part of this Will ought to be observ'd as being made but the day before the King dy'd when he was not absolutely Master of his Reason but his Brain disturb'd and that it was not reasonable to expose the Kingdom to so many Confusions as might arise upon this Account This was not only discours'd in private but in publick Meetings and about the Streets Every one condemn'd the Will and yet none car'd to expose himself too much by opposing it They 〈…〉 Prince Ferdinand as the only Man that could deliver them from the Misfortunes they apprehended yet they feard he would not consent to it because he was naturally very meek and modest which some call'd fear some laziness and others meanness of 〈…〉 The Absence of the Queen her 〈◊〉 and being a Foreigner made Men bold She 〈◊〉 then at Segovea with her Children over wholm'd with Grief for the Death of her Husband and in care for the Event of those Practices at Toledo The Nobility having consulted together resolv'd to try Prince Ferdinand and in the Name of them all Ruy Lopez Davaloâ— made a long Harangue offering him the Crown and pressing him to accept of it at their Hands After Ruy Lopez had done 〈◊〉 the other Nobles begg'd the same of him and there wanted not some who pretended 〈…〉 and Revelations to justify their Request The Prince with wonderful Modesty answer'd that a Crown was not so much to be coveted as to become infamous for the sake of it by wronging an innocent Child and a Widow Queen whom all ought protect Besides that of necessity Wars must ensue That he thank'd them for their good Will and in requital would give them a King which was his Brother's Son and his own Nephew and â—n his 〈…〉 would spare no Labour or Danger for the publick good but take upon him the Government as his Brother ordain'd Soon after he assembl'd the 〈…〉 and Prelates in the Chappel of D. Peter Tenorio which is in the Cloisters of the Cathedralâ— There Ruy Lopez the Constable thinking his Mind might be alter'd publickly ask'd him whom he would have proclaim'd King The Prince with some marks of Displeasure answer'd aloud Who but my Brother's Son Then the Standards were display'd as the Custom of Spain is in the Name of King John the IId and the Kings at Arms proclaim'd him first in the Assembly and then in all publick Places of the City Prince Ferdinand by this Action purchas'd an immortal Renown and his Moderation and Loyalty were highly extoll'd even by those that advis'd him to accept of the Crown and thus he made himself way to obtain other 〈…〉 which Heaven for his Virtue had reserv'd for him His Glory was so much 〈…〉 for that his Brother for some time before his Death had bore him ill-will giving Ear to the Insinuations of some Court Parasites True it is he was 〈…〉 concil'd and agreed that his Daughter Mary who might come to inherit the Crown 〈…〉 marry'd to D. Alonso the Prince's eldest Son which was Advantagious to both Brothers and for the common good of the Kingdom Queen Mary of Aragon dy'd on the 29th of December at Villareal a Town near Valencia to the great Grief of the King her Husband and all that Country for her extraordinary Parts Her Body was bury'd with the usual Magnificence at Poblete the Burial place of those Kings Of four Children she had three dy'd Young which were James John and Margaret Only Martin was left then King of Sicily who applying himself wholly to the Affairs of that Island without regard to his Health as being Young and offering himself freely to all Dangers as being of a great Spirit soon after was snatch'd away and left his Subjects overwhelm'd in Troubles Prince Ferdinand having setl'd 〈◊〉 at Toledo on the 1st of January went thence to Segovia to visit the Queen and take 〈…〉 in all things relating to the Administration of the Government That all things might be done with the greater Majesty and Authority he summon'd thither the Cortes and accordingly the Nobles Prelates and Commons met there Several Affairs were consider'd of by them Particularly the Education of the young King was committed to the Queen she pressing for it tho it was contrary to the Will of the late King Henry To John de Valasco and James Lopez de Zuniga in lieu of that Employment taken from them they gave the Sum of 6000 Florins each A small Recompence for so great a Trust but Necessity oblig'd them to comply with the Will of the Queen and Prince nor was it safe to oppose them who had the Power of the Government The 〈◊〉 design'd against the Moors was also taken into Consideration and in February the Christians made an Incursion into
after the Death of the King her Husband retir'd into Castile and there spent the time of her Widowhood with her Children A motion was made that the King of Castile should marry her Daughter the Princess Mary Queen Catherine approv'd not of that Match To prevent it she pleaded the King was too young whereas in reality she was rather inclin'd to Match him in Portugal with the Princess Ellenor who was her Neece and not only she but most of the Court thought that Match would unite the two Kingdoms in a lasting knot of Amity Death prevented those Designs which suddenly took away Queen Catherine at Valladolid upon Thursday the 2d of June in the Year 1418 at the age of 50. Of Body she was large and gross somewhat free in drinking as is the Custom of her Country open hearted and bountiful which Virtues some made use of to advance their Interest and slander others Most of her Counsellors and Ministers were mean Persons which is very dangerous for Princes She was bury'd in the Royal Chappel of Toledo in a particular Tomb where she had given a Revenue for 15 Chaplains to pray for the Souls of her and her Husband The Queen's Death produc'd great Alterations The King notwithstanding his tender Age came out of that profound Ignorance in which his Mother had kept him and began in some Measure to govern the Kingdom assisted with the advice of some Persons about him Among them the chiefest was the Arch-bishop of Toledo who being of a haughty Spirit ambitious of Honour and a busy Man seiz'd the Government into his own Hands so that under the Shadow of the King's Name he turn'd all things which way he pleased Two Embassadors came from France to sue for some Succours in that time of need They were put off with an excuse grounded on the King's Minority the late Troubles and new ones that were fear'd It was again propos'd to marry the King The Archbishop ow'd all his Preferment to the Crown of Aragon and therefore prevail'd the Match with Aragon should be preferr'd before that of Portugal On the 21st of October the King and Princess were contracted at Medina del Campo with great Pomp. One of the Articles of Marriage was that the Princess Catherine younger Sister to King John should be marry'd to one of the Princes of Aragon None was particularly nam'd because Prince John the eldest was unresolv'd where he should take a Wife First he was contracted to Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Navarre and broke off in hopes of marrying Joanna Queen of Naples as was said before He spent some time governing Sicily instead of Queen Blanch whom her Father the King of Navarre caus'd to return home she being the eldest Sister and Heiress of that Crown Many Princes made suit to her for her great Fortune but her Father preferr'd before them all this Prince John for his good Qualities and because he hoped Aragon and Navarre might come to be united King Alonso his Brother having no Issue Her Dower for the present was 420000 Florins It was also articl'd That in case Queen Blanch should die without Issue her Husband after the Decease of his Father and Mother in Law should during his Life stile himself and be actually King of Navarre They were marry'd by Proxy at Olite The Prince's Commissioner was James Gomez de Sandoval Nephew to the Archbishop of Toledo Lieutenant of Castile and Steward to the Prince with whom he afterwards was in the highest Favour and at last was cast down as shall be shewn in its place This Contract was made in the Year 1419. This same Year the Admiral Vincent Ferrerius of the Order of S. Dominick chang'd this Life for a better at Vannes in Britany and was afterwards for his Virtue and the Miracles he wrought put into the number of the Saints His Body was bury'd in the Cathedral of that City Let us return to King John of Castile Castile began to be disturb'd the Nobility being at Variance The King was too young and weak to curb them Many envy'd the Arch-bishop of Toledo and were offended that a Priest should have more Power than all the Nobility The King was advis'd to take upon him the Government since he was 14 Years of Age. To this purpose the Cortes met at Madrid to which all Persons of Note resorted On the 7th of March all that Assembly being together in the Palace of that Town the Archbishop made a study'd Speech declaring to them how the King intended to take the Government upon himself and lay aside his Tutors D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral in the Name of all there present approv'd of his Resolution and they altogether applauded it It was requisite the King 's tender Years should have some support therefore he admitted to his Council all those who had been of it in his Father's time and during his Nonage The Arch-bishop of Toledo the Admiral the Constable Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Leon and John Hurtado de Mendoça the Lord Steward were appointed Commissioners to consider of all Grants and bestow Preferments Gutierre Gomez de Toledo Arch-deacon of Guadalajara was appointed to draw up and register all Orders This the Arch-bishop took ill pretending it belong'd to him as Chancellor of Castile Among others the Princes of Aragon John and Henry Master of the Order of Santiago were then at Court them the Arch-bishop endeavour'd by all means to draw to his Party that they might support him against his Enemies and he continue fixt in the Government From Madrid the King went to Segovia where a Dispute happening betwixt the Courtiers and Townsmen they were very near coming to blows The Princes of Aragon did not agree among themselves both aspiring to possess themselves of the King and Government and admitting of no Competitor The Nobility was divided D. Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and Peter Manrique favour'd Prince Henry Ferdinand Earl of Trastamara and the Arch-bishop of Toledo sided with Prince John The King was young and changeable soon angry and as soon pleas'd His Stature was large considering his Age his Complexion clear but withal he was weakly and had no good Face yet of Temper was mild and tractable He delighted in Hunting Justs and Turneaments lov'd Learning and could himself make indifferent Spanish Verses These Virtues which shew'd themselves in his Childhood in his riper Years spread more and grew to Perfection Yet all this was defac'd by his love of Ease and neglect of the Government He gave little attention to Business and that always in hast in short he was not fit to rule a Kingdom This it was that put his Courtiers in the way of obtaining great Preferments especially Alvaro de Luna who began already to be more in his Favour than any other Queen Mother some Years before to obstruct his unreasonable Advance in the King's Esteem had prudently forbid him the Court ordering him to return to Aragon
Yet she acted very indiscreetly in keeping the King as she did till her Death which was for above 6 Years lock'd up at Valladolid in a House near the Monastery of St. Paul without suffering him to go abroad or permitting any Body to visit him but his menial Servants This she did that the Nobility might not seize him and disturb the Peace of the Kingdom A miserable sort of Education for a Prince so that afterwards he knew not the Noblemen that came to visit him The riper Years are for the most part answerable to the Education as appears by this Prince For after the Queen's Death as if he had been kept in a dark Place or were just come from his Mother's Womb he always behav'd himself like an utter stranger to the Affairs of the Government Business perplex'd and troubl'd him This is the reason he was always govern'd by his Courtiers and Favourites which was the cause of great and continual Troubles At the beginning of the following Year which was 1420 the King went to Tordesillas a Town in Old Castile Prince Henry Master of the Order of Santiago either to facilitate his Marriage with the Princess Catherine or to get the upper hand of his Adversaries came to that Town with a party of his followers secur'd John Hurtado de Mendoça Lord Steward of the Houshold and others belonging to the Court and took the King himself not permitting him to go any whither or to dispatch any Business A great disgrace to the Kingdom that the King should be detain'd Prisoner by his own Subjects This Affront mov'd the Nobility to take up Arms. Prince John of Aragon headed them who having spent but four Days in celebrating the Solemnity of his Marriage at Pamplona set out immediately for Castile moved to it by the Report of what had happen'd and the Letters of many that invited him thither At Avila the King of Castile was marry'd without any Magnificence or demonstrations of Joy by reason most of the Nobility were absent and he himself no better than a Prisoner Prince Henry for his own security and to strengthen his Party kept 3000 Horse in that City His Brother Prince John was at Olmedo and had an equal number of Horse canton'd in the neighbouring Towns To him resorted all sorts of People from all Parts of the Country designing to revenge the Affront done to the King and Kingdom It was endeavour'd to have the two Brothers meet but it was prevented nor would they suffer Prince John to speak to the King Prince Henry tho he had all the Power in his own Hands yet to provide for the future contriv'd to have the Cortes meet in that City No body had liberty of Speech or durst utter his Thoughts the Town being full of Souldiers and the place where they met surrounded with armed Men. Thus Prince Henry was by those Cortes clear'd of any thing that might be lay'd to his charge till that time No Man durst oppose this Resolution or mutter in so much that as it were to reward that Exploit by the King's Consent it was obtain'd of Pope Martin the Vth that the Mastership of the Order of Santiago should be setl'd hereditary upon Prince Henry and his Heirs which had prov'd a new Plague to Spain had not the King when he came to riper Years cancell'd that Decree The Princess Catherine openly oppos'd Prince Henry She said plainly she would not have a Husband who aimed by force of Arms to take what he ought to hope for as the reward of his good Service However her weak Resolution was vanquish'd and they were marry'd at Talavera a great Town near Toledo whither the King went from Avila He had with her the Lordship of Villena with the Title of a Duke To Alvaro de Luna the chief of the Courtiers for being instrumental in this Affair was given the Town of Santistevan de Gormaz This was the first step he advanc'd towards the great Preferments and Riches he afterwards acquir'd About this time every day there were Earthquaks and noises under Ground in Catalonia from Tolosa to Perpignan Near Girona was a Town call'd Amer where the Earth gap'd in two Places and cast out Fire that burnt all that came within two Stones throw of them Out of another Mouth near those of Fire gush'd black Water and half a mile from thence mixt with a River which I suppose to be Sameroca so that that Town was destroy'd and all the Fish in the River dy'd The stench of the Water was such that the Birds clapt their Wings as they flew that way and it extended as far as Girona tho at four Leagues distance James de Anaya Arch-bishop of Sevil built the College of St. Bartholomew at Salamanca and endow'd it with Revenues to maintain a good Number of Scholars in imitation of the Colledge built at Bolonia by the Cardinal Giles de Albornoz This good Example was afterwards follow'd by several Persons of Quality who built other Colleges which have brought forth many Men famous for Learning Three other Colleges were built at Salamanca and call'd the Great Ones a fourth at Valladolid a fifth at Alcala and many others of less Note CHAP. VI. Original of the Portugues Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl NOW it was that the two Nations of the Aragonians and Portugueses made themselves way to obtain new Dominions Henry Son to the King of Portugal being much addicted to the study of Astrology imagin'd unknown Countries and Islands might be discover'd in the vast Ocean To this purpose he fent out several Ships and in the way betwixt Lisbon and the Canaries found a small but fruitful Island so full of Trees that they call'd it Madera that is to say Wood. Thus coasting along Africk this Prince and the Kings of Portugal after him at length came to the Coasts of Asia India and China to their no less Honour than Profit Luis Duke of Anjou had besieg'd Joanna Queen of Naples within that City The cause of making War upon her was the antient hatred he bore to that Crown and the Leudness of the Queen whose Husband no longer able to bear with her returned to France and became a Franciscan Fryar The Queen being reduc'd to great Streights sent to invite Alonso the 5th King of Aragon famous for his Valour and the conquest of Sardinia to her assistance promising to adopt him as her Son and leave him the Kingdom of Naples He sail'd from Sardinia to Naples and rais'd the Siege in recompence of which Service he was adopted Heir to the Crown and the Pope approved of that Act. It is needless to dispute the Legality of that Adoption but certain it is it was the cause of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt Spain and France which have lasted till our Days
King Alonso having subdu'd Sardinia and abandon'd Corsica to the Genoeses sail'd with speed to Palermo in Sicily hoping to secure the Succession to the new Kingdom and was the more bent upon it for that a certain Mathematician five years before told him That Heaven promised him great Things that he should be Master of Naples that he should have many Subjects and heap mighty Riches whereupon he encourag'd him boldly to pursue his Fortune The depriving the King of Castile of his Liberty caus'd great Commotions and the Imprisonment of several Persons of Note The Court was at Talavera as has been said and the King as if he minded not the wrong done him diverted himself in Hunting This gave him an opportunity on the 29th of November to make his escape to Montalvan a Castle seated upon an Eminence almost in the mid-way betwixt Talavera and Toledo on the Banks of Tagus Alvaro de Luna his great Favourite advis'd him to fly Prince Henry gathering his Forces besieg'd the Place but would not batter it in respect to the King Prince John the Archbishop of Toledo D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and other Nobles assembl'd to revenge this Affront Hunger began to pinch in the Castle and they eat their Horses and other filthy Beasts At length the Siege was rais'd by them that came to relieve the Place and Prince Henry went away to Ocana a Town of his own as he was Master of Santiago resolving to stand upon his Guard After his Departure the King return'd to Talavera and was met upon the way by the Princes John and Peter of Aragon Great demonstrations of Affection passed betwixt them and the King by the Advice of Alvaro de Luna who rose apace to give the greater fall commanded them to return This alter'd the Posture of Affairs The King kept his Christmas and the beginning of the Year 1421 at Talavera Thence he went to Old Castile where he had more Forces and the People were better affected towards him Prince Henry had the Marquisate of Villena given him with his Wife which those People resented because it had been purchas'd for a sum of Mony of the King of Aragon and ought not to be alienated from the Crown Prince Henry seiz'd and garrison'd all the Towns of that Dominion except Alarcon which being naturally strong held out against him The King commanded him to disband his Forces and he refusing to obey that Estate was taken from him by Force Besides the King recall'd his Patent which made the Mastership of Santiago hereditary to the Heirs of Prince Henry This so provoked him that he set out from Ocan̄a after the King with 1500 Horse He passed the Mountains and without making any stop came to Arevalo where the King was There was danger of a Battle and therefore Queen Ellenor in care for her Son Prince Henry endeavour'd to lay that Storm that threatn'd The Archbishop of Santiago did the same They perswaded the Prince to lay down his Arms and thus for that time War was prevented Blanch Daughter to the King of Navarre on the 29th of May was brought to Bed at Arevalo of a Son who was call'd Charles as his Grandfather by the Mother's side The Cortes were summon'd first to Toledo and then to Madrid and in order to meet them the King and Queen set out towards new Castile On the 23d of October they came to Toledo Prince Henry of Aragon Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and Peter Manrique the Lieutenant being summon'd excus'd themselves saying they had powerful Enemies at Court Mean while Alonso King of Aragon and Luis Duke of Anjou contended for the Kingdom of Naples King Alonso kept in that City Aversa a Town near it was held by the French and Excursions were made by both Parties Cerra a Town four miles from Naples was besieg'd by the Aragonians and taken after a vigorous Defence Prince Peter of Aragon being call'd by his Brother with the consent of the King of Castile went away to serve in that War at the beginning of the Year 1422. The Cortes sat at Madrid Prince John of Aragon and other great Men were present The Archbishop of Toledo was not being then sick Prince Henry and his adherents because the King would oblige them to come resolv'd the Prince and Garci Fernandez Manrique afterwards Earl of Castan̄eda should go but the Constable and Peter Manrique should stand upon their Guard in Places of Safety On the 13th of June the Prince and Garci Fernandez came to Madrid were kindly receiv'd but the next day apprehended Prince Henry was sent Prisoner to the Castle of Mora and the care of him committed to Garci Alvarez de Toledo the Earl of Vrgel who had been some years a Prisoner there being remov'd to Madrid An Impeachment of high Treason for corresponding with the Moors was brought into the Cortes against those Lords 14 Letters written by the Constable to King Joseph of Granada were produc'd and read Therefore the Estates of Prince Henry and Garci Manrique were confiscated and the same was decreed against Peter Manrique who having notice of what was in hand fled to Taraçona The like Sentence was given against the Constable who with the Lady Catherine Prince Henry's Wife fled first to Segura a strong Place towards Murcia and thence to Valencia He left a mighty Estate in Castile for Arcos Arjona Ossorno Ribadeo Candeleda Arenas and many other Towns were his so that the House Davalos began to decay Several other noble Families as the Fajardos Enriquez Sandovals Pimenteles and Zunigas rose out of the Ruins of the Davalos It was then whisper'd that those Letters of the Constable were forg'd and afterwards his Secretary John Garcia confess'd he had counterfeited them and was put to Death yet because the King and others were concern'd the Constable was not restor'd Now the King created Alvaro de Luna Earl of Santistevan de Gormaz and made him Constable Gonzalo Mexia Commendary of Segura was impower'd to act as Master of Santiago These things being concluded the King went away to Alcala and at the same time the Queen was deliver'd of a Daughter at Illescas on the 5th of October she was call'd Catherine This caus'd great Joy being an Argument the Queen was not barren as had been fear'd The Archbishop of Toledo after a tedious Sickness dy'd at Alcala de Henares and was put into a curious Marble Tomb built by himself in the Parish Church of St. Peter D. John Martinez de Contreras Dean of Toledo by the King's Interest was chosen Archbishop The Chapter rather favour'd the School-Master John Alvarez de Toledo but the King's Recommendation prevail'd The elect Archbishop went away to Rome to be confirm'd by Pope Martin the Vth as was then the Custom and spent two years in that Journey CHAP. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples Joseph
King of Granada dies Mahomet succeeds him AT Toledo whither the King of Castile went as soon as the Cortes broke up the form of Government was alter'd the Town being before divided into Factions and subject to Mutinies It was the Custom every two Years to choose 6 Officers somewhat in the nature of Aldermen 3 of the Commonalty and 3 of the Gentry These with the two Alcaides who are not unlike to our Sheriffs and the chief Alguazil made up a Court or Council and govern'd all the Affairs of the City All Men were free to come to their Consults and Vote with them which occasion'd Disorders The King regulated this Affair and order'd as King Alonso had before done at Burgos that there should be 16 Regidores or Aldermen chosen half of the Gentry and half of the Commonalty who were to continue for Life and the most Votes among them should take place When any of these dy'd the King was to name another This caus'd another inconveniency for those Places were expos'd to sale At Pamplona the Government of that Place which was divided betwixt three Governours was afterwards also reform'd One of these Governours had charge of the Suburbs another of the City and the third of a certain Quarter call'd Navarreria which often caus'd Disputes about the extent of their Jurisdiction King Charles ordained there should be but one Governour and with him 10 Aldermen who should have the whole Power in their Hands and that all the City should compose but one Body and be subject to one Tribunal John Earl of Faux had now a Son born to him call'd Gaston who in time through strange Revolutions came to be King of Navarre Prince Charles Son to Prince John of Aragon and the Lady Blanch his Wife dying He ought to have inherited his Grandfather's Crown and his Father sent his Mother with him to be bred in her Father's Court. As soon as the Prince came to Court he was created Prince of Viana and several other Towns particularly Corella and Peralta given him a thing new in Navarre but done in imitation of the neighbouring Kingdoms It was enacted that those Dominions should for the future ever belong to the Heir of the Crown This Law passed on the 20th of January 1423. Five Months after to satisfy the desires of the People the Oath of Allegiance to the Prince as next Heir was taken by the three Estates at Olite where the King being very antient commonly resided by reason of the Pleasantness of the Seat and the Beauty and Magnificence of a Palace he himself had built Ever since his Minority the King of Portugal had pressed him of Castile to settle a lasting Peace and enter into a League both Nations being wasted with tedious Wars and desirous to put an end to the Miseries it occasin'd So far the Portugues was comply'd with that a Truce was concluded for 29 Years and it was also agreed that after the Expiration of that time neither Party should commit any Hostility upon the other without declaring War a year and a half before such Breach made This Truce was proclaim'd at Avila where the King then was to the great Joy and Satisfaction of the People Processions of Thanksgiving were made and all manner of Sports to express the publick Satisfaction In certain Justs that were kept at Court Ferdinand de Castro the Portugues Embassador was Challenger and all others refusing to run against him Roderick de Mendoça Son to John Hurtado de Mendoça threw him out of the Saddle at the first shock and had like to have kill'd him The King comforted and presented him and as soon as recover'd sent him home well satisfy'd Embassies pass'd now betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon John Hurtado de Mendoça sent to the latter at Naples gave him the Reasons why Prince Henry was confin'd and demanded in his King's Name to have Catherine the Prince's Wife Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and the other Fugitives of Castile deliver'd up Dalmatius Archbishop of Tarragona was sent by the King of Aragon to Castile to shew that the Reason why he did not grant what that King requir'd was that it was contrary to the Antient Liberties of the Kingdom of Aragon not to protect any that sled thither for shelter besides that he had given them a safe Conduct which according to the Laws of Nations could not be violated He also declar'd to the King the posture of Affairs at Naples how many Jealousies arose betwixt the King and Queen whereupon the Country was divided into Factions and that the Fortune of the Aragonians began to decline it being much fear'd they would come to blows The Queen complain'd that King Alonso took more upon him than was his due That he bestow'd all places of Trust chang'd Garrisons and made the Souldiers take an Oath of Fidelity to him In fine that he turn'd all things which way he listed and incroach'd upon the Laws and Liberties of that Kingdom These things she lay'd to the Charge of her adopted Son King Alonso as an inconstant and changeable Woman grown weary of him and now she was deliver'd of Fear prov'd as ungrateful as she had been liberal in her Distress King Alonso fear'd the Inconstancy of the Queen and could not bear with her open Leudness therefore he order'd a Fleet to be fitted out in order to send her away to Catalonia This was not carry'd so privately but the Queen had notice of it and from that time the Friendship betwixt those two Nations began to grow cold Both parties complain'd that their Adversaries dealt not ingenuously but lay'd Snares to intrap them and it was true enough The King kept at Castelnovo the Queen at Porta Capuana a strong Place From this beginning sprang two Factions in Naples one of the Aragonians and the other of the Andegavenses or Anjovines Names odious in that Kingdom and which lasted till our Days The Enmity and Contrivances went on King Alonso feign'd himself sick John Caracciolo the Seneschal came to see him He was great in the Queen's Favour and that more than became her Modesty therefore he was secur'd at this Visit and the Aragonians immediately repair'd to Porta Capuana The Queen's Party shut the Gates and drew up the Bridge so that King Alonso was forc'd to go off not without some Danger for they cast Darts at him from the Walls Thus by degrees they came to sight in the very Streets At first the Aragonians got the better possess'd themselves of the City and having plunder'd and burnt several Houses besieg'd the Queen in her strong Palace It s own Strength and the Resolution of the Garrison defended it against all the Attempts of the Aragonians Sforcia who lay near at Hand came to relieve the Queen and Bernard de Cabrera came out of Sicily to reinforce the King as did a Fleet of 22 Galleys and 8 large Ships from Catalonia This Fleet arriving at Naples on
the 10th of June recruited the Aragonians who were now grown weak and declin'd Encourag'd with this Relief they again fought in the City many were kill'd and several Houses plunder'd The Queen went away to Aversa and Sforcia with her as also a good Garrison and 5000 Citizens who offer'd to stand by her Prisoners on both sides were exchang'd and thus Caracciolo recovered his Liberty At length on the 21st of June the Queen at Nola recall'd and made void the Adoption of King Alonso as an ungrateful and unworthy Person In his stead she adopted and appointed her Successor Luis Duke of Anjou the third of the Name and Son to the 2d To this effect she sent for him from Rome and created him Duke of Calabria a Title usually given to the Heir of the Crown Sforcia and Caracciolo who were most in favour gave the Queen this Advice From this time the good Fortune of the Aragonians began to change and decline King Alonso sent for Braccio de Monton out of Abruzzo where he was besieging Aquila a great City designing to set him up against Sforcia But he excus'd himself either not liking the Party or because he hop'd to make himself Master of that City and all its Territory For this reason King Alonso was oblig'd to resolve upon returning to Spain to settle his Affairs and gather new Forces to carry on the War tho he gave out it was to set at Liberty his Brother Prince Henry He left his other Brother Prince Peter his Commissioner with full Power to Command in his Absence With him stay'd James Caldora and several other considerable Officers of both Nations Antony de Luna Son to Antony de Luna Earl of Calatabelota was appointed Governour of Gaeta At the same time the King of Castile took a Progress to Plasencia Talavera and Madrid and his Queen was brought to Bed on the 10th of September of another Daughter call'd Ellenor Joseph the Moorish King dy'd at Granada and Mahomet his Son called The left-handed succeeded him He was afterwards Famous for being three times depos'd and as often restor'd to his Kingdom and for his many Misfortunes rather than any great Actions At first he observ'd the Peace with the King of Castile and oblig'd Muley King of Tunez Thus he endeavour'd by the Friendship of these Princes to secure himself against his Enemies but took no care to gain the Affections of his People the surest Prop of Princes So that he appears to have been as imperfect in his Judgment as he was in his Body and Fortune prov'd his Enemy CHAP. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples D. Peter de Luna who during the time of the Schism call'd himself Benedict the XIIIth as long as he lived kept at Peniscola relying on the Strength of that Place and persisted in calling himself Pope He dy'd in that Town on the 23d of May being Whitsunday at the Age of 90 Years a wonderful thing that he should live so long amidst so many Troubles Luis Pançan a Citizen of Sevil and follower of D. Alonso Carrillo Cardinal of S. Eustachius in a Commentary he writ of some remarkable Occurrences in those Times affirms positively that Benedict was Poison'd in some Wafers he us'd to eat after Meat by a Fryar call'd Thomas who was very familiar with him and that he being afterwards by his own Confession found Guilty of the Fact was torn in Pieces by four Horses He further adds that the Cardinal of Pisa sent to Aragon to apprehend Benedict gave this Advice and that it being put in Execution he fled from Tortosa where he had stay'd to see the Event fearing D. Roderick and D. Alvaro who resolv'd to revenge the Death of their Uncle Benedict by killing the Legate if he had not made his Escape having perform'd what he came for but not wholly put an end to the Schism For by two Cardinals that remain'd of the Faction of Benedict one Giles Mun̄oz a Canon of Barcelona was set up in his place He was a Man of no Note and the election of so little Value that he himself was dubious whether he should accept of it till King Alonso of Aragon encourag'd and perswaded him to take upon him the Papacy by the Name of Clement the VIIIth This the King did to be reveng'd of Pope Martin the Vth who favour'd the Party of the Anjouins and oppos'd the Aragonians insomuch that he had of late created Luis Duke of Anjou King of Naples and had approv'd of the new adoption made by the Queen joyning his Forces with hers A General Council which began to assemble at Pavia in pursuance to the Degree of the Council of Constance was by reason of the Plague which rag'd in that City removed to Siena in Tuscany and thither the Bishops and Embassadors repair'd from all Parts King Alonso sent his with Orders to justify Pope Benedict and complain of the wrong done in deposing of him This struck a Terror into Pope Martin and made him slacken in favouring the Faction of Anjou so he speedily broke up the Council Proroguing it to a farther time He fear'd lest the Schism should again be reviv'd and Christendom farther involv'd in Difficulties D. John de Contreras Arch-bishop of Toledo took place of all the Spanish Arch-bishops at this Council by order of Pope Martin as appears by two Bulls of his still extant among the Records of the Church of Toledo But these things happen'd somewhat later King Alonso having resolv'd to pass over into Spain imbark'd on a Fleet of 18 Galleys and 12 Ships About the middle of October he sail'd from Naples The Weather being bad the Fleet was dispers'd but as soon as it clear'd up they joyn'd again and sail'd together to Marseilles on the Coast of Provence a City belonging to the Duke of Anjou Having broken the Chains they entred the Port and assaulted the City The Service was hot and lasted till Night when Folch Earl of Cardona who commanded the Ships advis'd to desist because they knew not the Streets and in the dark tho the Gates had been open the confusion would be great and the Townsmen have a considerable Advantage over them John de Corbera on the other side affirm'd the Townsmen were now in a Consternation and ought to be press'd before they had time to recover themselves This Opinion was approv'd of by the King the Assault was renew'd and the City enter'd Night and Darkness gave the Souldiers an Opportunity to commit all manner of Insolences but the King shew'd himself Religious for he order'd that no wrong should be offer'd to Women who had taken Sanctuary in Churches nor any thing that they carry'd with them taken from them This Order was proclaim'd and punctually observ'd They Ship'd the Booty and left the City
banish'd This Resolution appear'd very hard on his side to the King of Castile but it was natural for Prince John to favour his Brother besides that the King of Aragon would hear of no Conditions without the Prisoner were releas'd which made the King of Castile and his Nobles to condescend CHAP. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada deposed UPon Saturday the 8th of September being the Feast of the Nativity of our Blessed Lady dy'd Charles the Noble King of Navarre at Olite of a sudden fit that seiz'd him and no remedy could be found for it His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of Pamplona His Daughter Blanch was with him at his Death and had been not long before deliver'd of a Daughter called also Blanch who prov'd very Unfortunate As soon as her Father was dead she sent her Husband the Royal Standard in token of his Accession to the Crown and he was proclaim'd King of Navarre in the Camp Some blamed this Action as Precipitate and said they ought first to have taken the usual Oath of preserving the Liberties of the People The News of Prince Henry's being set at Liberty reach'd his Brothers in a day and half it being so order'd that the Beacons should be fir'd whereof there is a great number in Castile Hereupon the Forces of Aragon return'd to Taraçona and in November following were dismiss'd Prince John went as far as Agreda to meet his Brother Henry and conduct him to the King of Aragon It was a joyful Day for the three Brothers not only for the Liberty Prince Henry had obtain'd but because it was a sort of Victory to have reduc'd Castile to Complyance About the same time at Valencia on the 29th of November dy'd D. Alonso the younger Duke of Gandia without Issue His Dominion of Ribagorca was given to Prince John at this time King of Navarre D. Henry de Guzman Earl of Niebla after many Disputes was parted from his Wife the Lady Violante Daughter to Martin King of Sicily to the great Regret of her Bastard Brother D. Frederick Earl of Luna It griev'd him to see his Sister so wrong'd without any fault committed on her Side only for the extravagant Amours of her Husband and therefore endeavour'd to gain the Affections of the Nobility of Castile hoping that way to secure his Revenge Prince Henry's Liberty reduc'd the Affairs of Castile to a worse Condition than they were in before Till this time the Kingdom was divided into three Factions that of D. Alvaro de Luna and those of the two Princes John and Henry of Aragon The rest of the Nobility according to every Man's Inclination adher'd to some one of these Parties Now the two Princes being reconcil'd the three Factions were reduc'd to two Most of the Nobility conspir'd against D. Alvaro It griev'd them to see him and a few Creatures of his ingross all the King's Favour and Envy push'd them on to contrive his Ruin But he relying on his Prince's Favour with whom he had been Familiar from his tender Years despis'd them all insomuch that it was given out and great Men affirm'd he had the Boldness to make Love to the Queen but this could never be prov'd and it is to be believ'd that many things were wrongfully lay'd to his Charge through the Envy of his Adversaries This Conspiracy was first begun against him at Taraçona when the three Brothers of Aragon met It was brought to Perfection the following Year 1426. The King of Castile kept his Christmas and new Year at Segovia and John the New King of Navarre at Medina del Campo with his Mother having not long before met the King of Castile at Roa Prince Henry was gone to Ocan̄a being forbid coming to Court or intermedling with the Government The King of Aragon resided at Valencia at such time as the Lady Constance Daughter to the Constable Ruy Lopez Davalos was marry'd to Luis Massa a noble and rich Youth the King paying the greatest part of her Portion This Prince was so generous he not only supported the Father but afterwards when he recover'd Naples gave great Possesseions to his Son D. In̄igo Davalos and to his Grandson call'd D. In̄igo de Guevara The Queen Dowager of Aragon with her Daughter the Princess Ellenor went to Valencia at the Request of the King her Son but soon return'd to Medina del Campo She was unwilling by her long Absence to offend the King of Castile who had now sent the Earl of Vrgel from Castrotaraf whither he had been remov'd from the Castle of Madrid into the Kingdom of Valencia supposing he might be useful in Aragon by reason of the Troubles that threaten'd Castile He was put into the Castle of Xativa where he ended his Days and tedious Imprisonment At Toro the Cortes met where it was propos'd to Retrench the King's Expences because they exceeded the Revenue Therefore the Guards that consisted of 1000 Horse were reduc'd to 100 and D. Alvaro de Luna made their Captain which increas'd his Power and the Envy conceiv'd against him At this same time dy'd John de Mendoça Steward of the Houshould and Alonso Enriguez the Admiral fell sick of a Disease that carry'd him off three Years after their Employments were given to their Sons The great Men by Letter that their Meeting might not cause Suspition associated themselves The chief of them were the Masters of the Orders of Calatrava and Alcantara Peter Velasco Lord Chamberlain the King of Navarre and his Brother Prince Henry They took a solemn Oath to stand by one another and with regard to the King's Majesty use all means that the Publick might not suffer by evil Counsellors This Association was concluded about the beginning of November at the Hermitage of Orçilla in the Territory of Medina del Campo From Toro the King of Castile went to Zamora at the beginning of the Year 1427. Prince Henry of Aragon tho forbid the Court mov'd from Ocan̄a towards Old Castile with a great Retinue well Arm'd The King was gone to Simancas and the Princes of Aragon with the Competitors stay'd at Valladolid Such of the Nobility as were not in the Association stood Neuters His People being divided the King was Weak and Naked besides his natural inclination to Ease A Petition was presented by the Conspirators representing what they found fault with in the King's Family and the Crimes of D. Alvaro de Luna Having consider'd this Affair Judges were appointed to regulate it most of them were in the Association viz. the Admiral the Master of Calatrava Peter Manrique and Ferdinand de Robles who tho of mean Extraction was very Rich and High Treasurer These were Commission'd to examine into the Crimes imputed to D. Alvaro de Luna and to them was joyn'd the Abbot of St. Benedict
Cittadel into which the Citizens were retir'd Joseph Abencerrage came from Granada to relieve them but was overthrown and kill'd The Moors being ill affected to King Mahomet and favouring Benalmao Mahomet fled to Malaga and Benalmao was receiv'd into Granada on the first day of the Year 1432. In January the same Year Edward Prince of Portugal had a Son by his Wife the Lady Ellenor called Alonso afterwards famous for the Misfortunes that befel him All the People of Granada endeavoured to signify their Affection to the new King He took an Oath to be always a Friend to Castite and justly pay the Tribute agreed upon But he was of a great Age and therefore his Reign very short for he dy'd the 6th Month after his Accession to the Crown on the 24th of June Thus Mahomet the left-handed was again call'd from Malaga and restor'd to his Kingdom As soon as restor'd he made one Andilbar Governour of Granada instead of Joseph Abencerrage who was kill'd as has been say'd He concluded a Truce for a short time with Castile The Princes of Aragon ceas'd not to disturb the Peace on the Borders of Portugal and the King's Treasure being exhausted he could not withstand so many Enemies which oblig'd him to agree to this Truce Besides he was willing to oblige the King of Tunez who interceded for that King D. Alvaro de Isorna Bishop of Cuenca was sent to endeavour to reduce the Master of Alcantara who sided with the Princes of Aragon but could not prevail upon him Yet soon after some signs of Repentance appearing Dr. Franco was sent on the same Errand But he on a sudden deliver'd the Castle of Alcantara to Prince Peter and the Doctor himself to Prince Henry which render'd him incapable of the King's Mercy and also made him odious to the People as a Man who violated the publick Faith D. Frederick the Admiral and Peter Manrique the Lieutentant with a good Force were order'd to besiege Albuquerque and manage the War against the Princes of Aragon Gutierre de Sotomayor chief Commendary of Alcantara on the first of July at Night surpriz'd Prince Peter in his Bed and deliver'd him up to the King who in reward for this good Service made him Master of Alcantara in the place of his Uncle The Commendaries of the Order met and condemn'd D. John de Sotomayor whereupon D. Gutierre was chosen Master All the Nobles of Castile that had been imprisoned were discharg'd CHAP. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds ALonso King of Aragon returning into Spain as has been said his Party wholly declin'd in Naples His Adversaries grew strong most of the Nobility sided with them and but few inclin'd to the Aragonians Yet they tho too weak to maintain that War undertook another The Family of Fregosa very powerful at Genoa being expell'd thence by Philip Duke of Milan had recourse for succour to Prince Peter who then supported the Interest of the King his Brother in Naples with a very small Power He hoping to make himself Master of that City or at least to be reveng'd on the Duke of Milan for the wrongs done during the late War joyn'd his Forces with the Fregosos and Fliscos and recover'd several places along the Coast of Genoa The Duke fearing to lose Genoa sent Embassadors to Spain promising the King to deliver to him the City Bonifacio the Capital of Corsica for which Island the Aragonians and Genoeses had long contended The King lik'd the Proposals and sent an Embassador into Italy to conclude the Peace Bonisacio could not be deliver'd the Senate of Genoa opposing it but instead of it they gave Portovenere and Letici Prince Peter came from Sicily whither he had return'd put Garrisons into those Places and leaving 6 Galleys with Duke Philip to guard the Coast sail'd away with the rest of the Fleet. Then having plunder'd an Island on the Coast of Africk call'd Circina now Charcana and setled the Affairs of Sicily and Naples he return'd to Spain to assist his Brothers without any hopes of recovering the Kingdom of Naples King Alonso however despair'd not believing the Forces of the Enemy would decay the Minds of the Natives would alter and the Queen her self grow weary of those Guests Nor was he deceiv'd for the Duke of Anjou was sent by the Queen into Calabria with orders to apply himself to the Military Affairs without concerning himself with the Government Caracciolo Seneschal of Naples gave this Advice hoping to draw all the Power into his own Hands and perceiving he was thereby grown odious he invited the King of Aragon into the Kingdom promising to stand by him Antony Vrsino Prince of Taranto a noble Person and ambitious of Honour sollicited the return of the Aragonians These advices mov'd the King of Aragon tho he did not wholly conside in those Men nor would he utterly reject their offers Therefore having fitted out a Fleet of 26 Galleys and 9 great Ships and left the Government of the Kingdom to his Brothers he resolv'd to sail over to Africk there to gain Reputation and be the nearer to his Friends With this design he set sail from Valencia and after touching in Sardinia arriv'd in Sicily The French had besieg'd the strong Castle of Trupia in Calabria and reduc'd it to such extremity that the besieg'd promis'd to surrender if not reliev'd in 20 Days Storms hinder'd the King from coming in time and the Place was deliver'd in his sight At Messina 70 Sail joyn'd the Fleet of Aragon and they altogether steer'd their Course for Gelves an Island on the Coast of Africk It is near to another Island call'd Sitre the lesser and is encompassed with dangerous movable Sands being but four Miles from the Continent full of Inhabitants and a delightful Place On the West it draws nearer the Continent to which it is joyn'd by a Bridge a Mile in length This enterprize was difficult the place being strong and well guarded for Bofferriz King of Tunez having intelligence of the Design was come thither to defend it At first landing the Aragonians took the Bridge and overthrew the Moors forcing them to retire to their Camp which also they enter'd and after a hot Dispute near the King's Tent put them again to flight The slaughter was not great nor the Booty but 20 pieces of Cannon were taken Nevertheless they could not make themselves Masters of the Island for the Islanders spent much time in capitulating till as they had design'd the Fleet for want of Provisions was forc'd to return to Messina There it was consulted how to recover Naples To forward this Design it happen'd that John Carracciolo was murder'd by the Contrivance of Corbella Rufa Wife to Antony Mariano Duke of Sessa she being the next to him in the Queen's Favour and
hating him mortally The King who let slip no Opportunity to advance his Interest sent immediately Embassadors to the Queen and went over himself to the Island Ischia to be the nearer to her Most of the Summer was spent in treating but at length the Queen disannull'd the Adoption of the Duke of Anjou and renew'd that of King Alonso This was all privately transacted by the Advice of Corbella by whom the Queen was wholly directed Whilst these things were in Agitation at Naples the Princes of Aragon were in great danger Peter being a Prisoner and Henry besieg'd in Albuquerque A greater War was fear'd because the Articles agreed on before had not been observ'd whereof the Embassadors of Castile complain'd to John King of Navarre who was Lieutenant to his Brother of Aragon At length it was agreed that the two Princes should deliver up Albuquerque and all other Places they held and so depart Castile This being concluded by the Mediation of the King of Portugal the two Brothers and Catherine Wife to Prince Henry with the Master of Alcantara and Bishop of Coria embarked at Lisbon and went thence to Valencia designing to try their Fortunes again in Spain or if that fail'd to go over into Italy which was what their Brother desir'd being resolv'd to conquer the Kingdom of Naples as knowing well the Queen was more inclin'd to his Competitor and only study'd to amuze him Frederick Earl of Luna kept up his Intelligence with Castile intending to betray Taraçona and Calatayud Towns on the Frontiers of Aragon to King John This seem'd the more easy because at the same time there arose a Dispute about the Jurisdiction of the Church of Toledo D. John de Contreras Archbishop of Toledo with six others was appointed by the King of Castile to compose the Differences betwixt him and the Crown of Aragon D. John as Primate of all Spain carry'd the Cross before him which the Bishop of Taraçona first and then the Arch-bishop of Zaragoça as Metropolitan complain'd of This Dispute betwixt the Prelates hinder'd the most important Affair of the Peace which was the general Concern from being brought to an Issue and it was fear'd the Truce being expir'd the War would again break out Both Parties prepar'd for it and both were streighten'd for Mony but chiefly the Aragonians exhausted with such lasting Wars Several strange Apparitions in the Sky terrify'd the Spaniards already alarm'd with the Apprehension of a new War Particularly at Cuidad Rodrigo where the King of Castile then lay there was seen for a long time a Flame moving about which ended in a terrible clap of Thunder that was hear'd above 30 Miles from thence At the beginning of the Year 1433 it Snow'd in Aragon and Nevarre for the space of 40 Days continually which destroy'd vast Numbers of Cattle and Fowl The very wild Beasts came from the Woods to the Towns forc'd by hunger to seek Food From Cuidad Rodrigo the King of Castile went to Madrid to hold the Cortes Thither resorted so great a Multitude that the Town tho large could not contain it and many were forc'd to lodge in the neighbouring Villages Here it was consulted how to carry on the War of Granada the Truce being expir'd Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo was sent to begin the War He took some strong Holds from the Moors All the rest of Spain enjoy'd Peace this Year The Nobility of Castile strove to out do one another in the splendour of their Retinues and Expences spending the time in running at Tilt and such Sports to delight the King and People without any care of the War At Lisbon this Year the Plague carry'd off great Numbers of People King John of Portugal dy'd on the 14th of August at the Age of 76 4 Months and 3 Days and having Reign'd 48 Years 4 Months and 9 Days He is famous for having in such a confusion of times secur'd that Kingdom to his Posterity His Son Edward succeeded him and was declar'd King in a great Assembly of the Nobility being then 41 Years 9 Months and 14 Days old Besides his other Felicities King John was happy in a numerous Issue by his Wife Philippa Daughter to John Duke of Lancaster First he had Blanch who dy'd young 2dly Alonso who liv'd but 10 Years 3dly Edward who succeeded him 4thly Peter Duke of Coimbra 5thly Henry Duke of Viseo 6thly John Constable of Portugal 7thly Ferdinand Master of Avis and 8thly Elizabeth marry'd to Philip Earl of Flanders and Duke of Burgundy On the Day of King Edward's Coronation it is reported that a Jewish Physician call'd Gudiala advis'd to put off that Ceremony till the Afternoon else it would be unfortunate but his Council was slighted as superstitious As soon as the King took upon him the Government he order'd the Funeral of his Father with greater Pomp than had been till then he with all the Nobility accompanying the Corps to the Church of Batalla at Aljubarrota built by the deceas'd King as was said before All the rest of this King's Reign was answerable to this pious Beginning CHAP. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples and death of the Duke of Anjou and the Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd POpe Martin the last Year of his Life had summon'd all the Christian Prelates to hold a General Council at Basil in order to reform the universal Corruption of Manners and to 〈◊〉 to the true Faith the Bohemians then tainted with new Heresies Cardinal Julian Cesarinus went from Rome to be present at the opening of the Council Eugenius successor to Pope Martin endeavour'd to remove the Council into Italy but Sigismund the Emperor oppos'd it Other Princes were courted to joyn with each of them The King of Aragon thought fit to be of the Emperor's Party hoping he would be the surer Friend to him towards obtaining the Kingdom of Naples For this Reason he sent his Embassadors to Basil as did all the other Princes of Spain mov'd by his Example At the beginning of the Year 1434 dy'd at Basil Cardinal Alonso Carrillo a Person of great Learning and Wisdom and Protector of Spain D. Alonso Carrillo his Nephew succeeded him in the Bishoprick of Siguença and came at last to be Archbishop of Toledo Sigismund the Emperor answer'd not the Expectations of the King of Aragon but as soon as he was crown'd at Rome as if the Crown had chang'd his Nature he made a League with the Venetians Florentines and Philip Duke of Milan for expelling the Aragonians out of all Italy with their joynt Forces This he did rather to comply with the Pope than out of any particular Prejudice But all things happen'd otherwise than they expected as shall appear hereafter Frederick Earl of Luna added one Crime to all his former Extravagancies which brought him to his Ruin He was bold and restless
Aragonians and gain'd the Victory The Enemy enter'd the King's Ship and he finding it made much Water say'd he yeilded himself Prisoner to the Duke of Milan tho not present In the same Ship were taken the Prince of Taranto and Duke of Sessa 12 other Ships were taken and in them many Prisoners of Note among them the King of Navarre whose Life Roderick Robolledo sav'd at the beginning of the Fight Prince Henry of Aragon was also made Prisoner Authors do not agree about Prince Peter Some say he escap'd by Night with 3 Galleys out of the Fight Others that he arriv'd with the rest of the Fleet from Sevil at Ischia at the time of the Battle Besides those mentioned Raymund Boil Viceroy of Naples James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro with his two Sons Ferdinand and James D. John de Sotomayor In̄igo Davalos Son to the Constable D. Ruy Lopez Davalos and a Grandson of his called D. In̄igo de Guevara fell all into the Hands of the Enemy After this famous Victory the People of Gaeta sallying routed the Aragonians enter'd their Camp and plunder'd all the Baggage of those great Men. Many were taken Prisoners the rest of the Army was dispersed This Battle was fought on the 5th of August near the Island Ponça Who would not have thought this Overthrow had quite defeated the hopes of the Aragonians and yet contrary to all humane Probability this very Misfortune was the best step towards their gaining the Kingdom of Naples After the fight the Victorious Genoeses return'd home where they secur'd the greatest number of Persons to pay the Charge of the Fleet. The Kings with about 300 Men of Note were carry'd to Milan where the Genoese Admiral made his Entry in the nature of a Triumph and such a one as had not been seen in many Ages All Italy was in suspence considering what Advantage that Duke would make of his Victory and fear'd he would improve it to subdue all that Country He himself was dubious whether he should impose some hard Conditions upon them or put them to Ransom but fear'd when at Liberty they would seek Revenge At length Honour prevail'd and he resolv'd to discharge them Gratis sending them back with rich Presents He therefore receiv'd the King of Aragon with much Honour and they discours'd largely of the Danger of suffering the French to take footing in Italy Whilst these things were in Agitation at Milan the Lady Elizabeth by order of her Husband the Duke of Anjou who as has been said was Prisoner went by Sea to Genoa thence to Gaeta and lastly coming to Naples on the 18th of October much encourag'd those that were of her Party Pope Eugenius assisted her with Forces and she being a Woman excellently qualify'd purchas'd the Love of the People Many Councils were held in Spain to consider what could be done for the Kings The Cortes of Aragon met at Zaragoça and it was agreed to equip a Fleet to secure Sicily and Sardinia for all thoughts of Naples were given over At Soria the King of Castile and Queen of Aragon prolong'd the Truce for 5 Months longer Queen Ellenor Mother to the Kings that were Prisoners dy'd suddenly at Medina del Campo and was bury'd at S. John de las Duen̄as a Monastery she built At Milan the Duke and his Prisoners concluded a League Offensive and Defensive The King of Navarre went into Spain with full Commission to govern Aragon and raise Mony The Prince of Taranto and Duke of Sessa went to Naples to encourage their Party and order Prince Peter with the Fleet to assist them The King's Orders were obey'd and immediately the City Gaeta was deliver'd up to him on Christmas day Soon after the King of Aragon being set free by the Duke came to Protovenere Some will have it that there were signs which foretold the King's Imprisonment as that an Arch of the Bridge that was then building at Zaragoça over the River Ebro fell and kill'd five Men. Nine Leagues from Zaragoça on the Banks of Ebro stands a Town called Villilla where there is a Bell which those People are perswaded rings of it self before any extraordinary Accident This Bell is said to have rung without any humane help the day before the Kings were taken also on the 30th of October and again on the 5th of January following which was the year 1436 and was the Day the King was set at Liberty I do not pretend to justify these things or so much as to plead for them It is enough that grave Authors mention them and quote Eye-witnesses for the Truth of them Let the Reader make what Judgment of it he pleases CHAP. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues Loss in Africk THE Peace concluded at Milan was the cause of a bloody War for the Genoeses openly revolted against the Duke of Milan complaining he reap'd the fruit of their Victory by releasing the Kings whilst they lay under the Odium of having made them Prisoners besides that the Duke had chang'd his Protection they had implor'd in time of need into absolute Tyranny Thus having underhand made a League with Pope Eugenius and the Duke of Anjou they declar'd War Paccio Alciato Governour of the City for the Duke was kill'd and many others The chief contriver of this Revolution was Francis Spinola who had gain'd Reputation by defending Gaeta and was therefore puffed up with Pride besides that he did it in hatred to the Family of the Fliscos and Fregosos who favour'd the Aragonians Many other Towns follow'd the Example of Genoa and expell'd the Milanese Garrisons They kept the Spanish Prisoners they had for whose Ransom the King of Aragon was forc'd to pay them 70000 Crowns The Sicilians on account of antient Friendship were releas'd Gratis Only 3 Sons of John de Vintemilla remain'd long Prisoners at Genoa the cause of detaining them is not known The King of Aragon at the request of Duke Philip endeavour'd to pacify the People of Genoa with the Fleet his Brother Peter sent him from Gaeta but desisted for fear of losing time in reducing those People when the Affairs of Naples call'd upon him From Porto Venere he sent his Brother Henry into Spain and gave him the Territory of Ampurias ordering him to be assisting in the War against Castile in case that King did break as was fear'd he would when the Truce expir'd The King himself set sail and arriv'd at Gaeta on the 2d of February Mean while Prince Peter his Brother had taken Terracina to the great regret of the Pope to whom that City belong'd Upon the King's Arrival the Neapolitan Nobility repair'd to Gaeta He appointed Francis Picinino General to oblige Duke Philip whose greatest Favourite the Father of this Francis was All Italy was alarm'd and many Cities combin'd to drive the
