Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
prince_n	duke_n	king_n	wales_n	6,380	5	10.4533	5	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A02495	The principal nauigations, voyages, traffiques and discoueries of the English nation. [vols. 1-3] made by sea or ouer-land, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth, at any time within the compasse of these 1600. yeres: deuided into three seuerall volumes, according to the positions of the regions, whereunto they were directed. The first volume containeth the worthy discoueries, &c. of the English ... The second volume comprehendeth the principall nauigations ... to the south and south-east parts of the world ... By Richard Hakluyt preacher, and sometime student of Christ-Church in Oxford.; Principall navigations, voiages, and discoveries of the English nation.		1599 (1599)	STC 12626A; ESTC S106753	3,713,189	2,072

THe summe of expenses aswell of wages prests as for the expenses of the kings houses and for other gifts and rewards shippes and other things necessary to the parties of France and Normandie and before Calice during the siege there as it appeareth in the accompts of William Norwel keeper of the kings Wardrobe from the 21. day of April in the 18 yeere of the reigne of the said king vnto the foure and twentieth day of Nouember in the one and twentieth yeere of his reigne is iii. hundreth xxxvii thousand li. ix s iiii d. A note out of Thomas Walsingham touching the huge Fleete of eleuen hundred well furnished ships wherewith king Edward the third passed ouer vnto Calais in the yeere 1359. ANno gratiae 1359. Iohannes Rex Franciae sub vmbra pacis dolose obtulit Regi Angliae Flandriam Picardiam Aquitaniam aliasque terras quas equitauerat vastarat pro quibus omnibus ratificandis idem Rex Edwardus in Franciam nuncios suos direxit quibus omnibus Franci contradixerunt Vnde motus Rex Anglie celeriter se suos praeparauit ad transfretandum ducens secum principem Walliae Edwardum suum primogenitum ducem Henricum Lancastrie ferÃ¨ proceres omnes quos comitabantur vel sequebaÌ„tur poene mille currusâ— habuirque apud Sanwicum instructas optime vndecies centum naues cum hoc apparatu ad humiliandum Francorum fastum Franciam nauigauit relicto domino Thoma de Wooodstock filio suo iuniore admodum paruulo Anglici regni custode sub tutela tamen The same in English IN the yeere of our Lord 1359. Iohn the French king craftily and vnder pretence of peace offered vnto Edward the third king of England Flanders Picardie Gascoigne and other territories which he had spoyled and wasted for the ratifying of which agreement the foresaid king Edward sent his ambassadors into France but the Frenchmen gain saied them in all their articles and demaunds Whereupon the king of England being prouoked speedily prepared himselfe and his forces to crosse the seas carying with him Edward Prince of Wales his heire apparant and Henry duke of Lancaster and almost all his Nobles with a thousand wagons and cartes attending vpon them And the said king had at Sandwich eleuen hundred ships exceedingly well furnished with which preparation he passed ouer the seas to abate the Frenchmens arrogancie leauing his yonger sonne Thomas of Woodstocke being very tender of age as his vicegerent in the Realme of England albeit not without a protectour c. The voyage of Nicholas de Lynna a Franciscan Frier and an excellent Mathematician of Oxford to all the Regions situate vnder the North pole in the yeere 1360. and in the raigne of Edward the 3. king of England QVod ad descriptionem partium Septentrionalium attinet eam nos accipimus ex Itinerario Iacobi Cnoyen Buscoducensis qui quaedam exrebus gestis Arthuri Britanni citat maiorem autem partem potiora Ã Sacerdote quodam apud Regem Noruegiae An. Dom. 1364. didicit Descenderat is ex illis quos Arthurus ad has habitandas insulas miserat referebat An. 1360. Minoritam quendam Anglum Oxoniensem Mathematicum in eas insulas venisse ipsisque relictis ad vlteriora arte Magica profectuÌ„ descripsisse omnia Astrolabio dimensum esse in hanc subiectam formam ferÃ¨ vti ex Iacobo collegimus Euripos illos quatuor dicebat tanto impetu ad interiorem voraginem rapi vt naues semel ingressae nullo vento retroagi possent nequÃ¨ verÃ² vnquam tantum ibi ventum esse vt molae frumentarie circumagendae sufficiat Simillima his habet Giraldus Cambrensis qui floruit An. 1210. in libro de mirabilibus Hyberniae sic enim scribit Non procul ab insulis Hebridibus Islandia c. ex parte Boreali est maris quae dam miranda vorago in quam Ã remotis partibus omnes vndique fluctus marinitanquam ex condicto fluunt recurrunt qui in secreta naturae penetralia se ibi transfundentes quasi in Abyssum vorantur Si verÃ² nauem hÃ¢c fortÃ¨ transire contigerit tanta rapitur attrahitur fluctuum violentia vt