above all others be distinguish'd for their extraordinary Sanctity presume to affirm gives not only great scandal to others but to some worthy Persons also of that Communion wondering that the Bishops and Clergy who are set to be the continual Protectors and Guardians of those Boundaries which are plac'd to separate that which is due to God alone from that of Caesars should suffer such Bold and Impious Theses to escape the Spunge and Index so worthily perstring'd by * La Morau de Tacite de la Flater Paris 1686. Monsieur Amelot in his learned Treatise of Flatterers upon the Morals of Tacitus to which I refer the Reader But so as one well observes the Great Alexander by his Adulators was made at last to believe not only to be himself a God but that he had power to make Hephestion a God also so True is that Nil est quod credere de se Non possit Iuven. Sat. IV. cum laudatur Diis aequa potestas Once equal Men to Gods there 's nothing they Refuse to credit Flatterers can say But of this Pagan and Slavish Adulation of Princes see copious Instances in Casaubon's Animadver in Athenaeum lib. vi c. c. 14 15 c. In the mean time let not yet the ill use which two or three Prodigies of Men and their Parasites have made of them for we read but of few exceeding that number even amongst the Domitians and Pagan Emperors who prevented those venerable Monuments of the bravest Actions and were therefore noted with Infamy had their Statues broken their Medals call'd in and Effigies defac'd I say let them not discourage us from Imitating those Illustrious Princes and States who have modestly deliver'd to us many brave and profitable Notices by their Medals which had else utterly and perhaps irrecoverably been lost to the Learned World For so the Lives and worthy Memories of several Great Emperors are left and transmitted to us as those of Iulius Augustus Vespasian Titus Nerva Trajan Antoninus M. Aurelius Septimus Severus c. with innumerable Rare and Remarkable Things and Passages of their Reigns by the Study and Industry of many learned Authors upon this Subject Since then the greatest Nations for Renown and Virtue have been thus celebrated and incited to brave and glorious Actions by having the Memories of them among other lasting Monuments and Records thus consign'd It would raise Pity with just Indignation to find a Kingdom so fertile of Gallant and Illustrious Persons so poorly furnished to shew by any accomplish'd History or Series hitherto extant what has been done and atchiev'd by Ancestors truly Great and permit me to add worthy the Consideration in Medal and whose Effigies alone were desirable for their Virtues equalling many of them to the most Celebrated of the Antients and deserving the stamp of the most precious and lasting Metals I grieve to find so very few Medals of this kind among us in an Age so polite and knowing during all the Changes Revolutions and signal Events either of this or foreign Countries where we have been concern'd in Voyages and Discoveries Conquests Colonies and Plantations So many prodigious Fights and Conflicts at Land and Sea wherein those Heroes have signaliz'd themselves comparably with any which former Ages can produce For what People of the Universe can boast of greater Men for Arms and Arts But to name them and yet neglect them would be more to our Reproach For besides some Coronation-Pieces and Medals stamp'd on the Births or Nuptials of two or three late Princes c. We have 'till Charles the First of Blessed Memory almost nothing to shew which can well pretend to Medal 'T is true speaking of the Barbarous Ages we have summarily mention'd what British Saxon and other later Coins remain among our Modern Collections genuine and of good Antiquity as to this Island exceedingly well engraven in Mr. Speed's Chronicle from the Coins themselves collected by Sir Robert Cotton and now augmented and improv'd in the new Edition of Camden without Reverse Shield or Inscription besides perchance a rude Cross Name of a King and sometimes of the Mint with that vulgar Sentence Dieu mon Droit in use 'till King Iames the First and the Union with Scotland made some little alteration none of which are to be look'd upon or consider'd as Medals but as Money only My worthy and learned Friend * Nat. Hist. cap. X. Dr. Plot tells us of a Coin or Token rather bearing the Head of Edward Confessor somewhere found in his Perambulation of Oxfordshire which by an hole or appendant Ring he conjectures to have been given to wear about the Necks of such as had been touch'd for the King's-Evil that Religious Prince being it seems the first who had the Charisma and Sanative Gift derived to his Successors Kings of England But this tho' for its Antiquity and as it related to that particular Effect it deserv'd our Notice yet is it neither to be reckon'd amongst our Medals as having neither Legend nor Reverse To commence then with the very first and earliest that it has been my hap to see of Historical and which may pass for Medal A Golden Royal of Edward the Third represents him standing compleatly Arm'd in the middle of a Ship at Sea holding a Sword in his right hand the Shield with the Arms of England and France in his left The Royal Standard arbour'd and displaid at the Stern c. Justifying as well his Title to the Dominion of the Sea as Soveraignty of France This Medal for so I call it tho' it also pass for Money being purely Historical appears to have been struck about the time of the Treaty of Peace between that glorious Monarch and King Iohn of France in behalf of themselves and their eldest Sons namely Edward the Black Prince and Charles Duke of Normandy the French King being Prisoner This Treaty dated the 8th of May An. 1360. near Chartres in Britany was confirm'd at Calais in Picardy whereupon Hostages were given us by the French King who was himself obliged to come in Person and pay the Ransom we have formerly made mention of The Medal follows Medal 1. EDWâ—RD DI. GRâ— REX â—NGL Z FRâ—N DNS IB Reverse A Rose whence also call'd the Rose Noble with many Rays extending to four Lions passant over them a Ducal Coronet and as many Flour de Lyes in a Compartment of eight Goderoons Inscrib'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which some Interpret Enigmatically of the Secret of the famous Elixir by which the Gold was made Others for an Amulet superstitiously applying the Words of the Gospel which tender'd the Wearer thereof Invulnerable But this Remark is obvious that we find no such Pretence by any Authentic Medal or Claim of the French Kings or of any other Potentate That Stamp in the late Wapen or Arms of Zeland being nothing to this purpose as Importing only the Situation of those few Islands concerning which and of all that is said