Duke of Bourbon had broke into Aragon by the way of Russillon The Q. of Aragon and K. of Navarre were much alarm'd but this Storm soon vanish'd for the Weather drove the French another way without doing any considerable harm This year was unfortunate to Portugal not only for their Loss in Africk but for the Plague which rag'd throughout the Kingdom and destroy'd great Numbers of People Also King Edward dy'd of a Fever at the Convent of Tomar whither he withdrew for fear of the Plague His Reign was short for it lasted but Five Years and Thirty Seven Days He writ a Book of the Government of a Kingdom and ordain'd that for the future the King 's Eldest Son should be call'd Prince as was the Custom in Castile He had Issue Alonso who succeeded him and was the First that had the Title of Prince in Portugal Ferdinand Duke of Viseo Master of the Orders of Christ and Santiago Constable of Portugal who was Father of Ellenor Queen of Portugal Elizabeth Dutchess of Bragança James Kill'd by his Brother-in-Law King John and Emanuel that came at length to be King of Portugal Ellenor the Empress Wife to Frederick the III. and Mother to Maximilian was also Daughter to King Edward Besides he had Catherine Contracted to several Princes yet never Marry'd and Joanna Wife to Henry IV. King of Castile The late King order'd the Queen should Govern during the Minority of his Son but the Nobility mutiny'd and chose Peter Duke of Coimbra the New King's Uncle The Queen complain'd of the Wrong done her but to no purpose In August Peter Manrique the Lieutenant with his Wife and Two Daughters let themselves down by Ropes out of the Castle of Fuentiduen̄as where he was Prisoner and escap'd by the Assistance of some Servants of the Governour Gomez Carrillo and this occasion'd New Troubles Many Noblemen associated themselves with him in order to pull down D. Alvaro de Luna which was a difficult Task his Power being very great At Medina de Ruysico they made all manner of Warlike Preparations In February 1439. the King went from Madrigal to Roa to prevent their Designs carrying along with him his Son Prince Henry D. Alvaro de Luna and several other Nobles and Prelates The Conspirators sent a Letter to the King full of submissive Language protesting they were ready to Obey him or his Son and that they had taken up Arms to defend themselves against the Favourite The King return'd no Answer Roderick de Villandrando was then come from France bringing with him 4000 Horse to serve the King upon promise of being Created Earl of Ribadeo Prince Henry of Aragon and his Brother the King of Navarre entred Castile with 500 Horse hoping during those Tumults to recover the Lands that had been taken from them Both Parties sent to Court them neither knowing what they design'd They agreed among themselves that the King of Navarre should go to Cuellar where the King of Castile then was and Prince Henry to Pen̄afiel a Town which had been his Their design was to look on till they found which side was likeliest to restore them to their Estates Mean while In̄igo de Zuniga Brother to the Earl of Ledesma with a Party of 500 Horse secur'd Valladolid a Large Rich and plentiful Town Immediately a great Number of the Conspirators repair'd thither The King of Castile fearing these Beginnings might produce greater Mischiefs went to Olmedo to be the nearer in order to appease those Commotions and to bring Prince Henry over to his Party They had several Conferences to this purpose but all without success for the Prince after amusing both Parties for some time at last joyn'd with the Rebels This was suppos'd to be done with the Advice of the King of Navarre that he might have a sure Stake whoever was uppermost The whole Kingdom was under great Apprehensions of a New War Therefore some Religious Pious and Learned Persons interpos'd They spoke to those Rebellious Noblemen and represented to them the Miseries of a Civil War advising to compose Differences before any Blood was spilt They labour'd so much that they perswaded both Parties to meet at Castro Nun̄o there to treat of some amicable Accommodation CHAP. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dyes Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil Deposes Pope Eugenius and chooses Felix ON the 24th of August Castelnovo in Naples having endured a tedious Siege notwithstanding the King of Aragon was preparing to Relieve it was deliver'd up to the Enemy Yet the King of Aragon made amends for this Loss by recovering the City Salerno and several other Places At Castro Nun̄o the King of Castile and his Nobles at last agreed upon these Articles That D. Alvaro de Luna be Six Months from Court without being allow'd to write to the King That their Estates be restor'd to the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon or in lieu of them such a Revenue as shall be adjudged by Arbitrators That all Forces be dismissed That the Conspirators withdraw their Garrisons out of the Towns they have seized That no Man be punish'd for having formerly sided with Aragon and now with the Conspirators Hereupon the Mastership of Santiago was restor'd to Prince Henry and the Town of Cuellar to the King of Navarre D. Alvaro de Luna in lieu of it had Sepulveda This done the King went to Toro There he receiv'd the News that the Lady Cathorine Wife to Prince Henry of Aragon dy'd at Zaragoça without Issue on the 19th of October D. Alvaro de Luna in pursuance of the late Capitulation on the 29th of October went away to Sepulveda so highly offended he could not concea◠it With him went Jonntile Silva chief Standard-Bearer to the King Peter de Acun̄a Gomez Carrillo and many other Men of Quality who were beholding to him or hoped to be so The Council of Basil at last deposed Pope Eugenius and in his Place chose Amadec on the Fifth of November by the Name of Felix V. He had been Forty Years Earl and Duke of Savoy and then Abdioating his Dukedom and Renouncing the Pleasures of the Court liv'd a solitary Life aiming at Perfection accompany'd only by six antient Men of Quality It was happy for Pope Engenius that the Christian Princes made no account of that Election not even the King of Aragon and Duke of Millan tho Enemies to Eugenius and higher offended at him The Authority of the Fathers at Basil declin'd yet they broke not up till the year 47 of this Century at which time they dissolv'd and return'd home being terrify'd by Luis Dauphin of France who was marching to break up their Assembly by a Decree of Frederick the Emperor Felix the New Pope upon better Advice soon after said aside the Pontifical Robes and was by Pope Nicholas Succeslor to Engenius made Cardinal and
Legate of Savoy Castile seem'd to be restor'd to perfect Peace by the Banishment of D. Alvaro de Luna but Ambition the Bane of Kingdoms soon disturb'd it The King was not of Judgment sound enough to govern without the Help and Advice of another This was well known to the Nobility and every one strove to gain his Favour in order to become First Minister of State D. Frederick the Admiral a Bold Man and of a ready Wit stood fairest being particularly recommended to the King by D. Alvaro de Luna at the time of his departure The Princes of Aragon were enrag'd that all their Contrivances fall'd them At Toro the Servants of the several Factions quarrell'd and were like to come to Blows about taking up their Lodgings The King knew not how to pacify the Nobles and therefore by the Advice of D. Alvaro's â—â—ads under colour of Hunting fled to Salamanca at the beginning of the year 1440. After him went the Princes of Aragon the Earls of Benavente Ledesina Haro 〈◊〉 Valencia and InÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoça with 600 Horse resolving to use Violence if oppos'd The King being inform'd of their coming remov'd to Bonilla a Loyal and Strong Town Thence he sent to the Princes of Aragon who under a safe Conduct came first to Salamanca and thence to Avila whither the Mutinous Lords were come designing to secure that City The Archbishop of Seviil who then sighaliz'd his Loyalty was the Chief Man that passed between them but without success Yet the Nobles made use of him to write to the King giving him grave Advice and charging D. Alvaro de Luna He return'd no 〈…〉 They went the Earls of Haro and Benavente to him who prevail'd to have the 〈…〉 at Valladolid Yet those Lords were so far from restoring the Towns they had serz'd and their hands that they secur'd Leon Segovia Zamora Salamanca Valladolid Avila Burgos Placencia and Guadalasara Besides Prince Henry had Toledo deliver'd to him by Peter Lopez de Ayala who was Governour of the Town and Castle for the King At the Cortes which sate at Valladolid in April the first thing consider'd upon was to give satisfaction to D. Alvaro de Luna and bring him back to Court. To this effect Letters were sent to him from that Assembly yet he came not for the present Soon after all the Revolted Cities return'd to their 〈…〉 had particularly Toledo Prince Henry at this time Rebell'd against his Father being 〈…〉 that D. Alvaro should return to Court John Pacheco Son to Alonso Giron Lord of 〈…〉 had the same influence over the Prince that D. Alvaro had over the King and endeavour'd by supplanting D. Alvaro who had preferr'd him to rise to his Grandeur Prince Henry of Castile withdrew from Court giving out that he would not return till some of the King's Counsellors with whom he was displeas'd were remov'd yet he came back late at Night at the perswasion of his Father-in-Law the King of Navarre To pacify him his Wife was brought from Navarre to Valladolid where on the 25th of September the Nuptials were celebrated with great Pomp and there was a Feast of Tilting in which some Nobles were kill'd because they ran with sharp-pointed Spears The Bride remain'd a Maid which was at first conceal'd but afterwards became Publick to the great Grief of all People At the same time that the Publick Rejoycing was for the Marriage of Prince Henry the Lieutenant Peter Manrrique Dy'd He was a Man of a mean Stature a great Spirit Subtle and Bold His Son James Manrique who was also Earl of TrevinÌ„o succeeded him in his 〈◊〉 D. Alvaro de Lara tho absent from Court govern'd the Kingdom which inrag'd the 〈…〉 have all 〈…〉 Son who left his Father and went away to Segovâ— declaring for the Princes of Aragon John Pacheco his Favourite neightned his discontent Toledo was again'd deliver'd up by the same Peter Lopez de Ayala to Prince Henry of Aragon The Citizens provok'd the King by securing his Messengers sent to complain of their Disloyalty which mov'd him with a small Retinue the hast thither believing they would Respect his Person He stopp'd at the Hospital of Saint Lazorus which is in the Road to Madrigal Prince Henry of Aragon came out of the City with Two Handred Horse Those with the King being Feâ— in Number Fortify'd themselves where they were but Prince Henry fearing he should become yet more odious than he was if he offer'd Violence to the King return'd into the City Roderick de Villandrando signaliz'd his Zeal and Legality for the Defence of the King in this Place in recompense for which he had a Priviledge granted him that the Earls of Ribadeo his Successors should always upon New-years Day dine with the King and serve him in the Bed-chamber For it was on the first of January 1441 that the King was in Danger in the Hospital The King went away to Torrijos and leaving Pelayo de Ribera Lord of Malpica with 100 Horse to secure that place remov'd to Avila whither D. Alvaro came to consult about carrying on the War they had in Hand His coming more incens'd the Mutineers Most of them were at Arevalo and the Queen her self favour'd her Son and Brothers against the King her Husband The King sent the Bishops of Burgos and Avila to try if there were any way of composing Differences but they could not prevail James de Valera a Gentleman who follow'd the Prince wrote a Letter to the King advising him to incline to Mercy rather than Severity It being read in Council no Body said any thing to it but the Archbishop D. Gutierre de Toledo who answer'd Let Valera give us Assistance for Advice we want none This Valera was a Man of very good natural Parts was twice Embassador in Germany and writ a short History of Spain of him called Valeriana But there is another Valeriana writ by an Archdeacon of Murcia and quoted in this Work Prince Henry being sent for by his Father to treat of Peace came to Avila but nothing was concluded The Prince being return'd to Segovia desir'd the two Queens his Mother and Mother in Law then in Castile to go as far as Santa Maria de Nieva to endeavour to appease those Commotions In that Town Blanch Queen of Navarre dy'd on the first day of April and was bury'd in the famous Church of that Place This grave Authors affirm but there is no sign of it in the Church Charles Prince of Viana her Son inherited the Crown but took not the Title of King out of respect to his Father This Prince Charles was very studious and there are some Works of his Extant as Aristole's Ethicks translated into Spanish a short History of Navarre and many Compositions in Verse which he us'd to sing to the Guitarre A Youth deserving of a better Fortune and a more peaceable Father He was 21 years of Age when his Mother dy'd Her Death put an
This done he went to Florence to see Pope Eugenius and thence into France After his departure Abruzzo Apulia and all other Places submitted to the Aragonians and thus Italy was in part pacify'd In Spain the Troubles did not cease the Nobility slighting the Government D. Luis de Guzman Master of Calatrava lay desperately Sick and was given over John Ramiroz de Guzman Chief Commendary of that Order and Ferdinand de Padilla the Master's Deputy contended who should succeed him The latter had secur'd the Votes of the Chapter that was to Elect. Therefore D. John resolv'd to obtain that Dignity by Force securing the Towns that belong'd to that Order D. Ferdinand with 400 Horse met him at Barajas defeated and took him Prisoner with his Son and two Brothers and by that means obtain'd the Mastership which yet he enjoy'd not long For the King design'd that Dignity for Alonso Bastard Son to the King of Navarre who Besieg'd Calatrava There the New Master was unluckily kill'd by a Stone one of his own Men was throwing at the Enemy After his Death D. Alonso was made Master of the Order In Biscay Tumults were rais'd upon two accounts One was that certain Societies that had been confirmed by the King fell upon the Estates of the Nobility Among the rest Peter de Ayala was Besieg'd in his Town of Salvatierra and reliev'd by his Cousin the Earl of Haro who having receiv'd a Letter in which he begg'd his Assistance swore he would not enter into a House till he had reliev'd him Another cause of these Troubles was the wicked Heresy of the Fratricelli newly started at Durango Many were put to the Wrack upon that account and others Burnt Alonso Mela a Franciscan Fryar the Ring-leader of them fled to Granada with several young Wenches where they liv'd lewdly among the Moors but at last he was put to Death by them This Man had a Brother call'd John Mela then Bishop of Zamora and afterwards a Cardinal In Portugal about the end of October dy'd Prince John the King's Uncle aged 43 years He was Constable and Master of Santiago By his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to his Brother D. Alonso Duke of Bragança he left a Son called James who inherited his Honours and Three Daughters Elizabeth Beatrix and Philippa from whom sprang great Princes D. Alvaro de Luna resided at Escalona and contriv'd to regain his former Power His Brother the Archbishop of Toledo dy'd at Talavera on the 4th of February which was a great Loss to him There only remain'd D. Roderick de Luna his second Cousin whom afterwards he promoted to the Archbishoprick of Santiago In that Confusion of times every noble Man seized upon what he could get and among them Peter Xuarez secur'd Talavera scarce admitting the King who came to quel those Disorders The Archbishop was bury'd in a beautiful Chappel of the Cathedral built by D. Alvaro After much Contention D. Gutierre de Toledo Archbishop of Sevil was promoted to the See of Toledo He was a Man too upright for those times and enjoy'd that Dignity but three Years The Bishop of Oviedo was Translated to Sevil he of Orense to Oviedo To conclude the Bishoprick of Orense was given in Commendam to John de Torquemada a Dominican afterwards Cardinal of S. Sixtus a Person of great Learning as appears by his Works His Contemporary was Alonso Tostado born at Madrigal renowned for his many Writings He came in process of time to be Bishop of Avila At Siena in Tuscany he put up several Propositions in Divinity offering to defend them in the Schools Some of them were dislik'd and the Cardinal Torquemada writ against him Tostado answered him not sparing the Pope's Authority to defend his Opinions He dy'd on the 3d of September 1455. The End of the One and Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The Two and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The Success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon THE Affairs of the Spaniards succeeded better in Italy than in Spain There was no great Difference betwixt the Castilians and Aragonians but their Fortune was different according to the Quality of them that govern'd The King of Aragon was an active and ambitious Prince and spar'd no Labour to advance his Glory Besides his Goodness and Bounty gain'd him the Affections of all his Subjects as well Italians as Aragonians In Castile the Power of D. Alvaro continu'd tho his Person was remov'd The King of Navarre endeavour'd net to redress what was amiss but to make himself Master of the King who always left the Government to another The King of Castile had some good Qualities but the bad were more prevalent He was addicted to Poetry and Musick and had a Genius that way lov'd Hunting and Sports but could not endure Business and therefore gave little attention to it and answer'd short His first Minister did what he would in his Name The King of Aragon having taken Naples and subdu'd all the Faction of Anjou on the 26th of February 1443 entred that City in Triumph after the manner of the antient Romans on a Chariot drawn by 4 White Horses another of the same sort being led before him All the Nobility and Gentry of the Kingdom follow'd the Chariot afoot and the Clergy went before singing Praises to Almighty God The People with loud Acclamations wished him a long and happy Reign He would not be crown'd saying That Honour was due to the Saints who assisted him to gain the Victory All the Streets were strew'd with Flowers and richly hung and all Places full of sweet Odours It only remain'd to gain Pope Eugenius with whom a Treaty was set afoot at Siena where he then was On the 15th of July they agreed upon these Articles That the Kingdom of Naples should remain to the King of Aragon and after him to his Son Ferdinand whom tho Illegitimate he appointed his Heir as to that Crown only That the King of Aragon should pay yearly to the Pope 8000 Ounces a sort of Coin then in use That he should endeavour to quel Francis Sforcia who proud that he had marry'd the Duke of Milan's Daughter had gain'd a great part of Marca Ancona The King perform'd more than he had promis'd for he in Person recover'd all Sforcia had taken in Marca Ancona and restor'd it to the Pope Peace was also concluded with the Genoeses they promising every Year whilst the King liv'd to present him with a great Bason of Gold But because this Act was perform'd in the sight of the People as a memorial of his Victory they continu'd it but 4 Years In Castile the King of Navarre using immoderately the Power he had unjustly acquir'd enjoy'd it but a short time He kept the King of Castile Prisoner placing People to watch his Words and Actions The Admiral and
Earl of Benavente nay the Prince of Castile and Queen had a hand in this Practice F. Lope Barrientos Bishop of Avila mov'd by the Wrong done the King and desiring to restore D. Alvaro discour'd John de Pacheco seriously upon the Point and they resolv'd to try whether some of the Nobles had Courage enough to oppose the Princes of Aragon To the end their Designs might be the better conceal'd they advis'd the Prince who was of Council with them to go from Tordesillas to Segovia upon pretence of Hunting Thence they sent Letters to D. Alvaro giving him an Account of what they had done At the same time the Earls of Haro and Ledesma meeting at Curiel had consulted about setting the King at Liberty which oblig'd the Prince to return to Tordesillas to see what could be done But the Princes of Aragon prevented their Designs and forc'd them to fly whence ensu'd new Troubles The King of Navarre was marry'd at Lobaton on the 1st of September 1444 and Prince Henry at Cordova where he was fixing the Interest of his Party James Valera was sent Embassador into France to obtain Liberty for the Earl of Armagnac secur'd by the Dauphin and for Martin Son to D. Alonso Earl of Gijon He was accus'd of holding Correspondence with the English and set at Liberty upon Condition that if ever he was found faulty he should forfeit the Towns of Ribadeo and Cangas in Asturias Besides the King of Castile oblig'd himself in such Case to make War with the Forces of Biscay that bordered on his Dominions At the same time some dealt with Henry Prince of Castile about destroying of D. Alvaro and others about restoring him Bishop Barrientos and John Pacheco thought fit to dispatch before they were discover'd and to that purpose held the King of Navarre in hand as if they design'd to joyn with him Mean while Prince Henry return'd to Segovia and thence sollicited the Earls of Haro Plasencia and Castaneda to unite their Forces with his Besides them the Earl of Alva the Archbishop of Toledo and Lord of Hita took party with them This done thinking themselves strong enough for the Princes of Aragon by the Prince's Order they all went to Avila They had 1500 Horse and D. Alvaro de Luna came to them Their greatest want was of Mony Thence they went to Burgos where the other Nobles their Associates were The Aragonians sent the King to the Town of Portillo with the Earl of Castro to guard him and the King of Navarre gather'd 2000 Horse With this Force he march'd towards the Confederate Nobles who daily grew stronger and near Pampliega in the Territory of Burgos the two Parties drew up Some Religious Persons endeavour'd to compose Differences but a light Skirmish that happen'd drew them to a Battle which was parted by the Night The King of Navarre finding himself too weak retir'd in the dark to Palencia a strong City Another Misfortune was added to this which was that the King of Castile under colour of Hunting made his escape to his Son His Liberty chang'd the Face of Affairs The King of Navarre went to his Kingdom to raise Forces and carry on what he had begun all the other great Men of his Faction went each to his own Lands Thus the Towns belonging to the Princes of Aragon fell into the Hands of the King particularly Medina del Campo Arevalo Olmedo Roa and Aranda Prince Henry of Aragon return'd to his Town of Ocana in Andaluzia Henry Prince of Castile and D. Alvaro march'd after him but he fled to the Kingdom of Murcia there Alonso Faxardo Lieutenant of that Kingdom receiv'd him into the strong City of Lorca he being a favourer of that Party This was about the end of the Year On the 5th of July the same Year dy'd Ferdinand Uncle to the King of Portugal at Fez where he was bury'd Two years after his Body was translated to Aljubarrota his Father's Burial place The Portugueses account him a Saint and say he never had to do with Women nor ever told a Lye Castile seemed to be in a better Condition since the Princes of Aragon were expelled but still a War was fear'd The Cortes met at Medina del Campo and order'd some Mony for the War but not enough Thither came the Prince of Castile and D. Alvaro de Luna after they had taken from Prince Henry several Towns belonging to him as Master of the Order of Santiago Warlike Preparations were made The King of Navarre made an Incursion into the Kingdom of Toledo with 400 Horse and 600 Foot by the way of Atiença in which he had a Garrison This Number tho small was formidable because some of the People were for him and others stood Neuters so he easily made himself Master of Torija Alcala de Henares and other places The King of Castile gathering what Force he had march'd to Espinar to wait there till other Troops joyn'd him Soon after this on the 18th of February 1445 dy'd Queen Ellenor of Portugal at Toledo and a few days after Mary Queen of Castile follow'd her ending her days at Villacastin near Segovia It was suspected they were poison'd because both dy'd so near the same time and suddenly also because Queen Mary's Body was full of Spots This Report was the easier credited because they lived a loose Life From Espinar the King went to Madrid and soon after to Alcala being invited thither by the Inhabitants The King of Navarre lay with his Forces thereabouts and being joyn'd by his Brother Henry was now 1500 Horse strong With this Body he kept himself in the Mountains of Old Alcala resolving not to fight without the Advantage of Ground he being too weak in Numbers Thence he sent Ferrer de Lanuza Justice of Aragon to his Brother the King of Aragon to desire him since the War of Naples was ended to come into Spain either to attend the War or compose the Differences The King of Castile also sent to complain to him of his Brothers There was no Action at Alcala and the Princes of Aragon by the way of Tablada hasted away to Arevalo The King of Castile follow'd close at their Heels so that both came the same day to Arevalo The King of Navarre took Olmedo by force and put to Death the loyal Party that had shut the Gates upon him About half a League from Olmedo near the Mills call'd de los Abades the King of Castile intrench'd with 2000 Horse and the like Number of Foot There his Son Henry D. Alvaro John Pacheco In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça the Earl of Alva and Bishop Barrientos joyn'd him On the other side the Admiral the Earl of Benavente the Brothers Peter Ferdinand and James Quin̄ones the Earl of Castro and John de Tovar brought a 1000 Horse to the Aragonians By the Contrivance of Bishop Barrientos a treaty was set on Foot to amuse the Rebels till the Master of Alcantara joyn'd the King He being
come the King's Forces offer'd Battle but the Aragonians were too weak to fight and too ill provided to endure a Siege Therefore they sent Commissioners to inform the King they were ready to submit to him provided D. Alvaro were remov'd The King only answer'd he would consider of it Whilst they were treating of Peace they came accidentally to a Battle upon Wedensday the 19th of May. Henry Prince of Castile being a hot Youth advanc'd with 50 Horse to draw out the Enemy to Skirmish A like number came out of the Town but back'd by Men at Arms. Those with the Prince seeing a great Number fled the Aragonians pursuing them up to their very Trenches Upon this the Royalists drew out D. Alvaro led the Van the Bishop of Siguença Peter de Acun̄a In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça and the Earl of Alva commanded the Men at Arms upon the Flanks In the main Body was Prince Henry with 550 Men at Arms under the Command of the Master of Alcantara The King the Archbishop of Toledo and other noble Men brought up the Rear In this Order they stood most part of the Day no Body coming out of the Town Two hours before Sun set Orders were given to return to the Camp Then the Aragonians sally'd out with great shouts thinking the Night would shrowd them if worsted and could be no hindrance to them if Victorious because they knew the Country The light Horse gave the first Charge and then all the rest fell on The Body commanded by Prince Henry of Aragon charg'd D. Alvaro that which the King of Navarre led attack'd Henry Prince of Castile Both sides fought resolutely but the Aragonians were inferior in Number and began to give way Night drew on and the Princes of Aragon having done all that could be expected from brave Commanders seeing their Men fly retir'd to Olmedo The Admiral and Earl of Benavente took another way The Earl of Castro Henry Brother to the Admiral and Ferdinand de Quin̄ones were taken with 200 more Only 37 were kill'd in fight but many wounded The Princes of Aragon the same Night fled towards that Kingdom the King of Navarre unhurt Prince Henry dy'd soon after at Calatayud of a Wound he receiv'd in his left Hand a Gangrene striking into his Arm. He was a Man of a great Spirit but restless His Body was bury'd in that City He left one Son of his own Name by his second Wife who in time to come prov'd as Turbulent as his Father After the Victory the King sent Expresses to all parts to give Notice of it and built a Chappel in the Place where the Battle was fought CHAP. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago Continual Success attended the Armies of Aragon in Italy King Alonso in favour of the Pope had recovered Marca Ancona from Francis Sforcia Yet his Party ceased not to raise Commotions whereupon the King of Aragon at the Pope's Instance returned thither and being come to Fontana del Populo a Town not far from the City Teano summoned the Nobles to attend him there Among the rest came Antony Centellas Marques of Girachi with 300 Horse he had done good Service during the late War and sold part of his Estate to pay his Men. The King desired to marry Enricosa Rufa Daughter and Heiress to the Marques de Croton to In̄igo Davalos as a Reward for his good Service and recommended this Affair to Antony Centellas He liking her Fortune marries her himself by which his Power was increased and consequently his Boldness At first this was connived at but soon after he payed for all He was charged with contriving the Death of a certain Favourite of the King 's whereupon he fled from the Camp to Catançaro a Town of his own The King moved at this returned to Naples and sent Messengers to reduce Centellas by fair means but he would not give ear to them Therefore the King himself marches into Calabria and having taken several Towns came before Cataniçaro Centellas seeing no hope of Relief surrendred upon promise of Pardon He was ordered to deliver up that City and the Castle of Turpia and he with his Wife and Children was sent to Naples Great rejoycing was throughout the Kingdom as well for restoring of Peace to it as on account that Ferdinand the King's Son was on the 30th of May married to Elizabeth de Claramonte to whom he was before contracted This was contrived to oblige the Prince of Taranto whose Neece she was In the midst of all his Joy came the sad News of the Death of the two Queens the King's Sisters and his Brother Prince Henry and the King of Navarre's being expelled Castile That King's Embassador pressed King Alonso to return into Spain He answered when the Wars of Marca Ancona were ended he would go that the mean while the King of Navarre should govern Aragon and raise Forces in both Kingdoms for the War with Castile and also that a Truce should be made with the Moors of Granada for a Year That City about this time changed its King Mahomet the left-handed during the Rebellion in Castile enjoy'd Peace which caused him Troubles at home The Moorish King had two Cousin Germans one of them called Ismael being fearful of his Uncle fled to the King of Castile The other called Mahomet the Lame because he was so associated himself with some Moors of Quality at Almeria With their Assistance he seized the Castle of Granada called Alhambra took the King and cast him into Prison This done he usurped the Title of King On this occasion the Moors were divided into Factions Andilbar Governour of Granada seized the strong Castle of Montefrio near Alcala Real and having no hopes of restoring the Old King offered the Crown to Ismael He having received Supplies of Men and Mony from the King of Castile hasted to possess himself of a Kingdom These things happen'd at the end of this Year let us return to what is behind After the Battle of Olmedo a Council was held in D. Alvaro de Luna's Tent he being wounded in the left Leg. There it was resolved that all the Rebels Estates should be Confiscated Cuellar was taken and Simancas besieged Prince Henry was for pardoning the Admiral the others opposed it Therefore the Prince went away to Segovia and the King his Father fearing fresh Tumults left Peter Sarmiento to reduce the other Towns and went himself to Nuestro Sen̄ora de Nieva to reduce his Son Before he would submit he demanded Jaen Logrono and Caceres for himself Barcarroto Salvatierra and Salvaleon Towns on the Borders of Portugal for John Pacheco The King condescended and thus they received a Reward whereas they deserved Punishment Moreover at Medina de Rioseco the Admiral was pardoned provided he came in
of restoring them The Earl of Benavente made his Escape out of Prison by the Assistance of Alonso de Leon whom he bribed and the Governour of the Castle trusted 30 Horse were hid in a Wood and with them the Earl fled to Benavente where as soon as he came the Townsmen turned out the King's Garrison Then marching out relieved Alva de Liste besieged by the King's Party and took some small Towns The King alarmed at this News left D. Alvaro at Ocana to make Preparations for War and went himself in great haste to Benavente but that Town being well provided he passed into Portugal That Kingdom was then full of Joy for the Marriage of the King with Elizabeth Daughter to Prince Peter the King's Uncle and Governour of the Kingdom to whom he had been 7 Years Contracted This Lady was very Virtuous and Beautiful Of her was born D. John who dyed a Child and Joanna who also dyed and another D. John who lived many Years and succeeded his Father The King was young and Prince Peter had the whole Power of the Government which some great Men highly resented Among them the chiefest was D. Alonso Earl of Barcelos the Prince's Brother and by him created Duke of Bragança He perswaded the King to take upon him the Government and put to Death his Uncle for the wrong done to his Mother in depriving her of it The King contrived how to put this advice in Execution and Prince Peter having notice of it fled and made himself strong in Coimbra From thence he held Correspondence with some of the Citizens in order to possess himself of Lisbon Having layed his Design which could not be kept secret he set out but being attack'd in the way by a Party that lay in wait for him was killed with most of those that attended him in the Year 1449. Authors do not agree in what Month. He was a Man of a great Spirit and very wife It is said the King was much concerned at his Death but that is not likely since he lay long unburyed but at last was honourably Interred at Aljubarrota the Burial Place of the Kings His Son James was taken went afterwards to Flanders and his Aunt the Dutchess Elizabeth made Interest at Rome to have him chosen a Cardinal His Sister Beatrix went also to Flanders and was married to Adolphus Duke of Cleves After this Portugal enjoy'd Peace a long time and the King being come to Age governed prudently but was more Fortunate in the War he made with the Moors whilst young than in that with Castile in his latter Years He spent much of his Treasure in redeeming of Captives that were in Africk and is only censured for having been too much governed by his Courtiers and Favourites D. Alvaro being left at Ocan̄a as has been said to make the necessary Preparations for War found himself much streightned for Mony and therefore by way of Loan demanded a Million of Maravedles of Toledo a rich and large City Alonso Cota a considerable Citizen was employed to Collect this Mony but the Citizens opposed him saying it was contrary to their Charter D. Aloaro being informed of it order'd the Collection of the Mony to go on Hereupon the Town mutiny'd and gave the Alarm with a Bell from the great Church John Alonso and Peter Galvez two Canons were they that stirred up the People A Fellow that made Skins to carry Wine whose Name is not known headed the Rabble They fired the House of Alonso Cota and the Flame spreading all the Quarter of St. Mary Magdalen was consumed where most of the rich Merchants lived whose Houses were plundered This happen'd on the 26th of January The greatest Sufferers were those they call New Christians because descended from Jews Peter Sarmiento the Governour and his Lieutenant Marcos Garcia whom in contempt the People to this Day call Marquillos de Maçarambro◠that ought to have quell'd the Mutiny encouraged the Rabble This done fearing the Punishment they had well deserved they shut their Gates and their Joy was soon turned into Sorrow D. Alvaro of himself not being strong enough to appease those Tumults because Peter Sarmiento was his Enemy gave advice to the King who having taken Benavente repaired to Toledo and the Gates being shut against him took up his Quarters in the Hospital of S. Lazarus Several Cannon-shot were made at him from the City Peter Sarmiento put some Citizens upon the Rack plundered their Houses and executed them for Corresponding with the King The King removed to Torijos thither came Deputies to him from Toledo to tell him if he did not remove D. Alvaro de Luna and preserve their Franchises that and other Cities would proclaim Prince Henry King These Deputies were dismissed without any Answer The King besieged the City but Prince Henry coming to its Relief the Siege was raised yet the People would not deliver the Keys of the City or Castle to the Prince On the 6th of June the Citizens made an Order that none descended of Jews should be capable of any publick Employment A Dean of Toledo writ a Treatise to shew the illegality of that Ordinance and offered to defend his Opinion by publick Dispute He also writ largely about it to the Bishop of Cuenca shewing that many very noble Families were related to Jews So far he proceeded herein that Pope Nicholas by his special Bull condemn'd that Act or Ordinance This Bull bares date September the 24th 1449. Two years after he put out another Bull to the same effect The Archbishops of Toledo D. Alonso Carrillo and the Cardinal D. Peter Gonzales in two Synods one held at Alcala the other at Vitoria condemned it also Our Historians have omitted this Tumult of Toledo as I suppose for fear of making themselves odious but I would not omit it having found it in very authentick Manuscripts The King of Navarre ceased not to stir up the Nobility of Castile to Rebellion The Cities of Murcia and Cuenca were ill affected towards the King which was no small Encouragement to the Navarrois and his Adherents Many Incursions were made by the Aragonians into Castile and they took a great Booty of Cattle about Requena defeating a Body of the Townsmen who ventured out to recover it Nevertheless their Design of securing Murcia failed them Cuenca was attempted by the Aragonians invited thither by the Governour of the Castle which was then in the highest part of the City now only the Ruins of it remain Here also they were disappointed for Bishop Barrientos defended the City with great Resolution In Aragon the Admiral of Castile being returned out of Italy the King's Orders were read in a full Assembly of the States and some were for raising Forces and declaring War with Castile But the Commons oppos'd it and therefore other Methods were thought of It was propos'd to marry the Prince of Viana with the Earl of Haro's Daughter It was also laboured that
the Nobility of Castile should have a Conference and chiefly that the Prince of Castile should joyn with the Malecontents This they durst attempt because Prince Hemy had then possessed himself of Toledo in opposition to his Father Those who had raised the Tumult were for submitting to the King they were apprehended in the Cathedral where they took Sanctuary The two mutinous Canons were sent to the close Prison at Santor caz their Lives being spared in regard they were Churchmen Mark Garcia and Ferdinand de Avila were dragged about the Streets and after much ill usage as they deserved put to Death Mean while the Moors there being no body to oppose them ravaged all the Frontiers of Andaluzia on that side next to them They took much Booty and came up to the very Walls of Jaen and Sevil. So great was the Confidence of the Moorish King that he assured him of Navarre that he would not doubt of taking Cordova provided he would make a Diversion on the side of Aragon The King of Navarre returned thanks for that offer but the putting it in Execution was delay'd for some time On the 26th of July many Nobles of Castile met at Corun̄a near Soria Some will have it that Henry Prince of Castile was in this Assembly They complained of D. Alvaro de Luna who was the cause that many Noblemen lived in Banishment and others in Prison and therefore encouraged one another to stand together It was resolved that every one should gather the greatest Force he could till the middle of August and joyn Prince Henry Yet tho they met at the time appointed near Pen̄afiel in Old Castile many Noblemen slunk away without regard to their Ingagements Every one suspected the other but above all they were jealous of Prince Henry because he was very uncertain in his Humour and no less of the King of Navarre who had much Business to mind of his own at home and in France This King had a Castle in Guienne called Maulisson delivered to him by the English and had given Charge of it to his Constable This Castle the Earl of Faux besieged with 12000 Foot and 3000 Horse entrenching his Army and battering the Walls The King of Navarre repaired thither with what Forces he could gather in haste and encamping near the Enemy they had an Interview in which nothing was concluded the Earl affirming he could not depart without taking the Castle having promised it to the King of France Hereupon the King of Navarre returning to Spain the besieged were obliged to surrender only upon Liberty for the Garrison to march whither they pleased The delay of the King of Navarre and slowness of the Nobility gave time to reconcile Prince Henry to his Father The Agreement being well advanced both dismissed their Forces the King stayed in Old Castile and the Prince returned to Toledo where he was received with all manner of Expressions of Joy There at length Peter Sarmiento designing to deliver up the City to the King and putting no end to his Robberies and Extortions was deprived of the Government of the City and Castle at the beginning of the Year 1450. He complained and put the Prince in mind of his Promise nevertheless he was forced to depart the City carrying with him 200 Horses and Mules loaden with Riches he had plundered The People was not permitted to take any thing from him he having the Prince's Pass Yet he was robbed of part by the way and the rest when he came to Gumiel was seized by the King's Order Sarmiento himself fled to Navarre and having obtained Pardon of his Crimes lived Miserably the rest of his Days at Bastida a Town in the Territory of Rioja that place alone being left him of all his Possessions His Confederates were more severely punished They were taken in several Places and put to Death with exquisite Torments The Punishment seemed cruel but it was designed to terrify others from committing the like Violence and Extravagances for the future and to warn those that were in Power not to make use of it to the Destruction of those committed to their Charge CHAP. V. The mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians SCarce was the Mutiny at Toledo quelled when another broke out at Segovia whither the Prince was gone Peter Portocarrero who began to be great with the Prince accused John Pacheco Marques of Villena of a Crime for which he ought to be apprehended The Bishop of Cuenca John de Silva the King's Standard-bearer and the Marshal Pelayo de Ribera attested the same thing They all advised the Prince to make him an Example and it was resolved to secure him It was not easy to do it by reason of his great Power and also that he having notice of the Prince's Displeasure made himself strong in a quarter of the City Lest much Blood should be shed in forcing him he was permitted to go away to Turuegano a Town of his own There to gain Peter Portocarrero he gave him to Wife Beatrix his Bastard Daughter and with her the Town of Medellin in Estremadura near Guadiana Thus his Enemies were weakened and the Prince began to be appeased The War with the Aragonians continu'd but not very hot Bordalva a Castle on the Frontiers of Aragon was taken and lost again The King of Aragon was worse looked upon as being the chief contriver of all the Troubles and an Opportunity was now offered of being revenged on him Many advised the Prince of Viana to take upon him the Crown and Government since his Father had no Right to it and this was the beginning of great Disorders The King of Navarre was at Zar agoca where the Coxtes of Aragon met in Summer They limited the Power of the Deputy Justices of Aragon and decreed that all Goods upon which there depended any Law-suit should be deposited in the Hands of an Officer appointed for that purpose that the Judges having such Goods in their Power might not delay deciding of Causes The King of Aragon sent Embassadors to exhort the Princes of Spain to Peace resolving if there were War to stand by his Brother and Subjects In all other respects he seemed to have forgot Spain taken up with the Pleasures of Italy having gained much Reputation and enjoying Peace the Fruit of his great Labours The Grecian Emperor oppressed by the Turks sent Embassadors to him to desire his assistance against them The same did Demetrius Paleologus Prince of Attica and Peloponnesus or Morea Brother to the Emperor Constantine offering him great Territories when the War was ended Aranitus Earl of Epirus or Albania did the like But above all we must not omit the Embassy sent by George Castriot commonly called Scanderbeg the Turks having given him
that Name signifying The Lord Alexander He was given up a Hostage to Amurat the Turk but making his escape with a handful of Men held out for several Years in Epirus and overthrew great Armies of Turks But finding himself too weak alone to oppose that great Power he laboured to get forreign Aids and to this purpose made a League with the Venetians implored the Favour of the Popes and sent a solemn Embassy to the King of Aragon at the beginning of the Year 1451 offering if he relieved him with Men and Mony that after the War was ended that Province should pay the same Tribute to him it used to pay to the Turk The King sent some Supplies but too small to oppose the vast Power of the Enemy This Year was Fortunate to Spain for the Birth of the Princess Elizabeth for whom Heaven design'd the Crown of Castile her Brothers dying She was an incomparable Princess and the Glory of Spain She was born at Mndrigal on the 23d of April Henry Brother to the Admiral who had been taken up with the other Noblemen three Years before made his escape out of the Castle of Langa near Santistevan de Gormaz He had a Clew of Thred sent him and laying his Cloaths in the Bed with the Night-cap as if he had been there went up to a Tower where with the Thred he drew up a Rope that some of his Friends had ready below for him The Rope was knotted and so he let himself down Mean while the Governour looking into his Room and seeing something in the Bed thought he slept and went away satisfyed It Portugal Ellenor the King's Sister was contracted to the Emperor Frederick at Lisbon on the 9th of August Soon after the Bride was sent by Sea to Pisa and went thence to Siena in Italy The Nobility of Castile falling off from him and the Prince of Viana revolting the King of Navarre's Interest declined both at home and abroad All this was the Contrivance of D Alvaro de Luna to secure himself but it turned to his Ruin By his advice there was a sort of an Accommodation made betwixt the Kings of Castile and Navarre It was agreed that the Admiral and Earl of Castro and other Noblemen should be pardoned and restored to their Estates as also that D. Alonso Son to the King of Navarre should again have the Mastership of Calatrava But this succeeded not for Peter Giron who was in Possession made himself strong in the Town of Almagro resolving to stand upon his Guard So D. Alonso was forc'd to return to Aragon as he came which highly offended the King of Navarre To add to his Trouble Prince Henry was by the means of D. Alvaro entirely reconciled to his Father But the most grievous thing of all was that a tedious and bloody Civil War broke out in Navarre That Nation had been long divided betwixt two Factions the Biamonteses and the Agramonteses headed by the Earl of Lerin and Marques of Cortes and much Blood had been spilt The Agramonteses were for the King the Biamonteses inticed the Prince to take up Arms against his Father who they said wrongfully with-held the Crown from him In the first Place they made a League with Castile and France The King of Castile promised to assist the Prince provided he would declare and take up Arms. The King of France did the same being then in a Condition to do it having recovered all Guienne from the English As soon as the Civil War broke out in Navarre the Biamonteses seized several Towns and Cities and among them Pamplona the Metropolis of the Kingdom Olite and Aivar Yet the greatest part of the Kingdom and the Principality of Viana remained in the King's Power he having in time put Garrisons and given the Government of Towns to Men of approved Fidelity Prince Henry and soon after his Father the King of Castile came and layed Siege to Estela where the Queen of Navarre was The King her Husband speeded from Zaragoça to her Relief but bringing small Force with him and the Agramonteses not being yet able to oppose the Enemies he was forced to return to Zaragoça designing to raise Men in that Kingdom As soon as he was gone the King and Prince of Castile as it the War were ended tho they had done nothing at the Request of Prince Charles returned to Burgos His mild Nature was hurtful to Prince Charles for his Father having raised an Army tho small in Number yet composed of Old Soldiers lay'd Siege to Ayvar a well fortify'd Town His Son came to relieve the Besieged and on the 3d of October both Armies drew out Some Religious Persons laboured to reconcile the Father and Son Prince Charles was willing to lay down Arms upon Condition all that had followed him should be pardoned That the Principality of Viana and half the Revenues of the Crown should be given to him and that the King of Castile without whom he had sworn he would make no Peace should approve of these Articles The King of Navarre allowed part and rejected part of the Conditions whereupon the signal for Battle was given on both sides At first the Biamonteses made their Enemies give way but Roderick Rebolledo the King's Lord Chamberlain stood his Ground with such bravery that he gave time for those who had not engaged to come up and then they that fled before rallying endeavoured to blot out the shame of having turned their Backs Thus the Prince's Forces being an undisciplined Multitude not able to bear the Charge were put to Flight The first that ran were the Horse of Andaluzia But a few were killed many taken The Prince himself being beset delivered his Sword and Gauntlet to his Brother Alonso Authors do not write what Numbers fought or what were killed nor give any particular Account of the Battle The Prince was sent Prisoner to Tafalla and thence to Monroy It is reported he was always suspicious of being Poisoned and therefore when taken would not eat till his Brother had tasted The King of Navarre after this Victory returned to Zaragoça with his Wife who proved soon after with Child Yet the Biamonteses were no way dismayed at this Loss especially because Prince Henry came to their Assistance Besides the Nobility of Aragon favoured Prince Charles and plotted how to release him Navarre was in a miserable Condition the Country plundered by Soldiers and the Towns divided into Factions which often fell to blows In Andaluzia the Affairs of the Christians succeeded better On the 9th of February 1452 a much less party of Christians routed 600 Moorish Horse and 800 Foot who wasted the Country about Arcos D. John Ponce Earl of Arcos and Lord of Marchena commanded this Party In March 600 Horse and 1500 Foot of the Infidels were overthrown with great Slaughter by 300 Christian Horse and 2000 Foot near Lorca in the Kingdom of Murcia and a Booty of 40000 head of Cattle
whether the Change of Air would remove an Ague that consumed him There he received the Answer from Portugal and the Queen of Aragon who came to settle Peace betwixt the Princes of Spain wherein she was not unsuccessful Notwithstanding there happened a new Cause of Offence which was that Prince Henry was Divorced from Blanch his Wife pretending that by reason of some Witchcraft he could not have to do with her whereas in Truth his other Debaucheries made him unfit to have to do with a Maid The Divorce was first granted by Luis de Acun̄a Administrator of the Church of Segovia for the Cardinal D. John de Cervantes and afterwards confirmed by the Archbishop of Toledo commissioned by Pope Nicholas But the World was surprized that after this Divorce Prince Henry should marry again On the 13th of November the King of Castile had a Son born at Tordesillas called Alonso who tho short liv'd was the cause of a Bloody War At the Instance of the Queen of Aragon a Treaty of Peace was set on Foot betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon as also betwixt the King of Navarre and the Prince his Son and for the better carrying of it on a Truce was concluded for the following Year Whilst these things were in Agitation the King's Sickness increased to that Degree that having received the Sacraments he dyed at Valladolid on the 20th of July 1454. For the present he was deposited at St. Paul in Valladolid and afterwards as he had ordered translated to the Carthusians at Burgos built By his Father and given to that Order by him His Obsequies were performed in all Cities and even at Naples where the Vinetian Embassador appearing among the Mourners cloathed in Scarlet and Crimson changed their Sorrow into Laughter Besides a great part of the Mausoleum built of Wood in the Church was burnt by the great number of Lights In his Will the King left the Mastership of Santiago and Constableship of Castile to his Son Prince Alonso and appointed the Bishop of Cuenca the Prior of Guadalupe and John de Padilla the Lord Chamberlain his Tutors It is thought if he had not been so young he would have appointed him his Successor being highly offended at Prince Henry To the Princess Elizabeth he left the Town of Cuenca and a great Sum of Mony to the Queen his Wife Soria Arevalo and Madrigal Four days after the late King's Death Prince Henry was proclaimed King Immediately the Earls or Alva and Trevin̄o were released out of Prison which made the Joy at the Coronation the more compleat All the late King's Officers of the Houshold were continu'd in their Posts Lastly the Treaty of Peace began by the Queen of Aragon was concluded upon these Conditions That the King of Navarre D. Alonso his Son and Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon renounce all their Pretensions to any Estates or Dignities in Castile That in lieu thereof the King of Castile pay them yearly certain Pensions then agreed upon That the Admiral of Castile his Brother Henry John de Tovar Lord of Berlanga and the rest that took party with the King of Navarre may return to their Estates D. James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro dyed before his Cause was determined and was buryed at Borgia Before his Death for his great Fidelity to the Aragonians he had Denia in the Kingdom of Valencia and Lerma in Old Castile given him These Towns he left to his Son Ferdinand who with some other Outlaws was not comprehended in the Pardon but left to the Mercy of the New King All Places taken during the late War on both sides were agreed to be restored 15000 Florins were given to the King of Navarre for the Town of Atiença Next it was attempted to settle the Affairs of Navarre but that succeeded not Whilst the Princes concerned could ratify the Peace already concluded it was agreed to prolong the Truce for a Year longer This done the Queen of Aragon returned to her Kingdom D. John Pacheco Marques of Villen̄a was now beyond Dispute the most powerful Nobleman in Castile as well in respect of his great Riches as the Favour of the new King He and D. Ferrer de Lanuza and D. John Biamonte Brother to the Constable of Navarre being commissioned by their Masters the Kings of Castile and Navarre and Charles Prince of Viana met at Agreda about the beginning of the Year 1455 to compose the Differences betwixt the King of Navarre and his Son but they had no Success It was supposed D. John Pacheco underhand obstructed the Peace of Navarre fearing it might be a means to lessen his Authority Only a Truce was concluded to last till the end of April Thus much of Navarre In Castile the hopes the People had conceived that the Change of Government would produce some good Effect now vanished The new King was as much given to his Ease as his Father and in other Respects was worse He had Wit enough but no Resolution was given up to Lewdness and hated Business D. John Pacheco governed with more Moderation than D. Alvaro de Luna or at least was more Fortunate for he held it all his Life time King Henry had a great Head a high Forehead cloudy Eyes his Nose fallen not naturally but by an accident his Hair of a Chesnut colour his Complexion ruddy and swarthy All his Face was disagreeable his Body tall his Legs long but his Limbs strong He loved Hunting and Musick and was not over curious in his Dress He drank Water eat much his Manners and course of Life were wholly addicted to Debauchery and Lewdness This weakned his Body which was subject to Diseases as his Mind was to Inconstancy He was called the Liberal and the Impotent this last Title from a defect in Nature the other from his great Profuseness in giving He forgot the Favours he bestowed but remembred any Service done him He was extreamly courteous spoke lovingly to all Men and was merciful to a Fault This strange Mixture of different Qualities was the cause there never were greater Troubles than in his Time He reign'd 20 Years 4 Months and two Days CHAP. VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him The War of Granada King Henry of Castile marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquaks in Italy THREE years before this we write of there began a bloody War in Italy Francis Sforcia being possessed of the Dutchy of Milan demanded of the Venetians certain Towns belonging to the Dutchy which they held along the River Abdua They refusing he resolved to use Force and to that purpose joyned in League with the Florentines In revenge the Venetians commanded all Florentines to depart out of their Territories and forbid all Commerce with them Besides by the means of Leonello Marques of Ferrara they joyned in League with the King of Aragon William Marques of Montferrat was sent