eam statim irreuocabiliter vis voracitatis absorbeat Quatuor voragines huius Oceani a quatuor oppositis mundi partibus Philosophi describunt vnde â—am marinos fluctus quÃ m AEolicos flatus causaliter peruenire nonnulli coniectant The same in English TOuching the description of the North partes I haue taken the same out of the voyage of Iames Cnoyen of Hartzeuan Buske which alleageth certaine conquests of Arthur king of Britaine and the most part and chiefest things among the rest he learned of a certaine priest in the king of Norwayes court in the yeere 1364. This priest was descended from them which king Arthur had sent to inhabite these Islands and he reported that in the yeere 1360 a certaine English Frier a Franciscan and a Mathematician of Oxford came into those Islands who leauing them and passing further by his Magicall Arte described all those places that he sawe and tooke the height of them with his Astrolabe according to the forme that I Gerard Mercator haue set downe in my mappe and as I haue taken it out of the aforesaid Iames Cnoyen Hee sayd that those foure Indraughts were drawne into an inward gulfe or whirlepoole with so great a force that the ships which once entred therein could by no meanes be driuen backe againe and that there is neuer in those parts so much winde blowing as might be sufficient to driue a Corne mill Giraldus Cambrensis who florished in the yeere 1210 vnder king Iohn in his booke of the miracles of Ireland hath certaine words altogether alike with these videlicet Not farre from these Islands namely the Hebrides Island c. towards the North there is a certaine woonderful whirlpoole of the sea whereinto all the waues of the sea from farre haue their course and recourse as it were without stoppe which there conueying themselues into the secret receptacles of nature are swallowed vp as it were into a bottomlesse pit and if it chance that any shippe doe passe this way it is pulled and drawen with such a violence of the waues that eftsoones without remedy the force of the whirlepoole deuoureth the same The Philosophers describe foure indraughts of this Ocean sea in the foure opposite quarters of the world from whence many doe coniecture that as well the flowing of the sea as the blasts of the winde haue their first originall A Testimonie of the learned Mathematician master Iohn Dee touching the foresaid voyage of Nicholas De Linna ANno 1360. that is to wit in the 34. yeere of the reigne of the triumphant king Edward the third a frier of Oxford being a good Astronomer went in companie with others to the most Northren Islands of the world and there leauing his company together hee trauailed alone

Cuius si quantitatem requitis non nisi machinis instrumentorum genere adminiculo leuari poterat si qualitatem nec maâ—eria nec opere ipsum putem aliquando ab aliquo huiusce apparatu superatum iri Literas quoque mellito sermone plenas pariter direxerat quarum hic tenor fuit Praecordiali amico suo Frederico Dei gratia Romanorum imperatori inuictissimo Henricus Rex Angliae dux Normanniae Aquitaniae Comes Andegauensis salutem verae dilectionis concordiam Excellentiae vestrae quantas possumus referimus grates dominantium optime quod nos nuncijs vestris visitare salutare literis muneribus praeuenire quod his charius amplectimur pacis amoris inuicem dignatus estis foedera inchoare Exultauimus quodammodo animum nobis crescere in maius sensimus euehi dum vestra promissio in qua nobis spem dedistis in disponendis Regni nostri negocijs alacriores nos reddidit promptiores Exultauimus in quam tota mente magnificentiae vestrae assurreximus id vobis in sincero cordis affectu respondentes quod quicquid ad honorem vestrum spectare nouerimus pro posse nostro effectui mancipare parati sumus Regnum nostrum quicquid vbique nostrae subijcitur ditioni vobis exponimus vestre committimus potestari vt ad vestrum nutum omnia disponantur in omnibus vestri fiat voluntas imperij Sit igitur inter nos populos nostros dilectionis pacis vnitas indiuisa commercia tuta Ita tamen vt vobis qui dignitate praeminetis imperandi cedat authoritas nobis non deerit voluntas obsequendi Et sicut vestrae Serenitatis memoriam vestrorum excitat in nobis munerum largitio sic vos nostri quoque reminisci praeoptamus mittentes quae pulchriora penes nos erant vobis magis placitura Attendite itaque dantis affectum non data eo animo quo dantur accipite De manu beati Iacobi super qua nobis scripsistis in ore magistri Hereberti Guilielmi Clerici nostri verbuÌ„ posuimus Teste Thoma Cancellario apud Northanton The same in English THere were present also the same time the messengers of Henry king of England presenting diuers rich and precious gifts and that with great learning eloquence of speech Amongst the which we saw a pauilion most large in quantity most