of Allectus to corroborate our Claim and antient Right see the Learned Selden's Mare Clausum lib. II. cap. 25. There was another of Henry V. and Queen Mary of less Value which likewise bare the same Shield and a Cross in the midst of a Ship Reverse St. Michael and the Dragon but neither of these or of the former have I seen in Silver There was also Golden Money stamp'd at Paris and in Normandy by the same Henry bearing the Angel's Salutation of the Blessed Virgin but for that they contain nothing of Medal I pass them over Another goodly Medal of the same Metal as I am assured but have not seen and of considerable Value bearing the Effigies of King Henry * Who first 〈◊〉 the Arms of France in Silver as Ed. III. did in Gold VII and his Queen joyning hands with this Verse Iungimus optatas sub Amico saedere dextras the Reverse was not told me Medal II. His Son and Successors Effigies half Fac'd which was neither usual in his Coins or Picture arm'd in Bust a flat Bonnet on his Head a Ducal Coronet in a void Place behind HENRICUS VIII ANG FRAN. ET HIB REX Reverse A pensile Cataracta or Portcluse and Coronet between the Chains SECURITAS ALTERA with relation to his locking up the Seas as was also afterwards on the Coin made for the East-India Company This Medalion was stamp'd both in Gold and Silver at what time Henry had the Emperour Maximilian in Pay and Militating under his Banner Henricut Barlandus in Chron. Belg. at the taking of Tournay from Lewis XII of France Ann. 1513. as the whole Triumph is incomparably set forth in that inestimable Painting of Hans Holbein still fresh and at large among his Majesty's Pictures at Whitehall Of the same date we find another of Iames IV. of Scotland Medal III. With his Effigies in Bust Arm'd about him the Order of St. Michael crown'd with a Crown of two Bars IACOBVS IIII. DEI. GRATIA REX SCOTORVM Reverse A Doric Column upon a Bank or Rock near the Sea having on its Capitol a Ianus or two-headed Figure twin'd with Laurel regarding opposite Capes or Promontories jetting into the Sea Over the Biceps VTRVNQVE Which Medal was it seems coin'd in that fatal Year this young Prince was together with a great slaughter of Scotish Nobility slain Invading England during the absence of our Henry then upon that famous Expedition above-mention'd A Fourth is indeed that truly Remarkable one being a Medalion with the Effigies of Henry half-fac'd in his usual Bonnet Furr'd Gown and invaluable Collar of Rubies sold since abroad to give the Royal Family Bread Medal IV. The Legenda taking up a double Circle HENRICVS OCTA ANGLIAE FRANC. ET HIB REX FIDEI DEFENSOR ET In the second inner Circle IN. TERR. ECCLE ANGLI ET HIB SVB. CHRIST CAPVT SVPREMVM Note That the Circles made into four equal parts have the Rose Portcluse Fleur-de-Lys and Harp crown'd Reverse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Londini 1545. I omit the Henry Noble little different from that of Henry the Third Edward VI. Of King Edward VI. I remember not to have seen any Medal save that of his Money which is indeed elegantly stampt though I cannot but think some Memorial must needs have been of that hopeful and virtuous Prince whilst in the mean time other Countries did not fail of taking occasion to celebrate an Exploit of theirs against him in a Medal struck by Henry II. of France when Bulloin was delivered to him V. The Reverse was Andromeda's being freed from the Monster The Words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 upon the unexpectedness of the Surprise But this for not being to our Honour though it concluded in a considerable sum of Money and a Treaty of Marriage intended to be between a Daughter of Henry and Edward I only mention as belonging to the History of his short Reign VI Queen Mary Of Q. Mary there was a very large Medalion struck upon her restoring the Roman Religion her Head is dressed in plain Coiffure as she 's commonly painted with a Lace or Fillet set with Pearls and Precious Stones Inscrib'd MARIA I. REG. ANGL FRANC. ET HIB FIDEI DEFENSATRIX Reverse Represents Peace with a Radiant Crown half-sitting on a Curule-Chair and kneeling on a Cube in her Right hand a Torch setting fire to an heap of Arms and Trophies before a Temple à l' Antique in her Left branches of Palm and Laurel as delivering several People out of a Dungeon covered with smoak and flames under which runs a stream of Water 't is supposed in allusion to that of Psal. lxv Transivimus per ignem aquam eduxisti nos in refrigerium which the Doctors of that Church usually apply to Purgatory CECIS VISVS TIMIDIS QVIES This Medalion is said to have been stampt Ann. 1553. soon after the Defeat of the Duke of Northumberland and the Rising in Suffolk upon which followed her Coronation and at which Solemnity there were scatter'd Ryals of broad Gold The Queen Vested in the Regalia and Inthron'd VII MARIA D. G. ANG FRA. Z. HIB REGINA M.D.LIII. About the Reverse Which is a plain Escutcheon of the Arms of England and France quarter'd and plac'd in the Center of a Rose full blown A. DNO FACTVM EST. ISTVD Z. EST. MIRA IN. OCVL NRIS There are of this Queen divers Coins of Money wherein she is join'd with her Husband Philip II in some whereof he has the Title of Angliae Rex The Reverse Bellerophon killing the Chimera representing the Suppression of the Western Insurrection of Wyat and Carew Ann. 1554. as also that of St. Quintin Ann. 1557. The Angelot of this Queen bears the Arms of England quartered with France the Shield fix'd to a Cross erected in the middle of a Ship at Sea on each side of the Cross M◠58. the Reverse Michael and the Dragon Queen Elizabeth During the long prosperous and prudent Reign of Queen Elizabeth I find very few Medals at which I the more wonder when I consider how many famous Exploits and signal Passages the History of her Life are full of The very first which I have seen and that I think may properly come into this Recension as it concerns the Story of that Renown'd Queen is a Medal of Mary Queen of Scotland 1588. and her Husband whose Effigies are Face to Face a Crown between them VIII FRAN. ET MAR. D. G. R. R. SCOTOR DELPHIN VIEN Reverse Assuming the Arms of England and Scotland in another which I could never light on those of the Dolphin Camden Annal l. 1. which was laid as a Capital Crime to the Charge of that unfortunate Lady another with those of France and Scotland only and a Reverse of the initial Letters of their Names c. with these Words Vicit Leo de Tribu Iuda 1560. which because they little concern us I might pretermit the other being in the Year of Q. Elizabeth's entring
Sculptors nay the whole Mystery of Ingraving making and tempering of the Stamp and Die with the impressive Engine mechanically describ'd by Monsieur Phelibien in his Principles of Architecture and Sculpture to which accurate Piece I recommend the Curious CHAP. VII Of MINTS and of the most Skilful Artists Authors Collectors and Collections How to Methodize and Dispose of Medals for the Cabinet and Library with some Reflections on the Modern Clipping and Diminution of Coin AMONGST the many admirable and useful Inventions of the Antients the loss of the Mechanical Part of the Mint is to be deplor'd but more that since the breaking in of those barbarous People who were the Cause of this Loss and of that glorious Empire it was not restor'd to any tolerable Form or Regulation by any more honest and skilful Undertakers than such as were first Employ'd about the Money especially in these Northern Parts and here in England at that time so little polish'd and so very ignorant as not to discern how greatly they were abused and imposed on whilst they totally committed the Coynage and Management of the Mint to certain cunning and avaritious Iews Genoeses and crafty Italians not at all inferior to the Iews in all the Arts of knavery and dishonest Gain It was by these that Princes were universally circumvented and under pretence of bringing vast Advantages to the Publick persuaded to admit of these many Alterations Debasement of the Species and Advancement of the Coin above its genuine and universal Value which never ended without the Loss Impoverishment and Ruin of their Subjects whilst those Miscreants grew excessively Rich by their Frauds and Extortions It must therefore be confess'd that we know little more of the Antient Mint Greek or Roman than that every Capital City of the Provinces had commonly their respective Mints and some of them two or three as