been suitable to them This popular Inclination so entirely gained him the Affections of the Commonalty that they were never known to continue more firm to their Prince but it disobliged most of the Nobility John de Luna had the Government of Soria taken from him and was cast in Prison by the Contrivanc of John Pacheco who by these means endeavoured to get into his Power a Grandaughter of D. Alvaro de Luna Daughter to his Son John de Luna then dead The young Maid was in the Custody of that Governour of Soria who was her Kinfman and his Wife her Aunt This young Lady he married to his Son James Pacheco and by that means united the Farldom of Santistevan to his own Estate Alonso Faxardo Lieutenant of Murcia making his Advantage of the Confusion of those Times seized Carthagena and Lorca with several other Forts in that Country Against him the King sent Gonçalo de Saavedra who took from him not only those Places but all he had inherited of his Forefathers and he thought it a Happiness to save his Life At the same time dyed the Marques de Santillana He left these Children James his Heir Peter then Bishop of Calahorra In̄igo Laurence John and others from whom some noble Families in Castile are descended On the 4th of September dyed the Queen of Aragon at Valencia and was buryed in the Monastery of Nuns in that City called the Trinity Soon after the King of Portugal passing over into Africk with a powerful Fleet on the 18th of October took from the Moors a Town called Alcaçar near Ceuta His Brother Ferdinand Duke of Visco and his Uncle Henry were with him in this Expedition Duarte de Meneses was left Governour of the Place He after the King's Departure three several times repulsed great Multitudes of Moors that attacked him and made them desist from that Enterprize Prince Charles sent Embassadors out of Sicily to his Father to beg Pardon and offer his Submission But he dealt not fairly for at the same time he sollicited the King of France and Duke of Britany to joyn in League with him to recover by Force what his Father would not voluntarily yield up to him For this Reason and for fear the Sicilians should proclaim him King his Father pardoned him and he came over to Spain at the beginning of the Year 1459. Thence he went over to Majorca to wait the Event of what his Father designed for him despairing of obtaining his Mother's Kingdom His death which was near at Hand put an end to all his Contrivances His Demands were that his Father should pardon him and his Adherents and release the Constable of Navarre D. Luis de Biamonte with all others that had been delivered as Hostages That he should cause the Oath of Allegiance to be taken to him as Heir and give him leave to live quietly in any Town except the Court That he should restore to him Viana and Gandia which were his own If this were granted he offered to withdraw his Garrisons out of all Places that held for him He also desired that his Sister Ellenor Wife to the Earl of Faux might be removed from the Government of that Kingdom Much time was spent in Debate but at last neither was all he demanded granted nor what was promised performed It was the Opinion of the Vulgar that this was all the Contrivance of his Mother in Law who wished his Death fearing if he succeeded his Father it would not be well with her self and her Children The Seed of Sedition which had been long sowed in Castile at length broke out The King besides his other Faults was wholly devoted to Women First he loved one Catherine de Sandoval but left her because she admitted the Courtship of another yet soon after made her Abbess of the Monastery of S. Peter de las Duen̄as at Toledo Alonso de Cordova her Gallant was beheaded at Medina del Campo In the Place of Catherine de Sandoval he took the Lady Guiomar the most Beautiful Woman next to the Queen They two as is usual in such Cases fell at Variance D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Sevil favoured the Mistriss the Marques de Villena sided with the Queen Thus the Court was divided and the Servant grew so haughty as to Cope with her Sovereign It came to that pass that they gave one another ill Language and at length the Queen laid violent Hands upon the Mistriss and treated her severely which the King highly resented Another scandalous thing happened which was that D. Beltran de la Cueva Lord Steward of the Houshold a great Favourite of the Kings to whom he had given a plentiful Fortune grew into Familiarity with the Queen The People generally judged ill of that Freedom and some were of Opinion the King knew they were faulty and consented to it to hide his own Impotency It is to be suspected that a great part of this Fable was forged in favour of King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth when they came afterwards to the Crown Some time after this Scandal gathered strength when upon account of an Embassador coming out of Britany D. Beltran was Challenger in a Feast of running at Tilt that was in Madrid and Pardo and after the Sport was over made a Banquet greater than was thought could be done by any private Person The King was so pleased that in the Place where the Tilting was in memory of it he caused a Monastery of Hieronimites to be erected which because the Place was unhealthy was afterwards removed to that where it now stands The People after the Example of the Court were addicted to all manner of Ludeness and Prodigality and the Nobility without any regard of the King combined to raise new Troubles About this time many extraordinary Accidents were thought to foretell the Calamities that were threatned by these Disorders There appeared in the Sky a great Flame which dividing it self into two Parts the one ran towards the East and vanished the other continued some time In the Territory of Burgos and Granada there fell a shower of great Stones which killed much Cattle At Pen̄alver a Town in the Country of Alcarria it was reported a Child of three years of Age foretold the Troubles that would ensue unless the People did Pennance for their Sins The King's Lions at Segovia fought and the little one killed the biggest and eat part of him The People made Processions to appease God being terrify'd with these strange Omens but they mended not their Lives Particularly the Clergy was extraordinary depraved in so much that about this time D. Roderick de Luna Archbishop of Santiago forced away a Bride on her Wedding Day to debauch her which caused the People to Mutiny being Headed by D. Luis Osorio Son to the Earl of Trastamara In revenge of that hainous Crime they deposed that Bishop and seized all he had His End was answerable to his Life the rest whereof he spent
wrought were such That Pope Sixtus V. Canoniz'd him on the 2d of July 1588. Garibay Lib. 14. Cap. 7. says he died in the Year 1461. CHAP. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King Henry of Castile created a Duke TWO Ambassadors from the Catalonians were at the Conference between the Kings of France and Castile to sollicit they might not be forsaken but their Negociation proved successless At Tolosa a Town in Guipuscoa the Rabble killed a Jew called Gaon on the 6th of May for attempting whilst the King was at Fuenterabia to collect a certain Tax about which there had been great Mutinies before This Murder was not punished Soon after at Segovia whither the King went great Broils were raised by Two Friars One of them in his Sermons affirmed That many Christians turned Jews which was meant to reproach the Liberty allowed that People The other as hotly opposed him Sevill was in an Uproar for that D. Alonso de Fonseca the Elder sollicited to be restored to that Church which he said he had only given in trust to his Kinsman The Nobility and Commons were divided between him and his Competitor but the King coming thither in Person put D. Alonso the Elder into possession and caused 6 of the principal Mutiniers to be executed The King of Portugal at this time returned into Africk with a powerful Fleet. Prince Ferdinand his Brother and D. Peter his Cousin bore him Company The Catalonians being forsaken by the Castilians and perceiving France and Italy were secured by the King of Aragon sent to invite Peter the Constable of Portugal to come from Ceuta and take possession of that Principality which they said appertained to him in Right of his Mother who was Daughter to the Earl of Urgel He embraced the Offer and arrived at Barcelona on the 21th of January 1464. There he was immediately proclaimed Earl of Barcelona and King of Aragon This Attempt proved unsuccessful for want of Strength and cost him his Life besides other Mischiess The first was that by the Departure of the Constable the Forces of the Portugueses in Africk were weakned which was the occasion they were repulsed with loss from Tangier and the Inroads they made into the Country were inconsiderable Near Mount Benasa being engaged with the Enemy the King was in great danger and Duarte de Meneses exposing himself to save his King was killed with some others The Earl of Villareal that day made good the Rear which gained him great Honour in so much that after the Fight the King said to him By you alone the Faith has this day prevailed The King of Castile from Sevill went to Gibraltar and having invited the King of Portugal thither Entertained him for the space of 5 days after which he returned to his Kingdom This done King Henry by the way of Ecija broke into the Kingdom of Granada and obliged the Moores to pay the Tribute before agreed upon and make him rich Presents Thence he hasted back to Madrid designing again to Entertain the King of Portugal who came to pay a Vow he had made to our Lady at Guadalupe The two Kings met upon the Bridge called Del Arçobispo that is the Bounds of the Kingdom of Toledo The Queen of Castile went with her Husband to see her Brother the King of Portugal Here it was agreed the King of Portugal should Marry Elizabeth King Henry's Sister and the Prince of Portugal Joanna Heiress of Castile but the Wedding being put off at that time never after took effect Heaven had decreed the Aragonians should possess the Crown of Castile tho after many Troubles which some Prodigies seem'd to foretell At Sevil there happened such a terrible Hurracan that it carried away a Yoke of Oxen with the Plow and threw a great Bell a vast distance from the Steeple of S. Augustin's Church It also tore up many large Trees and ruined Buildings In the Air Armies fighting were seen but this may be doubted of because none but Children saw it Lastly Three Eagles fought in the Air till all three fell down dead Hereupon Processions and other Acts of Devotions were performed to appease Gods Wrath. King Henry began to dislike the Archbishop of Toledo and the Marquiss de Villena suspecting they had not dealt fairly betwixt him and Aragon for this reason they were not with him in the Field nor at the Interview with the Portuguese but went away from Madrid to Alcala Thither came to them the Admiral the Master of Calatrava the Family of Manrique D. Peter Giron and the Earls of Alva and Plasencia The King of Aragon upon account of great Promises made him joined with them which was the beginning of mighty Troubles Their Pretence was That the Princess Joanna was not lawfully begotten and consequently could not inherit the Crown Therefore they resolved to seize Prince Alonso and the Lady Elizabeth the Kings Brother and Sister who resided with their Mother at Maqueda Upon Hostages given by the King for security of his Person the Marquis de Villena came to Madrid but with an ill Design which was to withdraw the rest of the Nobility from their Allegiance To this purpose he Advised the King to secure the Archbishop of Sevil and at the same time gave him notice of what was designed so that he fled and joined with the other Rebels This Success made D. John Pacheco so impudent that he attempted with a Body of Armed Men to seize the King and broke into the Palace but the King retiring to a part thereof that was strong he resolved to force it at night yet the King having Intelligence he was disappointed Many Advised the King to secure the Marquis but he refused because he had given him a Safe-conduct Thus the Posture of the Kings Affairs was daily worse especially because at that time the Popes Bull came which constituted D. Beltran de la Cueva Master of Santiago a thing very offensive to the People who looked upon that Dignity as Prince Alonso's due D. Beltran was raised in opposition to D. John Pacheco who again attempted to seize the King perswading him to go to Villacastin but was discovered and prevented From Burgos the Conspirators now in open Rebellion sent a very Insolent Letter to the King the Heads whereof were That the Moores had too much Liberty at Court That Preferments were sold That the Mastership of Santiago was undeservedly given to D. Beltran That the Princess Joanna as unlawfully begotten could not inherit the Crown Lastly That if these Grievances were Redressed they were ready to lay down Arms and submit This Letter the King received at Valladolid and made no account of it D. Lope de Barientas Bishop of Cuenca pressed the King to subdue the Rebels by force of Arms but could not prevail therefore a
Treaty was again set on foot The King and D. John Pacheco met in the open Field between Cabeçon and Cigales in Old Castile there they agreed upon these Articles That Prince Alonso should inherit the Crown provided he Married the Princess Joanna That D. Beltran should resign the Mastership of Santiago That to decide other Differences there should be Two Arbitrators chosen by each Party and F. Alonso de Oropesa General of the Order of S. Hierome to be the 5th all things to be decided by the majority of Voices Then Prince Alonso being but Eleven years of Age was brought to the Kings Camp sworn Heir to the Crown and delivered to the Nobles which caused new Troubles In lieu of the Mastership the King created D. Beltran Duke of Albuquerque giving him that Town Cuellar Roa Molina Atiença and other Revenues in Andaluzia The Rebels chose D. John Pacheco and the Earl of Plasencia The King Peter Hernardez de Velasco and Gonzalo de Saavedra on his part to be Judges of the Differences between them The Archbishop of Toledo and the Admiral were reconciled to the King but their Friendship was not lasting and therefore suspected to be feigned It was feared if these Judges came to give Sentence they would leave the King nothing but that bare Title He therefore ordered the Master of Alcantara and Earl of Medellin in whom he reposed much Confidence to come to him with what Force they could gather to disappoint the Designs of his Enemies Gonçalo de Saavedra and Alvar Gomez the Kings Secretary to whom he had given Maqueda Torrejon de Velasco and S. Silvestre in the Territory of Toledo were sent for The Rebels perswaded all four that the King designed to secure them and therefore their only way was to join with them The King hearing hereof protested against the Judges as Partial and ordered Peter Arias a Citizen of Segovia to take Terrejon by sorce which he did and left that Town to the Earls of Pun̄onrostro his Successors Peter de Velasco sided with the Rebels notwithstanding his Father the Earl of Haro blamed and would not supply him with Money which caused him to be but poorly attended among the Nobles On the 14th of August at Ancona died Pope Pius II. He was carried to that City tho then sick designing to gather the Forces of Christendom and go in Person against the Turks He held the Papacy but 6 years Cardinal Peter Barbo a Venetian was chosen his Successor on the 30th of the same month and took the Name of Paul II. He was but Forty seven years of Age when Elected proved a great Friend to Spain and assisted King Henry in his Troubles CHAP. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband PEter Constable of Portugal his coming to Barcelona animated the Catalonians above their strength Lerida after a long Siege was forced to surrender to the King All that Province was miserably wasted with the War D. John Archbishop of Zaragoça Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and fitter for the Sword than Miter commanded for his Father Philip Duke of Burgundy sent a small Party of his Subjects to the Assistance of the Constable About 2000 Catalonian Foot and 600 Horse joined them at Manresa The Earl of Prades besieged çervera for the King and the want of Provisions had almost reduced the Town D. Peter resolved to Relieve it The greatest part of the Kings Forces were upon the borders of Navarre to reduce that Kingdom Prince Ferdinand tho but 13 years of Age was sent with some Forces by the King to join the Earl of Prades Necessity obliged him to take up Arms so young which is the reason he never learned to write well as appears by his Hand The Constables Forces marched to a place called Prados de Rey with a Resolution to Fight Prince Ferdinand advanced to meet the Enemy He halted on a Hill from whence the Catalonians were discovered The Portuguese chose his Ground and intrenched on another Hill He drew out his Forces Peter de Deça led the Van in which were the Burgundians Beltran and John Armanderia followed him with the Castillians and Navarrois D. Peter himself commanded the Rear Prince Ferdinand had but 700 Horse and 1000 Foot The Earl of Prades led the Van Hugo Rocaberbi and Matthew Moncada commanded in the Wings Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon had charge of the Reserve Prince Henry was in the Rear with many Noblemen Bernard Gascon was ordered with some Foot to secure the Mountain that they might not be attacked on that side Before the Fight Prince Henry Knighted several Men of Quality The Signal of Battle being given the Catalonians soon gave way and at last fled the Foot to the Mountain the Horse along the Plain D. Peter having cast off his Upper Garment mixt himself with the Victors and the next day made his escape Most of the Burgundians were killed of the others many taken and among them the Earl of Pallas the chief Promoter of this War This Battle was fought upon the last day of February 1465. Not one of the Aragonians was killed and but few wounded D. Peter returned to Manresa Beltran Armendario with great Courage put part of the scattered Army into çervera and fortified it Thence the sury of the War was carried to Ampurias the Aragonians still getting the better The Tumults in Navarre were near quelled the Biamonteses being reduced and pardoned The Earl of Faux and Eleanor his Wife were also declared Heirs of that Kingdom Ismael King of Granada died on the 7th of April his Son Albohazen a Man of great Courage and Resolution succeeded him This King had Two Wives one a Native Moor Mother to Boabdil afterwards called the Little King the other a Renegade Christian called Zoroyra who had two Sons Cado and Nacre who when Granada was taken by King Ferdinand became Christians as did their Mother In Italy King Ferdinand of Naples having subdued all his Enemies settled his Kingdom He overthrew John Duke of Lorrain and forced him to fly to the Island Ischia and thence afterwards into France This done King Perdinand on the 14th of September came to Naples where he was received with great Joy and Pomp. Queen Elizabeth his Wife visited the Churches paying her Vows to Heaven being a very Virtuous and Devout Lady but died soon after the Kingdom was pacified After this her Husband King Ferdinand Reigned above 30 years always successful in several Wars he undertook for his Allies Alonso Duke of Calabria his Son overthrew the Turks who had possessed themselves of Otranto and drove them out of all the Country Prince Alonso of Castile being in the Power of the Nobles was the cause of greater Troubles which were designed to be quelled by those very
Means The King from Cabeçon went to the Kingdom of Toledo and the Nobles to Plasencia D. Peter Giron Master of Calatrava went away to Andalusia where he had the Town of Ossuna designing to stir up that People to Rebellion D. John de Valencuela had the grand Priorship of S. John taken from him and the Bishop of Jaen his Goods and Revenues only because they were Loyal to their King Besides this D. Peter Giron raised Men and endeavoured with large Promises to Debauch all the Nobility of that Country The Duke of Medina Sidonia the Earl of Arcos D. Alonso de Aguilar and the Councils of Sevill and Cordoua resolved to join with the Rebels King Henry perceiving the Storm gather assembled a Councel at Madrid where he asked what was best to be done in that Exigence All being silent the Archbishop of Toledo said his Opinion was The first thing to be procured was that Prince Alonso should be put into the Kings Hands as the fittest Person to secure the Pledge of Peace which if the Nobility â—â—used then they ought to be proceeded against by force of Arms That to this purpose the Court should remove to Salamanca to be near to the Rebels either to Treat of Peace or to carry on the War These things being thought to be meant as they were said were easily agreed to A Message was sent to the Nobles and the Forces ordered to march to Salamanca The King himself went away to Old Castile and with what Forces he had laid Siege to Arevalo then held by the Rebels Thence the Archbishop of Toledo putting off his Disguise went away to Avila whereof he was made Governor by the King Thither the Conspirators repaired to him The Admiral as had been agreed seized Valladolid where they designed their Forces should Rendezvous These sad News having awaked the King out of his Lethargy he is said to have fallen down before a Crucifix and uttered these Words Thy Aid I implore my Lord Christ the Son of God by whom Kings Reign To thee I Recommend my Person and Dignity I only beg this Punishment which I confess inferior to my Deserts may be for the good of my Soul Lord give me Patience to endure it and permit not the People to suffer for my sake Then he hasted away to Salamanca At Avila the Rebels resolved upon a most Barbarous Action to the Eternal Infamy of Spain Without the Walls of that City they Erected a Scaffold and placed on it the Statue of King Henry in his Royal Robes on a Throne with his Scepter and Crown Thither the Villanous Nobles and a Multitude of People resorted Then a Cryer proclaimed Sentence against the King laying to his Charge many horrid Crimes Whilst the Sentence was reading they leasurely stripped the Statue of all its Robes and at last with Reproachful Language threw it down from the Scaffold This Villany was acted upon Wednesday the 5th of June Immediately Prince Alonso who had been all the while present was brought upon the Scaffold there lifted upon the Shoulders of the Nobles and proclaimed King the Royal Standard being Displayed in his Name as was the Custom at the Inauguration of Kings The Multitude presently cryed God Save King Alonso which was ingaging themselves in the Quarrel The News of this horrid Treason being spread abroad some approved of others condemned it It was easie for the new King to be Liberal of what was not his own to Gutierre de Solis at the Request of his Brother the Master of Alcantara he gave the City Coria with the Title of an Earl Burgos and Toledo approved this Act of the Nobles On the other side many great Men declared for King Henry D. Garcia de Toledo Earl of Alva being reconciled came to him with 500 Horse and 1000 Foot The Queen and Princess Elizabeth were sent to the King of Portugal to beg Succours of him They met him at Guardia on the Borders of Portugal yet obtained nothing but good Words and Civil Entertainment The Rebels Rendezvoused at Valladolid the Loyalists at Toro being more Numerous than well Disciplined PenÌ„astor was besieged by the Rebels who because it made a Virgorous Defence threw down its Walls to terrifie other Places Thence they removed to Simancas whither the King sent John Fernandez Galindo with 3000 Horse which so encouraged the Besieged that the Rabble formally condemned the Archbishop of Toledo and having dragged his Statue about the Streets burnt it in revenge to the Affront offered to the King at Avila Hereupon the Rebels raised the Siege but especially because they heard the King had an Army of 80000 Foot and 14000 Horse at Toro This Army marched to Simancas By the way in a Skirmish John Carillo a Captain of the Rebels was wounded and taken being at the point of Death he discovered a Conspiracy naming the Persons concerned in it to the King in private but the King fearing his Discovery might be feigned concealed their Names He laid Siege to Valladolid but could not take it by reason it had a strong Garison or rather because the Kings Men had no stomach to fight There a Treaty was again set on foot King Henry and the Marquis de Villena met again Much was promised and nothing performed yet the King was perswaded since his Revenue could not bear so great a Charge to dismiss his Army and then Prince Alonso quitting the Title of King with all the Nobility would submit Thus both sides disbanded and the Noblemen who were with the King tho they had'done no Service were highly Rewarded The Rebels went away to Arevalo and so Valladolid returned to its Duty Prince Alonso was kept in the nature of a Prisoner and they threatned to kill him because he designed to make his escape to his Brother The Treaty of Peace went on and the Rebels promised to submit provided the Princess Elizabeth were Married to the Master of Calatrava The King consented and immediately sent the Duke of Albuquerque and Bishop of Calahorra from Court because they were Enemies to the Master This Project afflicted the Princess who wept bitterly and having told the cause of her Grief to Da. Beatrix de Bobadilla her first Lady of the Bedchamber that Lady shewing her a naked Dagger promised she would with it kill the Master of Calatrava rather than he should have her But God ordered it better for as he hasted from his Town of Almagro to celebrate the Marriage he fell sick by the way and died at Villarubia at the beginning of the year 1466 He was buried in a private Chappel at Calatrava His Two Sons inherited his Estate D. Alonso Tellez Giron the eldest in pursuance of his Fathers Will was Earl of UrenÌ„a D. Roderick Tellez Giron the younger had the Mastership of Calatrava having before obtained the Popes Bull to that effect He had also a third Son called D. John Pacheco all three unlawfully begotten Not long before the Masters Death in the Territory
wrote his History positively asserts his being poisoned by the Marquess of Villena But I cannot find to what purpose that Nobleman should undertake such a hainous Crime CHAP. VI. John Duke of Lorrain Supports and Heads the Rebels in Catalonia for his Father Ferdinand Prince of Aragon declared King of Sicily The Crown of Castile offered to the Princess Elizabeth she refuses it Peace betwixt the King and Nobels REnce Duke of Anjou having accepted of the offer made him by the Catalonians because he was himself too Old to undertake that Expedition sent his Son John Duke of Lorrain who we said before was by the Aragonians drove out of Italy The King of France not regarding his League with Aragon sent him Supplies as soon as he had ended the Civil War with his Brother the Duke of Berri and Charles Duke of Burgundy John Earl of Armagnac between whom and the Duke of Lorrain there was a professed friendship brought him some Supplies with these Forces he began the War fortunately but the end was not suitable Barcelona received him with joy and it was resolved to carry the War to Ampurias The King of Aragon tho' Old and Blind repaired thither near Roses a Party of Aragonians was defeated The Body of the French Army marched towards Girona resolving if the Commandant Peter de Rocaberty came out to fight him if he kept close to Besiege the Place The Aragonians Marched out and in several Rencounters worsted the Enemy Prince Ferdinand came and put his Forces into the City whereupon the Siege was raised Soon after the Prince going out with a Party was defeated by the French and many of his Men killed Roderick Rebolledo who had behaved himself bravely in defence of the Prince was taken It was resolved to wear out the heat of the French therefore all the Frontiers were Garrisoned and Duke Alonso de Aragon left to Command there and observe the Enemy Prince Ferdinand returned to Zarogoza where the Cortes sate and was present when his Mother died as has been said above His Mother being dead and his Father 70 years of Age all the weight of the Government fell upon him therefore to give him the more Authority he was declared King of Sicily This was about the time that Prince Alonso of Castile departed this Life as we have declared The death of Prince Alonso being known at Zaragoça immediately Peter Peralta was sent to the Factious Lords of Castile to ask the Princess Elizabeth in Marriage for Prince Ferdinand His Father stayed at Zaragoça and he went away to carry on the War in Catalonia The Duke of Lorrain desiring to possess himself of Girona raised 15000 Men in Russillon and Cerdagne which with the Forces he had before was a Power too great for the Aragonians to cope with so that they could put no Relief into the Town which was closely besieged Nevertheless through the Valour of the Bishop of D. John Meliguerite and other Commanders it held out Mean while Prince Ferdinand had a Town called Verga delivered to him on the 17th of September From this time the Affairs of the Aragonians began to look with a better Aspect and the more for that the King recovered his Sight a thing then thought miraculous A Jew of Lerida undertook the Cure and couched a Cataract in the Right Eye on the 11th of September when he refused to proceed to the other saying There was no favourable Aspect of the Heavens but being pressed by the King on the 11th of October he perfected the Cure upon the Left Eye To add to this Publick Joy the Weather and want of Necessaries obliged the Enemy to raise the Siege of Girona In Portugal Prince John married his Cousin Eleanor not regarding the Promise he made to marry Joanna Princess of Castile Her Mother 's loose Life made her Birth suspected Ferdinand Duke of Viseo Father to the Lady Eleanor passed over into Africk obtained there some Victories over the Moors and returning home by his Wife Beatrix the Daughter of D. John Master of Santiago in Portugal had a Son called Emanuel who came in time to be King of Portugal The Portugueses talk of strange Prodigies seen at the Birth of that Child denoting his future Grandeur Upon the death of Prince Alonso many submitted to King Henry but the Peace was not lasting and the War that ensued wasted the Power of Spain Burgos returned to its Duty and at Madrid the Archbishop of Sevill the Earl of Benavente and other Noblemen did Homage to the King The Rebels having lost Prince Alonso resolved to offer the Crown to the Princess Elizabeth as they did at Avila the Archbishop of Toledo making an Harangue to persuade her and railing at the King She thanked them for their Offer and wishing long Life to the King her Brother intreated them to pay to him that Duty they offered to her Her Modesty surprized them all and she was thought the worthier to Reign They bent their Thoughts upon Peace and the more because the King had sent Commissioners to offer them all his Free Pardon At length Peace was concluded at Avila by the Archbishop of Sevill and Andrew de Cabrera Lord Steward of the Houshold upon these Articles That the Princess Elizabeth be sworn Heiress to the Crown That the Cities and Towns of Avila Ubeda Medina del Campo Olmedo and Escalona be given to her but upon Condition she shall not Marry without the King's Consent That the King be divorced from the Queen the Pope consenting to it That she and her Daughter be sent to Portugal That all the revolted Nobility be pardoned and restored to their Estates and Preferments taken from them during the Troubles Four Months were allowed for the Performance of these Articles These Conditions pleased not the Marquss de Santillana and his Brothers who thought it more for their Interest to have the keeping of the Princess Joanna The Queen with the Assistance of Luys de Mendoça was gone away by Night from the Castle where she was kept to her Daughter at Buytrago This much troubled the Archbishop of Sevil who had the Charge of keeping her During her Confinement she was delivered of Two Sons Ferdinand and Apostol who it is affirmed were bred in the Monastery of S. Dominick the Royal of Nuns in Toledo The Monastery of Guisando in the mid-way betwixt Madrid and Avila was appointed for the King and the Lords to meet There many Conditions were agreed to and much granted to the Nobles none of them doubting but the King and his Sister being weary of those Confusions would refuse them nothing they could ask It is said the King and Marquess de Villena had a private Conference the Substance whereof is not known but by what followed it was supposed it only tended to the securing the Marquess and advancing his Family On the 19th of September the Nobility did their Homage to King Henry and swore the Princess Elizabeth Heiress to the Crown
from Pope Pius II. but it appears to have been false by the Bull afterwards granted upon that occasion by Pope Sixtus IV. King Ferdinand was but 16 Years of Age but proper and strong The new married Couple sent Letters to the Pope King Henry and other Princes and Great Men excusing their being so hasty in marrying They were forced to borrow Money for their Expences About the same time Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon was by the King his Uncle created Duke of Segorve and Alonso the King's Bastard-Son Earl of Ribagorça On the 6th of December died at Rome D. John Cavajal Cardinal and Bishop of Plasencia He was Auditor de Rota Legate to Three Popes and a Man of a good Life He built a Bridge over Tagus in Estremadura which is still called the Cardinal's Bridge Whilst King Henry was busie settling the Affairs of Sevil advice was sent him from Cantillana by the Master of Santiago of his Sister's Marriage His Displeasure was very great Immediately he set out for Truxillo designing to give that Town to the Earl of Plasencia for his good Services during the Troubles The Townsmen resolved to oppose it and therefore the King rather than use Violence gave him in lieu of it the Town of Arevalo in Old Castile and because it was not worth so much as the other added to it the Title of a Duke At Truxillo the Master of Alcantara who had sided with Prince Alonso was pardoned and the King gave or restored the City Coria to Gutierre de Caceres and Solis his Brother Thus many who deserved Punishment received Rewards Here Letters were brought the King from his Sister excusing her marrying and promising she and her Husband would be as dutiful as if they were his Children if he would treat them with the Affection of a Father No other Answer was returned but that the King at Segovia would consider of that Affair Another Message was sent to Segovia at the beginning of the Year 1470 to press the King to give leave to the Prince and Princess that they might pay their Respects to him promising their future Behaviour should make amends for the Displeasure they had done him All the Answer was a Business of that Importance required the Advice of the Nobility This was the Pretence but in reality he was offended at the Princess Elizabeth and had fixed his Affection on his Daughter Joanna whom Lewis King of France had sent to demand in Marriage for his Brother Charles created Duke of Guienne Besides he pressed King Henry to join with him in calling a General Councel in opposition to Pope Paul with whom he was at variance This Request was flatly denied by the King the Business of the Marriage was put off At the same time D. Alonso de Aguilar at Cordova apprehended the Mareschal D. James de Cordova who suspected no such Design He was soon released by the King's Order but thinking he should obtain no Satisfaction for that Wrong went away to Granada and thence with the Consent of the Moorish King sent a Challenge to his Adversary to fight upon the Plain of Granada On the appointed Day having waited till Sun-set and D. Alonso not appearing he dragged his Effigies at his Horse's Tail That done he sent Letters to all Parts with Pictures representing that Passage The Knights of Alcantara would not submit to their Master and the Dispute came to open Hostility The Master not being able alone to oppose so many begged Assistance of his Brother Gutierre de Solis They wanted Money and Garci Alvarez de Toledo Earl of Alva lent them a Sum upon the Mortgage of the City Coria Thus the Earls afterwards Dukes of Alva got that City which being confirmed to them by Grants of Kings remains in the Family to this day Nothing remarkable hapned between the Master and Knights only they hindred his Forces passing the River Tagus and soon after they were dispersed The Master being thus outed his Estate died some Years after D. John de Zun̄iga Son to the Duke of Arevalo succeeded him and was the last Master of Alcantara he resigning up that Dignity to King Ferdinand D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago lay sick at Ocen̄a being greater in the King's Favour than ever notwithstanding all his Misdemeanours which occasioned the People to say he had bewitched the King and it was given out the Court removed to Madrid only to be near him When he returned to Court after his Sickness the King went out to meet him and gave him the Town of Escalona the Inhabitants whereof refusing to receive him the King went thither in Person to deliver it to him The Earl of Armagnac fled into Spain for fear of being killed because he privately marry'd the Earl of Faux's Daughter without her Father's Consent He was well received by the King and soon after returned into France the Cardinal of Albi in that King's Name assuring him his Life but it proved fatal to him as will appear hereafter The Biscayners who had been long divided into the Factions of On̄es and Gamboas about this time fell into great Confusions Peter Fernandez de Velasco Earl of Haro was sent by the King to appease them which he soon did banishing the two Heads of the Factions called Peter de Avendan̄o and John de Moxica Pope Paul II. granted a Jubilee to all that gave Alms two thirds thereof to be employed in rebuilding the Church of Segovia and the rest for his own Use King Henry went thither from Madrid to gain this Jubilee In Portugal the Duke of Viseo died at Setuva on the 8th of September being 37 Years of Age James his Second Son succeeded him He was buried in the Monastery of S. Francis in that City and thence translated to the Church of the Conception at Beja which with the Monastery of Nuns it belonged to was built by his Wife Beatrix In Valladolid the People mutinied and took up Arms against those that were descended of Jews tho Christians themselves King Ferdinand and his Queen could not quell them The Party oppressed implored the Protection of King Henry by which means that City was reduced to his Obedience The Earl of Benavente was left to Govern there and King Ferdinand with his Wife returned to Duen̄as There that Queen was delivered of a Daughter of her own Name Ambassadors came from France to press the Marriage before Treated of and it was now agreed to All things being concluded the Marquess of Santillana brought the Princess Joanna for which Service and for having kept her the King gave him the Towns of Alcoçer Valdolivas and Salmeron which belonged to the Marquess de Villena in the Right of his Wife the Countess of Santistevan who in lieu of it had the Town of Requena with all the Duties belonging to it which are considerable because that place is near the Frontiers of Valencia A Monastery of Carthusians called Paular between Segovia and Buytrago was the place
Toledo Thence he moved to Guadalajara upon no other design than to gain the Famely of the Mendoças and alienate them from King Henry and the Master of Santiago At the same time in several Cities Mutinies were raised to destroy those that were descended from Jews This Storm broke out first at Cordoua where the Rabble without any fear of punishment committed great Barbarities against those Miserable People Robbing and Murdering great numbers of them Some said this was a Judgment upon them for that many had fallen from the Christian Religion after embracing of it Other Towns in Andaluzia followed the Example of Cordoua but the greatest Violence was at Jaen Irançu the Constable endeavouring to protect those Wretches the Rage of the Multitude was such that they Murdered him in the Church as he heard Mass and the Lady Teresa his Wife with her Children had much difficulty to escape into the Castle His Honours were given to others the Office of Chancellor to the Bishop of Siguença that of Constable to Peter Fernandez de Velasco Earl of Haro in whose Family it has continued to this day whereas before it went from one Family to another The Death of Irança was a great Loss to the King for his singular Valour and Loyalty This Loss D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago laboured to make up some other way To this effect he sent for Henry Duke of Segorve out of Aragon upon Promise of giving him the Princess Joanna to Wife With him came his Mother the Lady Beatrix Pimentel The Master himself went as far as Requena to meet him Notwithstanding all this the Match was broke off by the Contrivance of the same Master of Santiago for that the Person of the Duke did not answer the Expectation conceived of him and particularly because he was Haughty and when the Nobility came to pay their Respects stretched out his Hand to be kissed Besides the Master was jealous that if he came to be King he would recover the Towns that had been his Father's These were the true Reasons of disappointing him tho' it was given out there was need of a more powerful Prince to quell all the Tumults then in the Kingdom The King was unwilling to break his Word and impose upon that Prince but the Master replied There would be need of much Money to carry on the War This was levelled against Andrew de Cabrera who had the keeping of the Royal Treasure in the Castle of Segovia In that City before this time by the Contrivance of the Master and after the Example of Andaluzia a Mutiny had been raised against those that descended from Jews Andrew de Cabrera quelled it but not without much Trouble and Hazard to his Person An Ambassador sent purposely by the Pope brought the Bishop of Siguença the Cardinal's Cap and gave it him at Madrid the King coming thither to Honour him and granting him the Title of Cardinal of Spain Henry Duke of Segorve was not permitted to come into Madrid but ordered to stop at Xetafe a League from that Town in the way to Toledo There he spoke to the King in a Field and it was agreed he should remove to Odon another Village hard by For delaying his Marriage they pretended it was necessary to expect the Pope's Dispensation Thus that Prince was imposed upon who by reason of this Misfortune was ever after called D. Henry Fortuna King Henry went away to Segovia to get Money because Andrew Cabrera supplied him slenderly to cross the Master of Santiago who he knew aimed at the Government of that Castle having before taken from him that of Madrid Besides he favoured King Ferdinand and was married to Beatrix de Bobadilla who had served the Princess Elizabeth The new Cardinal's Revenue increased upon the Death of D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Sevil being promoted to that See and still retaining Siguença a Thing then altogether new An Army of 20000 French Foot and 1000 Men at Arms under the Command of Philip Duke of Savoy sate down before the City Perpignan in the County of Russellon on the 9th of April The King of Aragon threw himself into it resolving to undergo any Danger rather than quit that Place which is very strong and seated on the Borders of France To encourage the People he assembled them in the Church and took an Oath never to leave them till the Siege was raised A desperate Action at his Years and not to be commended in him on whom depended the Welfare of all the Country Peter de Peralta Constable of Navarre gave a signal Demonstration of his Loyalty for being well skilled in the French Tongue in the Habit of a Franciscan Friar he passed through the Enemies Army and got into the Town to bear his King company in that Danger Of the King of Arragon's three Sons D. Alonso was with his Father the Archbishop of Zaragoça with a good Body of Men threw himself into Elna which is near Perpignan to be ready upon all Occasions King Ferdinand marched with 400 Horse he gathered in Castile and 100 he gathered by the way With this Force in June he sate down before Ampurias which so surprized the Enemy that they soon raised their Siege concluded a Truce till October and cleared that Country Thus the War being ended the King of Aragon made his Entry into Barcelona in Triumph under a Canopy sitting on a Chariot covered with Cloth of Gold and drawn by four white Horses On both sides of him was the Nobility and Magistrates and vast Multitudes of People covered the Fields and Ways His Son was gone to Tortosa to hold the Cortes of Aragon but was hindred by Sickness and being called back hastily into Castile About this time a certain Moor of the City of Fez stole away the Bones of Prince Ferdinand Master of Avis and brought them to Portugal where they were buried at Aljubarrota with great Solemnity All other Parts of Spain at this time enjoyed Peace except Castile which was under continual Alarms the Nobility being always at Variance and the People led by their Example Mutinous Most Cities and Towns were divided into Factions King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth's Forces still increased and many came over to them daily whereas on the contrary King Henry's Authority was lessened the People being dissatisfied with him In Commonwealths as well as in the Body of Man those Diseases are most dangerous that proceed from the Head In Biscay the Disorder was great because the new Constable used Force to reduce that fierce People who had more than others adhered to King Henry On the other side the Earl of Trevin̄o who favoured the Aragonian with all his Strength opposed him and the Biscainers were of old better affected towards his Family Thus that Country of it self not very plentiful was wasted and consumed fresh Tumults broke out at Toledo The Earl of Fuensalida confiding in the Assistance of the Master of Santiago attempted to surprize
with 300 light Horse to engage the Enemies Rear Thus the King of Portugal marching but slowly by reason of his Baggage King Ferdinand had time to overtake him after passing a Defile and entring a large Plain about a League and a half from Toro This was about Sun-setting nevertheless the Enemy could not avoid fighting King Ferdinand being so near and there being no way to escape but over the Bridge Hereupon the Army halted and the King drew it up in order of Battle King Ferdinand was dubious but the Nobility and Officers being all for fighting the signal was given D. Alvaro de Mendoça with his 300 Horse gave the first on-set John Prince of Portugal who led the Van in which were 800 Men at Arms mixed with Musqueteers received them so hotly they were put to flight Both Kings were in the Body of their Armies which charged furiously and the Battle stood a long time dubious both Parties being disordered and fighting confusedly A hot Dispute was about the King of Portugal's Standard Peter Vaca de Sotomayor took it from the Bearer called Duarte de Almeida but others coming on both sides it was torn to pieces Almeida was taken or as others will have it killed His Arms instead of the Standard hang at this day in the Cathedral of Toledo In fine the Portugueses fled and the King with a few made his way to the Mountains without ever stopping till he came to Castronun̄o Night stopped the pursuit but Henry Earl of Alva Liste who had gone as far as the Bridge of Toro was taken by a Party of the Enemy under the Command of John Prince of Portugal who made good his Ground upon a Hill King Ferdinand thought not sit to attack them because his Men were dispersed plundering Both Parties stood looking upon one another several hours but the Portugueses stayed last which Action their Historians magnifie and affirm the Prince had the Victory King Ferdinand returned to Zamora and the Portugueses to Toro In this Fight the Archbishop of Toledo never stirted from the Prince of Portugal's side Few were killed and fewer taken but the Booty was considerable most of the Portugues Baggage being lost From Zamora King Ferdinand removed to Medina del Campo where at the Suit of the Constable whose Daughter was Contracted to the Earl of Uren̄a he Pardoned him and his Brother the Master of Calatrava notwithstanding they and many others only waited to see which Party would prevail This caused great Disorders throughout the whole Kingdom Particularly at Fuenteovejuna one night in April the People took Arms to kill Fernan Perez de Guzman chief Commendary of Calatrava which he had well deserved for the Insolencies committed in that Town Such was the resolution of those People that thô many young Men and Women were put upon the Rack to discover the Authors of that Design nothing more could ever be got from them but that Fuenteovejuna did it All manner of Crimes were committed the Law being of no Force which moved the Towns as we said had been done before to associate themselves and raise Forces to punish Criminals Alonso de Quintanilla the King's Treasurer promoted this Design Laws were established for the Associators to be governed by which continued in force 20 Years till all the troubles being ended the Kingdom was restored to Peace The Stress of the War was now removed to the utmost part of Biscay called Guipuscoa where stands the impregnable Fortress of Fuenterabia encompassed with the Sea and strongly fortified to Curb the French who often commit waste in that Country This Place the French Besiged by way of a diversion to the Forces that then lay before the Castle of Zamora They battered down a great part of the Walls and filled the Ditch which laid the Place open the Garrison being weak and harrassed with continual labour James Sarmiento Earl of Salinas who had the charge of the Castle encouraging his Men made a desperate Sally and ruined all the Enemies Works This good success and the accession of some Recruitsthat came to them gave them courage to Fight the Enemy in open Field where they parted upon equal Terms but still the Siege was not raised Thus much of Biscay Peter Arias and Peter de Toledo raised the People of Madrid and having received some supplies from the Queen and Marquess de Santilla besiged the Castle of that Town which was held by a Garrison of the Marquess de Villena At the same time Truxillo in Estremadura and Baeça in Andaluzia were besieged by the Forces of King Ferdinand Chinchilla and Almansa Towns in the Marquisate of Villena called Forces out of Valencia to their Aid and revolted from the Marquess but he soon reduced them In all other things the Aragonians were succesful and the Portugueses unfortunate The Castle of Zamora surrendred to King Ferdinand on the 19th of March. This loss so discouraged the Portugueses that their Prince carried away the Princess Joanna on whose account the War was made to Portugal under a Guard of 400 Horse With a like number the Archbishop returned to his Province upon pretence of reducing some Persons who favoured King Ferdinand but in reality to retire being weary of the War and despairing of Success King Ferdinand laid Siege to the strong Castle of Calatapieda but soon desisted and concluded a Truce for half a Year upon condition the Towns of Villalva Mayorga and Portillo should be restored to the Earl of Benavente they having been lately delivered up by him to purchase his liberty D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes called himself Master of Santiago was possessed of Vcles the chief Town of that Order and laid Siege to the Castle which held for the Marquess of Villena He and the Archbishop of Toledo came to relieve the besieged but were repulsed by D. Roderick and his Son D. George Manrique a brave Youth tho short lived of whose parts we shall speak in another place Neither was the Sea free from this War Andrew Suncer with some Gallies of Aragon did harm along the Coast of Portugal So many losses perplexed the King of Portugal and moved many of the Nobility of Castile who sided with him to think of making their Peace at home Among these the first was the Duke of Arevalo who gave the Town of Pinto to Roderick de Mendoza for assisting him in his reconciliation He submitted and did Homage to Queen Elizabeth whereby instead of punishment he obtained singular favours In particular D. John de Zuniga his Son was made Master of the Order of Alcantara which before was in dispute betwixt him and D. Alonso de Monroy Soon after the Lady Beatrix Pacheco Countess of Medellin submitted On the 4th of May a Match was concluded betwixt Ferdinand Grandson to the King of Naples and the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Castile The King of Naples was to secure her 200000 Crowns and her Father 150000 in case she had Issue Male. King
Months to appoint Arbitrators who were to decide all Controversies This much offended the Lady Magdalen Wife that was to the late Gaston Earl of Faux fearing it was a contrivance to exclude her Children their Fathers Inheritance Berengarius de Sos Dean of Barcelona was sent Ambassador to appease that Lady and advise her not to mistrust the Kings of Castile and Aragon nor join with France She was then at Pau a Town in Bearne and answered she thanked them and would always endeavour rather to promote Peace than War On the 5th of October the Articles of Marriage betwixt Ferdinand King of Naples and Joanna Daughter to the King of Aragon were Sign'd at Tudela The Lady was Contracted at Cervera a Town in Catalonia and from thence forward she was called Queen of Naples Beatrix Daughter to the King of Naples was at the same time Married to Mathias King of Hungary She was a virtuous Lady but Barren and consequently had no Issue by him nor by King Ladislaus his Sucessor whom she afterwards Married Mean while the City Toro in Castile was surprized in the Night by D. Alonso de Fonseca Bishop of Avila and D. Frederic Son to D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Parades A Shepherd called Bartholomew shewed them how it might be scaled on that side which was least regarded by reason of a Morass that lay before it Having entred the Town they Besieged the Castle and Queen Elizabeth hearing the news repaired thither with speed from Segovia where she had been appeasing the late Tumult Mary Wife to John de Ulloa surrendred that Fortress on the 19th of October Her Son in Law the Earl of Marialva who Commanded in those parts quitted another Fort called Villalfonso near Toro and retired into Portugal There remained Castronun̄o from which Place Peter de Mendoza an able Soldier did great harm to the neighbouring Country For this reason the Kings Forces after the taking of Toro laid Siege to that Place and planted their Artillery which was carried thither with much labour Great application was made at the same time to reduce the Marquess de Villena and Archbishop of Toledo The Marquess seemed most inclinable to Submit but demanded the restitution of Villena and above 20 Towns taken from him in that Neighbourhood The Archbishop was more obstinate tho the King of Aragon ceased not to advise to compound with him at any rate But that Business was not yet ripe They began by the Marquess de Villena and promised to restore to him his whole Estate provided he surrendred the Castles of Madrid and Truxillo which still held for him The same offer was made to the Archbishop of Toledo D. Lope de Acun̄a his Nephew delivered up the City Huete which had been given him with the Title of a Duke in the time of his troubles by King Henry At the same time were killed two powerful Princes Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Galeazzo Duke of Milan Murdered in the Church whilst he was at Mass CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in Trust which has ever since continued in the King 's of Spain War with the Moores of Andaluzia The King of Portugal after having Abdicated his Crown returns home and is restored by his Son QUeen Elizabeth wisely put an end to a Debate that arose about the Mastership of Santiago D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes who called himself Master of Santiago and was famous for taking the Town of Huescar from the Moores died in November at Vcles His Son George Manrique wrote a learned Elegy upon his death D. Alonso de Cardenas his Competitor being dead resolved to go to Vcles with armed Men and force the Electors to chuse him Many other great Men aimed at that Dignity The King and Queen consulted at Toro what was best to be done in that Case and resolved rather to make use of Cunning than Force The King staied at Toro but the Queen made such haste to Vcles that as Ferdinand del Pulgar writes she came to that Place in three Days from Valladolid She perswaded the Knights to go with her to Ocan̄a which being a bigger Town and strong they might with more Security proceed upon their Election There by the means of D. Alonso de Fonseca Bishop of Avila and her Secretary Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo she prevailed upon them that to avoid Contention they should for some time Create King Ferdinand her Husband Administrator of that Dignity This was it that first weakened the power of that Order and soon after those of Calatrava and Alcantara followed their example Yet it was not long before the King and Queen conserred that Honour upon D. Alonso de Cardenas only obliging him to pay a certain Pension towards carrying on the War with the Moores which highly offended the other Nobles who thought they had as well deserved as he King Ferdinand having settled the affairs of Old Castile and concluded a Truce with the Enemy went away to Ocana at the beginning of the Year 1477. Then he again pardoned and received into his favour the Earl of Uren̄a who now seemed perfectly reconciled From Ocan̄a he went with the Queen to Toledo where in pursuance of a Vow made if they overcame the King of Portugal she ordered to be Built the famous Monastery of Franciscans still to be seen in that City and called St. Juan de los Reyes Thence they removed to Madrid and there received Advice that the Portugueses infested the Country about Badajor and Cuidad Rodrigo D. Gomer de Figueroa Earl of Feria was sent before to oppose them and the Queen followed soon after towards the Frontiers of Portugal King Ferdinand staied at Madrid in hopes to reduce the Archbishop of Toledo but he was so obstinate he would not see the King Therefore on the 24th of March the King set out for Old Castile to endeavour to pacifie Navarre which again laboured under the former Factions the Agramonteses having taken Estela and the Princess Elenor labouring to recover it with her own and the Forces of Castile At the same time the King and Queen were surprized with the News that Albohacen King of Granada notwithstanding the Truce which had lasted several Years had broke into the Kingdom of Murcia with 4000 Horse and 30000 Foot This attempt terrified the Christians who were wholly unprovided and the more for that on the 6th of April he took a little Town called Ciesa by Storm which he burnt and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword Besides he took a great booty of Cattle and returned home without any loss tho Peter Faxardo Lieuteannt of Murcia endeavoured to oppose him The harm done was not so great but that Castile not being yet pacified there was no hopes of taking revenge Cantalapiedra and Castronun̄o two Castles that held for the Portugueses were again besiged and forced to surrender The People were so incensed against Castronun̄o for the harm had been done