excellent in quality For if you desire to know the quantitie therof it could not be erected without engines and a kinde of instruments and maine force if the qualitie I thinke there was neuer any furniture of the same kinde that surpassed the same either in stuffe or workemanship The said king directed his letters also full of sugred speeches the tenour whereof was this that followeth To his entirely beloued friend Frederick by the grace of God Emperour of the Romanes most inuincible Henry king of England duke of Normandie and Aquitaine Earle of Anjou wisheth health and concord of sincere amitie We doe render vnto your highnes most renowmed and peerelesse Prince exceeding great thanks for that you haue so graciously vouchsafed by your messengers to visite vs in your letters to salute vs with your gifts to preuent vs and which wee doe more highly esteeme of then all the rest to beginne a league of peace and friendship betweene vs. We reioyced and in a maner sensibly felt our selues to bee greatly emboldened and our courage to encrease whilest your promise whereby you put vs in good comfort did make vs more cheerefull and resolute in managing the affaires of our kingdome We reioyced I say in our secret cogitations did humble obeisance vnto your Maiestie giuing you at this time to vnderstand froÌ„ the sincere vnfained affection of our heart that whatsoeuer we shal know to tend vnto your honour we are to our power most ready to put in practise Our kingdome and whatsoeuer is vnder our iurisdiction we doe offer vnto you and commit the same vnto your highnesse that all matters may be disposed according to your direction and that your pleasure may in all things be fulfilled Let there be therefore betweene our selues and our subiects an indiuisible vnitie of friendship and peace and safe trade of Marchandize yet so as that vnto you who excell in dignitie authoritie in commanding may bee ascribed and diligence in obeying shall not want in vs. And as the liberalitie of your rewards doeth often put vs in remembrance of your Maiestie euen so in like maner sending vnto your Highnesse the most rare things in our custodâ—e and which we thought should be most acceptable vnto you wee doe most heartily with that your selfe also would not altogether bee vnmindefull of vs. Haue respect therefore not vnto the gifts but vnto the affection of the giuer and accept of them with that minde wherewith they are offered vnto you Concerning the hand of S. Iames about which you wrote vnto vs we haue sent you word by M. Herbert and by William the Clerke Witnes Thomas our Chancelour at Northanton A generall safe conduct graunted to all forreine Marchants by king Iohn in the first yeere of his reigne as appeareth in the Records of the Tower Anno 1. Regis Ioannis IOannes Dei gratia c. Maiori Communitati Londinensi salutem Sciatis voluntatem esse nostram quod omnes Mercatores de quacunque fuerint terra saluum habeant conductum ire redire cum mercibus suis in Angliam Volumus etiam quod ean dem habeant pacem in Anglia quam Mercatores de Anglia habent in terris illis vnde fuerunt egressi Et ideo vobis praecipimus quod hoc faciatis denunciati in Balliua vestra firmiter teneri permittentes eos ire redire sine impedimento per debitas rectas solitas consuetudines in Balliua vestra Teste Galfredo silio Perri comite Essexiae apud Kinefard 5. die Aprilis In eadem forma scribitur vicecomiti Sudsex Maiori communitati Ciuitatis Winton Balliuo de Southampton Balliuo de Lenne Balliuo Kent Vicecomiti Norffolciae Suffolciae Vicecomiti dorset Sommerset Baronibus de quinque portubus Vicecomiti de Southampton sire Vicecomiti de Herteford Essex Vicecomiti Cornubiae Deuon The same in English IOhn by the grace of God c. to the Maior and communaltie of London greeting You are to vnderstand that it is our pleasure that all Marchants of what nation soeuer shall haue safe conduct to passe and repasse with their Marchandize into England It is our will also that they be vouchsafed the same fauour in England which is granted vnto the English Marchants in those places from whence they come And therefore we giue you in charge that you cause this to be published and proclaimed in your bailiwicke firmely to be obserued permitting them to goe come without impediment according to the due right and ancient customes vsed