OF II. III. IIII. c. besides other peculiar Marks For those of Old the place of Minting we frequently find in the Circular Inscriptions at large e. g. in that of M. Antoninus LVGDVNI and in the Exerg P. or S. TR. Signata or Percussa Treveris P. AR. Arles as in one of Helena Mother of Constantine CON. OB. Constantinopoli Obsignata M.S. ANT. Antioch with the Numerals 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. the like of other great Cities as of the Latin MD. PS Mediolani percussa and many besides which tho' carrying on them the Names of Spain Germany Aegypt Arabia and other remote places might yet for all that be Roman Coins and Medals not seldom bearing the Figure or Symbolum representing the Province as that of the Cony did Spain which the Learned Bochartus derives from Saphan in the Phoenician Tongue to signify that little Animal abounding in that Country These Monetariae Officinae had their Praefecti Aerarii Instituted by Augustus Quaestors Treasurers and other Officers belonging to them but the Great and Paramount Superintendent Magistrate of them all was the Triumvir Master indeed of the Mint and of all the Flandi Feriundi periti having the sole Fabrication of all the three Metals and was of such high Authority that he frequently stamp'd Money and Medals bearing his own Head and Effigies Names and Titles like a King but this Priviledge was exceedingly abated by that Emperor who after he had divided the Government of the Provinces between him and the Senate leaving to them the Coining of Copper only reserved that of Gold and Silver as Royal Metals to himself wherefore very rarely or never find we any of their Names after Tiberius tho' the Roman Coin was a long time after current here Those of Silver therefore in which we sometimes meet the Triumvir S.C. or in those Copper with TRIB POTEST c. we may look upon as struck before Augustus's time The like Offices we are told by Cambden were settled here at London by the Great Constantine who as appears Coin'd Money in the City in Honor of his Father P. LOND S. Pecunia Londini Signata or P.L.N. under the Comes Largitionum together with the glorious Title of Praepositus Thesaur Augustensium in Britannia Since the Decadency of the Empire the Antient Money bare ordinarily the Prince's Head sometimes his Name only and upon the Reverse a blunt Cross or like Figure with notice of the Place where it was Coin'd and in others the Name of the Monetarie and none else Triumvir-like very frequent in our Saxon Coins and those of the Franks with sometimes a Me fecit which perhaps might be that of the Graver Procopius tells us that the Kings of France did not set their Pictures at all upon their Money till they had first obtain'd Leave of the Emperor Iustinian tho' le Blanc denies it and even with us when most of the great and considerable Payments were made Honestly that is by Weight it was without any Head or Effigies whether Gold or Silver As in France where they still employ divers Mints Capital Letters A. B. C. c. without altering the Inscription shew the place of Coining as Paris Lions Tholouse Aix Amiens Nants Bourdeaux Poitiers c. In like manner with us in England there were divers Countries and Cities besides London where Money was Stamp'd some upon Occasion for a Time only others that had Ius Monetae by peculiar Priviledge We had a considerable Mint at Calais in Picardy and in some places more than One for London had no fewer than Eight Canterbury as many within one Five belonging to the King the other to the Archbishop and Abbot Rochester had Three Two the Kings One the Prelates Dover Reculver in Kent in Essex Chichester Lewes Hastings One. York Wallingford Ipswich Shaftsbury Shrewsbury Darby Leicester Worcester Lincoln Norwich Exceter Chester c. and as Cowell tells us there were Mints erected all over the Kingdom and wherever the King's Council thought convenient for those numerous Fabricks were always very chargeable and highly prejudicial to the Publick by reason of the Corruption and therefore wiser Princes restrained them to as few and as soon as possibly they could King Charles the First Coin'd indeed both at Oxford Newark Shrewsbury and I think at York and Pontfract but it was in case of Necessity whilst the standing Mother-Mint was and still continues at the Tower where yet no Gold had been stamp'd before Edward the Third some affirm him to have been the first who Coin'd Groats tho' smaller Pieces were in use since Henry the First and afterwards Half-pence and Farthings of which and all other obsolete small and wretchedly minted Coins British Saxon Danish c. see the Notes before Cambden already mentioned and what we find in his Remains concerning our Mint at present in the Tower the Author of England's Notitia gives a particular Account and of the several Officers and Establishments there together with their Salaries very accurately as I believe which as to the matter I have somewhere read was heretofore a certain Portion of the
again amongst us menacing a no less total Subversion than what let into Europe that Inundation of Saracens Turks Goths and other barbarous People are melancholy Prospects Let us but compare the Times Periods and Revolutions present Schisms and other Circumstances of this Degenerate Fanatick and Self-Interess'd Age and how little of generous and publick Spirit moral Probity sober Bravery and true Christian there is among us with the Causes and Accidents of those Desolations in the Eastern World subject to that once Glorious Empire and see if ever any Age did more resemble it and whether something like to Turcism besids Coffee do not at last emerge and spring from this Cataclysis and Medly of Opinions abounding among us and no Religion Not let us imagine or flatter our selves with an Impossibility of falling into the like Circumstances Those who lived in those yet flourishing Countries and brighter Days among the most polish'd Greeks doubtless as little dreamt it possible that the Successors of the Paaeologi Cantacuzeni Noble and High-born Porphyrogeneti should from their Illustrious Race Heirs of Crowns and Scepters literally now be keeping Sheep and feeding Camels in barren and sandy Deserts that the whole Posterity of that once proud and conquering People should lose both their Religion Country Laws Liberty Ease and Splendor nay their very Language and Native Tongue the most Learned Copious and Universal under Heaven in far shorter time than any Nation we ever read or I think heard of under it Nor am I much departed from my Text by this Preachment or Prophecy call it which you please whilst I shew what dreadful Confusions naturally flow from and attend the supine Negligence of so long suffering this Diminution of our Treasure which a more timely Care and Thought might have prevented and extream difficulty of redressing and recovering it to its pristine Course and Value Obsta Principiis is as infallible an Aphorism for healing of the Body Politick as any in Hippocrates for the Natural the most dangerous Evils creep now and then insensibly when if neglected they oft become irremediable or desperate The Source of ours is obvious Concisum Argentum in titulos with other concurrent Circumstances Iuv. Sat. XIV and if the Ruin of the Athenian State was fore-told because the Rats had gnawn and eaten Plato's Commonwealth what may these Vermin Clippers Corroders Regraters and vile Perverters of the Riches and vital Substance not of an Ideal but of a Real Commonwealth and Kingdom fore-bode I wish at least it may not prove a fatal Indication among other Omens of some surprising and publick Mischief