the Portugueses because on the 24th of February they had received a great Overthrow near Albufera two Leagues from Merida by the Forces under the Command of the Master of Santiago The Slaughter was so great that few escaped to Merida which as was said held for the Countess of Medellin In this Battle the Master and other Officers signalized themselves and among them James de Vera who killed the Portugues Standard-bearer and took the Royal Standard As a Reward the Master had the Pension of 3 Millions he was to pay out of the Mastership remitted and other Favours were bestowed upon James de Vera and the rest The Lady Beatrix Dutchess of Viseo Aunt to Queen Elizabeth and Mother-in-Law to John Prince of Portugal took upon her to Compose Differences betwixt Castile and Portugal King Ferdinand was in haste to take possession of his new Kingdom and the more for that the Aragonians to curb the Navarrois who had taken some Strong Holds on their Frontiers had assembled the Cortes without acquainting him which Action was contrary to the known Laws of that Kingdom Therefore the King left Queen Elizabeth to conclude the Peace with her Aunt Alcantara was the place agreed upon betwixt them Two for their Meeting This done the King went to pay his Devotions at Guadalupe and thence by the way of Santollalla Heriza and Calataynd to Aragon He made his Publick Entry into Zaragoça on the 28th of June with great State and the general Applause of the People who went out to meet him Next him went Luis Naya the chief Magistrate of the City The King was richly Cloathed and under a Canopy and the People with loud Acclamations wished him a Long and Happy Reign There he spent some time in hearing the Complaints of all that thought themselves aggrieved Soon after he went to Barcelona where he made Proposals about Recovering Russillon and Cerdagne but it took not effect then Yet Four Judges were appointed to determine all Differences betwixt France and Aragon as had been agreed at Bayonne From Barcelona the King went on to Valencia there he was splendidly received as in other Places and applied himself to pacifie certain Tumults occasioned by D. Ximeno de Urrea Viscount de Viota who had by force of Arms seized D. Jayme de Pallas Viscount Chelva and his Wife on pretence that Chelva and Mançanera possessed by the said D. Jayme belonged to him By the King's Command both Parties laid down their Arms. Afterwards when the Suit had depended three years the Judges offended at the Insolency of D. Ximeno in presuming to use Force gave Sentence against him and adjudged those Towns to his Adversary D. Jayme de Pallas CHAP. IX Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal The Turks get footing in Italy and are again expelled King Alonso of Portugal dies Henry the late King of Castile his Grants vacated by the Cortes Prince John Son to King Ferdinand sworn Heir of Castile QUeen Elizabeth and her Aunt the Dutchess of Viseo met as had been agreed at Alcantara and after some days spent in Debating fixed upon these Articles That the King of Portugal should not Stile himself King of Castile nor give the Arms of that Kingdom and King Ferdinand should do the same in respect to Portugal That Prince John Son to King Ferdinand as soon as he was of Age should Marry the Princess Joanna That in case Prince John when at Age should dislike that Marriage then his Father and Mother should be obliged to pay 100000 Ducats to the Princess Joanna That if she thought the time too long to stay she might have liberty to become a Nun. That the Princess Elizabeth of Castile should be Married to Alonso Grandson to the King of Portugal That the Disaffected Nobles of Castile should not be protected in Portugal That the Conquest and Discoveries on the Coast of Africk and in the Ocean should entirely appertain to Portugal Lastly That for Security of the Performance of these Articles the Princesses Joanna and Elizabeth and Prince Alonso should be delivered as Hostages to the Dutchess of Viseo to be by her kept in the Castle of Mora and the King of Portugal on his part to deliver up to her four other Castles on the borders of the Kingdom This was the end of that tedious and expensive War Great Rejoycing and Thanksgiving was throughout all Spain for the Peace King Ferdinand from Valencia where he received this Joyful News returned to Toledo about the end of the year There Queen Elizabeth his Wife expected him and their Joy was redoubled by the Birth of the Princess Joanna whom Heaven had decreed to inherit the Kingdoms of her Ancestors Soon after the other Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry perceiving how she was imposed upon became a Nun in the Monastery of S. Clare at Coimbra where she led a Virtuous Life and persevered till her Death Nevertheless the Princess Elizabeth and Prince Alonso were delivered up to the Dutchess of Viseo according to Articles The Countess of Medellin and D. Alonso de Monroy submitted as did other Nobles of Castile who had been the chief support of Portugal The Marquess of Villena his former Articles being somewhat altered was restored to the King and Queen's Favour about the beginning of the year 1480. By this new Contract the Marquess was left possessed of Escalona Belmonte Villena and Almansa the other Towns of his fell to the King Necessity obliged him to submit to these hard Terms In January died Renee Duke of Anjou in France a Prince no less famous for his ill Fortune than long Life Till the last he Stiled himself King of Aragon Sicily and Hierusalem all empty Titles In his Will he appointed his Nephew Charles his Heir To Renee Duke of Lorrain his Grandson by the Mother side he left the Dutchy of Bar which he possessed in France At Toledo the Cortes of Castile were assembled Great numbers of People resorted thither and many Grievances were laid before them The Country complained that the Nobility oppressed the Poor and devoured the Revenues of the Crown which was the cause that heavy Taxes were daily imposed upon the People Commissioners were appointed to inspect into this Affair and they having considered of it declared that all Grants made by King Henry or extorted by force ought to be void Yet all the Power of the Laws and Magistrates was not of force to curb the Insolencies of the Nobility In May all the Three Estates swore Prince John Heir of the Crown after the death of his Parents Now Castile being thus settled the King and Queen went first to Medina del Campo and then to Valladolid where some Noblemen received exemplary Punishment for Crimes committed which terrified others Galicia was not perfectly reduced that being a fierce sort of People The Cities Lugo Orense Mondon̄edo Bivero and Corun̄a would not submit Ferdinand de Acun̄a and a Civilian called Garcia Chinchilla were sent to
to every Man's Fancy But what most troubled them was to see those who carried the Standards to Church to be Blessed look extraordinarily melancholy Others laughed at all these Observations as at vain and accidental things The day following the King went away to Ezija all Persons of any Note striving to have part in that Undertaking According as had been resolved they marched to Loxa where they encamped and entrenched themselves near the Suburbs among Olive Gardens on that side where the River Xenil is so straightned by high Banks that it is not sordable The Ground was streight and not proper for the Horse and the Citizens being Masters of the Bridge it was hard to pass the River Near this place is a Hill called Albohacen which being commodious to hinder the Enemy from sallying and to command the City the Master of Calatrava and Marquesses of Villena and Cadiz were ordered to possess themselves of it Within the City were about 3000 Horse Commanded by Alatar a Brave Captain They made several Sallies particularly upon a Saturday being encouraged by some Recruits they had received and the Hopes that the King of Granada was marching to relieve them they attacked our Post upon the Hill sallying in two Bodies Our Guards being surprized fled Those that encamped next them came to their Relief but without any Order or leaving a Guard in the Camp The other Body of Moors laying hold of this Opportunity easily made themselves Masters of our Works which greatly discouraged those that were engaged However they ran to defend their Camp and behaved themselves with great Bravery The Enemy pressed them in Front and Rear which was the cause our Men were defeated The Master of Calatrava was killed with many others the rest saved themselves by flight King Ferdinand discouraged by this Misfortune and perceiving that what his Brother the Duke de Villahermosa had said was true to wit That the Army was encamped in a disadventageous Post as also understanding the Enemy's Army marched towards him the next day marched away as far as the Lovers Rock called Pen̄a de los Enamorados which was seven Leagues distant from Loxa He retired in good Order the Marquess of Cadiz facing the Enemy who continually charged the Rear but were so bravely received they fled to the City This was the end of that ill laid Design The Moors encouraged by this Success returned to the Siege of Alhama King Ferdinand on the 14th of August in Person relieved the Besieged laid in Provision for 9 Months and gave the Lieutenancy of that Place to D. Luis Osorio who tho' Elect Bishop of Jaen was a brave and experienced Soldier Besides the King plundered and burnt all the Plain of Granada 600 Moors came out of the City to skirmish but the Earl of Cabra and Chief Commendary of Calatrava killed many of them and forced the rest back into the Town These were great Losses to the Moors but the greatest Mischief was Discord among themselves for a great number of the Citizens of Granada taking Arms drove their King Albohaçen out of the City They accused him of Tyranny and of beginning that bloody War In his Place they set up his own Son Mahomet Boabdil commonly called the Little King others call him Haley Muley Alcadurbil Malaga Baça and some other Cities continued Loyal to King Albohaçen Thus that Nation was divided betwixt Two Factions which did them no less harm than the Enemies abroad It is remarkable that amidst these Confusions neither Party asked Aid of the Christians but in the heat of the Civil War made Incursions into their Territories and took the Town of Can̄ete on the Frontiers of that Kingdom Other Affairs for some time diverted the King and Queen from the War with the Moores and they returned to the Kingdom of Toledo The Command of the Frontiers about Ezija was given to D. Peter Manrique Earl of Trevin̄o and lately created Duke of Najara D. Alonso de Cardenas Master of Santiago was to Command about Jaen The Government of Sevil was given to D. John de Silva Earl of Cifuentes All things thus settled the King and Queen came to Madrid about the beginning of Winter There the Cortes assembled to regulate the Association set on Foot some Years before as has been said that they might not abuse the Power they had Supplies were also demanded for the Expences of the War and they offered to furnish 16000 Beasts for Carriage Pope Sixtus commanded the Clergy to contribute 100000 Ducats for once He also granted the Croisade to such as served at their own Cost or at least contributed a certain small Sum of Money This was again granted 3 Years after and has continued ever since being Yearly Collected which brings a great Sum of Money into the Kings Coffers Besides all this much Money was borrowed of Bankers and other private Persons The Aragonians would not receive D. Raimund Folch Earl of Cardona for their Viceroy and pleaded it was a breach of their Priviledges to put a Stranger over them After some debate the King condescended and constituted his Son Alonso de Aragon Archbishop of Zaragoça Viceroy The designs of the Portugueses and Navarrois did not a little perplex King Ferdinand The King of Portugal proposed to Marry his Neece the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry to Francis Phebus King of Navarre who was not yet dead Navarre favoured France To prevent danger Ambassadors were sent to both Those who went to Navarre which was after the death of that King had orders to propose a Match betwixt Queen Catherine who had Inherited that Crown and Prince John King Ferdinand 's Son They had also instructions to endeavour to gain all the Men in Power particularly the Faction of the Biamonteses that was possessed of Pamplona and most of the Kingdom the Queen having little left her but the Name tho' she had appointed a Viceroy who was Monsieur de Abene a Frenchman well versed in Affairs of that nature Magdalen the Queen's Mother seemed pleased at the Match and said there could be nothing on her side to obstruct so advantageous a proposal In Galicia the Constable and Earl of Benavente with their followers were in Arms. Each of them strove to seize the Castles of the Bishops to be in a better Condition to oppose his Adversary King Ferdinand to prevent mischief Ordered Ferdinand de Acun̄a Governor of that Country to seize those Places The Governor besieging the Castle of Lugo D. Peter Ossorio Earl of Lemos came with Forces to the Assistance of his Brother who was Bishop of that City This produced a new War which obliged King Ferdinand to set out from Madrid on the 11th of February 1413 and hasten into Galicia By the way he received advice that the Earl of Lemos was dead He appointed his Grandson Roderick his Heir tho' a Bastard of his Son Alonso The Grandfather obtained a dispensation of the Pope to make him Legitimate and put him
Riches and Prosperity he shall be very Devout of a virtuous Inclination and a great Defender of Christianity Amidst so many Virtues considering human Frailty there could not be wanting some Allay of Vice Avarice which is laid to his Charge may be well excused with the lowness of the Revenue The Wickedness of those Times was the cause of the Severity and Rigour he is blamed for Foreign Writers accuse him of a wicked Craft and that he valued not his Word where it was for his Advantage to break it I will not dispute how true this is He contracted Affinity with the Greatest Princes in all Christendom as the Kings of England and Portugal and the Dukes of Austria Several other Princes were near of Kin to him for he was Unkle to Anne Dutchess of Britany as Brother to her Grandmother by the Mother's side He was Cousin German to Ferdinand King of Naples and great Unkle to Catherine Queen of Navarre as brother to her Grandmother This particularly is laid to his Charge That without any regard of Kindred only thro' Ambition of enlarging his Dominions he thrust this Lady and her Husband out of their Kingdom and obliged them to retire to France Others excuse him upon pretence of Religion and the Pope's Command but that is a weak Defence Great Troubles ensued hereupon Henry d' Albret Son to that Queen endeavoured to recover his Kingdom with more Valour than good Fortune He had by the Lady Margaret Sister to Francis King of France one Daughter and Heiress called Joanna who married Anthony of Bourbon Duke of Vendosme and was Mother to that Henry who married Margaret the Sister of Three Kings of France viz. Francis II. Charles and Henry who all dying without Issue he inherited that Crown as next of the Male Line Notwithstanding the People of France pretended he could not inherit because he had embraced the then new-broached Heresies that spread abroad in France But let us leave this to put an end to the Affair of Granada King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth having taken possession of that City by the special Providence of God the Moors remaining in that part of Spain were for ever after brought under the Dominion and Government of the Christians This solemn Entry was upon Friday the 6th of January 1492. and according to the Arabian Account the Year 897 of the Hegira on the 8th of the Month which they call Rahib Haraba Which Day as it is a Feast of great Solemnity throughout the Christian World as being the Epiphany of our Lord so was it particularly Joyful and Fortunate to all Spain and no less unhappy to the Moors For by their Extirpation the Honour of Spain was restored and a great Province added to the Christian Dominions All other Provinces of Christendom were made Partakers of this Joy and particularly Pope Innocent had a large account given him of the Reduction of all Spain to its former Obedience to the Church In all Parts there were Bonfires and Sports celebrated in token of Joy and Men Women and Children went in Procession to the Churches to give Thanks to Almighty God for so signal a Mercy Rome was rejoycing for the Peace concluded betwixt the Pope and King of Naples when John de Estrada King Fedinand's Ambassador brought this happy News In token of their great Satisfaction the Pope Cardinals and People of Rome went in Procession to the Spanish Church of Santiago there the Divine Office was performed with great Solemnity and a Sermon suitable to the Occasion preached in which the Preacher highly extolled the King and Queen and magnified the Valour of and Victories obtained by the Spanish Nation The End of the 25th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVI CHAP. I. The Affairs in Britany The Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified AFter putting so Honourable an end to the War of Granada and totally subverting the Kingdom of the Moores in Spain King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth bent their thoughts upon greater and more glorious Undertakings Lest the great number they had of brave and expert Soldiers should be debauched with Luxury and Ease since nothing remained to Conquer at home they sent them to subdue Kingdoms abroad Thus the Dominion and Name of the Spaniards till then confined within the bounds of their own Country was not only spread abroad through France Italy and Barbary but extended to the utmost bounds of the Earth I am sensible the Work that lies before me is too great for my weak Capacity and might startle the greatest Wits For this Reason in the Preface to my Latin History I said I would conclude with the War of Granada but several Learned People have perswaded me this Work would be imperfect ending there that the Actions since performed are so glorious they will be an Ornament to all the rest and that every one is more delighed with Modern History than with that which its Antiquity makes dubious I have therefore resolved to continue this History some years longer in which the Spaniards performed the most glorious Actions that were ever done not only by them but by any People in the whole World Before we enter upon those mighty Exploits it will not be amiss to put the Reader in mind of some things we have hinted before Francis Duke of Britany Married Margaret Daughter to Ellenor Queen of Navarre and Niece to King Ferdinand They had no Issue Male but only two Daughters Ann and Elizabeth Many Princes were ambitious to Marry those Ladies and especially the Eldest Among the rest Charles VIII King of France was he that stood fairest notwithstanding he was before Contracted to Margaret Daughter to Maximilian King of the Romans who being now a Widdower Treated of Marrying the same Lady Ann. The King of France sought to gain by force what he feared not to compass by fair means and therefore upon pretence that the Duke of Orlcans was protected against him in Britany he made War upon that Country The Duke applied himself for Succour to the English Germans and Spaniards To this purpose as has been said Alan d' Albret Father to the King of Navarre hoping to Marry the Lady Ann came to King Ferdinand then at Valencia and prevailed with him to send a Fleet and Land Forces under the Command of John Gralla into Britany These Forces and the Dukes were defeated by the French in the Month of August 1488. After this the King of France and Duke of Britany were reconciled the Duke promising not to Marry his Daughters without that King's Consent which he performed for he died the following year leaving them both Maids He appointed the Mareschal of Britany Tutor to his Daughter and Governour of the Province who favoured the Pretentions of Monsieur d' Albert but the Earl of Dunois and the Chancellor opposed and the Prince of Orange who was her near Kinsman seized upon the Dutchess and her Sister The Mareschal obtained Succours
that vast Ocean to refresh the Seamen with its Fruit Fish and Flesh tho' scarce Inhabited being but Four Leagues in length and so far from any Land Thence by the way of the Islands Terceras the Ships generally return to Lisbon in August or September The End of the 26th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVII CHAP. I. The Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of Two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierome Savonarola burnt at Florence THE Affairs of Spain at one and the same time prospered in Italy and within Spain had a mixture of Felicity and Adversity Two Matches for as many of King Ferdinand's Daughters were concluded that is of the Princess Catherine with Arthur Prince of Wales and Heir to Henry VII King of England and of the Princess Elizabeth with Emanuel King of Portugal These Marriages were of great Importance because together with those of the House of Austria they bound such Mighty Princes to the Interest of Spain The Match with England was fully concluded upon the 15 of August 1497. To forward the Marriage with Portugal D. John Manuel that King's Foster-Brother came to Castile It was agreed that King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth should carry the Princess their Daughter to the Borders of Portugal where King Emanuel should meet them to consummate the Marriage upon the last Day of September Ceclamin was at first the Place appointed to meet but that Town wanting Conveniencies they spent three Days together at Valencia de Alcantara Their Joy was much abated by the News of the Indisposition of Prince John who died the 13 day after he was taken ill at Salamanca on the 4th of October to the great Loss and Grief of the whole Kingdom He left the Princess with Child but that availed little for in a short time after she miscarried The Prince's Body was carried to Avila to be buried in the famous Dominican Monastery of S. Thomas This dismal News came to Alcantara whilst yet the Rejoycing for the Wedding lasted but after King Ferdinand was gone King Emanuel begged of the Queen his Mother-in-Law not to let the Queen his Wife know any thing of it and so went away with her to Ebora There she was at last acquainted with the Death of the Prince her Brother She resented it as became a loving Sister but his Parents bore their Loss with great Magnanimity The Kingdom of Naples was not yet peaceable because the Prince of Salerno and his Party mistrusting the King fortified their Towns and Castles The first Demonstration that Prince gave of his Ill-will was That tho' he appeared when King Frederick was Proclaimed at Naples yet he would not be present at his Coronation under colour of Poverty However the Prince of Basiniano came to Court the day following to excuse himself and intercede for him of Salerno No means of Peace prevailed and the King was forced to march with his Army and besiege him in his strong Town of Diano Gonçalo Fernandez was now about returning to Spain as reckoning the War of Naples at an end To this purpose he had gone into Calabria thence to Sicily and now came to Naples to take his Leave of the King and Queen They pressed him to aid them in that Siege because the Defendants were numerous and the King's Party favoured them The Great Captain gathered 500 Spaniards and the King furnishing him 500 Germans he so straitned the Besieged tho' with much danger of his Person that the Prince was forced to surrender It was agreed That the Prince with all such as would follow him might safely depart the Kingdom with their Goods That all the Towns and Forts belonging to the Prince should be delivered up to the King he paying for the Cannon and Provisions in them Thus Diano was surrendered upon the 28th of December and the Prince put himself into the hands of the Duke of Melfi to be conducted to Sangalla a City in Marca de Ancona which sided with the King of France The Earls of Conça and Lauria his Confederates bore him Company He of Capacho being very old put himself upon the King's Mercy This same Year in Autumn D. John de Gusman Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a Fleet over to Africk to People Melilla which is opposite to Almeria and had been abandoned by the Moors In recompence for the Charge he had been at that Town was given to the Duke and his Heirs for ever The Xeque or Lord of Gelves who was in Rebellion aginst the King of Tunez his Sovereign to secure himself under the Christian Protection delivered up that Island and Port to the Catholick King and in his Name to John de Lanuça then Viceroy of Sicily Captain Margarit was left with the Spanish Forces to secure that Island A solemn Embassie from France now met the King at Alcala de Henares The Proposals made were That the Two Kings with their joint Forces should invade Italy That as to the Kingdom of Naples the Catholick King should possess Calabria till such time as the French King in exchange should give him the Kingdom of Navarre and 30000 Ducats yearly for what it was worth above that Kingdom That the States of Milan and Genoa should belong to the French and all the rest of Italy be equally divided betwixt them The Catholick King was not averse from the Business of Naples but as for the rest of Italy would not be concerned without advertising the Empire who had so great a Right to it At last it was resolved King Ferdinand should send Ambassadors to France to prosecute this Treaty At this time all the Monasteries of Castile were reduced to the strict Observance of their Orders which the Dominicans Augustins and Carmelites easily condescended to The Franciscans at first made some resistance According to Agreement the King sent Ferdinand Duke of Estrada and Two others his Ambassadors to conclude a Peace with France At the same time it was believed the French King resolved to invade Roussillon but Death prevented his Designs He departed this Life at Amboise on the 17th of April 1498. The Duke of Orleans called Luis XII succeeded him At Blois where the New King was and afterwards at Orleans the Treaty of Peace was carried on that King always giving good Words and fair Promises only to gain time till he was settled in the Kingdom and could be divorced from his present Wife Sister to the late King in order to marry the Dutchess of Britany who since the death of the late King her Husband was for returning into her own Country He at last compassed his ends and had by that Dutchess two Daughters only the Eldest of which was married to Francis the Heir of that Crown Before the death of King Charles it was proposed that Caesar Borgia should resign his Cardinal's Cap to which purpose that King promised him an Estate in
France and to marry him to the Lady Charlotte Daughter to the King of Naples Her Father would not consent because they demanded the Principality of Taranto with her as Dower and this was suspected to be in order to seize the whole Kingdom of Naples The Duke of Milan and Cardinal Ascanius his Brother pressed the King to consent lest the Pope should bring the French upon him again which would prove his utter Ruin as it did K. Ferdinand did not approve of this Contrivance tho' he was offered the disposal of the Churches of Pamplona and Valencia then in the hands of Caesar Borgia These Practices scandalized all Christendom to see that a Cardinal in Holy Orders should have leave given him to marry The Wickedness of the Court of Rome gave all the World enough to talk therefore Hierome Savonarola a Dominican who of late Years had a great hand in the Government of Florence Preaching with extraordinary Freedom against the Extravagancies of the Pope was by his Order publickly burnt with two of his Companions in the Market place of that City upon Palm-Sunday Many in Florence to this day account him a Martyr others condemned his Boldness But this hapned not only at Florence for Garcilasso the Catholick King 's Ambassador reproved the Pope to his face and required him in his King's Name to redress those Disorders The Pope was angry at this Liberty but mended not his Faults Soon after Caesar Borgia publickly protested he took Orders against his Will and desired a Dispensation to quit all his Benefices and resign the Cardinal's Cap. Many of the Cardinals were of Opinion he deserved for his wicked Life to be degraded and not suffered to resign but none durst speak for fear of the Pope In fine he resigned and the New King of France created him Duke of Valence Being disappointed of the Daughter of Frederick King of Naples he married the Daughter of the Lord d' Albret and Sister to the King of Navarre By her he had a Daughter who her Father dying was left to the Care of her Unkle the King of Navarre This same Year the Great Captain having gathered a Fleet at Naples sailed for Spain He was the Honour of our Nation for the many Victories he obtained and subduing that Kingdom after such great Disorders CHAP. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions University of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain-Moors AS soon as Prince John died the King and Queen began to be sollicitous about the Succession of the Crown but waited to see what the Princess Margaret would bring forth Their Grief was increased when at Alcala de Henares she miscarried of a Daughter Hereupon they advertised the King of Portugal of his Title to the Crown and advised him to come to Castile and be Sworn according to Custom The Archduke and his Dutchess who at that time took the Stile of Princes of Spain were warned to forbear it The King and Queen of Portugal entred Castile by the way of Badajoz where they were received by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Alva with many other Great Men. Thence they went to spend the Holy Week at Guadalupe and on the 26th of April came to Toledo where the Catholick King and Queen expected them and according to Custom on the Sunday following Homage was done to them and they were Sworn Heirs of Castile The Business of Aragon was not so easie because Henry Duke of Segorve was alive and pretended no Woman could Inherit that Crown and therefore it appertained to him and his Son Alonso as descended of the Male Line of King Ferdinand of Aragon To make all things the easier the Kings of Castile and Portugal went to Zaragoça and there on the 14th of July proposed to the Nobility to Swear to the King and Queen of Portugal as Heirs of the Crown There arose a great Debate some affirming no Woman could Inherit that Crown and others maintaining the contrary To end this Dispute it pleased God that the Queen of Portugal on the 23d of August was delivered of a Son whom they called Michael She died within an Hour after The King her Husband returned immediately to his Kingdom The Queen's Body was deposited in the Church of S. Francis and thence translated to the Monastery of Nuns of S. Elizabeth built by her Father at Toledo On the 22d of September all Difficulties being removed the young Prince was by general Consent Sworn Heir to the Crown of Aragon and soon after the same was done in Castile Before King Ferdinand went to Zaragoça he had sent D. Alonso de Sylva his Ambassador to France to Compliment the New King upon his Accession to the Crown and at the same time to press the Conclusion of the Peace He with the other Ambassadors there before soon brought it to a Period The same was done on his part by the Archduke without consulting his Father or Father-in-Law Luis d' Amboise Archbishop of Roan by his Interest with the King of France much forwarded this Agreement In September the Pope made him a Cardidal at the suit of the French King who was intent upon passing into Italy upon account of the Right he pretended to have to the Dutchy of Milan and Kingdom of Naples From Zaragoça King Ferdinand sent D. Yn̄igo de Cordova Brother to the Earl of Cabra and Dr. Philip Ponce to require the Pope to restore the City Benevento to the Church and to reform the Abuses of his Court and Leudness of his Family The King of Portugal by the Advice of his Father-in-Law sent D. Roderick de Castro and D. Henry Coutin̄o to Rome with the same Embassie They all admonished the Pope and made their Protestation Garcilasso de la Vega performing the Office of Notary Apostolick The Pope was highly offended and threatned to punish them for their Presumption yet at last be answered That Benevento was not nor should not be alienated As to the Reforming his House he answered harshly Within few days the Prince of Esquilache his Wife his Sister Lucrecia and her Husband whose Leudness as well as Caesar Borgia's incensed the People all departed Rome Such was the Hatred the Pope conceived on this account against Garcilasso de la Vega that he was forced to leave that City and the Portugues Ambassadors soon followed at the beginning of the Year 1499. Those of the Catholick King stayed some time longer till the coming of Lorenço Suarez de Figueroa who was appointed to succeed his Brother Garcilasso after he had been Ambassador at Venice where he gained great Reputation Many heavy Cares at the same time lay upon the Catholick King Italy was in danger by reason of the French King's Pretensions The Pope egged him on in hopes to be revenged on King Frederick and to raise Duke Valentine The Venetians also offended with the Duke
those Times At the beginning of this Year Lucrecia de Borgia was married to the Heir of the Duke of Ferrara her Portion was 100000 Ducats The Archduke and his Wife by the way of Burgos Valladolid Medina and Segovia came to Madrid The Catholick King and Queen came from Andaluzia to Guadalupe There to oblige Duke Valentine and in him the Pope they gave him the City Andria and other Lands in Naples with the Title of Prince It was also proposed that the Kings of Spain and France should settle an Estate upon King Frederick and his Children The King and Queen came to Toledo upon the 22d of April as did the Princes on the 7th of May having been stayed some days at Olias by reason of the Archduke's Indisposition At Toledo on the 22d of May they were sworn Heirs of the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon in a great Assembly of Prelates and Noblemen They were tied in case they Inherited those Kingdoms to Govern them according to their ancient and known Laws At the same time that Spain rejoiced at the coming of these Princes England lamented the Death of Prince Arthur The Princess his Wife was supposed to be lest a Maid tho' they lived together as Man and Wife for 5 Months But the Prince was only 14 Years of Age and of so weak a Constitution that it gave sufficient Grounds to believe this might be true Ferdinand Duke d' Estrada was sent by the Catholick King to Condole with King Henry and to propose that the Princess might be married to his Second Son But he neither restored her Portion nor could for some time be brought to conclude that Match which afterwards proved so unfortunate Soon after the News was brought of that Prince's Death Mary Queen of Portugal was delivered at Lisbon of a Son whom they named John He afterwards Inherited his Father's Kingdom and was a most Renowned Prince CHAP. VI. Further Actions of the Great Captain at Naples The Duke of Calabria contrary to Articles sent into Spain The French and Spanish Generals Consult their Kings and have a Conference to Adjust Differences in the Division of Naples The beginning of the War betwixt them THE Great Captain as has been said laid Siege to Taranto some months before this time In that Town was the Duke of Calabria well provided to hold out Nevertheless the first day the Town was invested a Treaty was begun and at length the Duke by the means of Octavian de Santis concluded a Truce for Two months that he might have time to consult his Father both sides giving Hostages that nothing should be done to the prejudice of the other in the mean while Afterwards because the Messengers sent to King Frederick were not come back the Truce was prolonged till the end of the year upon the same Articles as before This Term also expiring without any Answer the Truce was still continued for Two months longer and the City put into the keeping of Bindo de Ptoiomeis a Subject of the Catholick King in whom the Great Captain reposed great Trust upon Condition that after that time the City should be surrendred without any farther delay but that the Duke with all his Treasure and Family should be free At the same time the Castle of Gerachi a Place of great importance 3 Leagues from the Sea was surrendred and the Prince of Salerno came to Treat with the Great Captain about coming over to his Party provided he and the Prince of Bisignano might be restored to their Estates He also demanded the Earldom of Lauria and 5000 Duccats Pension which his Predecessors used to be allowed by the Kings of Naples All these were extravagant Demands and denoted he had but a small Inclination to submit Many of the Barons who had withdrawn with King Frederick to Ischia came over now to the Great Captain Of them he admitted such as he thought were most important for his King's Service and among them Prosper and Fabricius Colona being informed the Venetians endeavoured to draw them into their Service D. James de Mendoça and In̄igo de Ayala took the City and Castle of Manfredonia by Intelligence they held with the Governour that was to keep that place for King Frederick notwithstanding the Lord of Alegre was marching at the same time to Relieve the Besieged At last the City Taranto according to Articles was delivered with its Castles to the great Captain And because one of the Articles of Surrender was That the Duke might have liberty to depart whither he pleased for the present he went to Bari which still held out for his Father tho the City was weak and the Castle but a plain House resolving to stay there for his Orders without which he would not do any thing The Great Captain earnestly desired to reconcile him to the Catholick King that be might not go to France which might cause some Troubles Proposals were made and he offered him 30000 Duccats a year for ever part in the Kingdom of Naples and part in Spain which was all he asked or could expect in that Condition The Duke liked the Offer but would conclude nothing without his Father's Consent Soon after the Dutchess Dowager of Milan his Cousin rather than to go to Sicily whither she was invited with the Queen of Hungary her Aunt retired to that City This Lady prevailed with the Duke to write a Letter to the great Captain praying him that notwithstanding the Capitulation by which he was at liberty to dispose of himself he would send him over to the Catholick King because he found his Father's Designs were not for his Advantage and yet he was not willing to act any thing publickly in opposition to him It is to be believed the Duke did not continue long in this mind for his Father by Letter pressed the Great Captain according to what had been Capitulated to give his Son his full Liberty urging that it was not like a Gentleman to break his Word and that he ought to remember how much he had been his Friend in the time of his Prosperity The Great Captain who kept a Guard upon him that he might not escape to the end to bring him to his Will besides the Revenue he had offered before now promised in the Name of the Catholick King to Marry him either to the Queen of Naples his Neece or with the Princess of Wales both very advantageous Proposals It was suspected that the Earl of Ponteza D. John de Guevera who always stuck by the Duke led him which way he pleased The Duke tho he went about Apulia in appearance free yet was so guarded that he could not get away nor scarce go a Hunting In fine this Business was so contrived that at Duke was brought back to Toranto and thence John de Conchillos had Orders to carry him in a Gally to Sicily and so to Spain it being believed Matters would be the better adjusted betwixt the Parties themselves and that the Duke
the Duke till he should cause the Places to be delivered It was agreed that till the Surrender of the Towns he should be in Custody of the Cardinal Bernardine de Carvajal at Ostiá which performed the Pope was to furnish him with Two Gallies to go over to France As soon as the Great Captain had notice of it he sent Lezcano to Ostia to the Cardinal to advise him to perswade the Duke to go to Naples that so that Boutefeu might do no more mischief The Cardinal having promised to use his endeavours Lescano gave him the Great Captains safe Conduct Mean while the Towns were delivered and then the Duke at the perswasion of the Cardinal went to Naples and delivered himself up to the Great Captain who entertained him nobly But he being a restless Spirit and well beloved by the Soldiery as soon as he came to Naples contrived to send Men and Money to Relieve the Castle of Forli which still held for him He also meditated how to make himself Master of Plombin Perosa and Pisa tho' under the Protection of the Catholick King and endeavoured to debauch the Spanish and German Troops with great offers he made to them The Great Captain understanding of it took care to disappoint his Designs The Duke had laid Horses to make his escape from Naples knowing the King of France had sent the Marquess of Final to Ostia on purpose to draw him to his Service To prevent his Escape the Great Captain ordered him to be secured in Castlenovo tho' the Pope demanded he should be sent back to Ostia since the Castle of Forli was not delivered but at length by the Procurement of the Great Captain that Place submitted to him Soon after the Great Captain resolved D. Antony de Cardona and Lezcano should carry the Duke to Spain to prevent farther troubles in Italy Most Men blamed the great Captain as guilty of breach of Faith in Confining and sending the Duke to Spain and the Catholick King at first was sorry it was done But the Great Captain had more regard to the common Good than to his own Honour The King of France was much concerned at the Dukes Imprisonment as believing he should have a want of him and as soon as he was informed of his being sent to Spain said From hence forwards the Word of the Spaniards and the Faith of the Carthaginians may go together since they are alike in all things At this time the King and Queen of Navarre had sent a solemn Embassy to Castile to propose a Match betwixt Henry d' Albret their Son and Prince of Viana and Elizabeth 2d Daughter to the Archduke At first the Catholick King and Queen willingly harkned to this Treaty as the proper means to secure themselves on the side of Navarre which gave them no small Trouble and the more for that the Princess Magdalen of Navarre who was kept by them in the nature of a Hostage for performance of the former Treaty died soon after at Medina del Campo D. John Manuel the Catholick King 's Ambassador at the Emperor's Court by the Archduke's Order went to Flanders He was afterwards very great with that Prince and for the present it was Ordered that all Affairs relating to Spain should be communicated to him which was more pleasing to the Emperor who hoped by his means to compose some Differences he had with Son than to the Catholick King who pressed to have his Grandson Prince Charles brought to Spain for many reasons that moved him to it The Emperor and Archduke delayed his coming being desirous to conclude the Match betwixt him and Claudia Daughter to the King of France believing this to be the surest way to compose all the Differences then on Foot betwixt Spain France and Burgundy Besides the King of France offered that the Estates of Orleans Britany Milan and Burgundy should swear to them as lawful Successors and offered to give what Security should be demanded for the Performance The Queen Mother to the Bride had rather she should be Married to Francis de Valois Duke of Angoulesme who was Heir to the Crown and would no ways suffer such large Dominions to be Alienated from it unless they were immediately delivered up which could not be done In the midst of all his Prosperity and Honour acquired the Great Captain was not free from Troubles and Crosses for there are never wanting some who endeavour to undermine and ensnare those whom they see Rise above themselves and Princes commonly pay Services with Ingratitude when they are greater than can easily be recompenced It was impossible to satisfie all that had Served in that War for every one values his own Merits at a greater Rate than he ought Such as were dissatisfied either went themselves to Spain to complain or sent their Grievances in Writing and were perhaps better admitted than they ought to have been Many Articles were exhibited against the Great Captain the chief were That he had assisted the Cardinal Julian de Rouere to obtain the Papacy as appeared by a Letter intercepted from the said Cardinal promising great things if he would support him The Truth is that the Great Captain favoured Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal and the Ambassador Francis de Rojas the Cardinal of Naples who had promised him a Cardinals Cap but neither of them coming up malicious Men charged the Election upon those who had no hand in it His next charge was that the Soldiers committed many Insolencies and were not punished which rendred the Spaniards odious to the People and might be the cause of some disorder He answered he could not commend the Virtue of those People most of them being such as Spain for their Villanies could no longer endure and had been necessitated to disburden it self of them Yet that the chief cause of their Disorders was want of Pay and that it was rather to be admired they had been so much under Command having suffered so much especially at Garellano and Gaeta where 14 Months Pay was due to them and yet no Mutiny happened That nevertheless no Man committed a Crime but he was punished tho' in time of War it was impossible to prevent all disorders His Third Accusation was that the Revenue was lavished since that which was great together with the Confiscations amounting to vast Sums did not suffice to pay the Army and that no Account could be given of the Money sent him from Spain This last was the Fault of Francis Suarez the Paymaster and other his Officers who had the Receiving and Laying out of that Money The Revenue of Naples did not exceed 450000 Ducats and the Pay of the Army in one Year came to 800000. As for Confiscations there could not so much be made of them as was imagined because the greatest Part was spent in Gratifications to those that had Served well Hence sprung the chief Article exhibited against him which was that he gave away Towns Estates and Commands as if
and believed the Country would not be satisfied to have Force used against its rightful Sovereigns When things were in this posture tending to a Breach King Philip sent ample Commission to his Ambassadors to promote an Accommodation In pursuance hereof the Two Kings came to an Agreement at Salamanca on the 24th of November upon the following Conditions That both Kings and the Queen should Govern jointly and all their Names should be inserted in all Orders Patents or other publick Wrings and the Secretaries should subscribe by Order of their Highnesses That as soon as King Philip and Queen Joanna came into the Kingdom they should be Sworn King and Queen King Ferdinand Governor and Prince Charles Heir apparent of the Kingdoms of Castile Leon and Granada That the Revenue of the said Kingdoms should be divided into Two equal Parts after all charges deducted one Part for King Ferdinand the other for King Philip and his Queen That all Employments should be given in like manner even the Commendaries of the Military Orders tho' the Administration of them appertained beyond all dispute to the Catholick King The Pope the Emperor and Kings of England and Portugal were chosen Guarrantees for the performance hereof It was also decreed that in case the Queen would not be concerned in the Government still all Three Names should be used but only the Two Kings Subscribe and if either of the Two was absent then all business should be done by the other A Copy of these Articles was sent to Flanders which displeased King Philip and his howsoever they were accepted of and Sworn to for the King of France had great power in Flanders and besides they hoped when they came into Spain all things would become more easie Now the Secretary Lope de Conchillos was enlarged having been all this while close Prisoner This Agreement was Proclaimed at Salamanca on the 6th of January 1506 and Two days after the King and Queen set Sail from Zealand Such a violent Storm arose that some Ships were lost and the rest forced to put into Weymouth in England Thence King Philip went to Windsor to meet the King of England where they concluded a League and agreed that the King of England should Marry Margaret of Austria Widow of the late Duke of Savoy and Prince Charles of Austria Marry that Kings Daughter which Matches took no effect King Philip delivered up the Duke of Suffolk who had put himself into his Protection to the King of England In this and in Feasting was spent all the next Month after which King Philip returned to Plymouth to take Ship The Catholick King hearing of the Storm his Son-in-Law had been in gathered all the best Ships along the Coast of Spain and sent them to him under the Command of D. Charles Enriquez de Cisneros who about this time raised the Estate which his Family still possesses at Portugalete At such time as the Treaty was at Salamanca the Catholick King writ a Letter to D. John Manuel requiring him to advise King Philip to wave all past discontents and be entirely reconciled It will not be amiss to insert his answer to shew the Wit and boldness of that Gentleman it is thus I received your Highness's Letter and shall perform what is your Order which is to use all my endeavours that past Discontents may be laid aside and Friendship established for it is not to be doubted that so good a Master as your Highness and such good Schollars as the King and Queen will contribute much to the Happiness of those Kingdoms God and my Conscience can bear Witness that has been always my Study tho' some and perhaps your Highness may have judged otherwise by the ill Usage I have received But Mens Tongues and Thoughts are not to be Confined nor do I seek any Reward for what I have done It would suffice that my past Services and Fatigues were not forgotten as they are I judge by my Age and the small regard had of me that your Highness designs me no other recompence in this World but in Prayers against I go into the next Which reward I do not aspire to for I have often heard it said that a Prince can carry his Ministers to Hell but never that any King tho' the most Christian as is he of France fetched any of his Favourites out of Purgatory However I will not fail of doing my Duty nor forbear begging your Highness to use your ordinary Goodness and Prudence towards advancing this Agreement CHAP. VIII The Affairs of Portugal A bloody Mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Germana King Philip comes into Spain and declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Death of Christopher Columbus THE Catholick King sent Ambassadors to the Princes appointed Guarranties betwixt himself and his Son-in-Law In particular he applied himself to King Emanuel of Portugal to understand how he would stand affected in case the Agreement were broken He answered in general Terms being in strict League with King Philip. In order to entertain whom he made great Preparations and caused much Plate to be provided either to Treat or present him for it was believed he would Land in Andaluzia and therefore might touch in some part of Portugal But the Plague spread there and was come to Santarem which made the King remove from Almeirin to Abrantes a Town seated on a rising Ground and healthy There on the 3d of March the Queen was delivered of Prince Luis who proved a Person of singular Worth Piety and Virtue especially towards the end of his life which was short Yet in his youth he had by a mean Woman a Bastard Son called Antony who was Prior of Ocrato and famous for that upon the death of his Unkle Henry the King and Cardinal he took upon him the Title of King and brought great mischief upon his Country The joy for the Birth of the Prince was allaied by a mutiny raised in Lisbon upon a light occasion In the Church of S. Dominick was a Crucifix which over the wound of the Breast had a Glass Some People hearing Mass there thought the light that came from that Glass had been miraculous which one there present being a Jew newly converted freely contradicted The People in a rage laying hold of him dragged him out of the Church made a Fire then killed and burnt him A Friar of that Convent coming out made an Harangue to the rabble exhorting them to revenge the injuries done to our Saviour by the Jews which was pouring Oyl upon the Fire for immediately the multitude ran to the Houses of the new Converts Two of the Friars going before them with a Cross Such was their fury and madness that in Three days this mutiny lasted they murdered above 2000 of those People and among them either through mistake or for private grudges several of the ancient Christians The Flemmings and Germans that were aboard their Ships in the Harbour came
a Breach being made in the Wall they entred the City by Force The Earl was wounded in the Arm with a Dart and obliged to retire into the Castle which was not well provided for a Siege The Castle was battered and undermined This News being carried to Tangier where D. John de Meneses lay and to Sevil where the Catholick King was D. John set out immediately with his Fleet. He fought Two days with the Enemy who were already Masters of one of the Bulwarks drove them thence and relieved the besieged reduced to extreamity The King sent Orders to Peter Navarro who lay at Gibraltar to Succour Arzila Ramiro de Guzman Governor of Xerez with a Ship wherein were 300 Foot and some Horse sailed first and got into the Castle with John de Meneses With this Relief the besieged not only defended themselves but sallying drove the Enemy from their Ditch and Out-works On the 30th of October came Count Peter Navarro who plaid his Cannon so furiously among the Moors that Encamped along the Shore that they were forced to break up and the King of Fez having burnt the Town retired to Alcaçarquivir The saving of this Place contributed much to preserving of the others on the Coast of Africk King Emanuel joyful for this good News sent 6000 Cruzados as a Present to Peter Navarro for his good Service and the same Sum to the Governor of Xerez They both excused themselves from receiving this Present saying they served the Catholick King and expected their Reward from his Bounty He returned thanks to the Catholick King for so seasonable a Relief yet at the same time complained of his taking Pen̄on as appertaining to the Conquests of Portugal being in the Kingdom of Fez. The Catholick King pleaded that Veles was a distinct Kingdom of it self and that Pen̄on was a Charge and no Profit only to secure the Coast of Granada yet offered if it appeared to belong to the Crown of Fez to deliver it up whensoever King Emanuel should attempt any thing on that Side In November died the Earl of Lerin at Aranda de Xarque in Aragon his Son D. Luis de Biamonte succeeded him CHAP. VI. Discovery of Conspiracies in Spain The League of Cambray The Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry VII of England Henry VIII succeeds him THE Catholick King returned from Sevil to Castile in the dead of Winter for Two reasons One was that D. Peter Brother to D. James de Guevara who was in Germany in the Emperor's Service coming to Spain disguized in the Habit of a Footman was taken and being put to the Rack declared that many of the Nobility held Intelligence with the Emperor the chiefest of them were the Great Captain the Duke of Najara and Earl of Urena The other was that the Duke del Infantado and other great Men conspired against him and the Cardinal of Spain had a Hand in those Proceedings The Earl of Tendilla by his Wisdom drew the Duke del Infantado and others of that Family from their purposes by his good Advice King Ferdinand reduced the others some by fair Promises and some by Threats In particular he agreed with the Marquess of Villena and in lieu of that City and Almansa besides the full value of them gave him Tolox and Monda in the Kingdom of Granada wherewith he seemed content The Emperor to be at leasure to Revenge himself of the Catholick King was for composing all Differences with France and in order to it the Princess Margaret on his Part and the Cardinal d' Amboise for the Pope and King of France met at Cambray Thither repaired Jaime de Albion the Catholick King 's Ambassador in France and tho' the Emperor designed to exclude King Ferdinand the Business was so managed by the Pope that those Three Princes joined in League with him against the Venetians for Recovery of what that State had taken from each of them He that first recovered his own was obliged to assist the others and the Emperor and King of France to go in Person to this Expedition The first day of April following they were to commence the War The Emeperor offered by that time to give the King of France the investiture of Milan provided he paid him 100000 Crowns for the same and should be obliged to assist him to Recover what the Venetians had taken from him and yet the Emperor not to be obliged to Aid him for recovery of what appertained to Milan That Judges should be appointed to decide all Differences betwixt the Emperor and the Catholick King lest they should be any hindrance to their Proceedings against the Venetians It was agreed the Duke of Savoy should be invited to come into the League on account of the Kingdom of Cyprus which he pretended to and the Venetians were possessed of Also the Duke of Ferrara and Marquess of Mantua who had their Pretensions What is more the Kings of Spain and France to whom the People of Florence and Pisa had referred all their Differences delivered up Pisa to the Florentines in hopes to draw them into the League and for the Sum of 100000 Ducats A shameful thing for such Princes to sell the Liberty of a Republick that had put it self into their Hands but chiefly King Ferdinand was to blame Pisa being immediately under his Protection This League was concluded on the 10th of December Thence the Princess Margaret went to Franche Comte to take Possession of some Towns the King of France had ingaged to deliver to the Duke of Burgundy This same Month died at Naples Robert de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno He left a young Son called Ferdinand who was Heir of his Estate and Hatred to the Crown of Aragon which produced his Ruin King Ferdinand swore to the performance of the Articles aforesaid at Valladolid in the beginning of the following Year before the Pope's Nuncio and the Emperor and King of France's Ambassadors Canspon Soldon of Caire moved by the Importunity of the Kings of Calicut and Cambaya but much more by the decrease of his Revenue occasioned by the Loss of the Trade of Alexandria resolved to ruin the Trade of the Portugueses in India To this purpose he first sent the Guardian of Hierusalem to the Pope as has been said Finding this did not succeed he fitted out a Fleet at Suez in the Red Sea consisting of 6 Gallies 1 Galleon and 4 Carracs and in them 800 Mamalukes which were his best Men being most Renegado Christians The Command of this Fleet he gave to Mir Hozem who sailing out of the Red Sea directed his Course for India Francis de Almeyda the Portuguese Governor there had sent his Son Laurence with 8 Sail to secure the Coasts and Convoy the Ships bound for Portugal some part of the Way He burnt many Ships of the Moors and was in the Port of Caul when News was brought to him of the Soldan's Fleet. Melique Governor of Diu for the King of Cambaya
ordered them to obey the Legate and Viceroy to whom he sent a Sword and Cap as also the Standards he blessed on Christmas Day The Venetians neither sent the Supplies of Mony they had promised nor of Men but under the shelter of the League endeavoured to recover what the Emperor and King of France had taken from them The Viceroy encamped four miles from Bologna and the next day being the 16th of January within Cannon shot of the Town at Belpogio a Country House of the Bentivoglios Within the City were 500 Horse and 2000 Foot under the Command of Monsieur de Alegre The same Day the Viceroy marched towards Bologna the Duke of Ferrara took Bastida and rased it to the Ground The Viceroy took up his Quarters at Belpoggio the Marquess of Padula and Count de Populo advanced with the Foot and possessed themselves of a Monastery called S. Michael de Rosque quenching the Fire set to it by those within There they planted some Pieces of Cannon and the rest on a Hill hard by Before this Advice was brought that Gaston de Foix Duke of Nemours was at Parma gathering his Forces which were 800 Lances 1000 light Horse and 3000 Foot and was to joyn at Final 20 miles from Bologna the Troops of the Duke of Ferrara being 2000 Gascons and some Horse all this in Order to raise the Siege Fabricius Colona lay about Cento and Pieve with part of the Army to observe the passage of the French the Viceroy ordered him to come to the other side of the City towards the Mountain It was resolved to move the Batteries to that side the Wall being there weakest but soon after it was agreed the Army should lie all together to secure the Cannon and repulse the Relief The Artillery was planted betwixt S. Michael and the Florence Gate On the 28th of January they began to play Part of the Wall was beaten down and some Soldiers got into a Tower where they displayed the Colours but were soon drove out by the besieged Count Peter Navarro finished a Mine and having set Fire to it the Wall was lifted up so that they without saw those in the Town and the Townsmen those in the Field under the Wall yet it sell again in the same place and setled as fast as at first This was looked upon as a Miracle because within adjoyning to the Wall was a Chappel held in great veneration called of Baracan which like the rest was blown up and settled again Nevertheless the City was in great danger when there fell a Snow for 3 Days together This gave the French General an opportunity of throwing himself into the City with a good Body of Men without being discovered by the Centinels For this reason and because the Weather continued very severe the Army of the Consederates raised the Siege and drew back to S. Lazaro 2 miles from Bologna The Forces of the Pope retired as far as Imola the Viceroy to the Castle of S. Peter and the Forces were dispersed in the neighbouring places This was the event ofthat so much talked of Siege Many as is usual in the like Cases blamed the General for that as they said without regarding the unseasonableness of the weather he had let slip 8 Days in which he might have made a considerable Advance That the Army encamped far from the place where it ought to have been That the Trenches were not well carried on nor the Mines rightly placed In fine that the Guards were so ill kept they gave the Enemy an Opportunity of getting into the Town without being discovered The truth is the Weather was unseasonable and neither the Swiss came as was expected nor did the Venetians send any Supplies of Men. There were at this Siege among the rest Antony de Leyva Captain Alvarado and the Marquess of Pescara D. Ferdinand de Avalos who was afterwards a most renowned General The King of England prepared to be in a readiness as soon as the Season would permit to invade the Province of Guienne in France those Kings of old pretending a Title to that Country and Luiz Carroz the Ambassador pressing him to undertake that Expedition in the Name of the Catholick King Thomas Gray Marquess of Dorset the King's Cousin-german was appointed General of the English Army The Catholick King thought it convenient for that time to give over the Conquest of Africk and to draw out the Forces that were at Oran leaving only as many as was requisite for the Defence of the Place He ordered the Town should be divided 600 Houses were appointed 200 for Horse and the rest for Foot The Houses Orchards and Lands belonging to the City were distributed among the Inhabitants that the Place might be more easily maintained For the greater encouragement of People to come and inhabit there it was granted they should be free from all manner of Taxes and Impositions besides that they were to receive Pay On the last of Janaary Queen Mary of Portugal was delivered at Lisbon of a Son called Prince Henry who was afterwards a Cardinal and lastly upon the Death of his Nephew King Sebastian came to be King of Portugal The same Day this Prince was born it snowed very much at Lisbon a thing extraordinary in that City Curious Persons said that Snow denoted the Innocence of his Life which was very holy and the pureness of his Chastity which he preserved as long as he lived He was in his Countenance the likest to his Father of all the Brothers King Ferdinand was now at Burgos there on the 16th of February upon the Death of the Constable D. Bernardin de Velasco he contracted the Earl's Daughter Juliana Grandchild to the King himself being born of the Lady Joanna of Aragon to Ferdinand de Velasco eldest Son to D. Inigo who succeeded his Brother Bernardin in the Lordship of Haro and the Dignity of Constable The Absence of the Duke of Nemours gave an Opportunity and Courage to the People of Bressa and Bergamo to revolt from the French and submit themselves again to the Venetians excepting the Castles which the French still kept This was a Thing of dangerous Consequence being a Precedent for all the other Cities which had been newly conquer'd to do the like As soon as the Duke had relieved Bolonia he resolved to repair thither and carried along with him Monsieur d' Alegre A French Commander called Foullette was left at Bolonia with 300 Men at Arms and 3000 Foot to secure that City Andrew Gritti with the Army of the Republick and the Inhabitants of Bressa marched forward to oppose the Duke He retired to the Mountain and after Midnight entred the City by the way of the Castle Thence he marched out to fight the Venetians A bloody and obstinate Battel was fought and many killed on both sides but the French obtained the Victory Andrew Gritti Antony Justiniano Governour of the City and Paul Manfron were made Prisoners Count Luis Bogara
was proposed that Prince Ferdinand should Marry the youngest Daughter of France and her Portion should be the States of Milan and Genoa and King Ferdinand should give his Grandson the Kingdom of Naples These were only Contrivances to gain time especially on the King of France his part who dreaded the English breaking into Picardy by the way of Calais King Henry laid Siege to Therouenne and having defeated the French that came to relieve it took and dismantled it Then he sat down before Tournay at such time as the Earl of Surry in England vanquished and killed the King of Scots who in favour of the French invaded England Hereupon Tournay surrendred There the Emperor Princess Margaret and Prince Charles came to see the King of England Thence they went to Lisle where it was agreed as soon as the Truce was expired the Emperor and Kings of England and Spain should each on their own Side Invade France King Ferdinand was to conquer Guienne for the English but it appeared he did not approve of this Treaty The Match before proposed betwixt Prince Charles and the King of England's Sister was confirmed and it was agreed it should be Consummated the following Year Summer being spent King Henry returned into England France was in distress the Swisse having broke through Burgundy Monsieur de la Trimoville overthrew and yet compounded with them The King of France ingag'd not to favour the Council of Pisa and to withdraw his Garrisons out of the Castles of Milan and Cremona No part of this Accord was performed except what related to submitting to the Church Whilst the other Christian Kings wasted their Forces against one another King Emanuel of Portugal enjoyed Peace at home and extended his Conquests in Africk and India On the Western Coast of Africk stands the City Azamor which is large and rich and belongs to the Kingdom of Fez. The Country about it is plentiful being watered by the River Omirabin which runs by the Town King Emanuel had some Years before this as has been said thought to possess himself of this Place by the means of one Zeiam a Moor who deceived him and made himself Master of it At this time the King fitted out a Fleet shipping aboard it 20000 Foot and 2700 Horse under the Command of the Duke of Bragança After a troublesome Voyage they landed at Azamor about Autumn Several Skirmishes passed betwixt them and the Defendants as also those that came to relieve the Place but many Men of Note among the Moors being killed the rest fled out at a Gate that could not be secured and thus the City was taken about the beginning of September Some neighbouring Places surrendred and among them the Citties of Gita and Almedina Having left a good Garrison at Azamor under the Command of Roderick Barreto and John de Meneses the Duke returned to Portugal tho' many advised to besiege the City Morocco but he said he had no such Orders This Success encouraged King Emanuel to prosecute his Conquests along the Coast of Africk on that side and therefore resigned any Pretensions he might have to Pen̄on and the City Velez upon Condition the Catholick King should not pretend to any thing along the Coast of the Kingdom of Fez even down to Cape Bojador In Italy the Viceroy entred the Territory of the Venetians by the way he took many Boats and Carts loaded with the Goods of People that fled Pieve de Saco a delightful Place where are all the Country Houses of the Venetians he plundered and burnt He passed the River Brenta and took Mistre which is as it were a Suburb of Venice At the end of the Channels are certain Houses which they call Palizas within Cannon-shot of the City Thence they Cannonaded it the Balls flying as far as the Monastery of S. Segundus but the Affront was more than the harm done Our Army was encompassed by Enemies On the one side was Treviso on the other Padua and Albiano who drew near with his Army being resolved to fight The Viceroy retired towards Vincenza and marched in one Day 14 miles tho' above 500 Carts followed the Army loaded with Baggage and Plunder Paul Baillon from Treviso and the Garrison of Padua joyned Albiano In all his Army consisted of 7000 Foot and 1200 Horse besides 10000 of the Country People that appeared upon the Mountains Albiano marched to cut off the Viceroy from Vincenza and encamped in a narrow Pass near a Town called Olmo Our Army was in great danger it being impossible to advance and dangerous to turn back yet they resolved to retire that they might draw the Enemy into the open Field They thinking our Men had fled pursued hastily and in Disorder whereupon the Viceroy by the advice of Prosper Colona and the Marquess of Pescara commanded his Germans to charge the Enemy which they did with such fury that they soon broke them The Marquess of Pescara pursued them up to the City where the Gates being shut many were drowned in the River and among them Sacromoro Visconte This done the Viceroy with the Germans and some Spaniards attacked a Body of the Enemies Horse and Foot who fortified themselves on a Hill with 5 Pieces of Cannon These also were easily put to flight This Battel was fought on the 7th of October 700 Venetian Men at Arms were killed all their Foot dispersed Paul Baillon and many others and 22 Pieces of Cannon were taken Albiano and Griti escaped The Viceroy marched to Vincenza where he stayed some Days At the same time the Castle of Bergamo was taken from the Venetians by Storm Paul Baillon was released upon his Parole that he would surrender himself again in case the Venetians would not give Alonso de Carvajal in Exchange for him Carvajal died in Prison and Baillon never returned On the 20th of November the Castle of Milan was surrendred as was that of Cremona Nothing was left the French in Lombardy but the Castle of Lanterna at Genoa The Duke layed Siege to it and the Adornos and Fliscos encamped before Genoa but were forced to retire leaving some of their Cannon behind The Pope continued the Lateran Council and admitted the French Ambassadors they in their King's Name renouncing the Council of Pisa and the Protection of the Schismaticks so the Gallican Church submitted to the Roman The Pope was concerned to see the Republick of Venice so near Destruction and underhand designed to relieve it He sent to require the Viceroy to proceed no farther against it that some Accommodation might be made Aragon was now in an Uproar on account of some Quarrel between the Earls of Ribagorça and Aranda At length the King interposing the Difference came to Tryal and the Earl of Ribagorça being found faulty was banished the Kingdom of Aragon during the King's Pleasure In the Kingdom of Naples some Towns had revolted being oppressed by their Lords And Peter de Castro tho' with much trouble reduced them all
and Riches of India he has commanded me to bring a Sample and the first Fruits a Present to be esteemed for the Place from whence it came and for the Zeal with which it is offered besides the hopes those vast Regions give us of humbling themselves at the Feet of your Holiness Instead of the Spoil of Africk which as more common could not be so acceptable I present your Holiness with a Petition in my Judgment most reasonable It is that in regard of the Importance of carrying on that Conquest and that the Revenue of Portugal is not sufficient to continue it your Goodness will assist the King my Master with your Blessing and Indulgences and besides will grant that towards the advancing that Enterprize he may make use of part of the Ecclesiastical Revenues For how can they be better spent or more to the content of the Donors than in destroying the Enemies of Christ And since all are Partakers of the Honour and profit it is reasonable all should bear a part in the Burden We do not believe this Holy See will deny that in such necessity and for such a Purpose which has been at several times granted to other Princes The Pope heard the Ambassador with great satisfaction and returned a favourable Answer saying He highly esteemed the King of Portugal received his Presents with great Affection and would forward his Designs by all the means that lay in his Power He granted his Bulls for the Croisade and allowed the King for to defray the Charge of his Undertakings to make use of the 3d part of Ecclesiastical Revenues assigned to the Churches and the 10th of all other Church Revenues Great Difficulties were met with in the Execution of these Orders which was the Fault of ill Ministers For this reason the Church compounded for 150000 Cruzado's paid down and three Years after all these Taxes were quite taken off The Commonalty misliked the applying the Revenues of the Church to any other uses and urged the Example of the Kings of Castile who were ever poor since they had to do with the Mony of the Church The King's Ministers either to flatter him or that their Opinion was really such affirmed that since the King defended not only the Laity but the Clergy it was reasonable they should all contribute to the necessary Charges of the Kingdom the Churches enjoying a great part of the Revenue It is most certain that in the time of S. Ambrose the Lands of the Church payed Taxes to the Emperors This was the Success of that Embassy About the same time arrived at Lisbon one Matthew an Armenian by Birth and by Profession a religious Man sent Ambassador from Prester John the Great Emperor of Ethiopia That Prince called David since the time that Peter Covillan went into those Parts as was said before had heard of the King of Portugal and after that of his Fleets sailing to India and the Valour of his People He thought good to make use of his Forces and to that Purpose sent this Ambassador who was well received by Alonso de Albuquerque and sent to Portugal Those who carried him made a Jest of him by the way and treated him very scornfully At Lisbon they were apprehended and had been punished but that the Ambassador interceded for them The King received him honourably and was much taken with his Letters written in the Abyssinian and Persian Languages and also with a piece of the Holy Cross he brought set in Gold By this Ambassador they understood the Customs of those People odd enough for Christians It would be tedious to speak of them at large let it suffice to know that the 8th Day as well the Women as Men are circumcised and the 40th baptized Women after Lying in observe the Custom of Purification They abstain from Meats forbidden in the Old Law They fast till Sun-set They communicate in both kinds Their Priests marry but not their Monks nor the Bishops chosen out of Monasteries They use auricular Confession and worship Saints Let us return to Italy The Pope was possessed of the City Rhegio in Lombardy and had Modena morgaged to him by the Emperor for 40000 Duccats It was thought he designed these two Cities as also Placencia Parma and Ferrara for his Brother Julian whom soon after he married to Philiberta Sister to the Duke of Savoy and gave her himself 10000 Duccats Portion CHAP. IX The Kingdom of Navarre united to that of Castile The Affairs of the Portugueses in India Their Defeat on the Coast of Africk KING Luis of France soon after his Marriage with the English Princess died as is usual where there is great inequality of Years and want of Health His Death fell out upon the first Day of the Year 1515. Francis de Valois Duke of Angouslesme the first of the Name and a Prince of a great Spirit succeeded him It was generally believed he would not rest till he had recovered Milan and Navarre and he seemed to intimate as much to those Kings His chief Care was for Italy and therefore he sought to leave all behind secure With England he was at Peace He proposed a Match betwixt Prince Charles of Austria and his Sister-in-Law Renata which was so carried on by the Earl of Nassau and Michael de Croy both of the Princes Bedchamber that they concluded it at Paris on the 24th of March. Her Portion was set at 600000 Duccats 200000 to be paid down in Mony and the Dukedom of Berry for the other 400000. The Prince was now come to Age and put into the Possession of the Government of the Low Countrys It remained to secure King Ferdinand Monsieur de Lautre Governour of Guienne proposed to the Marquess of Comares the Prolonging of the Truce for a Year but King Ferdinand understanding his Policy would not grant it unless it were for Italy as well as Spain He pressed for carrying on the League proposed by the Pope against the Turk and at the same time consented to another League against the Venetians The Conditions were that the Emperor should be possessed of Verona Vinzenza Frioli and Treviso that Bressa Bergamo and Crema should be given to the Duke of Milan in lieu of Parma and Placencia which the Pope designed for his Brother Julian Thus King Ferdinand thought the Duke of Milan would be safe and was willing he should marry one of the Sisters of Prince Charles or the Princess Margaret or else the Queen of Naples his Niece all of them great Matches King Ferdinand kept the Holy Week of Mejorada designing at the same time to assemble the Cortes of Castile at Burgos and those of Aragon to meet on the 11th of May. He sent the Queen with a sufficient Commission to preside there and thence to go to Lerida to those of Catalonia and â—o on to Valencia to those of that Kingdom He went himself to Burgos to be there at the time appointed His grand Design was to
they died soon after they were married Pope Leo the same Year he died entred into a League with Charles the Emperor for expelling the French out of Italy upon condition that every Year upon S. Peter's Day the Emperor should for the Kingdom of Naples besides the White Hacaney pay 7000 Ducats and that the Kingdom of Sicily should be owned as a Feoffe of the Church paying only 15000 Ducats as it had used to do That till such time as the Pope were repayed his Expences in that War he should hold the Cities of Plasencia and Parma the Profits whereof were not to be deducted out of the Principal and that the Dukedom of Milan should be given to Francis Sforcia Afterwards followed the expulsion of the French and their return as was said the last Year The King of France lying before Pavia in which was Antony de Leyva and a good Garison of Germans the Emperor's Generals hasted to the Relief of the City These were Charles de Lanoy Viceroy of Naples Charles Duke of Bourbon and Ferdinand Davlos Marquis of Pescara who overthrew the French Army took the King and sent him Prisoner into Spain Henry d' Albret King of Navarre was also taken but he bribing his Keepers made his escape out of the Castle of Pavia In this Battel was slain the Marquis of Civita de Santangel whose Name was Ferdinand Castriot Great-Grandson to the most Renowned Scanderberg Prince of Epirus and Terror of the Turks His Reins not being chained were cut and his Horse ran with him into the midst of the Enemies where the King of France himself killed him with his Lance. This Battel was fought upon Friday the 24th of February being the Feast of the Apostle S. Mathias Anno 1526. Thus Europe for a while was delivered from the Desolation of War King Francis of France was Prisoner in the Castle of Madrid His Mother the Queen-Regent of France in his absence earnestly desiring her Sons Liberty sent her Daughter the Lady Margaret who had been Married to Charles Duke of Alençon into Spain to treat of some Accommodation She managed the business so well that on the 14th of January an Alliance was concluded between the King and the Emperor upon the following Conditions That from thence forward it should not be allowed the Flemings to Appeal to the King of France That the King of France should quit all his Pretensions to Milan Genoa and Aste That he should restore Burgundy to the Emperor That he should Marry Ellenor the Queen-Dowager of Portugal the Emperor's Sister and should have with her 200000 Duccats That he should Pardon Charles Duke of Bourbon And That all other Differences should be determined according to Equity The Duke of Bourbon had to Wife Susanna Grandchild to Lewis the Eleventh King of France and Daughter to Peter Duke of Bourbon and Anne the aforesaid King 's Eldest Daughter To him Charles last of the Duke of Anger 's had by his Will left his Dominions in France and his Title to the Kingdom of Naples Charles the Eighth Son and Heir to King Lewis left no Issue therefore the Duke of Bourbon tho he pretended not to the Crown as not being the next of the Male Line yet he insisted that all the Dominions that had accrued to the Crown by other means belonged to his Wife as next of Blood to the late Kings After her Death he pretended tho he had no issue to retain the Dukedom of Bourbon as next of Kin in the Male-Line to his Father-in-Law But the King's Mother urged that she was Neice to the said Peter of Bourbon being his Sister's Daughter and this Title prevailed The Treaty being concluded the King of France departed out of Spain leaving as Hostages acording to Agreement for performance of the Capitulation his two Sons Francis the Dauphine and Henry the Younger At Sevil on the 3d of March was celebrated the Marriage of the Emperor with Elizabeth eldest Sister to the King of Portugal D. Ferdinand of Aragon Duke of Calabria before set at Liberty and D. Alonso de Fonseca who had succeeded Cardinal William de Croy in the Archbishoprick of Toledo accompanied the Bride from the Borders of Portugal The Emperor had deprived Francis Sforcia of the Dukedom of Milan accusing him of being unfaithful and holding Correspondence with France Pope Clement to restore him and being himself offended because it was by Law established in Spain that Benefices should not be given to Strangers and that the Pope's Bulls should be examined in Council joined in League with the French and Venetians he also invited the King of England into the Confederacy and promised D. Ferdinand Davalos Marquis of Pescara and Governor of Milan if he would join with them to make him King of Naples which Kingdom he designed to Conquer These Practices were the cause of great and mighty Mischiefs that ensued Mean while the Marquis of Pescara died and leaving no Issue his Cousin D. Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto inherited his Title and Estate Solyman the Great Turk Son to Selymus overthrew in Battel near the City Buda King Luis of Hungary and by his Death not only the City Buda was lost but Contentions arising about the Succession the Kingdom was brought into great distress Part of the Nobility were for Ferdinand of Austria because he was Married to the late King's Sister and part stood up for John Sepusius Vayvode of Transilvania whence ensued grievous Wars Mary the Queen-Dowager having no Issue returned to Flanders Anno 1527. Cardinal Pompeius Colonna and Vespasian Colonna having raised Forces in the Territory of Rome and being joined by others sent by D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Naples they had so streightned the Pope at Rome that he could scarce secure his Person or prevent the Soldiers Plundering the Sacred Palace After which Charles Duke of Bourbon with part of the Imperial Army marched out of Lombardy towards Rome designing to Plunder that City The Duke of Vrbin and Janetin de Medicis Father to Cosmo who was after Duke of Florence set out to oppose him but were overthrown passing the River Mincius and Janetin slain The Duke of Bourbon assaulting Rome was killed with a Musket Shot from the Walls nevertheless the Soldiers pursued their Design and Sacked the City laying Siege to the Castle of Santangelo whither the Pope and Cardinals retired The Emperor was at Valladolid when the News of this Disaster was brought to him he immediately caused the Publick Feasts and Rejoicing for the Birth of his Son Prince Philip born in that City the 20th of May to cease which was a Token of his Religious Zeal and that so great a Disorder had not happened with his knowledge On the other side the Florentins who mortally hated the Pope seeing him Distressed expelled out of their City the Family of Medicis and particularly Hippolito and Alexander who were the Chiefs of that House which was the Cause why
afterwards they lost their Liberty King Henry of England hearing what had happened declared for the Pope and the League before spoken of The King of France also upon the same News sent his General Odet de Lautrec with Forces into Italy who joining with the Venetians took Alexandria and Pavia two considerable Cities in the State of Milan Margaret Sister to the French King was Married to Henry d' Albret King of Navarre and had Issue Joanna who for want of Heirs Male inherited her Father's Dominions This Lady most obstinately persisted in Heresie as I suppose because the Pope had given away the Kingdom of Navarre from her Forefathers Anno 1528. At Madrid the Three Estates swore the young Prince Philip Heir to his Father's Kingdoms The Emperor complained that the French King did not keep his Word or perform what he had so solemnly promised when he was Prisoner in Spain The French King sent a Herauld to challenge him to fight him Hand to Hand This Affair was advised about with the Nobility On the 24th of June the Emperor sent his Answer by Letter accepting the Challenge and appointing the Place of Combate But the King of France was so cautious he would neither open the Letters nor give Audience to the Herauld sent from Spain upon that Errand Mean while Lautrec having wintered at Bolonia marched towards Naples laid Siege to that City hoping soon to possess himself of all the Kingdom On a sudden the Plague began to rage so violently in his Army that great part of it Perished and he among the rest Others were made Prisoners and among them Count Peter Navarro who spent the rest of his Days under severe Confinement This Disaster moved Andrea Doria a Genoese but Admiral of the French Fleet to go over to the Emperor and afterwards he restored his Country to its Liberty having defeated and expelled the Family of Fregosa for which and his great Virtues he gained immortal Renown Anno 1529. Charles the Emperor earnestly desired to go over into Italy by Sea there to receive the Imperial Crown at the Hand of the Pope To this purpose he was reconciled with him after so many Discontents and Affronts and promised to give his Bastard Daughter Margaret in Marriage to Alexander de Medicis as also to restore that Family to its Country At the same time he renewed the League with the King of France the Embassadors of both Princes meeting to that purpose at Cambray on the Frontiers of France and Flanders He sent home that Kings two Sons ransomed for Two Millions of Gold and with them sent his Sister Ellenor who was to be Married to that King From this time forward the Low Countries were wholly exempted from the Jurisdiction of France and on the other side Burgundy was entirely made over to that Crown It remained now to agree the Differences with Portugal about the Molucco Islands It was concluded that the King of Portugal should lend the Emperor 350000 Ducats upon Condition that till such time as that Sum was repayed the Castillians should forbear Trading in those Islands or laying any Claim to them This done the Emperor went over by Sea into Italy Solyman the Great Turk at the Instigation of John the Vayvod of Transilvania laid Siege to Vienna which was bravely defended by Philip the Count Palatin who was in it with a strong Garison Anno 1530. At Rome the Citizens were disgusted and impoverished by the late Disorders and Sacking of the City wherefore it was agreed the Coronation should be performed at Bolonia The Concourse of People was incredible the publick Demonstration of Joy extraordinary and the Majesty of the Ceremony such as passed belief On the Day of S. Mathias which was His Majesty's Birth-day he was saluted Augustus and Crowned by the Pope His Holiness and the Venetians interceded for Francis Sforcia that the Dukedom of Milan might be restored to him which was done accordingly he taking to Wife Christiern Daughter to the King of Denmark and the Emperor's Neice He was ordered to pay 900000 Duccats and the City of Como and Castle of Milan were to remain in the Emperor's Hands till that were performed The Marquis of Mantua had the Title of Duke conferred upon him The Pope and Duke of Ferrara were at Variance about the Cities of Modena and Reggio and the Emperor as Umpire betwixt them adjudged them to the Duke After this he set out for Germany where he had Summoned the Dyet to meet at Ausburg on the 8th of April The principal aim was to reduce the Hereticks as had been intended at other Diets Little was done in this Affair only that the Hereticks presented in Writing a Confession of their Faith which of that City was called the Ausburg Confession He that composed it was named Philip Melancton a Learned Man The Imperial Forces having long besieged Florence reduced the City to such streights that they were forced not only to admit the Family of the Medicis but to receive Alexander de Medicis for their Duke and so lost their ancient Liberty Philibert Prince of Orange and Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto and of Pescara since the Death of his Cousin Ferdinand were the Generals that commanded at this Siege Margaret the Emperor's Aunt died at Mecklin in Brabant on the 1st Day of December She was Governess of those Provinces and Mary Queen Dowager of Hungary succeeded her in that Charge which she held for the Emperor her Brother many Years Anno 1531. By the Emperor's Order the Archbishop of Mentz whose Place it is Summoned the Electors of the Empire to meet at Cologn to chuse a King of the Romans Upon the day appointed by the unanimous Consent of them all but one Ferdinand Archduke of Austria King of Hungary and Bohemia was elected Only Frederick Duke of Saxony protested against their Proceedings but the Year after he agreed with the rest at the Diet of Ratisbon having obtained Liberty in Matters of Religion Many Earthquakes happened and in the Low-Countries the Dikes being shaken the Sea broke in and whole Towns were drowned and some of the Steeples are yet to be seen above Water Lisbon suffered extreamly insomuch that the King fearing his Palace should fall upon him for several Days lay in Tents in the Field The Waters separating in the Channel of Tagus left a sort of an Island in the middle for some time In England the Antient Catholick Religion was now subverted on this Occasion King Henry indulging his Appetite had cast an Amorous Eye upon Anne Bullen To satisfy his desire he put from him Queen Catharine upon pretence that she had been Married to his Brother Arthur and took Anne Bullen to Wife notwithstanding he had a Daughter called Mary by his Lawful Wife The Pope opposed this Proceeding and could not be brought to approve of it Hereupon the King commanded all his Subjects to disown the Supremacy of the Pope
Prince of Orange who had entred that Province with his Forces and made him retire taking several Towns and Castles and putting many Hereticks to the Sword At the same time the Morisco's that is those descended of the Moores rebelled in the Kingdom of Granada These People were never Loyal and were then incensed for that certain Proclamations were publish'd against them Many of them perish'd in the space of two Years that those Tumults lasted The Marquis of Mondejar overthrew them seven times tho with some considerable loss caused by the Disorderliness of his Men. Lastly D. John of Austria being General they were fully subdu'd The Punishment given to those Rebels has taken from them the power of rising again by dispersing them throughout Castile Almost at the same time died first Charles Prince of Spain in Prison where his Father kept him and then Queen Elizabeth his Mother-in-Law She died of a Miscarriage leaving only two Daughters Elizabeth and Katherine and never a Son which was the reason the King her Husband married again a fourth time His too much forwardness was the cause of the Prince's Death many things were reported concerning the cause of his Imprisonment and his Father's Displeasure But there is no doubt but he was Poison'd by his Father's Command The Prince of Orange was again this Year without any Bloodshed drove out of the Low Countries and forced to retire into France where he assisted the Rebels Anno 1569. Henry de Valois Duke of Anjou and General of the King of France his Army twice in Battel overthrew the Hereticks The first was on the 13th of March at Bassac a Village in the Province of Poitiers where the Prince of Conde was killed and the Admiral escap'd by flight his Brother d' Andelot died some time after of his Wounds The second Engagement was at Montcontour on the 3d. of October the success was the same only that of the Rebels the slaughter was greater 16000 being kill'd Two thousand Horse and 4000 Foot sent by the Pope did good Service here besides the Succours from Spain which behaved themselves well upon all occasions These Forces after obtaining the Victory return'd to Italy perishing with Cold Hunger and Sickness Pope Pius this Year publish'd his Bull wherein he gave the Kingdom of England to any that would conquer it excommunicated Queen Elizabeth and absolved her Subjects of their Allegiance At this time the War continuing hot in the Low Countries many Gentlemen signaliz'd themselves and gained Honour there such were Julian Romero Sancho Davila D. Alvaro de Sandi Collonel Mondragon Collonel Francis de Verdugo and D. Lope de Figueroa Anno 1570. Forty Jesuits going to Brasill with F. Ignatius de Azevedo were murder'd at Sea by Jaques de Soria a French Pyrate and perverse Heretick After the departure of the Prince of Orange the Low Countries were more at Peace In France a Peace was concluded with the Hereticks upon no very advantageous Terms so great was the desire all Men had conceived to see that War at an end At Rome Cosmo de Medicis obtained of the Pope the Title of Great Duke of Tuscany to the Dissatisfaction of other Princes who thought his Advancement was a lessening of them Nevertheless Maximilian the Emperor confirmed that Title to Francis de Medicis his Brother-in-law and the Son of Cosmo Ann Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian came by Sea from Flanders into Spain to be married to her Uncle King Philip. This Solemnity was performed the 12th of November at Segovia With the Queen came her two young Brothers Albertus and Wenceslaus About the end of this Year hapned so terrible an Earthquake at Ferrara that the Inhabitants were forced for some days to live in the Fields in Tents many Houses were overthrown and many much damaged But this Year was for nothing so remarkable as for the War in Cyprus which produced a Holy League among the Christian Princes After the Venetians had enjoyed Peace with the Turks the space of 30 years Selymus the Great Turk having made Peace with the Persians sent his Embassadors to require the Venetians to deliver up to him the Island of Cyprus which lyes near the Province of Cilicia in the lesser Asia and in case they refused to declare War against them This Demand being so unreasonable a War necessarily ensued and the Turks landing in Cyprus about the beginning of July under the Command of Mustapha on the 9th of September took Nicosia one of the two principal Cities of that Island Famagusta formerly called Salamis held out longer The Venetian Fleet sent to the Relief of the Besieged arrived at Candia where it was joined by 60 Gallies sent by the Catholick Kings under the Command of Andrew Doria Prince of Melfi but in October the Season being too far advanced they all returned to winter in their Ports without doing any thing Only Marius Quirinus a Venetian with 12 Gallies was ordered to put Supplies of Men Ammunition and Provision into Famagusta which he accordingly performed At the same time through the earnest Sollicitation of Pope Pius the 5th a League was concluded against the Turks betwixt his Holiness his Catholick Majesty and the Venetians They agreed to fit out 200 Gallies and furnish 50000 Foot and 4000 Horse the Charge to be defrayed in this manner The Pope was to pay the 6th part the Venetians one 3d and the King of Spain one half of the Expence Marc Antony Colonna was appointed to command the Pope's Gallies Sebastian Venerius those of Venice and D. John of Austria by common Consent of all Parties was constituted Admiral and Generalissimo of the Fleet and Land Forces Anno 1571. All things being ordered in this manner Venerius and Colonna arrived first at Messina in Sicily and after them in August came D. John of Austria On the 9th of which Month the City Famagusta in Cyprus having held out almost a year's Siege was forced to surrender upon Conditions which were not perform'd by the Barbarous Enemy but contrary to their Faith given they committed great Cruelties upon the unfortunate Christians The Confederate Fleet sailed from Sicily on the 16th of September They steered directly for the Islands Echinades now called Cuçolares opposite to the Gulph of Lepanto where they had Advice the Turkish Fleet lay Both Officers and Soldiers were eager to fight and prepared themselves with great Alacrity The Venetian Gallies were on the left Prince John Andrew Doria on the right and D. John of Austria with the Spanish Gallies in the Center and with him Marc Antony Colonna and the Venetian Admiral The chief Commendary of Castile and D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Sancta Cruz with 30 Gallies were left as a Reserve to send Relief where the greatest Danger appeared The Enemy came out of the Mouth of the Gulph and ranged their Fleet as is their Custom in the form of a Half-Moon Six Galeasses made the Forelorn of our Fleet which
firing their Cannon disordered the Enemy Next to them D. John of Austria the first boarded the Turkish Admiral and after a doubtful Fight took her In her was killed Hali Bassa Admiral of the Fleet and two Sons of his were taken and presently Victory began to incline to the Christians Vchali the Pyrat did great harm upon the right taking 10 of our Gallies but seeing the rest of the Fleet overthrown he stood out to Sea and escaped with several of his Gallies It was a terrible Spectacle all resounded with various Cries and nothing was to be seen but killing pursuing battering and sinking of Vessels The Sea was covered with Blood and dead Bodies and the Air darkned with the Smoke 200 Turkish Gallies were either taken or sunk 25000 Turks were killed and 20000 Christian Captives set at liberty Of the Christians many were killed and among them no small number of Persons of note In short this was one of the greatest Victories that had been obtained in many years and there was great rejoycing for it in all parts of Christendom tho it was not pleasing to the Hereticks This Battel was fought on the 7th of October on which day the Memory of it is yearly celebrated as a Festival at Toledo Anno 1572. Pope Pius the 5th desiring to carry on this good Work the last Summer sent his Nephew Cardinal of Alexandria Michael Gislerius his Legate into France and Portugal to perswade those Kings to enter into this League With him went F. Francis Borgia a holy Man at that time General of the Jesuits in the place of F. James Lainez These Endeavours were fruitless as well for other Causes that occur'd as because the Pope died not long after on the 1st of Mary very unfortunately for the Affairs of Christendom Immediately after on the 10th of May Cardinal Hugo Bocompanus born at Bolongna was substituted in his Place and took the Name of Gregory the 13th He behaved himself so well that the Grief conceived for the loss of his Predecessor was much allayed for following his Footsteps he confirmed the League with the Venetians and with incredible Diligence furnished Men and Money for carrying on the War He held S. Peter's Chair 13 Years wanting one Month. At the beginning of Spring Charles the 9th King of France married Elizaleth Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian a Lady of great Vertue and extraordinary Beauty It was proposed to marry Margaret the French King's Sister to Henry of Bourbon Prince of Navarre by that means to allay the Tumults in France Pope Pius laboured to hinder that Match and offered King Sebastian of Portugal should take her to Wife which he consented to and even to accept of her without a Portion provided the French King would enter into the League against the Turks However the Prince of Navarre was preferred His Mother Joanna Queen of Navarre died at Paris the 10th of June and nevertheless the Marriage was solemnized towards the end of the Summer with a great Concourse of Nobility as well of the Hereticks as Catholicks In this Concourse Admiral Coligni was shot from a Window by the Contrivance of the Duke of Guise the Consequence whereof was a general Massacre of all the Hereticks in the City of Paris to the number of 10000. The Heads of them were put to Death by the King's Order having discovered a Conspiracy among them for assassinating of him the rest were outragiously murdered by the Rabble In Flanders the last Year towards defraying the Charge of the War a Tax was layed being the 10th Penny of all things sold This Imposition was so heavy to those Provinces which depend chiefly upon Trade that many Cities rebelled and were soon supported by Forces that came to their Assistance out of England Germany and France Zeland and Holland two inaccessible Provinces lying on the Sea and encompassed with Water were the first that rebelled Mons a strong City in Hainault followed their example D. Frederick Son to the Duke of Alva layed siege to it and leaving a sufficient Force to secure his Works marched to meet 4000 French who were coming to relieve the Place He overthrew them killing a great number taking Genlis their Commander Prisoner who died afterwards in the Castle of Antwerp The Prince of Orange came also with Forces out of Germany but the Duke of Alva had so secured all things he was forced to retire without making any attempt These Troubles besides the other Harms they did were the cause the League against the Turks was dissolved For D. John of Austria having gathered a mightier Fleet at Messina than the Year before stayed there a great while being in care for the Affairs of the Low-Countries and the more for that it was reported the French would make War on that side Thus the Season fit for Service being passed he set out of that Port at the end of September to join the Venetians and try the Fortune of another Battel But the Enemies Fleet kept close about Modon Coron and Navarrino in the Morea refusing to come to a Battel The Christian Fleet having lost all hopes of Fighting and the Weather growing unseasonable went to winter in several Ports Anno 1573. The Venetians either in consideration of the little Advantage gained by this great Fleet or because they had lost the rich Trade of the East without regard to the Confederate Princes made a shameful Peace with the Turks yielding up to them not only the Island of Cyprus but several Towns they held in Sclavonia and paying to them 300000 Ducats In May Henry Duke of Anjou the French King's Brother was elected King of Poland It was reported the French Gold bought the Votes but certain it is that as soon as the Duke heard of his Election he raised the Siege he had layed to Rochel and went to take Possession of his Kingdom D. John of Austria in October with the Fleet he had prepared against the Turks sailed over to Tunez and restored that Kingdom to Muleasse Grandson to that Muleasse who we said was expelled his Kingdom and his Eyes put out by his Son Muley Hamet the King now deposed was sent to Sicily whither soon after D. John of Austria having settled the Government and left a Garison in the City followed Thence he went over to Naples designing for Spain This Winter appeared a Comet which was only like a great shining Star without any Tail near the North-Pole What all the Astrologers admir'd in it was that it had no Parallaxis but from all places appeared to be near the same Stars and consequently must be supposed to be as high as the Stars themselves Anno 1574. The Duke of Alva having leave to return home D. Luis de Requesens chief Commendary of Castile was made Governor of the Low-Countries He came from Milan to Flanders at the beginning of the Year and it was hoped his mild Disposition and Wisdom would remedy all the Disorders
Brother who call'd himself Hercules He after having imbroil'd France making himself Head of the Hereticks repair'd to the Low Countries and there at his first coming possessed himself of Cambray which till then continued Loyal This was not all for the following Year he went to Antwerp and there caused himself to be declar'd Duke of Brabant which was but a meer shadow the Prince of Orange having all the Power His Authority lasted not long being at the same time disappointed of Marrying the Queen of England Anno 1582. At Antwerp a youth a Biscainer call'd John de Xauregui resolv'd to kill the Prince of Orange To this intent one day after dinner he fired a Musket at him yet killed him not but gave him a dangerous Wound in the Cheek The young Man was presently torn to pieces and all that knew of the design executed A Burgundian managed his Business more successfully for being admitted into the Prince's Family he soon after killed him in Holland At Toledo was held a Provincial Synod in which were 7 Bishops and 2 Abbots and D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo presided the Marquis de Velada assisted at it in the King's Name This Year Pope Gregory cut off 10 days in October to reduce the Solsticies and Equinoxes to their former place Besides the Golden Number was taken from the Calendar and in its place was substituted the Epact all to regulate the Observation of Times for the future better than it was before Mary the Empress came to Spain and went to Lisbon where the King her Brother was settling the Affairs of that Kingdom and with him Cardinal Albertus Son to the Empress a Prince of extraordinary Parts Antony who called himself King of Portugal after he was overthrown fled into France and having gathered a Fleet there sailed over to the Islands Terceras otherwise called Açores which still held out for him Near the Island of S. Michael he was vanquished in a Sea Fight by D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz. Philip Strozzi one of the Admirals of the French Fleet was killed the Count de Brissac the other Admiral together with Antony the pretended King saved themselves by flight All the Prisoners of Note to the number of 80 and many others the Marquis put to death the King of France consenting to it Nevertheless the People of Tercera would not submit Anno 1583. This Year the Marquis return'd and fully subdu'd them D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Duke of Alva departed this Life at Lisbon aged 74 Years Soon after him died there also Sancho de Avila of the kick of a Horse on the 8th of June He was of the House of Velada and born at Avila Prince James Son to King Philip deceased at Madrid on the 1st of February for which reason the Three Estates in Portugal swore his Brother Prince Philip Heir to that Crown This Parliament being dissolv'd and Cardinal Albertus the King's Nephew constituted Governour of Portugal King Philip return'd to Castile to provide for the necessary Affairs there Anno 1584. The Duke of Alençon having obtain'd his Brother's Pardon return'd into France after he had been in England and Flanders but going from Paris soon died either of Sickness or Poisoned as some would have it Death put an end to his aspiring Thoughts which had compassed the Sovereignty of England France and Flanders The Prince of Orange was killed with a Musket-shot on the 10th of June by a young Burgundian call'd Baltasar who had entred into his Service to that purpose Such was the death of the Author of so many Mischiefs but this did not pacify the Flemmings King Philip had by his Wife Queen Elizabeth two Daughters Elizabeth and Catherine It was reported the eldest was kept for her Cousin the Emperor Rodulphus The youngest was contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy Zaragoça the principal City of Aragon was the place appointed for celebrating of the Nuptials Before the King set forward upon this Journey the Three Estates of Castile at Madrid swore Prince Philip Heir to the Crown This Ceremony was perform'd on the 11th of November being Sunday and the day of S. Martin in the Monastery of S. Hierome near that Town Quiroga Cardinal of Toledo sang the Mass Anno 1585. This Solemnity being performed the King set out for Zaragoca in very rough Weather the Winter Season not being yet past Thither came also the Duke of Savoy by Sea and was received with great Honour by the King his Father-in-Law The Marriage was celebrated with great Pomp and Ostentation on the 18th of March News was brought not long after that Pope Gregory being very aged and famous for his great Wisdom departed this Life at Rome the 12th of April In May following Cardinal Felix Montalto who had first bin General of the Recolet Franciscans then Bishop and afterwards Cardinal was lastly promoted to S. Peter's Chair He took the Name of Sixtus the Fifth governed the Church five Years and four Months and had many good Qualities but as there is no Man without a fault he is blamed for being too severe and covetous and for promoting of his Kinsmen more than was justifiable He Canonized S. James of Alcala a Franciscan whose Body is kept and Honour'd in the Monastery of that Order at Alcala The Prince of Parma made War against the Rebels in the Low Countries and having recover'd Gent and many other Places after a long and streight Siege he kept upon Antwerp forced it to surrender in August This Siege was very famous for the many extraordinary Devices used on both sides as also for the obstinacy of the Defendants but the Conduct of the General and Valour of the Spaniards overcame all Difficulties King Philip accompanied the new-Married Couple as far as Barcelona whence they sailed for Italy In his return at Monçon he held the Cortes or Parliament of Aragon which sate long many difficulties arising among them The violent heat of Summer and Autumn which proved sickly was the cause that many died there especially of the Strangers and Courtiers At last this Parliament swore Prince Philip Heir of all those Domimions Pope Sixtus at his first Accession to the Papacy published his Bull in which he declared Henry King of Navarre a Heretick and Excommunicated and deprived him of the Right of Inheriting the Kingdom of France as he did also Henry Prince of Conde his Cousin-German in case King Henry Brother-in-Law to him of Navarre died without Issue which was likely because till then the Queen had never been with-Child Anno 1586. Nevertheless the King of France labour'd to secure the Succession to the King of Navarre without regarding the Pope's Threats whereupon many of the French Nobility conspir'd to raise a Rebellion under the Colour of Religion The Ringleader was the Duke of Guise which much perplexed the King seeing three powerful Factions on foot which he feared would again
destruction in Flanders The Marquess de Caraçena Governour of Flanders D. John of Austria being gone to Spain and the Prince of Conde prepared to take the Field with a powerful Army of Horse and Foot and the mean while took care to keep in the French Garrisons from making Incursions towards Gaunt Bruges and Brussels Most of the Horse were in Quarters towards Germany to meet the Archduke Sigismund the new Governour of the low Countries who brought with him 12000 Foot The Marquess de Caraçena had taken the Field with 6000 Foot and 7000 Horse the Prince of Conde had 4000 Foot and 5000 Horse In France we had at that time the Towns of Rocroy Hedin Linchen and Chastelet whose Garrisons ranging abroad gathered Contributions of all the Country about In this Posture were our Affairs when the Enemy began to advance with above 20000 Men. All Europe was in Suspence expecting the Event of so many Treaties and Overtures of Peace as had been made and were still delayed and broke off on account of private Interest when at length about the middle of May by Consent of both Kings of France and Spain a Cessation of Arms was agreed upon for Two Months and Expresses sent to all Parts to forbid any Hostilities during that time This news was received with general Joy an Satisfaction which was increased upon the Prolonging the said Truce and assured Hope of an ensuing Peace Irun a small Town in the Province of Guipuzcoa adjoining to France was the Place appointed for to Treat King Philip made choice of D. Luis Mendez de Haro a Grandee of Spain and his Majesties prime Minister and Favourite for his Plenipotentiary and the King of France deputed the Cardinal Mazarine his first Minister to bear the same Character on his Part. D. Luis de Haro set forward from Madrid about the beginning of July with a Princely Retinue Before him went 40 led Horses then followed 12 Coaches next above 40 Sumpture Mules all their Cloaths Embroidered with Gold and Silver He was attended by a great Number of Gentlemen of the Bedchamber all Knights of the 3 Military Orders 24 Pages as many Valets and Footmen All the way D. Luis went he left Marks of his Grandeur At Burgos he gave 1000 Ducats to make a Silver Lamp to hang before the famous Crucifix of that City he gave Liberty to the Prisoners relieved many Widows and Orphans At Vitoria he was nobly Entertained by the Gentry and above 60 of them with their Servants in rich Liveries followed him At S. Sebastian he staid for the Cardinal who was not yet come On the 25th of July the Cardinal came to Bayonne and on the 28th to S. Jean de Luz the last Town of France whence he sent a Gentleman to agree with D. Luis de Haro about the Ceremony of their Meeting and Conferences Besides the many Persons of Quality that accompanied the Plenipotentiaries each King had sent Two able Civilians to determine all Matters that should be disputable in point of Law Sir Henry Bennet Ambassador Extraordinary from his Majesty of Great Britain was admitted to the Conference as was also Monsieur de Leni a Gentleman sent by the Prince of Condè The King of Great Britain come through France Incognito and to prevent Suspition entred Spain by the way of Aragon whence he came through Navarre to the Conference and was there attended with all the Respect due to his Person being Served by the King of Spain's immediate Servants and Officers The Plenipotentiaries sent Presents to one another and D. Luis understanding that the Cardinal was desirous to see Spanish Plays caused a Company of Actors to come from Madrid to satisfie his Curiosity Some days were spent in adjusting the Place and manner of their meeting At last it was agreed that a House should be Built in a small Island that lies in the middle of the River Vidasoa which parts Spain and France one half of it was Built by the French and the other half by the Spaniards On the 13 of August the Plenipotentiaries met in this House where after Embracing and other Acts of Civility they sat down and the Conference lasted from Noon till half an Hour past Four when they parted appointing the next Meeting on the 16th On the 2d of September when the 8th Conference was held came thither the Duke d' Agremont Ambassador Extraordinary from the most Christian King to his Catholick Majesty He came to Madrid on the 16th of October The end of his Embassy was to ask the Princess Mary Teresa in Marriage for the King his Master His Reception and Entertainment were greater and more magnificent than any had ever been before His stay was short for having obtained what he came to ask he returned home richly presented and satisfied with the Success of his Negociation The Treaty of the Peace went on slowly but at last it was concluded on the 7th of November and an Express carried the News of it to Madrid The Marriage of the Most Christian King with the Princess was the Bond to make this Agreement Firm and Lasting In this Treaty King Philip had special Regard to the Restoring of the Prince of Conde in regard to the great Fidelity wherewith he Served Spain for many Years Hereupon the Prince returned to Court was graciously Received by the King and again admitted to his Favour By this Treaty also the Duke of Lorrain was set at Liberty and went over to France On the 15th of November between 5 and 6 in the afternoon at Velilla de Ebro in the Church of S. Nicholas seated on a Mountain that Encompasses the Town a Bell was seen to Ring of it self without the help of any Body This Bell was called Mary Nicholas and was cast in the Year 1655. The manner of its Ringing was that the Clapper moved and gave 3 or 4 or 6 even to 10 Stroaks sometimes more sometimes less on the East-side and one or two on the West-side this by Intervals or Intermission of about half a Minute The strokes were Vigorous as if guided by a strong Arm and lasted the space of Two hours many of the Townsmen being Eyewitnesses to it In that Steeple there are 3 Bells which hang along one side of the Wall in Three Arched Windows That which is towards Zaragoça is the ancient Bell so much spoken of by our Historians Next to it in the middle hangs another called S. Agatha which has been also heard to Ring of it self and next to it is the last I now speak of Strange and Remarkable accidents have happened after this sort of Ringing which sometimes have proved unfortunate and other times prosperous This Year the Knights of Malta took 7 Ships of Argiers and Tunez of a very great Value A most notable Victory was obtained by the Poles and Brandenburghers over Charles Adolphus the Palatine of Deuxponts who had lain long at the Siege of Copenhaguen the Metropolis of the