if not prevented for the future by some speedy and effectual Course for 't is not enough to Coin Re-coin and make good the Faulty without future Caution and Sanctions inviolable In order to this I was glad to find that so many able Persons had by the Prudence of the Lords of the Treasury been encourag'd to take this Article into their serious Thoughts and by the Search and Recital of many antient and pertinent Records we should hardly ever have else inspected given us the * By Mr. Lounds out of the Red Book Exchequer See Iudge Hales 's Sheriffs Accompts c. History of our Mint and Coins whilst tho' I own the great Satisfaction I received in Reading their Judicious Remarks I must at the same time acknowledge that I always wish'd there might some Expedient be found which might if possible supply the Necessity of altering the Value and Estimation of the Species beyond its intrinsic Worth which has as I have shewed in all Ages and Exigences proved so mischievous in the Event In short whatever pretends to add or detract from the Value of Money must of necessity Influence and insensibly Affect all that 's necessary not only to the well-being but to the very Form and Essence of a Kingdom All Pacts and Covenants Bargains Obligations Estates Rents Goods Credit and Correspondences whatsoever becoming dubious and uncertain must sink and be at an end If once People want wherewith to purchase Bread which includes and comprehends all other Necessaries the Fisque and publick Treasure supplied by the People suffers in all its Branches and Relations as the most flourishing Tree does from its wither'd and dried up Roots and that State and Nation becomes Defenceâ—ess and a Prey-Let France as formidable as now it seems be Instance in the often named Philip the Fair's Reign when it lay so dangerously expos'd 'T is true that of early Days even here in England such things had been done Richard the First corrupted the Coin almost Six Hundred Years since and that after Henry the Second the First Edward a Wise and Prudent King had in good measure fixt the Standard and settled uniformity of Money and that Noble and Renowned Prince Edward III. stating its Value did raise it also aliquousque and that it has since frequently been vitiated especially by the incontinent King Henry the Eighth but all this while to the infinite Detriment and Dishonour of the Nation until as we shewed that Fortunate and well-consulted Princess Elizabeth intirely restor'd it to its genuine Value and antient Dignity And here again 't is worthy Remark that the most prosperous and glorious Potentates and most beloved were even those who took the greatest Care to preserve the Species chast and intemerate Instances we have in Charles the Great in whose time the Western Empire was in its highest Ascendant since the Roman Caesars as on the contrary how prodigiously it sunk and languish'd as often as they fell to Tricks and ignoble Shifts even to the late German Emperors upon which the learned * Not is in Klock His words are these Quae nunc iterum Monerarumcorruptio in Imperio nostro existat quam frustra huic morbo medendo hactenus desudaverint viri etiam cordatiores palam est Peller sadly complaining for want of timely Remedy suffering such wretched Leaches that as with us still persisted to abuse the Publick breaks out into this pathetic Exclamation and so may we Morbum ipsum Deus curet the Lord have Mercy on us ille qui eum in terris representat For if his Majesty and those in Power did not speedily take the Cure into their Hands Conclamatum est our Condition would be desperate and the Nation ruined What France has suffer'd we have shew'd in Philip and from him till their Charles the Fifth and therefore call'd the Wise for his Care in re-settling his Mint on a firmer Base but after which it horribly relaps'd in Charles VII and IX and frequently since but never without its pernicious and natural Consequences But now since we are fall'n into this sore Calamity the Difficulty is how to heal the Wound supply the present Deficiency and not only seek whence to derive a timely Stream equivalent to that which is issued out but to remove the Dams and Impediments that obstruct the flowing Current till which to be
for the most part too large and thick for common Exchange and Use Not to mention their paucity being rarely found in that great aboundance and of the same Emperor and Percussion as are daily the smaller Monies more accommodate to Commerce And though the Senat and People of Rome honoured their Caesars as we shall come to shew by decreeing their Effigies should be set on their Coins as we may learn from our Blessed Saviour's Question to the Captious Iews yet does it not I think infer that where we find an Emperors or Consuls Head on a Medal it must therefore be common Mony Nor does the Reason weigh light with me which was alledg'd by Cobergeus to the Noble Peireskius consulting him about this matter namely the impossibility of Medals being made for current Mony forasmuch as the very Type and Form of one single Stamp would have taken up at least two months time of the most diligent Artist to finish it for the Hammer and then not endure the Coining of above two or three hundred which being greatly batter'd and impair'd if for Mony the Charge of Workmanship would far have exceeded the value of the Species To this it being answered that the Romans using the Industry of their numerous Slaves it cost them little or nothing Cobergius replies that could not be since Slaves and servile Persons were by an express Statute prohibited the Painting any thing or so much as Learning or using the Art of Drawing and Design without which address it could not possibly be accomplished For that ingenuous Quality being taken into the Liberal Arts Nat. Hist. l. 35. c. 10. it was as Pliny tells us defended Perpetuo Interdicto ne servitia docerentur neque in hac nec in Toreutice ulâ—us qui servierit opera celebrantur So that it was never seen that any excellent Piece of that nature was the Work of a Slave or servile Hand But to proceed Had Medals been look'd on as Pieces of Money only they would not as we said have been held in that estimation as we find they were and by the Emperour Adrian and other Princes given and received as Jewels Presents and Missilia made of them as marks of Honour But not to amuse the Reader with these Researches which have already taken up large Volumes well deserving the perusal 't is sufficient for the Dignity of Money abstracted from Medals that the Scriptures repeat the antient Use of it for the Purchase of Lands and Commodities and that Gold and Silver as most pretious beautiful and least obnoxious to rust and decay such as was proved and refin'd were the Matter valu'd for its intrinsic Goodness long before we hear of it in Prophane Authors however in after Times not only all other Metals were imploy'd but their purity debased and alloy'd with ignoble Mixtures and Adulterations as necessity and occasion requir'd Of which Plutarch Zondras Xiphilin Paulus Diaconus and other Historians afford many instances Thus we read that Alexander Severus tho an incomparable Prince compos'd a Melange of a fifth part of Silver and a fourth of Gold by Pliny call'd Electrum Caracalla dishonoured it with Lead or to reckon better the degeneration not of Money and Metals only but of all the politer Arts succeeded that Inundation of the Goths not so much invading as invited in to their Destruction Here then ended the lustre of Medals Riches and Glory of that renowned Empire counting from the Dictatorship of Cesar impress'd on the finest Silver and so