15 Hannibal Governs in Spain 19 Marches through France towards Rome 21 His Progress in Italy 22 Hanno His Voyage to the Southward He and Hunilco Return to Carthage 15 His Actions in Spain 16 Hanno in Sicily with 21 Spaniards and 10000 Africans 16 Hegira the Mahometan Computation of time used in Spain 100 Heir of Castile made Prince of Asturias 305 Heliogabalus Reigns 3 Years and 9 Months 57 Helvius Pertinax Reigns 2 Months and 28 Days 57 Helvius recovers Illiturgum and routs the Spaniards 31 Henry I. King of Castile but 11 Years of Age. 196 Is Married Parted from his Wife on account of consanguinity 197 His Death 399 Henry the Bastard Proclaims himself King of Castile and is the 2d of the Name 283 Is routed 285 Returns into Spain 286 Finds many Enemies Takes Carmona and breaks the Articles 289 His Death 295 Henry III. Proclaimed King of Castile 307 Takes upon him the Government 313 Dies 323 Anotable Action of his His Will 324 Henry IV. of Castile his Birth 346 Rebels against his Father 372 Reconciled to him 376 Proclaimed King of Castile 381 How disposed 381 Ravages the Territories of the Moors and Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal 383 Raises mean Persons in opposition to the Nobility 386 Proclaimed Earl of Barcelona by the Rebels there 404 Supposed to be Poisoned 420 Dies 422 Henry V. King of England Invades France 339 Henry VII King of England his Death 533 Heny VIII King of England 533 Takes Therouenne and Tournay 556 Henry King of Navarre F. 216. p. 2 Dies 216 Henry Prince of Castile Governs 236 Henry Earl of Portugal Dies 165 Heresie of the Albigenses its Original 191 Of Nestorius revived 109 Heretical Opinions Condemned in Spain 434 Hereticks expelled Leon. 192 Herminij entirely subdued 44 Hesperus Reigns 7 Hierome Savonarola a famous Preacher in Florence burnt 481 Hierusalem lost 184 Taken by the Christians 158 Himilco and Hanno 14 Himilco Sails along the Coast of Spain 14 Hirtuleyus General for Sertorius twice routs the Romans 42 Hispalus King 7 Holy War in the East 155 Honorius the Emperor Reigned above 28 Years 70 Honours done to the Archbishop of Toledo 196 Horrid Treason of a Bishop 99 Houses of Haro and Lara reconciled 242 Huesca besieged Surrendred 156 I. Jaen City described Besieged Surrendred F. 209 p. 2 Jayme or James I. King of Aragon 194 Comes into Spain 195 Escapes from his Keepers 198 Marries Ellenor of Castile 201 A Conspiracy against him He is Seized 202 Escapes and invades Valencia 203 Kills the Rebel Peter de Ahones 203 Lands in Majorca 205 Wounded at the Siege of Valencia F. 217. p. 2 Marries his Son to the Daughter of the King of Sicily F. 213 2 Goes to Toledo 215 2 Imbarks for the Holy Land 216 Dies His Issue 219 Jayme or James the 2d King of Aragon Pag. 233 Proclaim'd King of Sardinia and Corsica 238 Dies 252 Jayme Heir of Aragon Abdicates 250 Jealousies of Princes 540 Jealousie the Cause of King Philip's Quen's Distemper 519 Jews banish'd Spain 83 460 Converted 336 Murder'd in Sicily Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 323 Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile 274 Infidels twice defeated 176 Victorious 159 Divide and overrun Spain 99 Twice overthrown 243 Defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 249 200000 slain in one Battel 190 262 Ingundis Wife to Ermenegildus persecuted for the Catholick Religion 79 Inigo Arista King of Navarre 119 Innocent the 7th Chosen Pope of Rome 322 Dies 323 Innocent the 8th Pope 445 Dies 461 Insolency of the Moors 205 Intercasia surrendred 35 Interdict in Castile and Aragon at one time 224 Interregnum 77 Inquisition first setled in Spain 432 Interview of the King of Aragon and Navarre Fol. 205 p. 2 Of the Kings of France and Castile 231 Of Princes at Perpignan 337 Of Kings 269 Of the Kings of Castile and Navarre 384 Of two Kings 518 528 Invasion of the Normans Investiture of Naples granted to King Ferdinand 539 Joanna Daughter to King Henry Heiress of Navarre 216 Joanna Queen of Naples dies 359 Joanna Princess of Castile Contracted to the Duke of Guienne 414 Joanna Queen of Castile wholly unfit to govern 524 Deliver'd of a Daughter 525 John the first King of Castile 296 Proclaim'd King of Portugal 299 Makes his Will 301 Kill'd by a Fall from his Horse 306 Contents of his last Will. 308 John the 2d an Infant Proclaim'd King of Castile 325 Govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo 339 His Character Is under Restraint 340 Makes his Escape 342 Breaks into Aragon 352 Invades Granada 355 Drives the Moors into that City gives them a great Overthrow 355 Made Prisoner by his Rebds 367 Makes his Escape 370 His Designs 380 Dies 381 John the first Crown'd King of Aragon 304 His Qualities 307 His strange Death 317 John the 2d King of Aragon dies 433 John King of France dies Charles the 5th succeeds John King of France dies 281 John Proclaimed King of Navarre 347 Crown'd 351 Subdues his Rebellious Subjects 526 John Master of Avis a Bastard aspires to the Crown of Portugal 300 Is Proclaim'd King 301 All Portugal submit to him 302 His Issue 310 His Government 332 Dies 358 John the 2d of Portugal while Prince comes to his Father's Assistance into Castile 426 Restores the Crown to his Father 313 His Accession to the Crown 473 Dies 455 469 John King of Hierusalem comes into Spain 206 John Prince of Castile usurps the Title of King of Leon and Galicia 236 Is reconcil'd to the King 239 John Prince of Castile born 432 Dies 480 John the 20th Chosen Pope 249 John the 23th Chosen Pope 330 Forced to quit the Papacy 336 John Duke of Lorrain in Catalonia for his Father 410 D. John Nunez de Lara revolts from Castile 232 Is reconcil'd to King Sancho and again ready to flie from him 232 John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt 338 Joseph the Miramamolin comes out of Africk 154 His Death 158 Joseph governs Spain 106 Joseph King of Granada dies 311 Joseph the 2d King of Granada his strange Death 318 Joseph the 3d King of Granada dies 344 Jovianus reigns 7 Months and 22 Days 63 Irruption of the Moors into France 102 Of the Goths 64 Italy in War Jubilee first Instituted 239 Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon 333 Julian the Apostate Chosen Emperor Reigns one Year 7 Months and 27 Days 62 Is kill'd 63 Julian the famous Count that betrayed Spain to the Moors 97 Invites the Moors into Spain 98 His and his Families End 101 Julianus Reigns 6 Months 57 Julius Pope dies 553 Julius the 2d Pope 503 Just Reward of Treachery 179 K. Kingdom of Aragon under an Interdict Fol. 210 p. 2 Kingdoms of the Moors 138 King of Aragon in Danger Fol. 207 p. 9 King of Aragon with 3 Princes in League against France 209 King of Aragon makes Peace
with Sardinia 272 Seeks Aid against the French 226 King of England Prepares to invade France 545 King of Granada murder'd 251 King of Leon makes War upon his Son the King of Castile 199 King of Majorca delivers himself to the King of Aragon 205 King of Morocco comes to assist King Alonso of Castile 222 King of Navarre murders the Cnostable of France 273 Uses Means to recover his Possessions in France 322 King and Queen of Navarre Excommunicated 546 King of Portugal invades Castile 237 Sworn Heir of Castile 481 Kings alike in the manner of their Death 144 Of Aragon and Castile join againd Navarre Of Aragon and Navarre Prisoners Set at Liberty 361 Of Castile and Aragon meet Of Castile and Aragon Invade the Moors 215 Of Castile and Navarre meet 305 Of Castile and Portugal after their Victory return to Sevil 264 Of France and Aragon meet and are reconcil'd 213 Of Portugal and Castile meet 416 Of the Moors 116 Knights of Alcantara their Original 194 Of Calatrava their Original 176 Of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal Instituted 249 Of Santiago or S. James the Apostle 244 Increase of these Knights 245 Templers Hospitallers c. 103 Templers destroy'd 244 Their Possessions in Spain 245 L. Lancaster Duke lands at Coruna 303 Lara's Family conspires against the young King of Castile 196 Seize the Government into their hands The Archbishop obliges them to take an Oath Alvaro the Elder of them Excommunicated Seizes upon the Queen's Lands and banishes her 198 Is taken by the King and set at Liberty 199 His and his Brother Ferdmand's Death 200 Lautrech in Guipuzcoa 551 Laws establish'd by King Wamba 94 League betwixt Castile and Aragon renew'd 174 176 Against Peter Ruiz de Azagra 180 Against Castile 184 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 233 221 Against the French 468 Against the Venetians 509 Offensive and Defensive betwixt the two Kings of Spain 519 Of Cambray 532 For Defence of the Church 544 Learned Spaniards â—50 Legate makes Peace among Christian Princes 183 Lelius successful against Viriatus 36 Leo King of Armenia in Spain 297 Leo the 10th Chosen Pope 553 Leon City built 55 Taken with other Places by the Infidels 128 Taken by the Christians 104 Leon Kingdom rebels 128 Lepidus the Consul routed with the Loss of 6000 Romans 39 Leuvigildus drives the Romans out of Spain Chooses his two Sons Companions with him in the Throne 78 Besieges Sevil. 80 Persecutes the Catholicks His Death 81 Causes of his Conversion He was the first Goth that us'd the Royal Ornaments 82 Liberty of Conscience 62 Licinius Nerva 32 Licinius Lucullus 34 His Barbarous Cruelty 35 Licinius Larcius Governs Spain 54 Lisbon taken by King Alonso the 2d of Leon. 109 Besieg'd taken by King Alonso the first of Portugal 171 Besieg'd and the Siege rais'd 300 Liuva succeeds his Father Recaredus Is murder'd 86 Longin us in Danger of being murder'd for his Avarice and Cruelty Is cast away going to Italy 46 D Lope de Haro Favourite to King Sancho thi 3d of Castile 229 Is kill'd at Court 230 Love Adventure 331 Loxa City besieged by the Christian without Success Taken with other Places 449 D. Lucas de Tuy a famous Writer 204 Lucius Canulcyus 32 Luis the younger King of France comes into Spain His Entertainment 174 Luis the 9th King of France sends Presents to Toledo and undertakes the Conquest of the Holy Land Fol. 211 p. 2 Dies and Philip succeeds 249 Luis the 10th King of France dies 559 Luis the 11th King of France dies 436 Luis the 12th King of France dies 481 Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 326 Luis Duke of Anjou Adopted Heir of Naples 344 Luis Sforza Duke of Milan 466 Luna Town built 155 Lusitani so call'd from Lusus 8 M. Macedonius his Heresy condemn'd 65 Madrid taken and ruin'd 122 Mahomet the Founder of Mahometisme born A. M. 5800 79 Mahomet usurps the Kingdom of Cordova and secures Hissem Is overthrown and 30000 of his Men slain 131 Mahomet inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Mahomet King of Granada in Africk 256 Is murder'd 257 Mahomet King of Granada dies 295 Mahomet King of Granada expell'd by his Subjects 341 Restor'd 348 Again expell'd and restor'd 356 Imprison'd 372 Mahomet usurps the Crown of Granada 318 Is depos'd 380 Mahometan Power its Increase 90 Majorca City taken by Storm 205 Majorca sabdned by the Aragonians 265 Malecontents in Andaluzia 530 Mancmus succeeds Pupilinus 38 Concludes a dishonourable Peace with the Numantians and is deliver'd up to them 39 Mandonius and Indibilis revolt 30 Manlius Acidinus 32 Many Towns built and repair'd 123 Towns taken 151 Roman Colonies planted in Spain 50 Places taken by the Aragonians from the Moors 174 Nobles reduced Places taken by the Christians Fol 206 p. 2 Marcellus suceeds Fulvius 34 Marcius restores the Roman Power in Spain 26 Marcus Marcienus 32 Marcus Junius 32 Marcus Marcellus 32 Marius and Cinna 41 marquess de Villena his double Dealing 423 Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards 493 495 Marriages 187 Of King Henry's Bastards 295 King Ferdmand of Castile with the Princess of Portugal 240 Of Princes Of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile 337 Marseilles taken by the Aragonians 345 Martin de Freitas the Famous Loyal Governour of Coimbra 210 Martin the 4th Pope and the King of Aragon at variance 223 Martin the 5th Chosen Pope 338 Dies 354 Martin Lopez Master of Calatrava faithful to King Peter 288 Martin King df Aragon 316 Marries 329 Dies 330 Martin King of Sicily dies 328 Mary de Padilla Mistriss to King Peter 269 Dies 280 Declar'd by King Peter his lawful Wife 281 Mary Princess of Castile contracted to the King of Portugal 486 Mary Queen of Sicily dies 321 Mallacre of the French call'd the Sicilian Vespers 123 Massinissa joins with the Romans 29 Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors 314 Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies 416 Dies 421 Masterships of Military Orders annex'd to the Crown 453 464 Mauregatus the Bastard aspires to the Crown assisted by the Moors 108 Reigns expelling King Alonso 109 Maxentius usurps the Empire 60 Maximilian Storcia Duke recovers Milan 552 Mazalquivir in Africk taken 513 Mecma besieg'd by the French 223 Memorable Siege of Astapa 29 Memorable Battel betwixt Christians and Infidels 111 The same renew'd Takes Name from the Town of Clavijo 112 Men famous for Learning and Sanctity 105 Merida reduced 100 Merines a Family among the Moors obtains the Empire of Africk 214 Method of reducing the rebellious Prelates 415 Metellus subdues the Celtiberi 37 Metellus sent by Sylla into Spain 42 Kills 20000 of Sertorius his Men. 43 Mighty Army of Christians in Castile 189 Divisions throughout Spain 241 Floods 354 Milan recever'd by the French 561 Minorea and Yvica Islands conquer'd 206 Miraculous Victory of 1000 Christians 103 Miraculous Tryal of a Bishop 113 Miserable Slaughter 92 Mithridates sends Ambassadors to
16 Of Gravelling 17 Of Lepanto 21 Bell Rings of it self 89 Berga in Catalonia recovered 72 Brasil recovered 37 Breda taken 37 Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope 68 C. Cadiz Plundered by Drake 29 Calais taken 17 Calvin and Beza 19 Caracena Marquess General against Portugal 90. Catalonia Rebels Portugal follows the Example 43 Catherine Queen of Portugal Dies 24 Cazal Besieged 37 Taken 63 Ceremony of Contracting the Spanish Princess to the King of France 90 Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain 80 Chaldeans their Conversion 38 Change of Religion in England 7 Charles I. in Spain 2 His Sister Married to Emanuel King of Portugal Is chosen Emperor Crowned 3 Returns into Spain 4 Marries the Sister of the King of Portugal 6 Crowned Emperor 7 Arms against the Turks 8 In France 9 Abdicates 16 Charles II. King of Spain Proclaimed 98 Charles Prince of Wales in Spain 36 Christian League against the Turk 21 Christiern King of Denmark expelled 4 Civil Wars in Swisserland 8 Clement Pope Dies 8 31 Clement IX chosen Pope 93 Collation of great Offices 95 Comet 22 24 Commotions in Portugal 42 Composition betwixt France and Spain 7 Concessions for Reducing Hereticks 13 Condê Prince in Catalonia 46 Conferences for Peace 80 Conspiracy against the French King 27 Conti Prince takes Ville-Franche 68 Conversion of Ethiopia 56 Cortes of Aragon 37 Of Castile 44 Of Aragon and Valencia 44 Cosmo Created Great Duks of Tuscany 21 Council of Trent 11 Openea 12 Breaks up 13 Sunnnoned again 14 Opened again 18 Court at Valladolid 30 D. Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots 17 Death of 2 Kings and a Queen 13 Of 2 Popes 28 Of the Princess Governess of Flanders 39 Defeat of the French in Sardinia 41 Of the French at Valenciennes 73 Diet at Ausburg 7 At Worms 9 Discovery of Cathay and Tibet 36 Disputes about Religion in Germany 10 Betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks 12 About Religion in France 18 Diu Besieged by the Turks 9 Downfall of the Sultans of Egypt 2 Drake attempts Cadiz 27 Plunders the Coast of America 29 Dukes of Savoy and Mantua Die 41 Dunkirk gained 64 Taken by the French and English 76 Dutch and Turks Defeated 36 Dutch in Brazil 36 Routed 42 E. Earthquake 21 32 42 Ebora made an Archbishoprick 10 Edward King of England Dies 15 Elizabeth Queen of England 17 Excommunicated 20 Elizabeth Queen of Spain Dies 44 Emanucl King of Portugal Dies 4 Embassy into England 31 From a Black King 76 Emperor and King of England in League against France 11 Empress Dies 10 Empress in Spain 25 Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal 83 English Fleet Invades Hispaniola 71 Escurial finished 28 Etna Mount 25 Exploits of Mallorquines 75 F. Ferdinand King of Spain Dies 1 Ferdinand chosen King of the Romans 7 Ferdinand Prince Archbishop of Toledo 34 Feria Duke in Alsace 39 Final betrayed 31 Floods 37 Francis King of France taken by the Imperalists 5 Released 6 French King in Italy 1 French King and Emperor meat 9 French King's Sister Married to the Prince of Navarre 22 French King takes Towns in Flanders 93 French and Turks take Nice 11 French in Biscay 4 Invade Savoy 9 In Lorrain 38 Overthrown 42 Join with the Rebels 43 In Italy 46 Decline in Catalonia 58 In Catalonia with the Rebels 65 Pass the Pyreneans 67 Join with the English 74 Obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria 74 Begin the War in Flanders 93 Galeons destroyed 71 General defection of the Low-Countries 24 Great Eclipse 11 Great Flooas 16 43 and 76 Great Jubilee 30 Great Tax 31 Gregorian Account 25 Gregory Pope Dies 26 Gregory XV. Pope 35 Dies 36 Guize Duke Murdered by the Huguenots 18 Guize Duke put to death 27 Guize Duke set at Liberty 69 Gustavus Adolphus 38 Killed 39 H. Hard Winter 44 Henry King of Navarre 2 Henry the Cardinal King of Portugal 24 Dies 25 Henry III. King of France Murdered by Clement 28 Henry IV. King of France Murdered by Ravillac 32 Heresie of Martin Luther 2 Hereticks at the Council of Trent 14 Huguenot Rebels twice overthrown 20 James Prince of Spain Dies 26 Jesuits Confirmed by the Pope 10 Jesuits Murdered 20 Innocent X. Pope Dies 69 Innundations in Flanders 7 John III. King of Portugal Marries the Emperors-Sister 5 Dies 16 D. John of Austria at Tunez 22 Made Vicar of Italy 23 In the Low-Countries 24 D. John of Austria at Sea 46 At the Siege of Barcelona 53 Takes Solsona 72 Sent for Flanders 73 Takes S. Gillain 73 Commands against Portugal 87 83 Takes Aronches and other Places 83 Enters Portugal Takes Borba and Iurumenha 86 Takes Ebora and is Routed 95 Is Lord Lieutenant and Captain General of Aragon 94 Jubilee Year at Rome 37 57 Julius III. Elected Pope 14 Dies 15 K. King of France Dies 23 L. Landresi taken by the French 41 League against the Turks 9 Dissolved 22 Leganez Marquess in Savoy 41 Leganez Marqess destroys many Moors about Oran 15 Leo IX Pope Dies 4 Leo X. chosen Pope 5 Leo XI shosen Pope 31 Leopold the Archduke in Champagne 57 Lerida Recovered 44 Lerma Duke leaves the Government 33 Low-Countries Conspire against Spain 23 M. Malta Besieged by the Turks 19 Mamora taken 32 Marcellus chosen Pope and Dies 15 Margaret King Philip IV. Daughter Married to the Emperor 95 Marriages of Princes 32 Marriage of the Princess of Spain to the Fr. King 90 Martin Luther's Death 12 Martyrdoms in Japan 36 Mary Queen of Portugal Dies 2 Mary Queen of England Marries Philip Prince of Spain 15 Dies 17 Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned 19 Murdered 27 Mary Princess Born 31 Maximilian the Emperor Dies 3 Maximilian Governour of Spain 13 Medices expelled Florence 6 Restored 7 Monserrat Invaded by the Spaniards 47 Monstrous Birth 39 Montmidi Surrendred to the French 74 Moriscoes Rebell in Spain 20 Banished 32 Mortara Marquess attacks the French and is repulsed 76 Mortality 28 Murder Commited by a Woman 92 Mutiniers Punished 28 N. Naples Besieged 6 Navarre Pacified 1 Over-run by the French 3 Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth 22 New Governour in the Low-Countries 22 New Passage into the South Sea 33 F. Nitard sent from Court 94 O. Olivenca taken from the Portugues 44 Orange Prince Heads the Rebels in Holland 20 Wounded 25 Killed 26 Ormuz taken by the Persians 36 Ossuna Duke makes an Irruption into Portugal 77 His Actions there 84 Again in Portugal 95 Overthrow of the French 5 45 Of the Saxons 13 Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugale 91 P. Pantheon finished 67 Parma Prince successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries 26 Paul III. Pope Dies 14 Paul IV. Pope 15 Paul V. Pope Dies 37 Peace betwixt France and Spain 17 Betwixt Spain and England 31 With Oliver Cromwell 70 Concluded 89 Concluded with Portugal 94 Penol in Africk taken 19 Perfidious Act of Portugueses 70 Pemambuco taken by the Dutch 38 Perpignan taken by the French 43
the XIth succeeds Mighty Divisions throughout Spain 1304. K. Denis of Portugal as Arbitrator reconciles Oustile and Aragon 1305. Roger Lauria the great Admiral Clement the Vth. chosen Pope Houses of Haro and Lara reconcil'd Discord among the Moors 1309 Castile and Aragon in League against the Moors Ceuta taken The Infidels twice overthrown Gibraltar taken The Moorish K. of Granada depos'd Queen Blanch of Aragon dies A general Council held at Vienne in Dauphine The Knights Templers destroy'd Possessions of the Templers in Spain 1310 1311 Prince Alonso of Castile has Birth 1312. War with the Moors A wonderful Judgment Ferdinand the IVth King of Castile dies Alonso not 13 Months old declar'd King of Castile â—rago dies The young King kept by the Citizens of Avila 1313. The Moors of Granada expel their new King 1314. The Cortes settle the Government of Castile Turks their Original Growth Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name Actions of the Catalonians in Greece They overthrow the Turbs Thier General put to Death They defeat the Greeks They fall out among themselves 1315 Luis King of France dyes and Philip succeeds 1316 John the XXth chosen Pope Infidels defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 1316 1317 Knights of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal 1318 1319 Two extraordinary Accidents The death of the Princes of Castile Peter John Jayme heir of Aragon abdicates Several places taken by the Moors Several Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 1320 1321 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 1322 A Spanish Synod held at Valladolid King of Granada murder'd King Alonso of Castile enters upon the Government The Rebels associate The form of Association Sardinia conquered by the Aragonians 1324 1325 Denis K. of Portugal dies St. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal Rebels of Castile punished 1327. Jayme the IId King of Aragon dies Alonso the IVth succeeds 1328. Occasion of Wars betwixt France and England Castile at War with the Moors Several Places in Castile Rebel 1329 Accord betwixt Aragon Castile and Portugal Affairs of Navarre Acts of the Cortes at Madrid 1330. Overthrow of the Moors Several Places taken from them Description of Africk Mahomet K. of Granada in Africk Alonso de la Cerda rightful K. of Castile submits to Alonso 1332 Order of the Belt instituted 1333 War with the Moors Mahomet King of Granada murder'd 1334 Rebels suppress'd in Castile 1335 Christian Kings of Spain at variance Castilans overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 1336. Alonso the IVth K. of Aragon dyes Rebellion of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile Rebels of Castile harden'd 1337. Castilians overthrow the Portuguses at Sea 1337. Frederick King of Sicily dies 1338. Preparations for War Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Territories of the Moors ravaged 10000 Moors slain with their King Synod at Barcelona 470000 Moors invade Spain The Christian Fleet destroy'd by the Moors Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors The Battle of Salado 200000 Infidels slain Particulars of the successes The Kings after the Victory return to Sevil. Progress of the Christians against the Moors 1341 1342 The defeats of the Infidels at Sea Algezira besieg'd Attempts of the Infidels to Murder the King of Castile 1343. Algezira Siege continu'd Succours from England and other Parts Robert K. of Naples dies 1344. Algezira surrender'd Majorca subdued by the Aragonians 1344. The K. of Majorca delivers himself to him of Aragon Earthquake at Lisbon 1345. Troubles in Aragon 1346. 1347 K. Peter the IV. of Aragon marry'd 1348 Universal Plague Dissention among the Knights of Calatrava Canary Islands 1349 Confusions in Africk Cortes held at Alcalà Places that sent representatives to the Cortes oâ— Parliament Gibraltar besieg'd Castile and Aragon joyn in a League 1350. K. Alonso of Castile dies Peter declared K. of Castile K. Peter Sick and recovers Biscay united â—o the Crown of Castile 1351 Interviews of Kings Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourborn contracted to K. Peter of Castile 1352 Seditions arise in the Dominions of Castile Da. Marâ— de Padilla Mistress to King Petir 1353 King Peter marries K. Peter forsakes his Queen for Da. Moria de Padilla K. Peter changeth his Officers 1354 He punishes Rebels K. Peter marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living Moorish K. of Granada murdered Expedition against Sardinia K. of Aragon makes Peace in Sardinia Progress of the rebellion in Castile Treaty betwixt the K. and his Rebels Queen Mother joyns the Rebels 1355 K. of Navarre murders the Constable of France Pr. Peter of Portugal marries the Lady Agnes de Castro She is murder'd K. Peter punishes Rebels Toro taken by K. Peter Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile War betwixt Castile and Aragon The Causes of the War Victory of the English at Poitiers 1356 1357 Towns taken on both sides Alonso the IIId K. of Portugal dies Peter King of Portugal Rebellion of the Bastards of Castile Moors called by the Christians to their assistance 1358 Rebels punished Era of Cesar abolished 1359 Expedition of King Peter by Sea The Rebels defeat the Royalists 1360 Various accidents Peter K. of Portugal executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro Constance the K. of Aragon's Daughter marry'd to the K. of Sicily 1361. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Blanch Q. of Castile dies Da. Maria de Padilla dies Peter of Portugal declares his Children Legitimate Presumption of a Legate 1362. Victory of the Moors over the Christians The Moorish K. of Granada wrongfully put to Death Castile and Navarre join in League Da. Maria de Padilla declared by King Peter his lawful Wife 1363. Castile in League with England John K. of France dies Charles the Vth succeeds Constance Qu. of Sicily dies 1364 Confederation against Castile Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to death 1365 Foreigners come to serve Count Henry 1366 Henry the Bastard proclaims himself K. of Castile Castile divided King Peter expelled the Kingdom King Peter flies to the English War of Navarre Articles betwixt K. Peter and the Prince of Wales 1367. Peter King of Portugal dies Ferdinand K. of Protugal The English pass the Perineans in defence of K. Peter The Battle of Najara Henry routed K. Peter restored Sixteen put to Death for Treason K. Peter excommunicated and absolved The French support Henry the Bastard Henry returns into Spain 1368 K. Peter provides for his defence K. Peter overthrown 1369 Betrayed and Murdred by his Bastard Brother Several pretenders to Castile Martin Lopez faithful to K. Peter Affairs of Aragon Sardinia Of Navarre Henry the Usurper finds many Enemies 1370 Treachery rewarded Allyance betwixt Portugal and Aragon Carmona besieged by the Usurper 1371 Henry the Bastard takes Carmona and breaks the Articles Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ferdinand of Portugal marries the Lady Ellmor de Meneses The Pope returns to Rome Victory at Sea of the Spaniards and French over the English War betwixt Castile and Portugal 1373. Peace betwixt
the two Crowns A great Earthquake Orders of St. Hierome and St. Isidort 1374. French Spaniards besiege Bayonne 1375. Pope Gregory the XIth returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 1376. Frederick the IId of Sicily dies A general Peace in Spain 1377 The French invade Navarre Castile at variance with Navarre 1378 Marriages of K. Henry's Bastards Schism in the Church Troubles in Portugal 1379 Navarre and Castile make Peace Death of K. Henry Mahomet K. of Granada dies John succeeds to the Crown of Castile Castilian Fleet ravages the Coasts of Britany 1380. Great Floods Charles K. of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds Leo K. of Armenia in Spain A Schlsm Pr. Ferdinand born in Castile 1381. Pope Clement own'd in Castile Charles Duke of Durrazzo crown'd K. of Naples English joyn with Portugal against Castile 1382. Rebellion suppress'd Articles betwixt Castile and Portugal Death of the Qu. of Castile 1383. Marriage of the K. of Castile with the Princess of Portugal Ferdinand King of Portugal dies Divisions in Portugal about the Succession of the Crown King John of Castile proclaimed K. at Lisbon Portugueses that favour'd the K. of Castile The Master of 〈◊〉 a Bastard aspires to the C own of Portugal Lisbon besieged The Siege raised 1385. John the Bastard proclaim'd K. of Portugal Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Portugal K. John of Castile makes his Will Famous Battel of Aljubarota Castilians defeated All Portugal submits to John the Usurper Another verthrow of the Castilians France and Navarre joyn with Castile The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna Death of 3 Kings Of Peter K. of Aragon Charles Inherlts the Crown of Navarre John crown'd K. of Aragon Peace establish'd betwixt the English and Castilians 1388. Kings of Castile and Navarre meet Heir of Castile made Prince of Austurias Truce with Portugal 1390. Acts of the Cortes of Castile Truce with the Moors of Granada Pious Gifts of the K. of Castile K. John of Castile kill'd by fall from his Horse Qualities of King John of Aragon French invade Aragon 1391. Henry the IIId proclaimed K. of Castile K. John of Castile his last Will. Form of Government of Castile during the Kings Minority Strife among the Nobility of Castile They raise Forces They agree The Cortes settle the Government 1392. A Mutiny at Sevil. The War with Portugal breaks out again Troubles among the Moors K. John of Portugal his Issue Discord continues in Castile 1393. Truce with Portugal for 15 Years Arch bishop of Toledo arrested by the King Nobility of Castile reconcil'd Sicily reduc'd under the Dominion of Aragon K. Henry takes upon him the Government Biscainers invade the Canary Islands Cortes meet at Madrid 1394. The Plague at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility of Castile The Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors Rebellion in Old Castile Mutinous Lords submit Fresh Troubled in Castile quleted Pope Clement dies the Schism continues Benedict the XIIIth chosen Pope 1395. Strange Death of K. John of Aragâ—â— Martin K. of Aragon â— Elleâ—â—â— of Navarre returns to her Husband Earl of Gijon declar'd Traytor The Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal The Earl of Faux invades Aragon 1396. Turks pass over into Europe Joseph K. of Granada his strange Death Mahâ—met Usurps Badajoz taken by the Portugueses 1397. Franciscan Fryars preach to the Moors of Granada 1398. Truce with Portugal renew'd Paul de Cartagenâ— famous for Learning Plague in Spain and France and great Floods French expell'd Aragon 1399. Works of Peter Tenâ—rio Archbishop of Toledo 1400. Plague in Spain Violante Daughter to the K. of Aragon marryed to Luis Duke of Anjoâ— 1401. Mary Q. of Sicily dies 1402. Tamerlan the Tatrar his exploits Embassies betwixt Tamerlan and the K. of Castile 1403. Great Floods The King of Navarre uses means to recover his Possessions in France 1404. Boniface the Pope dies and Innocent the VIIth is chosen at Rome Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 1406. The Battle of Collejarts Cortes held in Castile Innocent the Pope dies at Roâ—◠〈◊〉 Gregory the XIIth is chosen Henry K. of Castile dies A notable Action of K. Henry 1407. K. Henry's Will Wonderful modesty of Prince Ferdinand who refuses the Crown being offer'd to him John the IId an Infant proclaim'd K. of Castile Aragon left without Heirs Government of Prince Ferdinand of Castile Government divided betwixt the Queen and Prince Victory of the Christians by Sea Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 1408. Cortes of Castile grant suplies for War with the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna who he was Pope Benedict forsaken 1046. Alexander the Vth chosen Pope Animosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile Martin K. of Sicily dies Martin K. of Aragon marries Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon Prince Ferdinand marches against the Infidels 1410. Moors overthrown Pope Alexander dies John the XXIIId is chosen Martin K. of Aragon dies Race of the Earls of Barcelona extinct Several Towns taken by the Christians A Love Adventure AnteqÌ„ueraÌ„ taken by Storm The Castle surrendred Turbulent State of Christendom Aragon divided about the Succession 1411. K. John of Portugal his Government Confusions in Aragon Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon Earl of Vrgel's Pretensions Ferdinand declared King of Aragon by the Judges He is proclaim'd at â—aragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue The new King's Actions K. Ferdinand and Pope Benedict meer 1413. He besieges the Earl of Vrgel in Balaguer The Earl surrenders himself Application for uniting the Church Ferdinand crown'd at Zaragoca King Ferdinand confers with Pope Benedict Council of Constance Jews converted 1415. Pope John forced to quit the Papacy Marriage of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile Ceuta taken by the Portugueses Interview of Princes at Perpignan Pope Benedict disown'd in Aragon 1416. Ferdinand of Aragon dies New Troubles in Castile 1417. John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt Martin the Vth. chosen Pope The Canaries conquered Henry the Vth of England invades France Catherine Queen of Castile dies John King of Castile govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo Marriages of Princes 1419. Nobility of Castile raise Tumults King John's Character D. Alvaro de Luna the great Favourite 1420. K. John of Castile under restraint Prodigles Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal Alonso K. of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples K. John of Castile makes his escape 1421. Prince Henry in open Rebellion Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 1422. Prince Henry imprison'd Alvaro de Luna made an Earl Government of Toledo altered Also at Pamplona Gaston Heir of Navarre born 1423. Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal Troubles of Naples K. Alonso of Aragon besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace Luis Duke of Anjou adopted Heir of Naples Joseph K. of Granada dies Benedict the pretended Pope dies Alonso K. of Aragon supports an Antipope Marseilles taken
by the Atagonians 1424. Affairs of Aragon unsuccesful at Naples 1425. Prince Henry of Castile born Victory obtain'd by the Queen of Naples Accord betwixt Castile and Aragon Charles K. of Navarre dies K. John proclaim'd Factions in Castile 1426. Conspiracy against D. Alvaro de Luna Conspiracy of the Nobles 1427. D. Alvaro de Luna banish'd the Court. The K. of Granada expelled by his Subjects Strange Fondness betwixt the King and D. Alvaro de Luna 1428. The Family of Davalos Fidelity of a Servant D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court Peter Infante of Portugal a great Traer The banish'd K. of Granada restored Preparations for a War in Aragon A Synod at Taragena and end of the Schism in the Church War betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre Peace concluded 1429. King John of Navarre crowned A new Breach of the Peace King John of Castile breaks into Aragon Aragonians invade Castile Truxillo recovered by a strange Contrivance Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile confiscated Truce for 5 Years War with the Moors Mighty Floods 1431. 1431. Pope Martin the V. dies Eugenius the IV. succeeds him A great Earthquake King John of Castile invades Granada Drives the Moors into that City Gives them a great overthrow Battle De la Higuera or the Fig tree Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 1432. Mahomet K. of Granada again expell'd and restor'd The Aragonians decline at Naples Alonso K. of Aragon again invited to Naples He overthrows the Moors in Africk Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon composed Apparitions in the Air and other Prodigles 1433. K. John of Portugal dies His Son Edward succeeds him Council of Basil 1434. End of the Earl of Luna Pope Eugenius expelled Rome by the People Nobility of Naples favour the Aragonians Joanna Q. of Naples dies 1435. Great Floods in Castile Slaughter of the Christians A small Body of Christians defeats a great one of Moors Progress of the Aragonians at Naples A Sea fight the Aragonians defeated by the Genoeses Kings of Aragon Navarre Prisoners Generosity of the Duke of Milan Kings of Aragon Navarre set at Liberty 1436. Genoeses rebel and joyn with Pope Euganius the Duke of Anjou Confederacy against the Aragonians Castile Aragon make Peace Earl of Vrgel dies A violent Winter 1437. Fatal overthrow of the Portugueses in Africk Ferdinand Infante of Portugal left a Hostage with the Moors Troubles of Castile and in the Church 1438. Duke of Anjou in Naples Naples besieg'd by the Aragonians Plague in Portugal K. Edward dyes Conspiracy to destroy D. Alvaro de Luna 1439. Princes of Aragon joyn with the Rebels of Castile Agreement betwixt the King of Castile and the Rebels Pope Eugenius deposed Felix V. chosen New Commotions in Castile 1440. Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 1441. Charles the II. K. of Navarre K. John of Castile made a Prisoner by the Rebels Progress of the War in Naples Naples taken by the Aragonians 1442. Rebellion in Biscay Famous Men about this time in Spain Success of the Aragonians at Naples 1443. A Plot to rescue the K. John 1444. K. John of Castile makes his escape Queens of Castile Portugal dye 1445. Battle of Olmedo Affairs of Naples Mahomet K. of Granada imprison'd Prince of Castile Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago 1446. Towns taken by the Moors 1447. The Florentine War Castile Aragon still at variance 1448. Conspirators apprehended Others fly Earl of Benavente escapes and raises new Troubles Affairs of Portugal 1449. Mutiny in Toledo 1449. Nobility of Castile supported in Rebellion by the K. of Navarre The Moors ravage Andaluzia Prince Henry of Castile reconciled to his Father 1450. Mutiny at Segovia Embassies to the K. of Aragon for aid against the Turks 1451. Decay of the K. of Navarre's Power Two Factions in Navarre 1452. Two defeats of the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna his Character and fatal End 1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks K. of Granada deposed Cruzados first coined in Portugal Designs of K. John of Castile Cape of Good Hope discovered K. John of Castile dies 1454. Henry the IV. proclaimed K. of Castile 1455. K. Henry how disposed War in Italy Pope Nicholas dies Calixtus chosen Henry of Castile ravages the Territories of the Moors marries Joanna Sister to the K. of Portugal A Conspiracy against K. Henry 1456. Broils in Navarre Biscay 1451. The Prince of Viana flies to Naples Interview of the Kings of Castile Navarre Country of the Moors wasted 1458. Alonso the 5th King of Aragon dies at Naples New War in Naples Henry of Castile raises mean Persons in Opposition to the Nobility Alcacar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 1459. Grounds of new Troubles in Castile Prodigies General Council at Mantua War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderbeg comes to the Assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples 1460. The Moors of Granada break the Peace Rebellion of Catalonia 1461. Civil War in Navarre Charles Prince of Viana dies A Friat stirs up the People of Navarre to Rebellion 1462. K. Henry of Castile proclaimed Earl of Barcelona by the Rebels 1463. Conference of the Kings of France and Castile Mutiny about Taxes 1464. Rebels of Castile join with the King of Aragon D. Beltran de la Cueva the Favourite created Duke Proceedings of the Rebels in Catalonia Overthrow of the Rebels 1465. Troubles increase in Castile A most Villanous Action of the Castilian Rebels Rebels Disband 1466. Confusions in Castile Peter the pretended Earl of Barcelona dies Rebels in Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 1467. Olmedo doubtful Fight of the King with the Rebels 1468. The Popes Legate Affronted by the Rebels The Rebels Excommunicated John Duke of Lorrain in Catalonia for his Father Some Rebles submit but fresh troubles ensue in Castile A Prodigy 1469. Rebels reduced Rebellious Moors defeated A Bishop murdered Ferdinand King of Sicily marries Elizabesh Sister to the King of Castile 1470. Difference betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master Confusion in Biscay Joanna Princess of Castile Contracted to the Duke of Guienne Troubles in Aragon Sardinia and Navarre 1471. Method of reducing the Rebellious Prelates Mutiny at Toledo and Sevil. Pope Paul II. dies Sixtus IV. chosen Tangier and Arzila taken by the King of Portugal Catalonia reduced 1472. Kings of Portugal and Castile meet The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon 1473. Reception of a Legate in Castile Evil Practices of the Legate Prince of Segorve comes into Castile Signal Loyalty of Peter de Peralta All Spain in Peace except Castile Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile her Traiterous Practises A Synod of Bishops at Aranda Counterfeit Reconciliation of the Princess Elizabeth to the King her Brother 1474. King Henry of Castile supposed to be Poisoned Elizabeth the King's Sister openly aspires to the Crown The Master of Santiage dies
Spain Siena given to the Duke of Florence War renewed betwixt France and Spain John III. King of Portugal dies Battel of S. Quintin Great Floods Plague Calis taken Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots Battel of Graveling Mary Qu. of England dies Elizabeth Queen of England Peace betwixt Fra. and Spain K. Philip Marries his third Wife Philip returns into Spain Pius IV. chosen Pope Spaniards worsted by the Turks Rebellion in France Disputes about Religion in France Council of Trent again opened 22 Gallies cast away Duke of Guise murder'd by the Hugonots Spaniards at the Council of Trent Calvin and Beza Penol in Africk taken Malta besieged by the Turks Synods in Spain Pius V. chosen Pope Solyman dies before Sigeth Rebellion of the Low Countries Queen of Scots Imprison'd Duke of Alva Governor of the Low-Countries Rebels in France besiege Paris Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland Morisco's Rebel in Spain Hugonots twice over thrown Qu. Elizabeth Excommunicated Jesuits murder'd Cosmo created D. of Tuscany Earthquake Christian League against the Turk Battel of Lepanto Pope Pius dies French K's Sister married to the Prince of Navarre Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt League against the Turk dissolved Venetians make Peace with the Turk D. John of Austria at Tunez A Comet A new Governor in the Low-Countries King of France dies D. John made Vicar of Italy Archb. of Toledo condemned The Low-Countries conspire against Spain Antwerp plunder'd D. John in the Low Countries Catherine Q. of Portugal dies A Comet Birth of P. Philip. Sebastian K. of Portugal slain with all his Army in Africk General Defection of the Low Countries D. of Alenson in the Low Countries Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal Mount Etna Henry K. of Portugal dies Duke of Alva reduces Portugal Queen of Spain dies Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries Prince of Orange wounded Synod at Toledo Gregorian Account The Empress in Spain Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished Pr. James of Spain dies Alençon returns into France Prince of Orange killed Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain Duke of Savoy in Spain Pope Gregory dies Sixtus V. chosen Prince of Parma successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries Conspiracy against the French King Q. of Scots murder'd Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz 30000 Germans in France Spanish Armada against England destroyed Duke of Guise put to Death Henry III. King of France murder'd by Clement Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal Escuriall finish'd Death of two Popes Mortality Antony Perez his Sufferings Mutiniers punish'd Tumults in Aragon appeas'd K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo Archduke Albertus governs the Netherlands Valladolid made a Bishoprick Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America Cadiz plundred by Drake Amiens taken by the Spaniards Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth K. Philip the 2d dies Marriage of K. Philip the 3d. Great Jubilee The Court at Valladolid Birth of the Princess Ann. Final betrayed Embassy into England Peace betwixt Spain and England concluded Pope Clement dies Leo the 11. succeeds Birth of P. Philip. Princess Mary born A great Tax P. Philip sworn heir of Spain Truce with the Dutch Rebels St. Ignatius beatified Henry IV. King of France murder'd Alarache in Africk taken Morisco's banish'd Queen of Spain dies Marriages of Princes An Earthquake Mamora taken War of Savoy and Mantua Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister New Passage into the South-Sea Victory over the Hollanders Duke of Lerma leaves the Government K. Philip in Portugal Pr. Ferdinand Archbishop of Toledo Philip III. dies Pope Paul dies Gregory 15th succeeds Philip the 3d dies Philip 4th succeeds Two Sea Fights Rod. Chalderon beheaded Martyrdoms in Japan P. Gregory dies Vrban the 8th chosen Charles P. of Wales in Spain Ormuz taken by the Persians Discovery of Cathay and Tibet Conversion of Ethiopia Dutch in Brasil Dutch and Turks defeated Jubilee at Rome Breda taken Brasil recovered Cortes of Aragon Floods Persecution in Japan Cazal besieged Birth of P. Balthasar Theatines in Spain War in Italy Gustavus Adolphus French in Lorain Pernambuco taken by the Dutch Conversion of Chaldeans A Fire at Madrid Gustavus Adolphus kill'd Death of the Princess Governess of Flanders Duke of Feria in Alsace Wallestein Executed Monstrous Birth War betwixt Fra. and Spain Spaniards take Towns in Picardy Places in Guienne taken Storm of Wind and Rain Defeat of the French in Sardinia Ships taken Landresi taken by the French Marquis de Leganez in Savoy Dukes of Savoy and Mantua die Commotions in Portugal Dutch routed French twice over thrown An Earthquake Roussillon invaded by the French Catalonia rebels Portugal follows the Example The French join with the Rebels Perpignan taken by the French Great Floods Lerida recovered Elizabeth Q. of Spain dies Cortes of Aragon Valencia A hard Winter Cortes of Castile Olivença taken from the Portugueses Spaniards overthrown in Catalonia Castle of Termes taken Overthrow of the French French in Italy Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French Pr. Balthasar dies D. John of Austria at Sea Prince of Conde in Catalonia Montferrat invaded by the Spaniards Truce with Holland Rebellion of Naples Troubles of France Actions in Portugal Courtray taken Ipres delivered to the French Cambray relieved Charles K. of England murder'd Cromwel's Embassador in Spain killed Portolongone taken English Fleet before Lisbon Catalonians return to their Duty Tortosa taken Leopold the Archduke in Champagne Year of Jubilee Castle of Alcaraz surprzed Spanish Ambassador received by the Rebels in England French decline in Catalonia Queen of Spain delivered of a Daughter D. John of Austria at the Siege of Barcelona Feast of S. Rosalia Barcelona recovered Portugueses worsted Cazal taken Taking of Gravelin Dunkirk also gained Turenne overthrown by Conde Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards French invade Catalonia with the Rebels Small Encounters in Portugal Repulfe of the French Pantheon finished French pass the Pyreneans Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope Prince of Conti takes Ville Franche Duke of Lorrain apprehended Portugues Ambassador's Brother in England beheaded Pope Innocent X. dies Duke of Guise set at liberty Turks before Candia Perfidious Act of the Portugueses Peece with Oliver Cromwell English invade Hispaniola Ships taken Galleons destroyed Berga in Catalonia recovered D. John of Austria takes Solfona Pope Alexander VII chosen D John of Austria sent for Flaudert Defeat of the French at Valenciennes D. John takes S. Gillain French and English join Montmidy surrendred to the French Plague at Naples French obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria Exploits of Mallorquins Spanish West India Fleet burnt by Blake Dunkirk taken by the French and English Great Floods Embassie from a Black King Marquess of Mortara attacks the French and is repulsed Duke of Ossuna makes an Irruption into Portugal Badajoz besieged by the Portugueses Badajoz relieved Posture of Affairs in Flanders Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain Conferences for Peace Peace Concluded A Bell Rings of it self K. Philip goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers Ceremony of Contracting the Princess The marriage of the Princess D. John of Austria commands against Portugal He takes Aronches and other Places Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal Duke of Ossima his Actions in Portugal Prince Philip dies A terrible Storm Riches of the Spanish Fleet. Marquess de Leganez destroys many Moors about Oran War betwixt the Venetians and Tarks Turks enter Transilvania A Prodigy D. John of Austria enters Portugal He takes Borba and Juramenha D. John takes Evora and i◠afterwards routed Duke of Ossuna again in Portugal The K.'s Daughter Margaret married to the Emperor War betwixt the Emperor and the Turk Slaughter of the English Garison at Tangier Marques de Caracena General against Portugal K. Phil IV. dies K. Charles II of Spain proclaimed Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugal Queen Regent of Portugal dies Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors A murder committed by a Woman Turkish Fleet beaten The French begin the War in Flanders French Kingtakes Towns in Flanders Pope Alexander the 7th dies Clement the 9th chosen Rogusa destroyed by an Earthquake Peace concluded with Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother K. Alonso of Portugal sent to the Island Tercera D John of Austria Ld. Lieutenant and Capt. General of Aragon F. Nitard sent from Court Collation rf great Officers
all necessary Preparations gathering Arms Horses Provisions and Money Not only the Laity but the Clergy were obliged to take up Arms old and now Soldiers raised and Supplies sollicited from abroad Many Strangers moved by the great danger Spain was in and desiring to serve in that War came over especially out of France Among these Raymund Earl of Burgundy and his Kinsman Henry who was Born at Besançon was of the House of Lorrain and in process of time the Founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Besides these there came Raymund Earl of Toulouse With them came a good number of Brave and Experienced French Soldiers D. Sancho King of Aragon was not wanting he tho' very ancient yet had the Vivacity and Courage of Youth and was an excellent Commander having gain'd Experience in the continual Wars he had with the Moors All these Forces made up so great an Army that they resolved to invade the Enemies Country They entred Andaluzia plundring and wasting all where-ever they came It was no time for the Moors to be idle both Armies came in sight of one another near a Town called Alagueto but Joseph finding himself inferior to the Christians shunn'd sighting His retreat was more like to a disorderly Flight for he lost great part of the Baggage King Alonso thought it better to content himself with the Honour gained than to tempt Fortune besides that his Army being composed of so many different Nations could not long hold together Thus he returned home his Army loaded with Spoils and pleased with their Success After this for some time the Almoravides attempted nothing farther for Joseph was forced to repair to Africk to setle his new acquired Kingdom Mean while King Alonso slept not expecting the War would soon break out again Therefore he resolved to strengthen himself with fresh Allies abroad In the first place he gave three of his Daughters in Marriage to those three Lords that came to his assistance out of France Raymund Earl of Toulouse Marry'd D. Elvira Henry of Lorrain D. Teresa both Illigitimate Raymund of Burgundy had D. Vrraca got in Wedlock This Prince is said to have rebuilt Salamanca by the King's Order Moreover Sancha the King's Daughter was Marry'd to Earl Roderick From him some will have the Noble Family of Giron to be descended To Henry was given in Dower all that had been recovered from the Moors in Portugal with the Title of Earl yet as a Subject of Castile to be obliged to come to the Parliament and serve in the Wars This was the Original of the new Kingdom of Portugal which stile it afterwards assumed and continued in the Line of this Prince above 400 Years Raymund of Burgundy had the Government of Galicia with the Title of Earl then usually given to the Governors of Provinces yet the best of his Portion was the hopes of succeeding in the Throne if Sancha the King's Son dy'd The Earl of Toulouse received his Portion in Money and Jewels but no Lands in Spain because he resolved to return to France where he had large Possessions of his own There are Authors who write that the City of Lisbon was taken by King Alonso in the Year 1093. but this is doubtful for it was often taken from the Moors and lost again till some time after this it was gain'd by the Christians and has ever since remained in their hands Much about this time began the Holy-War in the East carried on by most of the Christian Princes for recovery of the Holy-Land Peter a Hermit who Travel'd into Palestine was the first Promoter of it for he making his Observations there discoursed Simon Bishop of Jerusalem about it and having received Letters from him moved the same thing to the Pope Vrban who then sate in S. Peter's-Chair ordered a Council of Bishops to meet at Clermont in France to promote the carrying on of this War and the mean while by his Legates stirred up all the Princes of Christendom to share in so Glorious an Undertaking His Endeavours prov'd so successful that all Countries sounded of nothing but Warlike Preparations most Princes aimed to signalize themselves by showing their Zeal in so Pious a War and Thousands of private Persons voluntarily Enrolled themselves to serve upon their own cost But we must not stray too far into Affairs so Foreign Let us return to what hap'ned in Spain CHAP. II. The great Actions of D. Sancho Ramirez King of Aragon He is killed at the Siege of Huesca his Sons continue the Siege Rout a great Army of Moors and Christians that come to raise it and take the Place IN the Year 1094. was Born D. Alonso Son to Henry of Lorrain and his Wife Teresa who by his Valour made the Name of Portugal famous extended his Dominions and was the first of those Princes that assumed the Title of King which he maintained in opposition to the Kings of Castile The same Year was unhappy for the unfortunate death of D. Sancho I. King of Aragon who merited the esteem of his Subjects not only for having governed and maintained his Kingdom as well as any of his Ancestors but for enlarging and extending its Limits He was the first that came down from the high Mountains where his Predecessors maintained themselves by the natural strength of those Places into the Plains where he took many Cities and Towns He had continual Wars with the Moorish Kings of Balaguer Lerida Monçon Barbastro and Fraga and obliged them to pay him Tribute Then after a long and tedious Siege took Barbastro a Noble City on the Banks of the River Vero in a delightful Country Tho' the strength of the Walls was great yet the King's constancy and indefatigable Labour of his Men overcame all Difficulties so that it was entred by Assault and Plundered From that time Barbastro was annexed to the Bishoprick of Rhoda At this Siege Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain and thence called Armengaud of Barbastro He being the King's Father-in-law and Father to his Queen Felicia his death was revenged with great slaughter of the Townsmen Bolea a Town on the Borders of Navarre upon the River Cinga after a long resistance was taken from the Moors So also Monçon a strong Town in that Territory with many other Towns and Castles too tedious to rehearse Estela then a small Town in Navarre now a famous City was built at this time King Sancho having a design upon Zaragoça raised a Castle called Castellar five Leagues beyond that City on the Banks of the River Ebro to bridle the Moors and waste the Country about in which that Garrison was so successful that the City was often reduced to such want as if it had been besieged In that part of the Country where were formerly the Vascetani was built the Town of Luna remarkable for nothing more than for being the Original of the Noble Family of that Name in Aragon The King who was much given
which make it look like a Terrestial Paradise In our days the principal Trade of that City is Silk At that time it was well Fortify'd and had a strong Garison Some Sallies were made at first in which the Besieg'd came off always with loss In conclusion the Siege had not lasted long before the Moors Capitulated and Surrendred the Place On the other side King Alonso at Alcala de Bençayde came to an Accommodation with the Moors of Granada upon the following Conditions That the King of Granada break the League with Hudiel King of Murcia That he pay 50000 Ducats Yeatly as was done before That King Alonso on his part no longer Protect the Moors of Guadix and Malaga provided the Moorish King grant them a Truce for a Year That the King of Murcia if taken by the Christians have his Life spar'd These Articles being sign'd King Alonso hasted to take possession of Murcia after the surrender whereof King Jayme was return'd home At the Town of Santistevan Hudiel King of Murcia met King Alonso and falling at his Feet begg'd pardon for what was past which was granted upon condition he should no longer use the Stile of King but be content with such Revenues as were assigned him The Title of King was given to Mahomet the Brother of that Abenhut who we said above was kill'd at Almeria Only the third part of the King's Revenue was allotted him the rest to be paid to the Crown of Castile this was the end of the War which had held most People in suspence CHAP. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French Wars in Italy The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain And Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo WHilst the War was in Andaluzia and Murcia the other parts of Spain enjoy'd Peace or there were no considerable Troubles a thing rare among so many Princes and in such a time of Popular Liberty Only Gonçalo Yanez Baçan a Nobleman of Navarre having by a publick Instrument renounc'd his Country with the King of Aragon's consent built a Castle he call'd Boeta whence he infested the Lands of Navarre S. Luis King of France at the same time sent to Pamplona a piece of the Crown of Thorns which was put upon our Saviour's Head Baldwin the Emperor of Constantinople had pawn'd it to him for a Sum of Money In Italy Charles Brother to the King of France slew King Manfredus possess'd himself of all his Dominions and at Rome was Crown'd King of Sicily and Naples The Battle was fought near Benavente which put an end to the Dominion of the Normans when it had lasted many years in those parts The new King oblig'd himself to pay 40000 Ducats every Year to the Church of Rome as an acknowledgment for that Feof and engag'd not to accept of the Empire tho' offer'd him without his Procurement King Jayme much concern'd at the misfortune of his Ally Manfredus study'd how to retrieve that loss As soon as the War was concluded in Murcia he went to the farthest part of Catalonia to be ready if there were any means left to restore the remainder of the Normans and possess himself of that Kingdom which he pretended belong'd to his Son in the Right of his Wife the only Daughter of Manfredus Mean while King Alonso was busie in setling the Affairs of Murcia gathering People to inhabit that Country and building Castles for its security Castile could not furnish a sufficient Multitude therefore he brought many out of Catalonia to settle there Tho' contrary to the late Capitulation he ceas'd not to relieve the Moors of Malaga and Guadix The King of Granada came himself to Murcia to complain of this wrong and receiving no satisfactory answer return'd home worse offended than he came Some Nobles who before were disgusted at King Alonso laid hold of this opportunity and advis'd the Moor to take Arms. The chief of these was D. Nun̄o Gonzalez de Lara a Rich and Powerful Man who pretended the King had much wrong'd his Father D. Nun̄o and D. John his Brother This was the beginning of new Troubles at such time as the King promising himself a lasting Peace was gone to view the Building of Villareal Thence he sent Embassadors to S. Luis King of France to demand his Daughter Blanch in Marriage for his eldest Son Prince Ferdinand This done he went to Vitoria where the King of England had appointed to meet him upon Affairs of high concern yet came not Nevertheless he sent Edward his Son at such time as King Alonso was gone back to Burgos At the same time the Empress of Constantinople being drove from her Empire came to confer with the King Baldwin her Husband and Justinian the Patriarch being Expell'd Greece by Michael Paleologus were taken by the way and fell into the Hands of the Soldan of Aegypt The Empress whose Name was Martha agreed to give 30000 Marks of Silver for his Ransome To gather this great Sum she had recourse to the Pope and King of France and lastly coming to Burgos in the Year 1268. made her address to the King for only the third part of that Sum. The King gave her the whole which was Profuseness rather than Liberality at a time when the Royal Treasures were quite exhausted Some Historians reject this Relation and say Baldwin was never taken by the Soldan of Aegypt In this I have follow'd the Authority of our Histories tho' I know Fame often exceeds the truth Baldwin the Emperor having recover'd his Liberty and lost his Empire went into France and thence to Namur which City was his own where he spent the residue of his Life By a Grant made to the Knights of Calatrava in the Year of our Lord 1264. it appears the See of Toledo was then Vacant unless as it often happens the Years therein be mistaken Either this Year or rather some time sooner Sancho Son to Jayme King of Aragon succeeded Pascualis Archbishop of Toledo I imagine the new Prelate being under Age staid some time in Aragon before he came to his Church which might give occasion to some to write that the See was vacant His Father lov'd him tenderly and therefore about this time came to Toledo to see him as shall presently be related Great Wars and Confusions were now in Italy for Conradin the Suevian strove by force and against the will of the Pope to recover his Father's Dominions Frederick Duke of Saxony accompany'd him out of Germany and Henry Brother to the King of Castile went to him from Rome where he was a Senator his Birth as I suppose supplying his Defects Besides these all the Gibellins of Italy took up Arms for him With these Forces Conradin broke into Naples and in Abruzzo near the Lake Taliacoso came to a Battle with King Charles who was there ready to receive him The French obtain'd the Victory Frederick and Henry were taken in Fight Conradin in the pursuit which
was very bloody Conradin and Frederick had their Heads cut off at Naples a hard Judgment upon such great Princes At this time another Debate arose in Aragon Gerard de Cabrera pretending to the Earldom of Vrgel pleading that his Brother Alonso's Children were not Legitimate Raymund Folch their Uncle by the Mother's side and other Men of Note supported them King Jayme seem'd to espouse Gerard's quarrel and that the more for that he had made over his Right to the King as not able to carry it off himself The King of Granada prepar'd to make War upon Guadix and Malaga and was offended that King Alonso contrary to what had been agreed did underhand support them D. Nun̄o de Lara and D. Lope de Haro being disoblig'd by the King blew the Coals They promis'd the Moor if he would take up Arms not only they but many other Men of Note would go over to him There was some rumour spread abroad of these Practices but there wanted Witnesses to prove the Fact This mov'd the King to go into Andaluzia This Year the King chang'd the Name of the Village call'd S. Peter de Ariznoa in Guipuscoa into that of Vergara and made it a Market-Town The Affairs of Andaluzia being setled and Winter coming on King Alonso return'd to Toledo to entertain his Father-in-law the King of Aragon who came to be present at the first Mass of his Son D. Sancho the Archbishop which was to be Celebrated on Christmass-day D. Sancho accordingly said Mass that day the two Kings of Castile and Aragon the Queen and Prince Ferdinand being present King Jayme of Aragon staid but 8 days at Toledo being resolv'd tho' very old to go over to the War in the Holy-Land inflam'd with the desire of restoring the ancient Glory of the Christians in those parts A great and valiant Prince worthy to have succeded better than he did in that Expedition CHAP. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile Revolt Troublesin Aragon THE Affairs of the Christians in the Holy-Land were reduc'd to the last extremity Now unexpectedly a fair opportunity of restoring their losses offer'd it self and stirred up at one-time England France and Spain to take Arms. Whilst Pope Innocent IV. held the General Council at Lyons in France he sent four Preachers of the Holy Order of S. Dominick among the Tartars to try whether that Barbarous People could be reduc'd to embrace Christianity Those Preachers were so successful as to gain Reputation among the Barbarians who began to show some affection towards the Christian Religion These People had now Invaded that part of Syria which was under the Saracens and the great Cham their King sent Embassadors to invite most Princes of Europe to share in that Conquest Particularly he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon with John Alaricus of Perpegnan whom the King on account of an Embassy receiv'd before had sent into Tartary The Tartar Embassadors staid ar Barcelona Alaricus went to Toledo where in an Assembly of the Nobles he gave an account of his Embassy King Jayme resolv'd to go in Person to that War without regard to his great Age or the Intreaties of King Alonso and Queen Violante King Alonso seeing he was not to be disswaded promis'd him 100000 Ducats towards the Charge of the War Some Nobles of Castile offer'd to bear him Company and among them the Master of the Knights of Santiago and D. Gonçalo Pereyra Grand Prior of S. John From Toledo he went to Valencia where he gave Audience to the Tartars and also to another Embassador from the Emperor Paleologus who promis'd to furnish Provisions and all other Necessaries After all things were in readiness at the request of Queen Violante his Daughter he went as far as Huerta and there took his leave of her his Sons and Grandchildren On the 4th of September in the Year 1269. he set sail with a Fleet of 30 great Ships and some Galleys The Season was not fit for such Expeditions In three days they had sight of Minorca where a violent Storm dispers'd the whole Fleet which was drove to several Ports The King was put in at Marseilles and thence remov'd to the Gulph of Agde Some Ships and among 'em that in which went Fernan Sanchez the King's Son weather'd the Storm and arriv'd at Acre in the Holy-Land After refreshing himself at Montpelier the King now repenting that he had undertaken that Expedition return'd to Catalonia In Castile King Alonso with Edward Son and Heir to the King of England went as far as Logrono to meet his Daughter-in-law who was coming out of France thro' Navarre to her Husband This Marriage was Solemniz'd with greater Splendour than was ever seen before for there were present at it Jayme King of Aragon Grandfather to the Bridegroom Peter his eldest Son Philip eldest Son to the King of France Edward Son and Heir to the King of England the King of Granada King Alonso his Brothers Sons and Uncle Alonso Lord of Molina A great number of French Italian and Spanish Nobility was there and among them William Marques of Montseratte who Jovius says was Son-in-law to King Ferdinand Sancho Archbishop of Toledo was also present some say he Marry'd them This Match was contriv'd that the King of France might quit the Pretensions he had to Castile as being the Son of Blanch eldest Sister to King Henry After the Solemnity King Alonso accompany'd the King af Aragon as far as Tarraçona The English and French went further than the Aragonians in the Expedition of the Holy-Land but without much Success Edward eldest Son to the King of England with a good Fleet arriv'd at Ptolemais and escap'd himself the danger of the Assassins S. Luis King of France set Sail from Marseilles on the first of March 1270. Theobald King of Navarre having committed the Government to his Brother Henry accompany'd S. Luis After a Storm they landed at Tunez Invested the Town overthrew the Infidels twice in the Field and continu'd the Siege the space of 6 Months The great heat caus'd the Plague whereof vast numbers dy'd and among them Prince John the King's Son and lastly the King himself on the 28th of August Charles King of Sicily landing at this Juncture the Besieg'd agreed to pay him 40000 Ducats a Year and then the Army went over into Sicily Theobald King of Navarre dy'd there in the City Trapana on the 5th of December The Body of S. Luis was carry'd to S. Denis near Paris that of the King of Navarre to Champagne Queen Elizabeth his Wife dy'd on the 25th of April the Year following at Hiere in Provence Let us return to Castile King Alonso at this time was perplex'd with many cares The ambition of taking upon him the Empire of Germany had
Shout calmly said I thought the Enemy had entred the City and so return'd to Dinner with his Wife without the least sign of Concern The Moors desparing of Success since they could not move the Governour by the Death of his only Son return'd into Africk Besides they restor'd the City of Algezira to the King of Granada to the great Satisfaction of the Christians who fear'd that might serve as an Inlet to the African Moors About this time Prince Henry the King's Uncle who had been long a Prisoner at Naples arriv'd in Spain was received with much Joy by the King and they both went together from Burgos into Biscay to oppose D. James de Haro who with Assistance out of Aragon endeavour'd to recover that Province Having expell'd him the Country they return'd to Valladolid and thence to Alcalà de Henares There the King receiv'd the News of what had happen'd at Tarifa whereupon in the Month of January 1295. the King wrote a Letter to Alonso Perez de Gusman extolling his Loyalty and Bravery comparing him to Abraham in Sacrificing his Son giving him the Title of the Good to be annex'd to his Sirname and inviting him to Court The Original Letter is preserv'd to this Day by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia Three Months after on the 25th of April the King dy'd at Toledo He fell Sick at Alcala and was carry'd on Mens Shoulders to Toledo to see if change of Air would contribute to his Recovery but nothing avail'd He Reigned 11 Years and 4 Days was Resolute Wise Subtle and not a little Cruel He appointed his Son Ferdinand the 4th of the Name to Succeed him and the Queen to govern during his Minority notwithstanding she was not his Lawful Wife by reason of Consanguinity there being no Dispensation granted them Next to the Queen D. John de Lara had all the Power which was done to oblige him and prevent Troubles The King's Body was bury'd in the Royal Chappel of the Cathedral In the time of King Sancho two famous Civilians flourish'd who were William Galvan̄ in Aragon and Garcia Hispanus in Castile At this time Boniface the VIII sat in the Chair of S. Peter being Successor to Pope Celestile the V. he who being brought from the Desert and appointed to govern the Church after 6 Months Abdicated the Papacy an Example extoll'd and admir'd by many but imitated by none Therefore the more was his Successor to blame who brought him back when he was returning to his Solitude and cast him into Prison where he dy'd a Year and half after and was Canonized by Pope Clement the Vth. Boniface this same Year also Canonized Luis King of France Now by the Industry of Pope Boniface who was a great Scholar and States-man that was brought to pass which had been labour'd for so many Years in Vain which was the Peace betwixt France and Aragon To effect this there met at Agnanl the Pope Charles King of Naples and the Embassadors of France and Aragon Men of the first Quality The Conditions were these viz. That the King of Aragon marry Blanch the Daughter of the King of Naples That her Portion be 70000 Pound weight of Silver That Sicily and all the Aragonians are possess'd of in Calabria be restor'd to the See of Rome That if the Sicilians shall refuse to submit the King of Aragon be oblig'd to furnish such a Number of Troops as shall be appointed by Arbitrators towards subduing of them That Charles of Valois renounce the Title he pretends to have to the Kingdom of Aragon That the Pope absolve all that lye under any Ecclesiastical Censures upon account of these Differences That the Hostages be set at Liberty At the Instance of the Pope and King of France it was granted the King of Majorca should be restor'd to his Kingdom This is what was spoken in Publick In Private the Pope gave a hint of delivering the Islands of Sardinia and Corsica to the King of Aragon as lying Opportunely for him being near to Spain There is still a Bull of Pope Boniface extant to this effect dated the 27th of June The News of this Treaty being spread Abroad fill'd all Christendom with Joy Only the Sicilians were griev'd at it for they look'd upon it as the greatest of Misfortunes to return under the Subjection of the French Prince Frederick to whom his Brother at his Departure had left the Government of the Island and with him Roger Lauria John Prochita and Manfredus Lança all Men of great Note went to attend the Pope at Rome by his Order because they were concern'd at the late Agreement The Pope promis'd to marry Prince Frederick to Catharine Daughter to Philip and Grandchild of Baldwin the Emperor of Constantinople and offer'd the Empire of Greece which he hop'd to regain as a Portion provided he would not oppose what had been Capitulated The Offer was not contemptible had the Effect been suitable to the Promise After the Sicilians had with repeated Instances implor'd the Assistance of the King of Aragon without any Success in a general Assembly held at Palermo they proclaim'd Prince Frederick King Nevertheless his Brother King Jayme marry'd his new Bride at Villabeltran in October The Lady Elizabeth to whom he was before contraction was sent back to Castile He also publish'd a Proclamation commanding all the Aragoniant that were in Sicily to return Home Thus those Troubles were compos'd Peace was restor'd to Aragon and Sicily was not quite lost against which a great Storm was gathering Navarre was quiet under the Dominion of France Hugo de Constens Marshal of Champagne a Frenchman was Viceroy Honours and Employments were indifferently given to the Natives and Frenchmen which somewhat mitigated the dislike of those People since tho they were govern'd by Strangers they did not take to themselves all Employments of Profit and Trust The End of the Fourteenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Fifteenth BOOK CHAP. I. New Troubles and Wars in Castile where Prince Henry takes the Government from the Queen Prince John Proclaim'd King of Leon and Galicia Castile invaded by the Moors Portugueses and Aragonians THE Affairs of Castile were now in a very unsetl'd posture the Nobility being divided each striving to exert his Authority according to his Power and the Commons in Confusion gaping after Novelties Robberies Murders and all sorts of Crimes were committed The Queen was slighted by reason of her Sex and the King was not regarded because of his Age notwithstanding he had been proclaim'd the day after his Father's Death with all the Solemnity usual in like cases The Queen immediately caus'd the Excise upon Provisions to be taken off This Excise had irritated the People against her Husband King Sancho and now oblig'd them being taken off so that they continu'd firm to their Prince All the Neighbouring Princes were in a readiness to make their Advantage of the King's Minority D. John Nun̄ez de Lara
Portugal who at that time was at Ebora celâ—â—ratinâ— the Marriage of 〈◊〉 his Grandchild with Ferdinand Prince of Aragâ—â—â— â—â—eâ—e the Embassadoâ—â—â—eâ—an◠〈…〉 D. Alonso de Albuquerque should be deliver'd up 〈…〉 â—ccoâ—nt of the 〈…〉 had thâ— management of D. Alonso answer'd hâ—â—as ready to account in 〈…〉 and â—â—â—lleng'd any body that should lay any Disloyalty to his Chargâ—â— Thâ—s 〈…〉 were dismist The King's Bastard Brothers made an Association with D. Aloâ—â—â— dâ—â—â—â—â—querque aâ—d otheâ—â—obles and would have drawn in the Prince oâ— Portugal 〈◊〉 him the Crowâ—â—â— Castile but the King of Portugal was offended at the 〈◊〉 and so the design â—eâ—â— â—ow the King oâ— Castile committed a Crime not excusabâ—â— if the rest of his Life â—â—â—re such Dâ— â—oanna de Castro Widow to the late D. James de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with 〈…〉 The King fell in Love with her and knowing he 〈…〉 â—â—â—ain her 〈…〉 â—â—fer'd to Marry her To this purpose he undertook to prove he 〈…〉 beâ—â—re and putting it to the Judgment of the Bishops of Avila and Salaâ—â—â—â—â— they declar'd he was no â—ays ty'd to the first Marriage As soon as this was declar'd 〈…〉 â—hâ—râ— the King was the â—â—â—â—tials were perform'd in hast Having obtain'd his desires he wâ—â— soon weary â—t is â—â—â—â—rted he stay'd with her but one Night and then left her upon pretence that the Nobâ—â—â—ty Revolted and he must put a stop to their Proceedings Dâ— Joâ—nna de Castro withdrew to Dâ—â—â—as where she cover'd her Disgrace with the Title of Queen and had a Son call'd D. â—â—hn at present her Comfort and afterwards the Scorn of 〈…〉 Whilst the Rebellion was contâ—â—â—ing at Castroxeriz in Old Castile Elizabeth second Dâ—â—â—â—â—er â—â— D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara was marry'd to D. John Prince of Aragon and had with her the Lordship of Biscay taken from D. Tello the King's Bastard Brother who had it in Râ—â—ht of his Wife being â—â—e eldest Sister and lost it for Conspiring against the King Da. Maria 〈…〉 was now dellyer'd of a Daughter call'd Constance afterwards marry'd in Englaâ—â— â—â—â—he Dukâ— of Lancaster Still other Nobles joyn'd in the Association particularly D. Ferâ—â—â—â— de Castâ—â—â— to revenge the Affront put upon his Sister by the King The same was done by the Cities of Toledo Cordova Jaen Cuencâ—â— and Talavera and lastly the Princes of Aragon Queen Mary and Queen Ellenor favour'd the Rebels and thus way was made to a bloody Civil War which long harassed Spain Let us leave the Troubles of Castile a while to speak of the other Provinces of Spain Joseph Bulhagix King of Granada having Reign'd 21 years was murder'd this year by his Subjects Mahomet Lagus Uncle to Joseph and chief Contriver of the Treason usurp'd the Kingdom and held it as long as he liv'd tho' incumber'd with many Contentions and Broils This same year the King of Aragon founded an University at Huesca This was done at such a time as all that Kingdom resounded with Warlike Preparations for the Island of Sardinia The Aragâ—nians as was said in its place had conquer'd that Island but the People were given to change The Family of the Orias of Genoa were possess'd of some Towns in Sardinia These relying on the Affections of the People and the Assistance of Genoa attempted to expel the Aragonians The pretence they made use of was that the Aragonians had taken from them Sacer and Caller two strong Towns War being declar'd they took Alguer and laid Siege to Sacer but could not enter it for the Townsmen bravely defended it till the King of Aragon sent his Fleet to their Relief which for some time supported the War with various event The Venetians always Enemies to the Genoeses made a League with the King of Aragon against them Three years before this we now write of the Fleets of Aragon and Venice near Peâ—a which is a League from Constantinople and was then subject to the State of Genoa fought the Genoese Fleet tho' the Sea was at that time rough and took 23 of their Galleys many were also drove ashore Twelve Galleys of Aragon and their General Ponce de Santapan were also lost Yet both Parties pretended to the Victory The Popes Clement Innocent labour'd to reconcile these Nations but all in vain Marianus Judge of Arborea an antient Prince of Sardinia and a Powerful Man sided with the Genoeses and joyn'd Mathew Doria their chief Thus they soon possess'd themselves of all the Island except the two Towns of Sacer and Caller which always continu'd firm to the Aragonians The dangerous Posture of their Affairs being known in Aragon a Fleet was fitted out consisting of a 100 Sail among which 55 were Galleys In it were 1000 Men at Arms 500 light Horse and about 12000 Foot all of known bravery Great stores of Provisions were also laid up and many Souldiers and Persons or Note came to serve the King of Aragon out of England Germany and Navarre All the Nobility of Aragon strove to go upon this Expedition and Bernard de Gabrera was Admiral of the Fleet which Rendezvous'd at Roses and set sail thence about the middle of June Prince Peter the King's Uncle was left to govern the Kingdom They had a good Voyage in 8 Days arriv'd at Sardinia anker'd within three Miles of Alguer and landed the Army Presently the Army March'd towards the City and Bernard de Cabrera follow'd with the Fleet. The â—ing at the Head of his Men and shun'd no Danger to encourage them About Forty Genoese Galleys appear'd in the Sea rather to shew their Swiftness than Valour The Lord of Arborea incamped in sight of the Aragonians with 2000 Horse and 15000 Foot but durst not give Battle because they were raw undisciplin'd Men. Whilst the Aragonians batter'd the Town the Weather being had and the Country unhealthy the Aragonian Army sicken'd and the King himself was diseas'd wherepon a Treaty was set afoot Peace was concluded upon dishonourable Conditions for the King of Aragon which were that the Judge of Arborea and Mathew Doria should be pardon'd and keep what they had Besides the King 〈◊〉 the former several Towns in Gallura a Province of that Island Thus 〈…〉 stead of Punishment the Enemies grew more fierce Alguer was deliver 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 the Inhabitants had leave to depart and many old Catalonian Souldiers setled there The Queen who was there present being earnest to return Home and several Noble Men dying caus'd this Treaty to be hastily concluded in November Yet the King stay'd Seven Months longer in Sardinia settl'd the Island punish'd some Offenders reducing the Judge of Arborea and Mathew Doria who again were about to revolt Olfo Prochita being left Viceroy there the Fleet return'd to Aragon having perform'd little for so great Preparations CHAP. X. The Nobility of Castile and particularly the King's Bastard Brothers in Rebellion they treat with the King without success the Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and
call'd the Simple who two Years before succeeded his Brother Luis was Young and Weak as well in Judgment as Forces and preserv'd the Title of King in the City Catanea The Power of the French daily increasing he was so dismay'd that he freely made over all his Dominions of Sicily Athens and Neopatria to his Sister Ellenor Wife to the King of Aragon to whom he sent a publick Instrument of this donation to oblige him to send Forces to his Aid but the Aragonian had his Hands so full at Home that he could not relieve his Brother-in-Law The Affairs of Sicily reduc'd to this miserable Condition were up-held by the Valour of D. 〈◊〉 de Aragon Earl of Mistreta and Lord Justice of Sicily who overthrew the Enemy in Battel punish'd some Rebels and redu'd others CHAP. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The computation of time in Aragon alter'd REvenge carry'd the King 's of Castile and Aragon headlong to their Ruin and so blinded them that they call'd the Moors to their assistance The King of Granada sent a Body of Horse to the Service of Castile as was agreed betwixt them The King of Aragon call'd over the King of Morocco Pope Innocent by Letter grievously complain'd of this Action but in vain The Nobles of Castile were wrought upon by the Aragonians and forsook their Prince The first was Prince Ferdinand of Aragon as was said above Yet Jumilla by him betray'd was retaken at the beginning of the Year 1358 by D. Frederick Master of Santiago This done he went away to the King then at Sevil who caus'd him to be put to death in his presence by his Guards understanding he dealt underhand with the Aragonians From Sevil the King went with great speed to Biscay designing the same Fate for the other Brother D. Tello who suspecting it fled by Sea into France and thence into Aragon D. Tello being gone Prince John of Aragon begg'd of the King he would put him into Possession of the Lordship of Biscay to which he had right by his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The King knowing he was associated with the rebellious Peers caus'd him to be slain by his Guards in his presence and his Body to be thrown out at a Window and say'd to some Biscayners that look'd on Behold him that would have been your Lord. His Body was carry'd to Burgos there cast into the River and never after seen Queen Ellenor that Prince's Mother and the Lady Elizabeth his Wife were sent Prisoners from Roa to the Castle of Castroxeriz Six Heads of Men of Note were brought to him to Burgos from several Places He had resolv'd to execute others at Valladolid but was prevented by the Incursions Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand made into his Territories the former wasted all the Country of Campos Soria and Almaçan the other the Kingdom of Murcia From Osma the King went to Burgos to provide against these Irruptions Thence he sent to complain to the King of Aragon that he had broke the Truce That King answer'd the Truce had been broken in retaking Jumilla and calleng'd him to decide the Quarrel with 20 50 or 100 Men of a side King Peter made small account of his Challenge but sent D. Gutierre Gomez de Toledo lately made great Prior of St. John to secure the Kingdom of Murcia others had other Commands given them He himself went away to Sevil where he had fitted 12 Galleys which were joyn'd by 6 from Genoa with which he design'd to scour the Coast of Valencia and attempt the Maritime Towns These Galleys took the Town of Guardamar belonging to Prince Ferdinand but were prevented from taking the Castle by a suddain Storm in which they all perish'd except two that were out at Sea This loss no way discourag'd the King who burnt the Town and march'd away to Murcia Thence he sent his Favourite Martin Yanez to Sevil to equip another Fleet and he having gather'd an Army from all parts march'd away to Almaçan and thence into the Enemies Country where he took several Towns Winter drawing on he return'd to Sevil resolving to fit out a great Fleet to which purpose the King of Portugal his Uncle sent him Ten Galleys and he of Granada Three This Year was remarkable for the Birth of the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Peter King of Aragon and of D. John Son to Count Henry whom Heaven had decreed should be marry'd together and inherit the Crown of Castile This Year also it was ordain'd in the Cortes of Valencia that the computation of Years should no longer be taken from the Era of Cesar but from the Birth of Christ At the beginning of the Year 1359 the King of Aragon laid Siege to the strong Town of Medina Celi but it being well defended return'd to Zaragoça without any Success The King of Castile being on the way to relieve Medina Celi understood the Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate was arriv'd at Almaçan In that place the Legate had Audience and earnestly exhorted the King in the Pope's Name to incline to Peace with the Christians and employ his Arms against the Infidels The King answer'd he had been already impos'd upon by the King of Aragon under pretence of Peace and therefore was resolv'd to give no more Ear to it unless the Aragoman would banish the out-Laws of Castile restore the Towns wrongfully taken during his Grand-fathers Minority and pay 500000 Florins for the Charge of War With this Answer the Legate went to the King of Aragon who excus'd himself and laid the blame upon his Enemy as is usual The time was spent in Messages to and fro and yet not so much as a truce could be concluded All hopes of Peace being laid aside the King of Castile at Almaçan declar'd Prince Ferdinand and the two Brothers Count Henry and D. Tello Traytors Queen Ellenor was put to death in Prison and soon after the Lady Joanna de Lara Her Sister the Lady Elizabeth was sent with Qu. Blanch from the Castle of Siguença to Xerez de la Frontera This done the King imbarqu'd aboard a Fleet of 41 Galleys and 80 Ships so well stord and carrying so powerful an Army that they were provided for any great Enterprize By the way he took a mighty Venetian Garack only because it resisted it was carry'd to Cathagena and all its rich Lading secur'd The Fleet sail'd to Guardumar and took both the Town and Castle by Storm Alicant was abandoned by the Aragonians D. Gutierre de Toledo was left with a good Force to secure the Towns taken The King with the rest of the Fleet sail'd to Tortosa at the Mouth of the River Ebro There the Legate came aboard his Galley and again made some Overtures of Peace but in
Attack Guadix A great Number of Men was put into that Place unknown to the Christians who sent some Troops to Plunder the Fields call'd Val de Alhama The Moors perceiving they were divided fell upon those with great Fury that remain'd behind The Fight lasted all Day but the Number of Moors prevailing many of our Men were kill'd many taken and among them the Master of Calatrava who was carry'd to Granada and that King being desirous to appease King Peter sent him away without any Ransom King Peter believing this Courtesy proceeded from fear assembling his Forces enter'd the Kingdom of Granada took several Towns and return'd to Sevil with a rich Booty To this Misfortune of the Moorish Kings another was added which was that many Men of Note forsook him and favour'd his Adversary Mahomet Lagus who was in Banishment The King fearing he should be expelled the Kingdom consulted with his Friends what was best to be done and by the advice of one Edriz a constant follower of his Fortunes having obtain'd a Pass came away to Sevil with 400 Horse and 200 Foot to put himself under the Protection of the King of Castile The King receiv'd him Honourably in the Palace of Sevil and having heard him promis'd all should be well Then he was sent to Sup with D. Garcia de Toledo the Master of Santiago whilst they were at Supper the Moorish King was apprehended and a few Days after being Cloath'd in his Royal Robes which were Scarlet was carry'd out upon an Ass with 37 of his Gentlemen to the publick Place of Execution which is near the City and is call'd Tablada There they were all put to Death It was given out their Riches were the Cause of their Death and some Authors say King Peter himself slew the Moorish King with a Spear His Body was sent to his Competitor Mahomet Lagus who immediately recover'd his Kingdom and sent away all the Christians taken at the Fight of Guadix without Ransom CHAP. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on Successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon THE War with the Moors being ended the King of Castile bent his Thoughts against Aragon but gave out that the Preparations he made were to defend himself against France He resolv'd to make a League with England fearing the King of France would take Revenge for the Wrongs done his Neece Queen Blanch. At Soria he had a Meeting with the King of Navarre and they made a League against Aragon the Navarrois pretending to take Revenge for that the Aragonian being his Brother in Law and Ally had not assisted him when he was Prisoner in France Having therefore assembl'd all the Force of his Kingdom he lay'd Siege to the Town of Sos in Aragon and took it after a vigorous Resistance made At the same time the King of Castile with an Army of 10000 Horse and 30000 Foot entred Aragon resolving to besiege Calatayud By the way he took Hariza Ateca Cetina and Alhama and in June sat down before the strong City of Calatayud within it was a numerous and resolute Garrison The King of Aragon considering the Danger the Besieg'd were in sent the Count de Osona Son to Bernard Cabrera D. Peter de Luna his Brother D. Artal and other Gentlemen to attempt getting into the Town that they might encourage the Besieg'd till he could send them Relief They being come to Miedes a Town near Calatayud King Peter who had notice of it surpriz'd the Place and carry'd them away Prisoners to the Camp The King of Aragon being unprovided sent to desire Aid in France and to call Count Henry and his Brother D. Tello to his Assistance Relief was long a coming and the City no longer able to hold out was surrendred upon the 29th of August upon Condition the Inhabitants should remain free in their Persons and Estates as they had been under the Crown of Aragon This City being taken and a good Garrison put into it under the command of the Master of Santiago the King return'd to Sevil. Here before he went to Calatayud he had held the Cortes or Parliament in which he publickly declar'd and vouched that Da. Maria de Padilla had been his lawful Wife he being privately Marry'd to her long before Queen Blanch came into Spain which made his Marriage with that Lady void That he had not discover'd it before fearing the Malice of the Nobility but thought himself now oblig'd in Conscience to do it as also for the sake of the Children he had by her He order'd she should for the future be call'd Queen and bury'd among the Kings On the 17th of October following dy'd his Son Alonso whom he design'd his Heir On the 18th of November the King made his Will in which he orders himself to be bury'd with the Habit of S. Francis betwixt Da. Maria de Padilla and his Son Alonso It appears he was not so remote from godly Thoughts as his Enemies represent him tho his violent Nature often transported him By this Will he appoints his Daughters by Da. Maria de Padilla successively his Heiresses and after them his Son John by the Lady Joanna de Castro The Witnesses of the Marriage produc'd were of undoubted Reputation such as D. Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava John Fernandez de Hinestrosa one John Alsonso de Mayorga and John Perez a Priest who all made Oath upon that Matter In one Article of his Will he forbid his Daughters on pain of incurring his Curse and forfeiting the Crown marrying of Prince Ferdinand of Aragon or Count Henry or D. Tello his Bastard Brothers but order'd Beatrix the Elder to marry Ferdinand Prince of Portugal and that the Crown of Castile should be her Dower D. Garci Alvarez de Toledo Master of Santiago was appointed her Tutor He also ordain'd that D. James de Padilla Master of Calatrava and D. Suero Martinez Master of Alcantara should be supported in their Estates Honours and Dignities Having setl'd all things in the dead of Winter being the beginning of the Year 1363 the War was carry'd on with great Vigour Levies were made throughout the Kingdom and a League with the King of England Malvenda Aranda and Borgia with other Towns of less Note were taken and Taraçona besieg'd On the other side the King of Navarre made an Incursion into Aragon and destroy'd all the Country wherever he came Luis Brother to the King of Navarre Giles Fernandez Carvallo Master of Santiago in Portugal with 300 Horse and some French Gentlemen came to serve the King of Castile The King of Aragon courted him of Granada to make War in Andaluzia but he refus'd acknowledging the Favour lately receiv'd He also solicited the African Moors and excus'd himself for so doing by the Example of the King
June 1409 they elected a third Pope who was Peter Philargus a Native of Candia of the Order of Fryers Minors and Archbishop of Milan In his Papacy he took the Name of Alexander the Vth. His Reign was short and extended not to a Year This which was looked upon as a Remedy only serv'd to increase the Disease for instead of two now there were three Popes each pretending to be the Right So weak is all humane Policy CHAP. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his 〈◊〉 Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho unjust PRince Ferdinand govern'd the Kingdom of Castile prudently yet let slip no Opportunity of advancing his Family and increasing his Estate For this reason some Persons spar'd not to set the Queen against him which was easy as she was a Woman and naturally Jealous There is nothing more uncertain than the favour of Princes They said the excessive Power of Prince Ferdinand might prove dangerous to the Crown for that too much Grandeur is seldom attended with Loyalty James Lopez de ZunÌ„iga and John de Velasco whose Interest was great at Court were the Men that chiefly heightned these Jealousies Frederick â—â—rl of Trastamara the Son of Peter Constable of Castile advis'd the Prince to secure them but they having notice of the Design fled The Queen when she knew it was offended and grew more suspicious than before saying that Affront was offer'd to her and design'd to deprive her of their Advice and Assistance Besides the other Blessings which Heaven and Nature had plentifully bestow'd on Prince Ferdinand in which no Prince of that Age surpass'd him he had a numerous Issue viz. 5 Sons Alonso John Henry Sancho and Peter call'd afterwards the Princes of Aragon and two Daughters Mary and Ellenor About this time dy'd Ferdinand Rodriguez de Villalobos Master of the Order of Alcantara and Prince Ferdinand obtain'd that Honour for his fourth Son Sancho the Pope dispensing with his Age. Henry the third Son was in the like manner soon after made Master of the Order of Santiago upon the Death of Laurence Suarez de Figueroa Many were offended that the Prince not content with the Government bestow'd all Perferments upon his Sons At this time the Duke of Austria and Earl of Luxembourg sent to offer Supplies of Men to carry on the War of Granada Charles Duke of Orleans promis'd 1000 French Horse and made suit to have to Wife Queen Beatrix the Widow of King John the Ist of Castile who had the right to the Crown of Portugal Neither was his offer accepted of nor his Request granted for the Queen would not marry again or leave Spain and the Truce was continued for 5 Months longer at the suit of Joseph King of Granada Yet soon after the Moors making an Attempt upon Priego gave a sufficient occasion to the Christians to break with them but the King of Granada â—ent to excuse that Action as done without his Consent and offering to make Reparation of Damages such as Judges appointed on both sides should decree This year betwixt Salamanca and Cuidad Rodrigo was found an Image of our Blessed Lady held in great Veneration and call'd De la PenÌ„a de Françia very famous for a Monastery of Dominicans built in that Place and for the great Concourse of People that resorts thither The same year was unfortunate to the Aragonians to the Death of Martin King of Sicily only Son and Heir to the King of Aragon who departed this Life at Caller in Sardinia on the 25th of July in the flower of his Age and the promising hopes conceiv'd of him His Father had sent him into that Island to suppress Brancaleon Doria and Aymerick Viscount Narbonne who having marry'd two Daughters of Marianus Judge of Arborea lay'd claim to and endeavour'd to possess themselves of it They were grown strong because the Power of the Aragonians was small and the Islanders rather favour'd them than Strangers The King 's coming chang'd the Face of Affairs Both Parties assembl'd their Forces and met near a Town call'd Luri There they engag'd the Isanders were overthrown and Brancaleon their General taken Death prevented the Kingdom making his Advantage of that Victory and putting an end to the War But Peter de Torrellas the Mareschal that Prince's Favourite and some other Men of Note with the Forces that remain'd for some time made good the Aragonian Party The King's Body was bury'd in the Cathedral of Caller By his Wife Blanch he had one Son who dy'd not long before him He had also two Bastard Sons by two Sicilian Women one was 〈…〉 whose Mothers Name was Teresa and by Agathusa he had the Lady Violante afterwards marry'd to the Earl of Niebla It was reported the Cause of his Death was his too much Familiarity with a young Woman of Sardinia before he was perfectly recover'd of a Sickness he had In his Will he constituted his Father Heir of the Kingdom of Sicily and ordain'd his Wife 〈◊〉 Blanch should continue in the Government thereof as he left her at his Departure then â—â— Several Persons of Note were nam'd to be assisting to her with their Advice The loss of this Prince was much lamented throughout the Kingdom of Aragon and many contests arose about the Right of Succession It is in vain to relate how grievous this Misfortune was to his Father every one may judgeâ—â— himself Yet he monerated his Sorrow and having perform'd the Funeral Rights to 〈…〉 apply'd himself to setling of the Kingdom His Favourites advis'd him to marry 〈…〉 was 〈…〉 might have Children and by that means settle the 〈…〉 prevent many Mischiefs which must otherwise follow He approv'd of theâ—◠〈…〉 beautiful Lady and of the Blood Royal of Aragon The Marriage was solemniz'd at Burcelona on the 17th of September The King was but 5â— years of Age but sickle and extreamly fat those very Medicines or Provocatives he made use of for getting of Children wasted him inwardly and hasten'd his Death Luis Duke of Anjou being inform'd of the Death of the King of Sicily was the first that reassum'd his Hopes of inheriting that Crown He sent the Bishop of Conserans to desire the King to declare his Son Luis whom he had by the Lady Violante Daughter to King John 〈◊〉 to the Crown as being the next of Blood the eldest Sister Joanna being dead two years before He also ask'd leave for the Mother to come to Aragon to breed up her Son according to the Custom of the Country It was look'd upon as an ill Omen that the King during the Solemnity of his Marriage should he pressed to declare an Heir The People thought the Earl of Vrgel to have a better Right but it was only to please their own Inclin'd out for all Nations would rather have a King of their own Country than a Stranger The Earl's
that in case they were divided the most Votes should decide the Matter They having consulted together Decreed That the King should remove to Cigales That the Princes of Aragon should have leave to visit him and That D. Alvaro de Luna should be banish'd the Court for a Year and half I know not whether it was more shame to the King or Kingdom that the King should be commanded by his Subjects The King as had been ordain'd went to Cigales where the Conspirators visited him and among them Prince Henry who kneeling shed Tears in token of Repentance Such is the Power of Dissimulation D. Alvaro went to Ayllon a Town of his own many Nobles bearing him Company After his removal the Nobles fell at Variance every one striving to gain the King's Affection because he was intirely govern'd by his Favourite Ferdinand Alonso de Robles had got the start of all others for having been in Favour before now his Competitor was remov'd he grew still greater insomuch that upon pretence he was indispos'd the King and Nobles often went to Council to his House It rais'd Envy in many to see a mean Person lifted up to that Height and the King was displeas'd at him for having rashly given Judgment against D. Alvaro de Luna to whom he ow'd many Obligations His Enemies making use of the King's Displeasure prevail'd with the King of Navarre to accuse him of many Crimes as that he was a Seditious Person kept Correspondence abroad and Conspir'd with the Nobility against the King and often spoke irreverently of him His Case being hear'd he was secur'd at Segovia and at last dy'd a Prisoner at Vzeda leaving an Example of the uncertainty of Court-Favour This Year the King of Granada was by his Subjects expell'd his Kingdom and went over in a miserable Condition to beg the King of Tunez his Assistance Mahomet call'd The Little as soon as he was seated in the Throne persecuted all the other King's Friends putting some to Death banishing others and seizing their Estates which he prodigally gave away One Joseph of the noble Family of the Abencerrages who was Governour of the City seeing no hopes of prevailing against the Usurper fled to Murcia hoping to bring the Forces of Castile upon the new Tyrant before he was well fix'd in the Government At the same time two remarkable Things happen'd in Castile One was that the King obtained of Pope Martin the Thirds of Ecclesiastical Revenues for ever The other that the Order of St. Hierome was divided into two Branches One F. Lope de Olmedo who was familiar with Pope Martin was the Author of this Separation Near Sevil he founded a Monastery of the Invocation of St. Isidorus which was the Head of his Reformation and of it the Fryars were called Isidorians This Division lasted till King Philip the II again united the whole Order under the Antient Rule of St. Hierome Let us return to the Troubles of Castile CHAP. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the King's Favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church SOme natural Sympathy or other extraordinary hidden Cause it was doubtless that so link'd together the Affection of the King of Castile and D. Alvaro de Luna that they could not live asunder notwithstanding on that Account they both became odious but particularly D. Alvaro to such a degree that it exceeded all the Malice the Antient Romans ever bore Sejanus or any other the Favourites of their Emperors They were so blind in their Affection that neither the King took Notice how prejudicial that Familiarity was to him nor D. Alvaro was sensible that he was driving headlong to his Ruin Nothing pleas'd the King nor was his Countenance ever smooth or serene since D. Alvaro was remov'd from him Of him he commonly spoke in the Day and thought of him at Night The Courtiers perceiving that of necessity D. Alvaro must shortly be restor'd and that then his Power and Interest would be much greater than before as having overcome the Malice of his Enemies and conquer'd his ill Fortune made all their Efforts to gain his Favour Even the King of Navarre being envious that his Brother Prince Henry should have a greater Interest in the King of Castile than himself began to favour D. Alvaro and sollicit he might return to Court. On the 6th of January 1428 dy'd D. Ruy Lopez Davalos at Valencia where the King of Aragon then was This Gentleman was more Fortunate in his Issue than in his Life By three Wives he had seven Sons and two Daughters From them in Italy are descended the Earls of Potencia and Bovino the Marqueses del Vasto and Pescara and many other Honourable Families in Spain His Body was deposited at Valencia thence afterwards translated to Toledo and bury'd in the Monastery of St. Augustin He us'd to give ear to Astrologers being himself much addicted to that vain Science yet he could never foresee his own Fall When he dy'd he had not altogether lay'd aside the hopes of recovering his Estate Prince Henry of Aragon began to labour to bring it about but Fortune and all his Friends fail'd the Unfortuate Ruy Lopez Only Alvar Nun̄ez de Herrera a Citizen of Cordova his Steward in the time of Prosperity continu'd faithful to him till the last and was cast into Prison as accessary to the Crime his Master was accused of As soon as discharg'd he never gave over prosecuting John Garcia the Forger of that Contrivance for Perjury till he was executed on that Account To relieve his Master he sold all he had got under him and gather'd 8000 Florins in Gold which he put into the Timber of a Loom that it might not be discover'd and loading it upon an Ass sent his Son a Foot in a Disguize with it to him A wonderful act of Fidelity well deserving a particular Encomium His Death secur'd D. Alvaro de Luna in the Ministery The King of Castile resided at Segovia his thoughts taken up in disappointing the Designs of the Nobility and breaking their Cabals He publish'd an Order commanding them to release one another of the solemn Promises they had made to stand together and granted a general Pardon for all past Faults To the Princess Catherine Wife to Prince Henry in lieu of Villena he gave the Cities of Truxillo and Alcaraz and some lesser Towns in the Kingdom of Toledo near Gaudalajara as also 200000 Florins which was a prodigious Portion At the Instance of Prince Henry the King also revers'd the attainder of Ruy Lopez Davalos but his Estate and Honours were not restor'd to his Children as of Right they ought to have been After this the King went to Turuegano Thither by his Order came D. Alvaro de Luna with a great and splendid Retinue and joyful for the Victory he had obtain'd over his Enemies He advanc'd daily
Aragonians out of Italy and particularly the Venetians Florentines and Genoeses joyn'd in a League at the Sollicitation of Pope Eugenius At the same time the War with the Moors went on in Spain Peace was like to be establish'd betwixt the other Kings at the procurement of the King of Navarre who design'd to bend all his Forces against Italy Two Castles the one call'd Galea the other Castilleja were taken from the Moors by Roderick Manrique who was abroad with a Party Soon after Henry de Guzman Earl of Niebla having besieged Gibraltar at the Mouth of the Streights was drown'd with 40 Men the Boat he was in oversetting being too full and the Sea running high D. John de Guzman his Son despairing of Success after that Misfortune rais'd the Siege and return'd to Sevil. This Gentleman was the first Duke of Medina Sidonia King John honouring him with that Title to comfort him for the loss of his Father and reward his signal Services The King was come to Toledo after having been at Alcala and Madrid Nothing was seen at Court but Sports and Pastimes without any regard of the War In this City the Peace betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre was concluded on the 2d of September to the great Joy of all People These were the Articles agreed upon That Henry Prince of Castile should marry Blanch eldest Daughter to the King of Navarre That Medina del Campo Olmedo Roa and the Lordship of Villena be her Portion That in case they have no Issue those Places shall remain to the Crown of Castile upon paying to the King of Navarre a sum of Mony agreed upon That all Places taken during the War by either side be restor'd That all Deserters and Fugitives on both sides be pardon'd excepting the Earl of Castro and Master of Alcantara on the Part of Castile and Godfrey Marques of Cortes on the Part of Navarre Thus the Truce was chang'd into a League Defensive and Offensive against all Princes whatsoever excepting the Kings of France and Portugal on the Part of Castile and on the Part of Aragon the Duke of Milan and Gaston Earl of Faux whose Father dy'd not long before Gaston inherited the Earldom at 15 years of Age and was contracted to Ellenor the younger Daughter to the King of Navarre Great Joy and publick Thansgiving was throughout all Spain upon the proclaiming of this League The Earl of Castro soon after obtain'd his Pardon and return'd to Castile where for the future he behav'd himself better being humbl'd by his long Banishment What is said relating to the Earl of Castro is taken out of the Chronicles of Castile Those of his Family produce original Writings sign'd by Kings in Vindication of him and promising Restitution of the Estate taken from him during the Troubles It were well the Case were decided that we might know what to give credit to Mean while the King of Aragon ceas'd not to oblige the Neapolitans and endeavour to subdue them by Policy as well as Force Balthasar Rata Earl of Caserta one of the Governours appointed by the People embrac'd his Party Raymund Vrsin Earl of Nola did the same To oblige and attract him he was promis'd to Wife the Lady Ellenor of the Blood Royal Daughter to the Earl of Vrgel who not long before dy'd at Xativa This done the King took the Field and soon made himself Master of the Valley of St. Severino the City Salerno and Coast of Amafil Into all these Places he put Garrisons of Aragonians which secur'd his Interest and weaken'd the Party of Anjou Naples the chief City remain'd to gain which was not much doubted of the People being well-inclin'd to the Aragonians and they still possess'd of two Castles there notwithstanding all their late Misfortunes This proved a very sharp Winter for Frost and Snow insomuch that the oldest Men did not remember to have seen the like At Guadalajara where the King was on the first day of the Year 1437 7 Men going out to cut Wood were all Frozen to Death Many People dy'd through the extremity of the Cold. In this hard Weather the King would go into Old Castile and the Snow lay so deep on the Passes of the Mountains that he was forc'd to send before 300 Pioniers to clear the Ways From Roa he went to Osma in March and thence sent Prince Henry his Son to Alfaro a great Town on the Borders of Navarre Most of the Nobility went with him and he who appear'd above them all was D. Alvaro de Luna who not long before by meer Importunity had obtain'd of the Queen the Castle of Montalvan being before possessed of that of Escalona near Toledo Two Days after the Prince arriv'd at Alfaro the Queen of Navarre came thither with her Children and a great Train of Nobles The Prince and Princess were marry'd with extraordinary Pomp both of them being then at the Age of 12 Years Four Days were spent in rejoycing and then the Queen with the Bride return'd to her Country The King of Castile and the Prince his Son went to Medina del Campo There by advice of D. Alvaro de Luna and the Earl of Benavente the Lieutenant Peter Manrique was apprehended and sent to the Castle of FuentiduenÌ„a which caus'd mighty Tumults and Troubles in the Kingdom His Crime was conspiring with others to pull down D. Alvaro de Luna This year was fatal to the Portugueses for the slaughter made of them in Africk Five Brothers the King of Portugal being desirous of Honour and of enlarging their Dominions had resolved to attempt it in Africk among the Enemies of Christianity Mony was wanting for remedy whereof they obtain'd of Pope Eugenius the Croifade for all that would serve in that Expedition Hereupon a great Rabble of People gather'd together Prince Ferdinand Master of Avis being the hottest of the Brothers offer'd to command the Forces This Affair being debated in a grand Assembly Prince John the Master of Santiago in Portugal who was more cautious and discreet affirm'd that Africk ought not to be invaded unless with the united Force of the whole Kingdom All wise Men approv'd of what he said and among them the Princes Peter and Alonso Only Prince Henry favour'd Ferdinand's Design and he being a Person in great Repute for his Learning the 〈◊〉 advice prevail'd so that it was resolv'd to proceed in that Enterprize A Fleet being â—â—gg'd 6000 Soldiers were shipp'd aboard it which were given out to be 12000. On the 12th of August they set sail and in 15 Days arriv'd at Ceuta where they anker'd and held a Council of War It was resolv'd to besiege Tangier at the Mouth of the Strelghts opposite to Tarifa Accordingly the Siege was lay'd and the Town batter'd the space of 37 Days the Inhabitants defending themselves with great Resolution as those that were assur'd of Relief To raise the Siege came the Kings of Fez and Morocco with several Princes of
done It is a wonderful thing that none of all those D. Alvaro had raised now appeared for him He was sent Prisoner to Portillo in keeping of James de Zuniga Son to the Marshal In̄igo de Zuniga This Year so remarkable in Spain for the Death of this great Man was fatal to Christendom for the loss of the City Constantinople taken by Mahomet the Great Turk after a Siege of 54 Days Great Cruelties were committed in it when entred and it has ever since been the Metropolis of the Turkish Empire Charles Prince of Viana was carryed to Zaragoça and there at the Request of the Aragonians pardon'd and set at Liberty on the 22d of June The Prince promised Obedience for the future and to withdraw his Garrisons out of all Places that held for him For Security of Performance he delivered Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin and Constable of Navarre and his Children with other Noblemen as Hostages The Joy for this Agreement was not lasting for new Tumults began soon after The Father's Covetousness and Son's Impatience for a long time consumed the Kingdom of Navarre as shall be related in its place Whilst the King of Castile seized upon D. Alvaro de Luna's Lands and Treasures he prepared in Prison to clear himself of the Crimes lay'd to his Charge but there was no likelyhood he should be cleared the King being his Enemy The Judges appointed to examin his Case gave Sentence of Death against him From Portillo he was carryed to Valladolid to be Executed Having confessed and received the Sacrament he was led out to Execution a Cryer proclaiming before him in manner following Our Sovereign Lord the King commands this cruel Tyrant to be Executed for that he with extraordinary Pride and Presumption to the great abuse of the Royal Majesty which is the Image of God upon Earth made himself Master of the King's Court and Palace usurping the place that did not belong to him and committed many great Crimes Extortions Rapines Violences and tyrannical Actions to the hainous offence of God and our faid Lord the King the disgrace and lessening of his Person Crown and Dignity the impairing of his Revenue and obstructing of Justice For which his Offences he is to be beheaded that the Justice of God and the King may appear and he be made an Example to deterr others from committing the like Crimes To such Actions such a Reward In the Market-place was erected a Scaffold with a Crucifix and two Flamboys on the sides of it Being upon the Scaffold he bowed to the Cross and going forward gave his Ring he used to Seal with and his Hat to his Page saying This is all I have lest to give you This moved him to weep and many followed his Example Barrasa Master of the Horse to Prince Henry being present D. Alvaro called and said to him Go warn the Prince from me not to follow this Example of his Fathers in rewarding his Servants Then seeing a high Iron hook he asked the Executioner what it was for and being told it was to fix his Head upon answered When I am dead do as thou wilt with my Body for to a brave Man neither is the manner of his Death disgraceful nor can it come too soon to him that has attained such high Honours This said he opened his Garment and without the least mark of fear bowed down his Head which was cut off on the 5th of July He was a Man in all respects great who for the space of 30 Years absolutely governed the King and directed all his Actions Alonso de Espina a Franciscan Fryar accompanied D. Alvaro de Luna to the place of Execution This Fryar wrote a Book called Fortalitium Fidei an excellent Work The dead Body remained three Days on the Scaffold with a Bason by it to gather Alms to bury him that not long before was equal to some Kings He was interred at St. Andrews the common Burial Place of Persons executed thence removed to St. Francis in that Town and lastly to his own Chappel in the Cathedral of Toledo It is reported an Astrologer told D. Alvaro his Death would be at or on Cadahalso which he supposed to be meant of a Town he had of that Name and therefore never went thither but Cadahalso in Spanish is a Scaffold But these are vain Observations The King besieged Escalona which place after the Death of D. Alvaro was surrendred by his Wife upon Condition his Treasure should be equally divided betwixt the King and her self All the rest was confiscated except the Town of Santistevan left to his Son D. John whose Daughter and Heiress married James the Son of John Pacheco and so the Earldom of Santistevan and Marquisate of Villena were united D. Alvaro had a Daughter married to In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Duke del Infantado Also a Bastard Son and Daughter Thus much of D. Alvaro At Granada Ismael with the Assistance of the Christians and his Party among the Moors wrested the Crown from his Cousin Mahomet the Lame but being in the Throne soon forgot the Obligations he owed to the Christians In Portugal a new sort of Mony was coined called Cruzados which took that Name from the Croisade then granted by Pope Nicholas the V. to all that went to the War against the Moors in Barbary at the Request of D. Alvaro Gonzalez Bishop of Lanego CHAP. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile THE Death of D. Alvaro de Luna no way contributed to alter the Posture of Affairs for the better tho the King was resolved had he lived to take upon himself the Government and follow the Advice of the Bishop of Cuenca and Prior of Guadlupe Men of great Integrity and Piety To this purpose he sent for them both to come to Avila whither he went from Escalona He designed also to keep 8000 Horse in constant pay to be a check to his Subjects and a standing Power against Forreign Enemies Besides he resolved that every City should be impowered to Collect the Revenue that there might be no need of Farmers or Collectors who oppress the People to enrich themselves The Portugueses at this time began to make vast Discoveries along the Coast of Africk as far as the Cape of Good Hope Prince Henry Uncle to the King of Portugal being learned in Astrology and zealous of promoting the Christian Faith was the first that undertook this Affair The King of Castile pretended that Conquest appertained to him and threatned War in case the Portugues did not desist He answered he knew no wrong had been done and hoped the King of Castile would not begin a War before that dispute was decided by Law The King of Castile went to Medina del Campo and Valladolid to try