continuing till Severus or as some say from Pompey the Great to Caracalla whom now we mentioned when after this Gordian made his Coin half of Brass till the Posthumi and so down to Iustinian who indeed restored it to some degree of splendor both as to the Matter and Form again until about the Reign of Phocas when Church-Tyranny began with that of the Turk and both East and Western Empire were Ruin'd by the Ambition of the one and Arms of the other The truth is after the first three hundred years of the Cesars there was very little care of any Coins preserving the Roman Majesty by Medals For from thence to Theodosius we meet with none but small thin despicable Pieces without Relievo and from the Division of the Empire since the death of that Prince nothing save barbarous in Figure Reverse Character Legend c. so as none looked any more after them Nor recover'd they any sort of value for either their Beauty or Metal for almost a Thousand Years when Painting and Architecture began to revive and rose as it were out of the dust This first Resurrection one may reckon to be about the time of Ferdinand of Aragon or the Reign of Iohn Emperor of Constantinople somewhat before when there was struck a Golden Medal representing the Council of Florence with some tolerable Art As to other Nations the Carthaginians Coin was first in Lead that of the Lacedemonians Iron and even some Medals both of the Republick and Imperial are â—oliated with Silver upon this sturdy and inflexible Metal of which our Ancestors the Britains had not only Plates engraven with Flowers and Animals of hideous shape but Chains and Rings of it instead of Money Our learned Selden speaking of the Bracteate Coin seems to infer their beating it extremely thin a long while after to prevent its being counterfeited so as a Piece of Money which was then worth but a Penny made square and with Coins or Corners as then they shap'd it till Henry the First turned it round again might easily be broken into two or four parts for Half-pence and Farthings as some of our worn-out and detrited Harry * The highest Piece of Silver Coin in the Time of Edward I. Groats might now into Pence Whether this magnificent Prince after those extravagant Summs he Luxuriously lavish'd and consumed descended to make use of Leather it has not been my hap to see any of it But one who made almost as great a noise in the World Frederick Aenobarbus was forced to pay his Souldiers with such matter Scorteis Nummis But more remarkable is that which Martin Crusius tells us of another Frederick speaking of the Siege of Faventia and other Places during the Wars of Italy The Emperor says he meaning Ferdinand the Second Omni pecuniâ caeterisque preciosis rebus consumptis Monetam ex Corio fecit in cujus una parte Imperatoris Imago erat in altera vero Aquila Imperii Mandavit ut durante hoc bello M. Crusius Annal. Sueviâ—or lib. 1. par 3. c. 15. ab omnibus in emendo vendendo acciperetur precio nummi aurei AUGUSTANI Nam confecto bello pro singulis Coriaceis totidem aureos venientibus persolutum iri c. And Philip Comines says that Money was so exceedingly scarce in France after the Ransom of King Iohn Son of Phil. de Valois that they did use Leather Money through which a small Boss-nail of Silver was struck in the
strangling a Serpent Reverse There were two or three Memorable and Historical Medals besides these which were struck about this time that are not to be omitted XC Shews the White Tower of London Standard display'd Imprisonment and Delivery of the Seven Bishops after their famous Trial at the Kings-Bench PROBIS HONORI INFAMIAEQVE MALIS Exurge ARCHIEPIS CANTVAR EPISCOPI S. ASAPH BATH ET WELS ELY PETER CHICHEST BRIST INCARCER 5. LIBERATI 15. IVNII 1680. Reverse A Balance let down from the Clouds with the Sun in one of the Scales and the Moon in the other SIC SOL. LVNAQVE IN. LIBRA XCI Representing the Archbishop of Canterbury to the middle in his Episcopal Robes Inscription GVILIELMVS SANCROFT ARCHIEPISCOPVS CANTVARIENSIS 1688. Reverse In smaller Circles six of the abovenamed Prelates with the Bishop of London's Head in the Centre plac'd among the Stars Nor unlike to this was a Medal Publish'd in Memory of the like number of Iudges and Advocates who Pleaded and gave Sentence for the Acquittal of these Venerable Prelates Finally in a lesser size this Emblematic XCII A Iesuit on one side and a Frier on the other undermining a a Cathedral Church supported by an Arm from Heaven with this Inscription in English THE. GATES OF HELL SHAL NOT. PREVAILE AGAINST IT All which Medals and Medalions with a few more we shall have occasion to take notice of anon being stamp'd and Published before the soon following Alterations and pregnant of Matter of Fact and Popular Circumstances I think fit to mention as the very last which I have seen whilst King Iames remained in England I should now proceed to those which have been struck since the late signal Revolution were they not already extant in the late Histoire Metalique de Guillaume III. Published and very Artistly Ingraven and Historically Illustrated by N. Chevalier in Folio Amsterdam 1692. which will both deserve and require a Volume apart CHAP. IV. Of other Persons and Things worthy the Memory and Honor of Medals NOW albeit I will not Affirm that we can boast of such Numbers of Medals and Counters as a Great Potentate does We have yet you see gotten together such a Collection as with a few Links more would serve to compose a Series Capable of furnishing an Historical Discourse with a Chain of Remarkable Instances and Matters of Fact without Fiction or Vain Hyperboles In the mean time what other Medals there remains of this Sort relating to our Country in the hands of the Curious I can give no farther Account of I am yet well pleased to find those of his late Majesty Charles the Second his Return and Restauration Though I could have wish'd the Reverses had been more expressive of that signal Providence as it concerned the Church and state of this Kingdom having ever looked upon it as a Miracle and since some there are who establish their Faith so much upon the frequency of them next to that of the Babylonish Deliverance rightly consider'd in all its Circumstances extraordinary and rare Events by far surpassing any thing that boasting Party can produce to Affect their Cause since the Great Constantine to this day I have been the Longer in giving Account of what Holland alone has published in her Medals and Reverses Memorial Votive Triumphant Gratulatory Inauguratory Obsidional c. because the Series is so Intire and Historically Instructive as may serve to shew what we have lost of the Antients who as frequently we have noted lest nothing Memorable in danger of being forgotten by Posterity which might be perpetuated in some more durable and noble Matter than Egyptian Reeds Skins of Beasts Paper and Parchment And we see with what Success the Learned and Curious have Improved their Diligence in this kind by their being able to deduce and Justifie so much of the Greek Roman and other noble History even out of these few Medals alone that are come to light Few I say in Comparison of the Numbers stamp't and which yet lie buried To how much Greater Perfection then and Certainty might it be advanced had we intire and un-interrupted Series's and Collections of those which were truely Antient yet desiderate and Wanting to supply these Chasms and defects We should then have had our Caracticus Cassibelan Alfred Athelstans our Edgars Arthyre Riehards Henries First and Fifth in frequenter Medals Edward the First Third and Fourth and the rest of