with a Company of Robbers did great harm thereabouts From Segovia whither he returned he resolved to go Visit his Father who was sick By the way at Alcalà he Visited the Archbishop of Toledo thinking by that Civility to gain him to his Party At Guadalajara he also Visited the Marquess de Santillana and so went on to Barcelona where his Father lay In the Kingdom of Valencia the Towns of Segorve and Exerica Mutinied at the same time and took up Arms. The People of Exerica to free themselves from the Tyranny of Francis Sarsuela who they pretended oppressed them Those of Segorve to follow D. Henry de Aragon contrary to the King's Will and Pleasure These Confusions lasted long but nothing remarkable hapned in them only that at length Segorve was confiscate and Exerica restored to its Owner King Ferdinand was at Barcelona consulting with his Father about the War in Russillon when News was brought him from Castile that that D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago departed this Life on the 4th of October upon whose Death the Nobles were worse divided than before Many aimed at that Mastership The Duke of Medina Sidonia the Marquess of Santillana and the Earls of Albuquerque and Benavente confided in their Riches and hoped that way to carry it D. Alonso de Cardenas chief Commendary of Leon was chosen in that City and D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes at Veles The Marquess de Villena pleaded the Pope during his Father's Life-time had given him that Dignity but because he produced no Bull it was supposed he only did it to delay time till he could make an Interest with his Holiness As he went towards Villarejo de Salvanes to meet the Earl of Ossorno he was apprehended and sent Prisoner to Fuentiduen̄a King Henry Resenting this Affront and believing the Earl of Ossorno would not obey his Orders sate down with some Forces before Fuentiduena tho he was then much indisposed Many Lords as well Spiritual as Temporal repaired thither to serve him Delays were dangerous the King's Sickness increasing and the Weather being bad therefore they resolved to oppose one Fraud against another Lope Vasquez de Acun̄a Brother to the Archbishop of Toledo pretending to Treat with the Earl of Osorno's Wife secured her and a Son of hers and carried them away to Huete This obliged her Husband to release the Marquess Thus the Designs of the Earl of Osorno were disappointed King Ferdinand being informed what had hapned left the Care of the War in Ampurias to his Father and returned to Zaragoça There he thought if the Affairs of Castile would permit to assemble the Cortes of Aragon in order to raise Money whereof he stood in great want The more because the French Forces daily increased and they had besieged Elna with 900 Horse and 10000 Foot That place being reduced to great extremity surrendred on the 5th of December upon Condition the Garrison should march away in safety It was much feared lest Perpignan should be lost the Castle being already in the Hands of the French as were all the Garrisons about it This year was particularly Remarkable for the Havock made among the Jews in all parts of Sicily The Rabble without respect to D. Lope de Urrea their Viceroy who punished some of them killed many of those Wretches and plundered their Houses The Peace with the Moores of Granada was duely observed on both sides In Navarre there were Tumults between the Biamonteses who took part with the Princess Ellenor and the Agramonteses who favoured the King of Aragon CHAP. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth usurp the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are proclaimed King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Neece KIng Henry's Indisposition which had held him long daily encreased and being heightned with Troubles and the Toil of his late Expedition became mortal The Physicians ordered him to be carried to Madrid hoping the Air might contribute to his Recovery but neither that nor any Medicines proved effectual On the 11th of December having prepared himself as became a good Christian he gave up the Ghost at the end of the 45th Year of his Age and having Reigned 20 Years 4 Months and 22 Days His Will was not made in form but written in haste by John de Oviedo his Secretary in whom he reposed great Confidence He appointed the Cardinal of Spain and Marquess de Villena his Executors Being asked by F. Peter de Maçuelos Prior of S. Hierom in Madrid who Confessed him at that time Whom he appointed to Succeed him He said the Princess Joanna whom he recommended to his Two Executors as also to the Duke of Arevalo the Marquiss of Santillana the Earl of Benavente and the Constable in whom he most confided His Body was deposited without much Ceremony in the Monastery of S. Hierom at Madrid and thence as he had ordained translated to the Church of Guadalupe This Prince was for nothing so remarkable as for his loose Life He left no Issue Male and was himself the last of the Male Line of King Henry the Bastard King Henry's death caused a mighty alteration in Castile The greatest number took part with the Princess Elizabeth yet many adhered to the Princess Joanna particularly the Marquess de Villena and the Duke of Arevalo with all their Kindred and Followers supported that Lady They expected she should have the Title of Queen and they all the Power chusing a Husband for her where they thought fit All the Country from Toledo to Murcia sided with these Two Noblemen as did all the Men of Note in Galicia with such Resolution that they took Arms against D. Alonso de Azevedo y Fonseca Archbishop of Santiago because he declared for the other side At Segovia such as were there present publickly took the Oath of Allegiance to Queen Elizabeth upon a Scaffold raised for that purpose Then King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth were proclaimed by a Herauld amidst the loud Acclamations of the People All kissed her Hand and conducted her a Horseback to Church Few Lords were then in Segovia and none of them Grandees The first that came to express their Loyalty were the Cardinal of Spain and Earl of Benavente soon after the Archbishop of Toledo the Marquiss de Santillana the Dukes of Alva and Albuquerque the Constable and the Admiral Others did their Homage and took the Oath of Allegiance by Proxy No Oath was taken to King Ferdinand till he came and swore to preserve the Privileges of the Kingdom He was then holding the Cortes of Aragon and Zaragoça and endeavouring to raise Money but as soon as he heard of the death of King Henry he set out for Castile He left his Sister Joanna Contracted to Ferdinand King of Naples then a Widower to preside in the Cortes It was usual with the Nobility of Castile to sell their Loyalty as dear
as they could The King being at Almazan the Earl of Medina Celi sent to acquaint him That the Kingdom of Navarre appertained to the Lady Anne his Wife as Lawful Daughter to Charles Prince of Viana He said if King Ferdinand would not assist him in recovering his Right he should not want Aid elsewhere meaning from France Having sent away the Messenger without any Answer the King went on to Turuegano where he stayed till the City Segovia was provided for his Reception He made his Entry into that City on the 2d of January 1475. and was received with great Pomp. All the Three Estates did Homage to him and kissed his Hand Some Debate arose about the manner of Government The Queen's Servants contended King Ferdinand ought not to intermeddle in the Government nor so much as call himself King of Castile to which purpose they brought Examples of Queens of Naples On the other side the Aragonians pleaded That King Henry having left no Heirs Male the Crown was devolved upon King John of Aragon as Head of the Family But this was easily answered by Examples of many Women that had inherited the Crown of Castile At length the King and Queen agreed the Matter between themselves upon these Conditions That in all Charters Patents and upon the Coin King Ferdinand should be named before Queen Elizabeth That the Arms of Castile should be on the right of those of Aragon That all Garrisons should be held in the Queen's Name and all Officers of the Revenue take their Oath to her That Grants of Benefices should be in the Name of both but only in the Disposal of the Queen That when they were together both should have equal Authority in the Administration of Justice and when in different places each in that part That the Affairs of other Provinces should be determined by him or her who was nearest to the Council which should be observed in the Choice of Civil Governours King Ferdinand was concerned that his Subjects should prescribe Laws to him but thought fit to wink at it for the present And the Queen is said to have mollified him promising that the whole disposal of all things should be in him This done King Ferdinand applied himself to the Care of Settling the Kingdom which was much distracted by the late Broils The Marquess de Villena at the same time held Correspondence with King Ferdinand and King Alonso of Portugal He was no less Politick than his Father and it was not doubted but he would incline to that side where he expected the greatest advantage Of King Ferdinand he demanded that his Two Competitors to the Mastership should be declared illegally chosen and he secured in that Dignity This Request seemed to the King somewhat harsh not thinking it safe to add so great a Revenue to one so Powerful and in whom he could repose but little Confidence however he gave him a favourable Answer for the present which was to promise he would favour him in obtaining his Desires provided he would deliver up the Princess Joanna to a Third Person He replied he would not do it nor should ever be prevailed upon to break his Word to King Henry having ingaged to him to take care of his Daughter At the same time he sent Persons in whom he confided to perswade the King of Portugal to take upon him the Protection of his Neece since it appertained to him as the next of Kin and as such he ought to take upon him the Government of Castile He blamed his fearfulness and conjured him since he was so powerful a King not to forsake that Innocent Lady assuring he would find many in Castile that would appear for him as soon as they had a Head to whom they might have recourse The King of Portugal was at Estremoz on the borders of his Kingdom when King Henry died He immediately called a Council and laid before them what was proposed by the Marquess de Villena Opinions as is usual in such cases varied Most were for declaring War and invading Castile without delay pleading they had great store of Treasure heaped up having long enjoyed Peace great numbers of Horse and Foot and a powerful Fleet at Sea John Prince of Portugal was the chief Promoter of this unfortunate War Only Ferdinand Duke of Bragança whom Age made more Cautious and Circumspect was against ingaging in that Affair which some attributed to Fear and others to Affection to Queen Elizabeth who was his Brothers Grandaughter He urged the Marquess de Villena and his Party were the same who not long since proclaimed Prince Alonso King and declared the Princess Joanna a Bastard That they offered no strong Holds for security of performing what they promised and That it was hard to perswade a Prejudiced People that the Princess Joanna was Legitimate These Precautions were approved of by the Wiser sort yet the plurality of Voices prevailed the common Misfortune of Councils where Number takes place of Weight However before they positively declared Lope de Albuquerque was sent into Castile to Examine into the Posture of Affairs and at his return brought an Ingagement signed by many Noblemen wherein they promised That if the King of Portugal would Marry the Princess Joanna they would when it was time appear for him It fell out very opportunely to advance this Design that the Archbishop of Toledo being disgusted withdrew from Segovia the 20th of February pretending to retire for his Ease having lived long at Court This was the pretence but in reality he was displeased He complained he was kept in Hand with Specious Promises without receiving any Reward for his great Services or in Recompence of spending his Paternal Estate to bestow the Crown upon those ungrateful Princes Above all it grieved him to see the Cardinal so much in favour that nothing was done without him Means were used to appease him but all in vain He threatned to make it appear how dangerous a thing it was to provoke the Archbishop of Toledo Neither were the Prayers mixed with Threats of his Brother the Earl of Buendia of any force For he being Proud and lavish of his Tongue grew worse when good Advice was given him Besides one Ferdinand de Alarcon who being of the same Temper was his great Favourite still was buzzing in his Ears and inflamed his Passion CHAP. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being Contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and ingage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand THE Disgust of the Archbishop of Toledo did not a little perplex the King and Queen fearing he might cause great Revolutions being Rich and Powerful This made them careful to gain what Friends they could and to appease the Nobility The first reduced was Henry of Aragon which was done by restoring to him his Patrimony of Segorve and
and the New King retired to Capua which he had fortified but was betrayed to the French by Trivulcio a Milanese the Governour Whilst the King of France was at Capua the Great Turk's Brother died Others say it was at Naples whether the King marched and was received into that most Noble City without any resistance upon Sunday the 22d of February The New King Ferdinand before the French came abandon'd all and retired to Castelnovo where were the Queen-Dowager her Daughter Frederick the King's Unkle and many other Lords Thence he went to the Castle del Ovo and lastly over to Sicily to wait some turn of Fortune But the French were so fortunate that in 15 Days after their entring upon the Borders of the Kingdom all submitted to them to the utmost point of Italy I believe never so great an Undertaking was concluded in so short a time Only some few Places in Calabria held out some time for King Ferdinand but at last submitted as did Rijoles which is in sight of Meçina where the Fleet of Spain lay but had no Orders to attempt any thing CHAP. V. The League against the French carried on with wonderful Secrescy The French King returns home The Venetians overthrown by the French King Ferdinand of Naples successful against them and recovers that Noble City NO sooner had the French possessed themselves of the Kingdom of Naples but all the Princes of Italy began to consider how heavy the Dominion of that Nation would lie upon them if suffered to settle and root it self in Italy King Ferdinand of Spain was in the greatest danger for the Island of Sicily whither he was informed the French designed to pass as soon as they concluded the Affair of Naples being chiefly animated to that Enterprize by the Prince of Salèrno one of the Outlaws and principal Enemy to the House of Aragon The better to oppose them he sought to draw the other Princes to a League against France To this purpose he had some Months since sent Laurence Suarez de Figuera to Venice and now sent a Gentleman called John Deza to the Duke of Milan with Orders to make an Overture to him not only of giving him one of the Princesses his Daughters but of making him King of Lombardy both which Proposals he willingly gave ear to He also practised to draw the Emperor and the English into the League and in order to it proposed cross Matches to strengthen the Alliance between Prince John and the Princess Joanna his Children and Maximilian and his Sister Margaret on the other side which Design was so well prosecuted that it was fully concluded by Francis de Rojas sent on purpose to Flanders Care was taken to raise Money in Castile and Aragon to defray the Charge of the War In Aragon the Cortes met which the King would have had the Princess Catherine hold but it would not be allowed and he was forced to come himself Such Industry was used that at last the League was concluded at Venice It was agreed this called the Most Holy League should last for the space of 25 Years and that between them all should be raised an Army of 34000 Horse and 28000 Foot proportionable to the Power and Ability of each of the Confederates It was given out the Design was to protect the Church and defend their own Dominions but in reality it was to drive the French out of Italy This Business was carried on with such wonderful Secrecy that the French Ambassador Philip de Comines Lord of Argenton a Man of great Wisdom and Experience then at Venice had not the least Intelligence of it and was so surprized when Augustin Barbadico Duke of Venice gave him an account of it that he asked whether the King his Master might return with safety into France The face of Affairs was soon changed for the Neapolitans repented of what they had done because the Insolencies committed by the French were intolerable The Duke of Milan was perplexed for that the Duke of Orlcans had secured the City Novara besides he understood that the French endeavoured to draw the Genoeses from his Subjection insomuch that he was forced with great Submission to have recourse to the Venetians for their Assistance The King of France understanding what had hapned resolved to return with all speed before the way was stopped Before his departure he appointed Gilbert Duke of Monpensier a Prince of the Blood Viceroy of Naples with him he left part of his Army and some able Commanders He also sent to the Pope to ask of him the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples and to let him know he desired to pass through Rome to confer with his Holiness about important Affairs As to the Investiture the Pope answered he was ready to do Justice according as he should find and as for his going to Rome it could not be without some great Disorder because the People were enraged against the French This unpleasing Answer made the King hasten his Journey He set out from Naples on the 20th of May Being come to Rome he found the Pope was retired to Perosa From Rome he went into Tuscany spent some Days at Siena and without entring Florence went on to Pisa The Florentines demanded the restitution of that City as had been promised them but the People of Pisa prevailed upon him Thence he went into Lombardy where Francis Marquess of Mantua General of the Venetians came to cut off his Retreat The French being fewer in number would have avoided fighting and endeavoured to join the Duke of Orleans but it could not be The Enemies met on the Banks of the River Tarro which runs within a League of the City Parma The Venetians lay near Fornovo a Village at the Foot of the Mountains the French at the entrance into the Valley There the Battel was fought which was one of the most remarkable that had hapned long in Italy At first the Italians had the better but then falling to plunder and seize the Cannon the French had leisure to rally and returned upon the Enemy with such Fury that they broke them with a mighty Slaughter The King was in great danger all his Guards being slain and tho' the Victor could not obtain of the Enemy a Truce for three Days wherefore he was forced to steal away to Aste without beat of Drum It was no small help to him in his retreat that the River being swollen with the Rain the Italians could not so soon pass it to pursue him Yet he sustained much loss by the Light Horse that kept in his Rear and the Country-people who took Arms to secure the Passes Above 4000 Italians were killed in the Fight The Duke of Mantua immediately sate down before Novara where he much distressed the Duke of Orleans Scarce was the King gone from Naples when the Affairs of that Kingdom began to change The Fleet of Spain commanded by the Earl of Trivento lay at Meçina Thither came
Contrivance of Laurence de Medicis his Kinsman Upon his Death the Citizens chose for their Duke Cosmo de Medicis Kinsman to the late Duke but at a great distance The Emperor held the Diet of the Empire at Worms where an Edict was published against the Lutherans but it was of no force those People being then in Arms. All Men wished for a General Council but there were great Difficulties that obstructed it However the Pope Summon'd the Council and appointed the Cities of Mantua first and then that of Vincenza for it to be held in both those Places being in Italy and not far from Germany The Hereticks pretended that the Pope as a Guilty Person could not be a Judge nor the Bishops as being obliged to him by Oath They required the Council should be free and held in Germany What they aimed at could not be any way allowed for how could they either as Persons accused or accusers set up for Judges To exclude the Bishops was never practiced and even the secular Princes themselves refused to determine Matters of Faith Their design was only to baffle and delay time Solyman the Eunuch Bassa govern'd Egypt for the Great Turk By his Order he fitted out a Fleet of 80 Sail in the Red Sea and sailing into the Ocean laid Siege to the most important Fortress of Diu in the Kingdom of Cambaya intending to drive the Portugueses out of India and wholly exclude them their Trade in those Parts The Siege was carried furiously and with obstinacy but the Portugueses behaved themselves with such Bravery that the Turks were forced to desist and return home with great loss About the same time the Pope appointed nine Cardinals to consider of all things that ought to be reformed They composed a Book containing the Heads of many things to this purpose A League against the Turks was also proposed It was agreed that the Pope Emperor and Venetians should join their Fleets to this intent and that the French King might not be any hindrance to them they resolved to have a Conference with him at Nice in Provence Anno 1538. This being determined the Pope tho then very old made hast thither the Emperor came from Spain by Sea and the King of France by Land The Meeting was in May. After a long Debate no Peace could be concluded but a Truce was agreed on for Ten Years Neither could it be brought about that the Emperor and French King should come together The Emperor promised to Marry his Bastard Daugter Margaret then Widow of Duke Alexander de Medicis to Octavius Farnesius the Pope's Grandson However the Emperor in his Return to Spain saw the French King at Aiques Mortes They were together two days and conferred in private for several times The chief thing concluded upon was That the King of France should Pardon Andrew Doria and receive him again into Favour He with the Emperor's Pope's and the Venetian Galleys in the Golph of Larta in Albania near the Morea took Castelnovo from the Turks but Barbarussa coming up with the Turkish Fleet near Prevesa put him to flight without any considerable Resistance Thus all those Preparations proved fruitless and the next Year Castelnovo was retaken by the Turks with great slaughter of the Spanish Garison left there The Venetians concluded a Truce with the Turk which produced a lasting Peace In England the Bones of S. Thomas of Canterbury were burnt Monasteries subverted and Monks and Friars forced to change their Habit and go like Laymen or secular Priests Anno 1539. At Toledo in the House of the Earls of Fuensalida on the 1 st of May died Elizabeth the Empress Her Body was carried to Granada The Emperor retired for some Days to the Monastery of Sisla of the Order of S. Hierome This Lady left three Children Prince Philip the Princess Mary afterwards Married to the Emperor Maximilian the Second and the Lady Joanna Wife to Prince John of Portugal Illegitimate Issue the Emperor had D. John of Austria got after he was a Widower and the Lady Margaret of Austria got before he Married George Duke of Saxony a great Enemy to Luther departed this Life his Brother Henry already a Luther an succeeded him Maurice of whom we shall speak hereafter was Son to this Henry Anno 1540. The City Ghent in Flanders was in Rebellion on account of a new Tax laid towards defraying the Charge of the War The Emperor resolving to repair thither in Person to gain time took his way through France Henry and Charles that Kings two Sons came to meet him on the Borders of the Kingdom and the King himself accompanied him from Orleans to Paris It was a desperate Action of the Emperor to put himself into his Enemies Power It is reported there was a design to stop him but God delivered him from so great a Danger Being come to Ghent he punished such as were most faulty and raised a Cittadel to curb that People About the same time died John the Vayvod who called himself King of Hungary He left a new-born Son called Stephen in Defence of whom the Turks made great Havock in that Kingdom Ebora a City in Portugal was at the Suit of that King made an Archiepiscopal See The Bishoprick of Silves was made Subject to it That Dignity was conferred upon Cardinal Henry the King's Brother who after the Death of King Sebastian his Nephew came to be King Pope Paul the first time confirmed and approved of the Order of the Jesuits His Bull was passed at Rome on the 27th of September This Order was Instituted by the Holy Father Ignacius de Loyola a Native of the Province of Guipuzcoa and of singular Sanctity of Life This Year on the 12th of September happened the memorable Battel wherein D. Bernar din de Mendoça General of the Spanish Galleys overthrew the Turks near the Island of Alboran Anno 1541. The Emperor having pacified Flanders and punished the Rebellion at Ghent went away for Germany hoping to reconcile the Hereticks to the Church Many Disputes happened betwixt the Divines of both Parties which might have been a sure Remedy for that Distemper had the Obstinacy of the Hereticks been to be convinced by any Arguments The last Year on the 25th of November at Worms was began a Conference betwixt the Divines which held on till this Year but upon the coming of the Emperor all things were referred to the Diet at Ratisbon which was opened the 5th of April The Divines appointed on both sides disputed the Chief for the Catholicks was John Eccius for the Hereticks Philip Melancton Cardinal Gaspar Contarenus the Popes Legate at this Diet granted to the adverse Party certain Points relating to Justification and Transubstantiation for which after his return to Rome he was publickly reproved by Cardinal Peter Garrafa who was afterwards Pope and called Paul the Fourth All men guessed by the severity of the Reprimand that it came from
should be restor'd That Corsica be restor'd to the Genoeses That neither the Spaniard lay Claim to Burgundy nor the French to Milan or Naples Lastly That all Prisoners taken for 16 Years last past be set at Liberty These Articles being agreed upon King Philip in pursuance of them Married by Proxy at Paris on the 22th of June the Princess Elizabeth the Duke of Alva representing the King Soon after on the 11th of July the Lady Margaret was Married to the Duke of Savoy The Publick Joy was turn'd into extream Grief for that King Henry himself Tilting was struck into the Eye by a Splinter of his Adversary's Lance of which he died the day following His Son Francis the Second succeeded him being Sixteen Years of Age. He had three Brothers Charles Alexander Edward and Hercules His Sisters were Elizabeth and Claudia before-mentioned the youngest of all called Margaret some Years after was Married to Henry Prince of Bearne and King of Navarre Pope Paul the Fourth departed this Life at Rome the 18th of August D. Bartholomew de Miranda of the Order of S. Dominick two Years before chosen Archbishop of Toledo in the place of Cardinal Siceleus was Apprehended and made Prisoner by the Inquisitors in his Town of Tordelaguna upon the 23th of August He was many Years in Prison so great is the Power of the Inquisition in Spain At the same time King Philip arrived with his Fleet at Laredo in his return from Flanders Anno 1560. On the 26th of December last past Cardinal John Angelo de Medicis was chosen Pope He took the Name of Pius the Fourth and govern'd the Church 5 Years 11 Months and 15 Days Spain this Year was filled with Joy not only for the arrival of their long-wish'd-for King but also for his Marriage which was consummated at Guadalajara in the Kingdom of Toledo upon the 31th day of January This Joy was the greater for that all Men hoped the Peace would be lasting The Cardinal of Burgos and Duke del Infantado went to the Borders of France to fetch the Bride The great Solemnization of the Marriage was at Toledo whither the King and new Queen went from Guadalajara The Duke of Medina Celi Viceroy of Sicily took the Island of Gelves but after he was Master of it the Turkish Fleet coming upon him he lost a great part of his own and with much difficulty escaped himself Among other Prisoners taken by the Turks were one of the Duke's Sons D. Alvaro de Sande and Sancho de Avila brave Soldiers In France began the Tumults and Rebellion which lasted many Years under colour of Religion To remedy these Troubles the Three Estates or Parliament of France met at Orleans where several good Laws were enacted but never observed Francis the new King of France died in that City on the 5th of December His Brother Charles the Ninth of the Name being then but nine Years old succeeded him Anno 1561. In Rome Pope Pius the Fourth caused the Duke of Paliano and Cardinal Garrafa to be put to Death The Cardinal was strangled in Prison the Duke publickly Beheaded The Commonalty tho they were satisfied those Persons had deserved that Punishment yet using their common Liberty especially assumed by the Italians gave out it was done to please the Catholick King Certain it is the Pope their Unkle had expelled them Rome for their Crimes and now they were punish'd with loss of their Lives In the Spring Queen Mary of Scotland having at once lost her Mother and Husband returned to Scotland where she Married a second and third time A Lady worthy a more favourable Destiny for in England after a long Imprisonment she was unjustly put to Death In France the Tumults daily encreased To pacify the People it was resolved the Catholicks and Hereticks should meet and dispute at Poissy five Leagues from Paris Hippolito de Este Cardinal of Ferrara and with him James Lainez General of the Jesuits in the place of F. Ignatius de Loyola dead six Years before were sent from Rome The Pope's Intention was that in case that Meeting could not be prevented at least nothing should be positively determined in it but all things referred to the Council of Trent which he had summoned to meet again The Meeting could not be prevented the Dispute was about the Real Presence F. Lainez when it came to his turn to speak publickly with great freedom rebuked the Queen for that she being a Woman was present at Disputes about Religion In this Dispute he confuted Peter Martyr always calling him Father Peter because he had been a Friar Anno 1562. In January the Council of Trent was again open'd Cardinal John Moron and three other Cardinals presided as the Pop's Legates There was present a great number of Prelates and among them many French who came with Charles Cardinal of Lorrain In the Port de la Herradura in a violent Storm which rose in the Night Twenty two Galleys were cast away with their General D. John de Mendoça Great was the Desolation made in France many stately Churches were overthrown by the Hereticks and many Cities rebelled against the King Among others the King of Navarre to put a stop to these Evils laid Siege to Roan then in Rebellion but he was killed by a Musket-shot from the Walls on the 17th of November but before he expired the City was taken by his Forces The Prince of Conde who headed the Hereticks encouraged by the Recruits he received out of Germany was so bold as to lay Siege to Paris On the 8th of December the Catholicks gave them Battel being strengthned by a good supply of Spaniards sent by King Philip they all behaved themselves so well that they raised the Siege and pursuing the Enemy as far as Dreux overthrew them with great slaughter taking the Prince of Conde Prisoner Anno 1563. The Strength and Hopes of France at this time was in the House of Guise The Duke of Guise the King's Lieutenant then lay before the City Orleans seated on the Loire and in Rebellion One John Poltrot came out of the City purposely and in the passing of the River shot the Duke of which wound he died the 24th of February Poltrot being taken and put to the Rack confessed that Admiral Coligni and Theodorus Beza a principal Man among the Ministers had put him upon this wicked Enterprise He was at Paris publickly torn in pieces by four Horses D. Francis of Navarre Archbishop of Valencia died in a Village near that City on the 16th of April It is reported of him but no Proof appears that he writ the History of Spain which he composed with much care tho the Stile was not of the best The Council of Trent broke up the 5th of December and was soon after confirm'd by Pope Pius the Fourth Of the Spanish Bishops those that most signalized themselves for Learning in this Council were D. Peter Guerrero Archbishop
too obstinate The Duke of Feria entring Alsace with a powerful Army raised the Siege of Constance recover'd Valdutz took Laufenburg and Rhinfelt and reliev'd Brisac a place of great importance to the House of Austria for securing the Communication between Flanders and Italy He passed the Alps with his Army in December an Action surprising and even astonishing at that Season of the Year All this Year the success of the War continued dubious Victory sometimes inclining to the one side and sometimes to the other Mary of Austria Queen of Hungary was deliver'd of a Prince call'd Ferdinand Francis The Archduke Ferdinand Charles Earl of Tyrol stood Godfather for his Catholick Majesty At Madrid on the 5th of July died the most serene Princess Sister Margaret of the Cross in the Monastery of the Poor Clares where she had lived many Years with singular Piety and Virtue F. John de Parma her Confessor writ her Life Anno 1634. This Year began Unfortunate to the Emperor and Catholick King a presage of their Losses was the death of the Duke de Feria which happen'd the 11th of January at Munich the Court of Bavaria Immediately upon the death of the Duke the command of his Army was given to Count John Cervellon by the most Serene Cardinal Prince of Spain Ferdinand of Austria who then resided at Milan Superintendent and Vicar-General of Italy This Army consisted of 10000 Foot and 2000 Horse most of them Spaniards This Year the Emperor was inform'd by some of his chief Officers that Albertus Wallestein Duke of Fridland his Generalissimo had conspir'd to debauch the Army and rise in Rebellion against him The principal Men that made this Discovery were Count Picolomini Galassius Aldringerius and Coloredius Upon their private Information the Emperor call'd his Cabinet Council where it was resolv'd that Orders should be sent to the most Loyal Commanders in the Army to apprehend the Duke of Fridland or in case they could not to kill him before the design was reveal'd Accordingly he was invited to a Supper and there put to death by the Officers of the Irish Regiments then in the Emperor's Service The two Ferdinands the King of Hungary and the Cardinal joining their Forces laid Siege to Nordlingen and the Enemy under the command of Count Gustavus Horn coming to the relief of that City overthrew them with a great slaughter after an obstinate Fight which lasted six hours At Tortosa March the 6th Mary Ortego Wife to John Xinto both Inhabitants of Almun̄ia in Aragon was deliver'd in the Hospital of a Female Child with two Heads both very beautiful 3 hands and 3 feet and 8 fingers and toes upon one of the hands and feet This Creature lived half an hour and was Baptized Anno. 1635. The most Christian King this Year declar'd War against Spain and the House of Austria publishing his Manifesto containing his Reasons for this Breach His Forces joining with the Hollanders took Tirlemont Besides he possessed himself of several Places among the Grisons to cut off the Communication between Italy and Germany Pignerol also he seized by corrupting the Governour and so open'd to himself a Passage to Susa These and other the like Hostilities oblig'd his Catholick Majesty to declare War upon the 27th of June The Renown'd Marquis of Aytona died in Flanders August the 10th The Dunkirk Privateers took this Year many Prizes of the Hollanders The Emperor 's good Fortune was much forwarded by the Peace he concluded with the Elector of Saxony with exclusion to all other Sects except the Professors of the Ausburg Confession Soon after the Archdutchess Mary-Ann of Austria the Emperor's eldest Daughter was with great Solemnity at Vienna Married to Maximilian Elector of Bavaria her Unkle The most renown'd Spanish Poet Lope Felix de Vega Carpio died at Madrid where he was born upon the 28th day of August He was the greatest Poet of his Time writ more and better than any before him and must be allow'd the Honour of his Country having merited so much Fame abroad Anno 1636. The French King having as was said in the last Year broke the Peace with Spain many learned-Pens writ in Vindication of the Catholick King 's Proceedings referring the Judgment of his Cause to the Pope which Writings were at Paris burnt by the hands of the common Hangman The Emperor made the greatest force he could to join with that of Spain in the Low Countries and both together enter'd into Picardy under the command of the most Serene Prince Cardinal Ferdinand with whom were Prince Thomas Francis of Savoy Charles Duke of Lorrain John Count Nassau and Octavius Picolomini They took la Chapelle Chates Vervins and Noyon obliging the French for the Security of the Country to break down all the Bridges upon the Rivers Oyse and Aysne as far as S. Clou. They had also Corbie deliver'd to them by the Count de Soyecourt This Success of the Spanish Forces obliged the French to call the Prince of Conde the Cardinal de la Valette and Duke of Weymar out of Alsace leaving that Country exposed to the King of Hungary and Count Galassius At the same time the Marquis of Grana so pressed the Landtgrave of Hesse that he was forced to retire to take Protection of the Hollanders Mean while the Forces of Spain by the way of Guipuzcoa broke into the Province of Guienne where they possessed themselves of Andaye Orugne Siboure and S. Jean de Luz as also of the Port and Fortress of Zocoa D. John Alonso Enriquez de Cabrera Admiral of Castile and Captain-General of the Provinces of Old Castile and D. Francis de Irracaval Marquis of Valparaiso and Viceroy of Navarre in his Majesty's Name publish'd a Manifesto containing the Reasons that mov'd him to make these Incursions The Cardinal Richlieu had perswaded the King and People that the Forces of Spain and the Empire were so inconsiderable the War would be kept out of the Kingdom and always upon the Enemies Country Now they found much the contrary being forc'd to quit Milan and the Valley of Valtelina and still retiring every where to leave a great part of their Kingdom exposed to their Enemies Several Princes who were under the Protection of France having had their Countries wasted to prevent their utter Destruction have been forced to declare against that Crown A Report being spread that Count Galassius was entring the Province of Bassigni with 25000 Men and that 14000 were marching from Silesia besides 12000 Polish Horse had-passed the Rhine the Nobility not thinking themselves safe at Paris removed the best of their Goods to Havre de Grace Seeing all things fall out far otherwise than he had expected the Cardinal laid the blame upon the Governours of the Places that had been lost declaring them Traytors and accusing F. Joseph of Paris a Capucin his great confident of feeding him with false Intelligence from the Turks Moores and Protestants The News of the Election
Spanish and Swiss Guards with their Lieutenants At a small distance followed the orderly Troop of Noblemen and Gentlemen belonging to the Court and the Captains of the Guards Next them were the Four Mace-bearers with short Roman Crimson Coats and Gilt Maces on their shoulders Then came the Regidores and next them the Kings at Arms with their Embroidered Coats and lastly the Corregidor and Duke of Medina on the right Hand carrying the Standard In this manner they came to the grand Market Place which tho large was then too little to contain the Multitude In the midst of it was raised a Scaffold covered with rich Carpets about 5 or 6 Foot high 30 in length and 20 in breadth with a Staire-case 12 Foot wide and Railed The Duke and Corregidor the Secretaries and the 4 Kings at Armes on both sides of them facing the Windows where the Kings use to see publick Spectacles then the eldest King at Arms who was then D. John de Mendoza with a loud Voice Three times Cried Silence silence silence Hear hear hear Then the Duke also with a loud Voice said Three times Castile Castile Castile for the Catholick King Charles II of the Name whom God preserve The Multitude unanimously shouted Let him Live let him Live let him Live This Ceremony being ended in the Market Place all the Company went to the Palace where the King was Seated in the Chair of the Emperor Charles V. thence he went and did the same in the Town All this being performed the Duke required of the Secretaries and Notaries to give it him under their Hands that he again Restored the Standard to D. Francis de Herrera Enriquez Corregidor of the Town The Corregidor having received it went up to the Council Chamber of the Town and fixed it in the Balcony under a rich Canopy there to remain 8 days and nights the continual lights in the Streets displaying the richness of it On the 2d of July being the Feast of the Visitation D Luis de Aragony Cardona Duke of Segorve and Cardona the eldest Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece was Commanded to go and gird on the King's Sword The Duke came to the Kings Appartment with a great Retinue and there Knighted the King girt on his Sword and kissed his Hand Upon the 8th of the Month the Duke of Cardona as eldest Knight of the Golden Fleece Summoned the other Knights to meet in the Queen's Apartment There met the Duke of Montalto the Princes of Avelino Astillano and Barbançon and the German Ambassador all Knights of the Order the Secretary of the Order being also present in the presence of whom the Duke put the golden Collar with the Fleece hanging to it about the King's Neck the Knights there present doing Homage to him in the Name of the whole Order for the Provinces they represented Astillano Avelino and Montalto for Italy Barbançon for Flanders the Ambassador for Germany and the Duke of Cardona for Spain in Virtue of the Popes Bulls granted the Kings of Spain as Administrators of the Military Orders within their Dominions Anno 1666. This Year began with a Treaty of Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Some proposals were offered by the Military Commanders of both Kingdoms to the Two Queens then Governing for their Sons who were both under Age. These proposals being altogether managed at a distance by 3 Persons they could not come to any Agreement and both Parties were still in Arms. It pleased God to take to himself the Queen Mother of France Ann Mauricia of Austria upon whose death the King her Son began new Commotions there being none to allay Resentments betwixt the Two Nations No Body could guess what his great Preparations tended to for he like a good Soldier kept his Counsels secret raising great jealousies in all the Neighbouring Princes The Queen Regent of Portugal also departed this Life on the 25th of February On the 25th of April the Princess Margaret of Austria was Contracted to her Uncle Leopoldus Ignatius the Emperor Her departure was fixed for the 28th of the same Month She Travelled to Denia thinking to Embark there but being disappointed went thence to Barcelona Her Imperial Majesty came the 18th of July to Monjuy distant half a League from Barcelona whither she came by Sea D. Luis Gonzaga the Viceroy first then the Bishop Chapter and Magistrates went out to welcome and kiss her Hand which Ceremony lasted from 6 in the Morning till Noon All this while she was upon the Sea in the Admiral Gally encompassed by 27 others and much bigger than any of them being guilt all over even to the Oars the Stem and Stern set round with Christal Glass through which appeared her Majesties Bed At Noon she came to the Mole of the City and all the Cannon was Three times fired round the Gallys answering She stept out of the Gally upon a Bridge made on purpose that ran 200 yards into the Sea was Railed on both sides the Rails covered with Crimson Damask and the Ground with Red and Yellow Bays The Duke of Albuquerque handed her out then followed the Dutchess the Ladies Cardinal Colonna Two Bishops and the Dukes Two Brothers These were covered but the Viceroy and other Nobility had their Hats in their Hands At the Foot of the Bridge were Two rich Chairs which took up the Empress and Dutchess the rest went a-Foot to the Mole where they again came out of their Chairs and went into a Coach the Cannon now Firing the 4th time The Empress spent 3 days in Visiting the City and Churches all which time there were Fireworks and Illuminations at Night other sports being forbidden on account of the King's death Six days before her Majesty Embarked came 7 Galleys of Malta which Saluted 7 times with Vollies of small as well as great Shot Every Salute was answered by the City and the Rejoicing lasted Two Hours The 10th of August her Majesty Embarked being 3 times saluted by the Cannon of the Town her Fleet consisted of 34 Galleys Contrary Winds obliged them to put into Roses and Cadaques at length they arrived at Final where Cardinal Nepos the Pope's Legate the Duke of Savoy the Duke of Modena the Duke of Florence his Brother with other great Men expected her Majesty accompanied by 10000 Men to guard her to Trent There the Duke of Albuquerque delivered her to the Imperial Ministers sent to Receive her and taking his leave returned with all the Spaniards going over to Sicily to take Possession of the Viceroyship of that Island Cid Hamet the Moor after having been several times assisted by King Philip IV. and receiving many Favours at his Hands in Requital for all those Obligations resolved to surprize the Town of Alarache and to that effect provided all things necessary for an Escalade A Christian Captive understanding the Design fled with danger of his Life the 24th of February and the 26th came to the Bank of the River
Aragon 219 Peter the 4 th King of Aragon 266 Dies Peter Prince of Portugal Marries the Lady Agnes de Castro and She is murder'd 273 Is Proclaim'd King 276 Executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro 279 Declares his Children by her Legitimate 280 Dies 285 Peter Insante of Portugal a great Traveller 349 His Death 408 Petreius 45 Phanatick Moor. 467 Phoenicians build Towns and settle in Spain 10 Are driven into the Island of Cadiz 12 Crave Aid of the Carthaginians 13 Philip the Emperor Reigns above 5 Years 58 Philip the Fair King of France dies 226 Philip the 1 st King of Spain in England 515 Lands in Spain Declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand 516 Dies 521 Piso succeeds Furius and isworsted 39 Pious Gifts of the King of Castile 306 Pius the 3 d elected Pope 502 Places that send Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament 267 Plague and Famine in Portugal 186 Plague at Madrid 314 In Spain and France with great Floods In Spain 320 In Portugal 365 Plain of Granada wasted 455 Plaucius twice defeated by Viriatus 36 Plot to rescue King John of Castile 370 Pompey the Great in Spain 37 Treats with the People of Numantia frauaulently 38 Comes again into Spain 42 His Sons in Spain 46 Pompey Cn. His Death 47 Pompey Sext renews the War in Spain Defeats Pollio 48 Pope Invades the Land of the Ursini 473 Returns to Rome 290 Seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara 538 Press'd to call a General Council 541 In vain labours for an Accommodation with France 543 Popes Legate his unjust Proceedings 152 Pope's Legate in Aragon 205 Pope's Legate a fronted by the Rebels 409 Popilius the Pretor sent into Spain 36 Popilius the Censaâ— defeated by the Numantians 38 Portugal Original of that Kingdome 134 164 Descrivd 164 Under on Inâ—crdict 169 213 Made Independant of Castile Fol. 216 p. 2 Portugueses overthrow the Castilians 165 That favour'd the King of Castile 300 Sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila 631 4000 of them stain in Africk 560 Posthumius Alomus 32 Posture of Affairs in Spain 137 Potter's Son set up King of the Moors 173 Practices against the Earl of Castile 125 Of the Spaniards 501 Of the Emperour 525 Preaching among the Tartars 216 Prefect of Rome submits to Spain 506 Preparations for War 260 For War with the Moors 441 For the Lateran Council 548 Of the Turks against Italy 557 For War in Aragon 349 Presumption of a Legate 280 Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon 329 Prince Henry in open Rebellion Imprison'd 342 Prince of Viana flies to Naples 384 Prince of Salerno expell'd Naples 480 Prince of Segorve come into Castile 418 Princes of Aragon join with the Rebels of Castile 365 Priscilian's Heresie He and his Adherents Condemn'd to Death His Errours 65 Proceedings of the Catholikes against the Albigenses 193 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Prodigies 21 22 341 388 411 Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 272 366 Of the Christians against the Moors 262 Of the War in Naples 368 Of the Aragonians at Naples 360 Of the Affairs of Italy 470 Of Portugues Discoveries 474 Of the Siege of Saulses 502 Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples 473 Proscription 48 Prosperous Expedition 202 Publius Manlius 32 Punishment of Mutineers 531 Q. Queen of Portugal delivered of a Son Dies 482 Queen of France Dies 556 Queen of Navavre accused of Adultery by her own Sons is defended by a Bastard 136. Queen Mother of Castile joyns the Rebels 273 Queens of Castile and Portugal Dies 370 Quintilianus Reigns 17 Days 59 Quintius Crispinus 32 Quintius defeats and is again worsted by Viriatus 37 Quintus Caecilius overthrown by the Vacei 45 Quintus Fontlius 32 Race of Earles of Barcelona extinct 330 Raymund or Ramon Earl of Barcelona 131 Dies 137 Raymund Earl of Barcelona Son in Law to King Ramiro II. upon his resignation Governs that Kingdom 169 Makes War in France 170 Successful against the French and Moors His Death 177 Raymund III. Earl of Barcelona murdered and his Son Raymund succeeds him 149 Raymund or Ramon IV. Earl of Barcelona Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduced 204 Ramundus Lullus 240 Ramiro I. King of Leon. 111 His Death 112 Ramiro II. King of Leon his Religious Works He resigns the Crown and Dies 123 Ramiro III. King of Leon under the Tuition of his Mother and Aunt 126 Ramiro King of Aragon Wars on his Brother of Navarre 139 Recovers his Dominions 141 Ramiro II. King of Aragon 167 Puts to Death 15 Noblemen 168 Resigns the Government 169 Ratification of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 438 Ravenna surrendred to the French Rebellion in Gallia Gothica 91 Among the Moors 115 In Auiturias 122 Against the King of Leon. 127 Suppressed 298 111 Of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile 259 In Navarre 205 445 In Old Castile 315 In Catalonia 402 In Naples 447 In Castile 224 236 In Biscay 368 Of the Bastards of Castile Rebellious Moors defeated 412 Rebels every wheee worsted by Wamba 92 Of Castile hardened 259 Suppressed in Castile 258 Of Castile associate are Punished 252 Punished 277 Defeat the Royalists 278 Of Castile join with the King of Aragon 405 Disband 408 In Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 408 Excommunicated 410 Reduced 412 Recaredus King of Spain makes War in France 81 His Reign and Troubles on account of his Conversion 82 Reslores the Church Possessions Overtbrows the Francs Hereticks Conspire against him He Punishes the Conspirators His General Claudius overthrows the Francs 83 He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death 85 Recaredus II. Reigns but 3 Months 87 Recaredus and Alonso the First Kings of Spain had the Title of Catholick 105 Reception of a Legate in Castile 417 Recesuinthus advanced to the Crown by his Father His Actions and Death 90 Rendevouz of the French at Aste 555 Revolutions at Genoa 554 Rhodians their coming into Spain 10 Rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners 227 Released 231 Robert King of Naples Dies 264 Roderick King of Spain ravishes Count Julian's Daughter 97 Roderick Diaz de Bivar called Cid who he was Many Fables concerning him 141 His Opinion touching the subjection of Spain to the Empire The whole Relation suspected to be Fabulous His Original 142 Ravages the Dominions of the Moors Is Banished 147 His further Actions 148 Takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion 157 His Death 158 Roderick Archbishop of Toledo invades the Moors 206 Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 216 Roger Lauria the great Aamiral Dies 242. Roman Army mutinies 46 Roman Missaâ— ana Broviary introduced 152 Romans declare War the 2d time against Carthage 21 Successful in Spain 22 Overthrown 25 Defeated 85 Quite expelled Spain 88 Romantick Relation about Spain being exemptea from the Roman Empire 141 Rome taken by Alarick King of the Goths in the Year 410. 67 Ronda taken 446 Rousillon and Cerdagne Restored
about the end of the Year Among other Things the Bones of S. Luis Bishop of Toulouze Son to Charles the 2d King of Naples were carry'd into Spain to the City of Valencia where the King landed The King of Castile hearing of his Arrival sent Embassadors to him at the beginning of the Year 1424 to Congratulate with him upon his safe Arrival and the Victories he had obtain'd as also again to demand the Fugitives and Out-laws should be deliver'd up to him to answer to such things as should be lay'd to their Charge These Embassadors had Audience at Valencia upon the 3d of April At the same time the Affairs of Aragon declin'd apace in Naples and no hopes remain'd of retrieving them notwithstanding that Sforcia the famous General marching to raise the Siege of Aquila was on the 5th of January drown'd passing the River Averno then much swell'd with the Winter Rains His Death was no way Advantagious to the Aragonians for Francis Sforcia his Son supply'd his Place Pope Martin and Philip Duke of Milan joyn'd with the Faction of Anjou The Duke fitted out a Fleet at Genoa and sent it to the Relief of the Queen under the Command of Guido Taurello This Fleet and the Army by Land besieg'd Gaeta It might well have been defended but was soon surrender'd only upon Condition the Aragonian Garrison should have liberty to depart From Gaeta the Army and Fleet mov'd towards Naples James Caldora to whom that City was committed agreed with the Enemy who promis'd him the Arrears due to him from the Aragonians and he open'd the Gates to them He pretended to justify himself that Prince Peter design'd to kill him whereas in Truth he was a faithless and changeable Man On the 12 of April the City of Naples was lost but still the Aragonians kept two Castles there viz. Castelnovo and that called Del Ovo which is very little but strong being seated on a Rock encompass'd by the Sea After the taking of Naples all other Towns surrender'd to the Victors The King of Aragon was much concern'd that the King of Castile imprisoning his Brother had oblig'd him to quit Naples which was the cause it was lost He meditated Revenge yet resolv'd to try all ways rather than declare War Dalmao de Mur Arch-bishop of Tarragona sent Embassador upon this Account deliver'd his Message before the King of Castile and Nobles at Ocan̄a He demanded the Prince's Liberty saying if he were Guilty of any Crime his long Imprisonment was Punishment enough and he ought to be forgiven being so near of Kin to the King of Castile besides that his Brother the King of Aragon would never desist till he had obtain'd his Demand There were many about Court who had advis'd the Prince's Imprisonment and fear'd if he were releas'd they should suffer Others were apprehensive of losing what they had got of the banish'd Person 's Estate These oppos'd the releasing of the Prince and Alvaro de Luna proud with his vast Preferment sided with them Thus nothing was concluded and the Embassadors departed The King of Castile went away to Burgos at the same time that his Daughter Catherine dy'd at Madrigal a Town in Old Castile on the 10th of August She was bury'd in the Monastery of Huelgas Soon was the Grief conceiv'd for her Death converted into Joy the Queen being deliver'd on the 5th of January 1425 at Valladolid of Prince Henry In April the three Estates took the Oath of Allegiance to him as Heir to the Crown The King of Aragon was making all necessary Preparations for War at Zaragoça At Valladolid a Council was held to make the necessary Provision to oppose him Opinions vary'd as is usual in such Cases Some were for declaring War immediately a hot sort of People where there is no Danger Others more prudent said all possible means ought to be us'd to prevent a Breach The King was doubtful and knew not which Advice to take Charles King of Navarre fearing this Dispute might be destructive to Spain sent Peter Peralta his Steward and Garci Falces his Secretary Embassadors to Castile to offer himself as Mediator When this Proposition was ready to be embrac'd it was obstructed by Letters from the King of Aragon requiring Prince John his Brother to repair to him immediately He having obtain'd leave of the King of Castile set out for Aragon and had Commission to treat with that King of an Accommodation The Army of Aragon lay at Taraçona ready to break into Castile and the King was so intent upon this Expedition he seem'd to have lay'd aside all Thoughts of Naples And Yet he had receiv'd Intelligence that Braccio who besieged Aquila was overthrown and killed before that Place on the 25th of May. James Caldora General of the Pope's Forces in the Service of the Queen obtain'd this Victory being assisted by John and Sancho Carrillo Nephews to the Cardinal of that Name They in pursuance of the Victory soon made themselves Masters of Marca de Ancona which Braccio had before taken The Body of Braccio was carry'd to Rome and bury'd before the Gate of S. Laurence he being an Excommunicated Person In the time of Pope Eugenius the IV he was translated to a beautiful Tomb at Perosa by Nicholas Fortebrachio who took Rome and did this Honour to his Uncle by the Mother's side In May at Florence dy'd D. Peter Fernandez de Frias Cardinal of Spain his Body was brought over and bury'd in the Cathedral of Burgos He was of a mean Extraction but his good Parts obtained him that Preferment together with the Favour of the Kings Henry and John His Life was scandalous for Avarice and Leudness Having some Words at Burgos with the Bishop of Segovia a Servant of his cudgell'd the Bishop which render'd the Cardinal very odious tho afterwards the Servant confess'd he had done it without his Master's Knowledge Yet many saying he ought to be punish'd he was forc'd to withdraw into Italy The King seiz'd upon all the Mony he had gather'd which was a great Sum. He was Governour of Marca de Ancona for the Pope and in Castile built the Monastery of Espeja of the order of S. Hierome Prince John was nobly receiv'd by his Brother at Taraçona Whilst the said Prince John made Proposals for an Accommodation and expected a more ample Commission from the King of Castile to determine the Points in Debate the two Brothers march'd into the Territories of Navarre but without doing any harm and encamp'd near Milagro the heat of Summer being then over The Commission being come from Castile certain Persons of all three Kingdoms met at Aruel and on the 3d of September came to this Conclusion That Prince Henry be immediately set at Liberty and all his Honours and Estate restor'd him as also the Arrears of the Profits thereof which had been deposited during his Confinement The same was decreed in favour of Peter Manrique who was also