our Renowned Princes It is yet apparent by what we have produc'd that as our Kings have not been altogether Negligent of their Own and consequently of the Nations Honor by preserving the Memories of Sundry Famous Actions So there are Innumerable others both of our own Princes and even of their Subjects whose Virtue Courage and noble Exploits Emulous of the most Heroick and Brave of Antient times merit the most lasting Records So as when I again Consider how many Great and Memorable things Illustrious Persons Renown'd for Arms and Arts worthy Consecration these Nations have produc'd I go on to Inquire but without much satisfaction I confess what Medals were Stamp'd from the Reign and Revolutions of our Seventh and Eight Henries time to almost this Age of ours Had such Actions and Events happen'd among the Rest of the Polish'd World we should not be now to seek for the Heads of Sir Francis Drake Cavendish Hawkins Frobisher Greenvil Fenton Willougby and the rest of the Argonauts And surely they that first Circl'd this Globe of Earth and Sea in whose Entrails so much Gold and Silver and all other Metals are contained might at least be thought Worthy the Honor of a Copper Medal which yet I no where find To these Gallant Mens further Atchivements and Merits we number the defeat of that Invincible Armada in Eighty Eight in danger of being quite forgotten as to any such durable Monument among us when ever those Incomparable Tapstries that now Adorn the House of Peers so lively Representing to the Eye both the Persons and Circumstances of that Glorious and Renowned Action shall be quite worn-out or by other fatal Accident miscarry I have therefore often wonder'd that so many Great Princes and Noble Lords to whom that Ius Imaginum more especially belongs divers of whose Ancestors are found in the Bordures of those Rich and well designed Pieces should for about this Hundred years past neglect the having them so much as Accurately Copied-out and Publish'd by some skilful Graver But much more that they have not yet been Painted in their full dimensions in the Galleries and Romes of State of those Noble Persons Builders for Magnificence c. instead of Idle Metamorphoses and other Fictions and fruitless stories as have of late prophaned the Walls of so many ample Apartments Certainly we might select as Choice and Noble Subjects perform'd by our own Nation and in which none were so much Concerned as the Progenitors of our Nobility to Decorate and Adornâ— their Courts and Palaces They will therefore pardon this Zeal and occasional Excursion
Instruments and Workmen followed which calls to mind how in almost the like Circumstance the late French King Lewis XIII did not think his Mint secure from these wicked Practices until he had hous'd it in the Louvre which that great and worthy Minister and Virtuoso Monsieur de Noyers plac'd in the same Apartment with the Royal Printing-House that as my * Monsieur Freart Author adds he might allie together Two of the most universal and most permanent Monuments of Kings Books and Money spreading themselves over all Nations and remaining for many Ages The excessive Abuses found in the Years 1635 and 39. both in the Title and Weight of the greatest part of the Coin as well of several other Countries as France which had been changed or destroyed stood in need of timely Reformation Nor was it possible to remedy it on the sudden without putting Commerce into very great Disorder and was therefore for a while conniv'd at But as this dexterous and publick-spirited States-man order'd it he well knew how to derive the greatest Advantage to the Benefit of the People and Honor of the King by Politickly permitting and indeed authorizing the Abuse which could not else have been so easily encounter'd whilst in the mean time it invited those of all the neighbouring Countries and States in hope of Gain to Transport into France all their Light Gold and Silver which they had and which remained there by reason of its being decried a few Months after bearing now the Arms of France and Effigies of Lewis le Iust by that noble Conversion which he order'd to be made of it Whilst this strange Matter was united to ours he also sought out and discover'd prompt and easy Expedients of giving it that excellent Form which since it bears Curing at the same instant and by the same Remedy both the present Inconvenience and that to come Thus we see that its just and equal Roundness the Grenetis which is about it and the Politure which is on the flat of every Piece not only defends it from the Clipping the File and Operation of Strong-Waters but even renders its Imitation in a manner impossible to our False Coiners so as we may affirm of this Money that it is the most Artistly contriv'd and the most commodious that was ever us'd in Commerce there being stamp'd in less than four Years time above an Hundred and Twenty Millions and that after fifteen or sixteen Years that the War had lasted and the Kingdom seemed to have been utterly exhausted c. Perhaps this Passage of which I gave Account more than thirty Years since in a Dedication to his late Majesty Charles II. might have been taken notice of the Instance being so pregnant and so like our present Case But as some Kings and Emperors were Famous for their Care in reforming these Abuses Aurelianus calling in all the Counterfeit Money and giving out New to obviate the growing Mischief and Confusion so there were others as Infamous for their not only neglecting it but for doing worse in not only conniving at them but who did themselves vitiate and debase their own Coin Such of old among the Romans after the Age of Commodus whose excesses had so debauch'd the People were those from Gordian to the Posthumi when they began to pervert the Standard which so long as that Wise and Glorious Empire religiously maintain'd it in all its Purity Nat. Hist. lib. VI. C 22. Quod pares pondere denarii essent in â—â—ptiva pecunia cum diversae imagines indicarent à pluribus factos did infinitely prosper so as Pliny speaking of the Island of Taprobane tells us that the most Barbarous Nations at vast distance held friendly Commerce and Correspondence with the Romans looking upon them as just and worthy People from the constant Value Goodness and Integrity of their Money But no sooner did they once give way to the adulteration or raising of their Money beyond its real worth but the Government it self grew degenerate and soon fell after it Nor is there a more fatal Symptom of Consumption in a State than the Corruption and Diminution of the Coin under which denomination I comprehend all other Practices on the Species however dignified by Names and Character The very Truth is to put a King's Title or Effigies to unweighty Money and not of authentic Value is as we said to render the Prince himself a Faux Monoyeur or as the Learned * Recher L VI. C. 21. Pasquiers Expression is donner un souflet au Roy and bouffet Majesty Thus Henry VI. diverted or perverted rather by the mean and beggarly Shift of Alchymy and other Sophistications endeavour'd to supply his Extravagances as after him another profuse Henry of ours until his Renouned Daughter by more wholsome Counsel reforming it reduc'd the Standard to the Purity of Edward the Fourth But it was our First Edward who first of all establish'd the English Sterling from its ambulatory and uncertain Motion and Value and which all the wiser States of Christendom did imitate afterwards This calls to mind another Edward that most hopeful and incomparable Prince the Sixth of that name who having as yet hardly arriv'd to the Thirteenth Year of his Age upon Consideration of the miserable Plight to which his profuse Father had brought the Coin took such Care and Pains to inform himself of the State and Condition of the Mint Exchange and Value of Money and to Regulate those Matters as by turning over the * Original in the Cotton Library and now published in Hist. Reformat Book II. Part II. Iournal written in his own Hand I find among other grave and serious Remarks he did so far exceeding either the usual Capacity or Years of an Age so Immature as it reproaches those who being much more Advanc'd minded nothing but trifling childish or vicious Diversions To step a little back again to the History of these depraved Customs abroad It was about the Reign of Charles the Simple that most of the Great ones especially Governours of Provinces Castles and principal Cities took on them to Coin and looked upon the Priviledge as it were hereditary and independent for so did they sometimes here in England too tho' it lasted not long but the Mischief became so insupportable by reason of the Corruption that when the King would have abrogated the cause of the Abuse he found it so very difficult that he was fain to give it over and content himself with a small proportion to discharge the Mintage and this was thought not a little Progress 'T is in the mean time evident as to that of France they might thank themselves and their perpetual Quarrels with England from the very Reign of their Famous St. Lewis and above all that of Philip the Fair and Charles IX when we endanger'd France as it now does us which mov'd them to debase and yet to inhance the Value of their Coin to the unspeakable loss of the
Publick and dishonor of the Prince and Government the mixtures being two third-parts of Copper to one of Silver so as three Deniers of the New Money was not worth above one of the Old and the Effect was accordingly namely an universal Decay of Trade throughout the Nation and so very odious was the Practice that within little above an Age past there being but a very small part of Coin decried in Aquitain the Detriment was so grievously resented by the People that they no more computed from the Year of the Lord but from their Decurtata Moneta and debasement of the Coin What prodigious Confusion this unworthy Shift and false Polity of Raising and Sinking has several times wrought in Spain and Portugal notwithstanding all that affluence of immense Treasure from both the Indies the lamentable and astonishing sudden Ruin of that late formidable Monarchy shews as well as of many private Persons within our remembrance and may in great part be imputed to it whilst their unsatiable Avarice Ambition Cruelty and Injustice may and ought to be a Document to other Princes and Potentates who think to establish their Grandeur by indirect Policies however for a time they seem to flourish and carry all before them But to return to those Corrupters once more Henry the Fourth of France began to Reform this Evil but soon they relaps'd until the Father of the present King attempted the Regulation and at last not without exceeding Clamour and seditious Commotions hardly and with difficulty effected it We meet indeed with some fair Pieces of Henry the Second by some Invention imitating the Press which were Coin'd in the Iardin des Estuves An. 1553. But it never arriv'd to perfection till Mons. Varin Intendant of the Mint whom I knew and who was himself the most Excellent Artist any Age since the Greek and Roman has I think produc'd took in hand and us'd the Mill effectually as we had in some sort before witness those Pieces of our Edward VI. and his Glorious Sister Queen Elizabeth which we may esteem as Medals And happy happy I pronounce that State and Kingdom whose Princes as both these especially the latter make it their early Care to preserve the Standard intrinsically valuable by a Law as Sacred and Inviolable as that of the Medes and Persians This le Blanc himself acknowledges to have been done in England only of all the Kingdoms not of Europe alone but of all the World besides And undoubtedly Money which is All things in Power and Effect should be made as near as is possible of such proportion of Alloy Weight Value and Security from Diminution as the Species is worth in Metal what 't is pretended to be in Payment exclusive to the Fabrick c. as near as may be and as when of old it was cut from the solid Lingot and then let Men in God's Name traffick freely with it as with other Commodities it will never prejudice the State Where this is honestly observ'd there will ever be most plenty of Money and that State and Kingdom the most flourishing What People then would defile their Fingers with their Monnoy Noire Nigra Moneta Mart. and other fictitious trash light and vitiate however blanch'd with adulterate Mixtures or endure the genuine Metal should be stretch'd beyond its real Value The pernicious Consequences of which is abundantly made out by that our Learned and Judicious Antiquary the late Sir Robert Cotton both before Queen Elizabeth and King Iames the First and the Lords of the Council and since by Sir William Petty whose Catechism as I beg leave to call it and Thoughts about this Matter coincident with that of Sir Christopher Wren and lately since the writing of this the incomparably Judicious and Learned Mr. Lock with the worthy Author of the Review I prefer to any thing I have hitherto met with pretending to answer the present ill-boding Exigences under which we suffer It were easie to deduce the Original and Cause State and Progress of Money it self from the Rising Culminating and Meridian to its decline and almost setting in our Hemisphere as to Goodness and Integrity For so it first shone brightest in the East as we learn from Sacred Writ when they dealt by Weight and the most antient Records of History where there is any Record of Credit from the first and middle Ages and of the latter for Species Character Value Fabric c. out of Budaeus Agricola our Brerewood Malines Sir Thomas Roe Mr. Vaughan an Excellent Piece and Instar Omnium the most laborious Klockius de Aerario whither the Curious of Antiquity may resort for the Metal Standard Coin Laws Abuses and Remedies together with the Charge of the Treasurer and other both high subordinate and Inferior Offices and Officers relating to Money the Consultations of the most politick Princes and States upon the greatest Emergences and in general for whatsoever else falls under this ample Subject in I think all the possible Difficulties which usually arise incident to this imortant Branch and Nerve of the Power Justice and Prosperity of a Nation Historically deduc'd and that with German Industry But as it suits not altogether with my purpose to compile a pompous Volume out of so many Authors as have discuss'd this Argument and which were easie to do by Men of leisure so should I not have nam'd them here but for this Observation that by the universal Suffrage of them all I am sure of the most Learned Judicious and Able of them all I dare appeal to all the Politicks from Aristotle to Bodin and so forth for Two Thousand Years the raising of the Value of Money at any time beyond its real Worth has been almost equally decried and condemned with the very worst of Sophistications Debasing and Diminution of it and from the constant Experience of the fatal and destructive Consequences which have ever attended it One needs but to read the Story of Livius Drusus the Disorder caus'd by those Practices until Marius Gratidianus who had his Statue erected by the Commons to which in Veneration they burnt Incense for his Care and Regulation about the Mint On the other hand how foul a Stain it left on the very best of the Roman Princes as oft as they yielded to these false Expedients their best Historians have acquainted us nor indeed was it at all to their Credit that even in their greatest Extremity of the Punic War they had recourse a while to this ignoble Shift seldom or rarely practised but by Tyrants the negligent vicious and profuse of all that Government and never failing fore-runners of Calamities ensuing both in the West and Eastern Empire also from these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and debauchers of the Species soon after Constantine to so many Ages until it was broken at last in Pieces like the Fragments of their antient Coin The Divisions and perpetual Quarrels about Religion between the Orthodox Arians and other Sects as now afresh reviv'd
be show'd ibid. House of Peers 158. Human Sacrifices abolished 24. Humors Doctrine of Humorists and Qualities 325 326 327 c. Vide Temperament Hungarians Character 315. I. JAMES vid. King Janus 5 38. Idols Popish 66. Jews Medals and Coins suspected 210 217. Their Frauds 217. V. Shekel Ilanders Characters 312 324. Images of Ancestors 64 67. Vid. Pictures Statues Libraries Imperial Medals 181. How long excelling in Workmanship 39 40. Their Rank in the Cabinet 249. How far they reach 249. Imperator 188 Vid. Emperors Impostors 198 201 209 210 216 c. Impressions of Coin and Money when first 6 14. Vide Mint Inanimats in Med. their Signification 60 61 67 68 c. Incantated Med. vid. Med. Inclinations discovered by the Countenance 303. Of several Nations 310 c. Regional Topical 318. Inscriptions 3 8 10 177 c. Hebrew Samaritan 18. Greek 189. Inscrip relating to no knowledge to be rejected 211. About Money 225. About the Theatre at Oxford 65. Should be concise 179 185. How alter'd 216 Mingled conterfeited corrupted 195 196 219. Should be modest not turgid and fastigious like the French 77 179 180 184. What proper 180 182 184. What they Discover of Antiquity 182. Modern Inscrip 208. Abbreviations 186 190 191 192. How to be read in Medals 189 190. and in different Languages 193 194 195. Vid. Legends Orthography Insects Ingenious more than greater Animals why 309. Images see Pictures Statues 67 68. Imperial Med. 181. Impostors 276. Inanimats 60 61. Inscriptions what they acquaint us with They should be Concise not Insolent or Boasting like the French 180 185. Modern Inscript 208. Intaglia 42. Invasions see Armada Inventors and Inventions how honoured 163. Inventors of Polycrests and things of Vse 164. What Medals due to them 167. Some enviously suffer their Talents to be lost and dye with them rather than to impart them 283. Iron Coin and Money 10 13. Iudgment upon outward Appearance only 310. Requires great Caution ibid. Instances remarkable 308 339 c. Julian Apostata judged by his Countenance and Miene 301 305. K. KING Name odious to the Romans why 183. Kings of England their Medals from Edw. Confessor Edw. III. Henr. V. VII VIII 21 86 87. Title Defender of the Faith Head of the Church 89. Edw. VI. defective of Medal King James IV. of Scotland Medal 88. King James I. of England 101 c. Charles I. and II. Medals 105 ad 126. James II. 148 c. King William III. Medal 156. Vid. Queen King's-Evil Med. 85. Kings and Emperors Painters 284. vid. Painters Kishitah 4. Knighthood and Military Order 15 16. Vid. Garter L. LADIES and Women Learned English and other Nations 264 265 c. Languages 193. Latin Greek Perfection and Decays 195. Laud Archbishop of Canterbury's Medal rejoycing at his Death at Rome why 114. Largess 15 16. Vid. Missilia Laurel 26 29 59. Vid. Crown Lawyers 262 275. and Laws 56. Leaden Money and Medals 12 23. Leather Money 10 11. Legenda 177 178 188. Vide Inscriptions Letters 279. How placed 187. Capital Uncial how altered and corrupted 195 196. Vid. Abbreviations Leiden Siege 11. Vid. Paper Money Libation 48. Libella 5. Library Medals necessary 1 2 19 244. The Royal Library at St. Jame's 246 247. Lilburn John Medal asserting Trials by Juries 171. Lines and Strokes in the Countenance 335. Lituus 63. London 162. Metropolis no Roman Colony 51. Conslagration and by whom fir'd 266. Looks 301. Vid. Aspect Face Countenance Luke St. 44. M. MAIORANA 7. Manuscript 2 247 278. Marmora Arundeliana 65. Marolle Abbot his Collection of Prints in Taille-Douce 289. Mary Queen of England setting up the Popish Mass 91. Med. repressing the Rebellion 92. Mass proved by antient Medal a ridiculous mistake 72. Massacre at Paris c. 25. Detested by honest and learned Papists 169. Mathematics and Mathematicians 166. 279 281 320. Maximilian Emperor received pay under Henry VIII 87. Mechanics 162. Mechanical Inventions 280 281 c. Natural to the Germans why 320. MEDALS 8 10. Name neglected 10 13. Antiquity 43 248. Erudition and great vse 49 69. In History Chronology c. by learned Persons cultivated 3 8 13 15 17. The most Authentic Records 243 248. Monuments surviving all Accidents and Revolutions 2 3 71 83 168 243 248. Acquaint us with the most signal Persons Families Actions and Exploits Wars Victories Triumphs Countries Colonies Cities Temples Deities Religion Laws Government Kings Consuls Emperors and other Magistrates c. 40 48 ad 198. Vid. Reverses Medals relating to several nations 18 19 20 21 23 210. On what occasion scatter'd among the People 15 19. Medals not to be struck on slight Subjects 289. Nor dishonoured with Railery or Boasting 24 25 42. Whether commonly in use as Money 8 85. More precious some of Copper than Gold and in what more Rare 8 13 15 39 202 213 238. Sizes 16 17 19. In what vast Quantity found 19 69 70 189. Of whom to enquire 199. And Places where 11 207. Many of the same Stamp 218. Roman Medals best worth Collecting why 39. How far the most valuable reach ibid. and 208. Medals without Heads 26. With Two or more 27 206. Men and Women in the same Medal ibid. Medals Incantated 42. Medals how best to collect understand and distinguish true and antient from false and to detect Cheats and Impostors 208 209 210 ad 221. Medals only of all Coins free from Clippers why 217. Who have the best furnished Cabinets of Medal 244 245 246 251. How far a Series may reach 212 248. Peter de Medices numerous Collection exceeding the French Kings long since 251. Medals Cast Moulded and Stampt 212 213 214. Sophisticated 238. Of the Vernish whether Artificial 212 217. Difficulty in meeting with genuine Medals 215. Fraud by burying Medals 217. Medals when in perfection for the Matter and Sculpture 200 238. When declining 9 10 20 40. And again Reviving 237 ad 241. Prints of Med. 243. Medalions 8 15 16 22. Contorniati 17. Made honorary Presents of to Princes Ambassadors Knights Commanders Doctors egregiously Learned deserving Persons and Officers c. 15 16 137 142. Medals and Money scatter'd among the People 15 19 55 91 97 101. How to take off the Impressions of Medals 219. Medals in Miniature 47. And Taille-Douce ibid. Qualities most requisite to a Student of Medals 240 251. Authors who have best written of Medal Erudition 241 245. How to dispose of Med. in the Cabinet after the best Method 247 ad 257. Vid. Cabinet Who ought to have the Charge and Custody of Medals and other Antiquities 255. Modern Medals too much neglected 157. What worth collecting 40 169. How far a Series of them may reach 208. Medals of King Charles I. Coronation Nuptials Relief of Rochel Expedition to and Return from Scotland Kienton Fight Martyrdom c. 105 ad 120. Natalitial of the Prince of Wales 121 123. Star appearing at Noon ibid. Natalitial Med. of Jacob. D. of York 144. Med. on the