or 24 at the most There are many other trifles in Russia as sope mats c. but I thinke there will bee no great account made of them The letters of king Philip and Queene Marie to Iuan Vasiliuich the Emperour of Russia written the first of April 1555 and in the second voyage PHilip and Marie by the grace of God King and Queene of England France Naples Ierusalem and Ireland defenders of the faith Princes of Spaine and Sicilie Archdukes of Austrich Dukes of Burgundie Millaine and Brabant Countries of Haspurge Flanders and Tiroll To the right High right Mightie and right excellent Prince garnished with all gifts of nature by Gods graâ—e Iohn Vaâ—iliuich Emperour of all Russia great Duke of Volodemer Mosco and Nouogrod King of Cazan King of Astracan Lord of Plesco and great Duke of Smolensko of Tueria Ioughoria Permia Vadska Bulghoria and others Lorde and great Duke of Nouogrod of the lowe Countrey of Chernigo Rezan Polotskay Rostoue Yeraslaue Bealozera Liefland Oudoria Obdoria and Condensa Commander of all Siberia and of the North partes and lord of many other countreys greeting Whereas by the consent and licence of our most deare and entirely beleued late brother King Edward the sixt whose soule God pardon sundrie of our subiects marchants of the citie of London within this our realme of England did at their owne proper costs and aduenture furnish three shippes to discouer serch and find lands Islands regions and territories before this aduenture not knowen ne commonly hâ—unted and frequented by seas The one of the which three shippes named the Edward Bonauenture whereof our right welbeloued Richard Chancelour was then gouernour and great Captaine chanced by the grace of God and the good conduct of the sayd Chancelour to arriue and winter in the North part of your Empire of Russia Forasmuch as we be credibly informed by the report of our trustie and welbeloued subiect that your Maiestie did not onely call him and certaine of his company to your emperiall presence and speech entertayned and banqueted them with all humanitie and gentlenes but also being thereunto requested partly by the letters of our said brother partly by request of the sayd Richard Chancelour haue by your letters patents vnder your seale among other things granted That all such marchants as shall come forth of anie of our realms of England or Ireland withal maner of wares if they wil trauel or occupie within your dominions The same marchants with their marchandises in al your lordship may freely at their libertie trauaile out and in without hinderance or any maner of losse And of your farther ample goodnesse haue promised that our ambassadours if wee send any shall with free good will passe to and from you without any hinderance or losse with such message as shall come vnto you and to returne the same to our kingdomes well answered as by the same your letters written in your lordly Palace and Castle of Mosco in the yeere 7063 the moneth of Februarie more at large appeareth Like as wee cannot but much commend your princely fauour and goodnesse and in like manner thanke you for the aboundant grace extended to the sayd Richard Chancelour and others our subiects marchants Euen so these are to pray and request you to continue the same beneuolence toward them and other our marchants and subiects which doe or heereafter shall resorte to your countrey And for the more assurance and incouragement to trade and exercise the feate of marchandise with your subiects and all other marchants within your dominions that it may please you at this our contemplation to assigne and authorise such Commissaries as you shall thinke meete to trade and conferre with our welbeloued subiects and marchants the sayd Richard Chancelour George Killing worth Richard Graie bearers of these our letters who are by vs authoriseâ— for that purpose and to confirme and graunt such other liberties and priuiledges vnto the Gouernour Consuls Assistants and Communaltie of the fellowship of the saide Marchants as the said bearers in their name propone and require by you to be granted for their safe conduct good gouernment and order to bee erected and continued among them in your saide dominions And this with such your clemencie and expedition as wee vpon the next arriuall of the saide Richard Chancelour may bee enformed of your gracious disposition and answere Which your beneuolences so to bee extended wee bee minded to requite towards any your subiects Marchants that shal frequent this our realme at your contemplation therefore to be made Thus right high right Excellent and right mightie Almightie God the Father the Sonne and the holy Ghost haue you in his blessed keeping Giuen vnder our seale at our Palace of Westminster the first of April in the yere from the blessed incarnation of our Sauiour Iesus Christ 1555. and in the first and second yeeres of our reignes Articles conceiued and determined for the Commission of the Merchants of this company resiant in Russia and at the VVarhouse for the second voyage 1555. the first of May as followeth FIrst the Gouernour Consuls Assistants and whole company assembled this day in open court committeth and authorizeth Richard Gray and George Killing worth iointly and seuerally to be Agents Factors and Atturneis generall and speciall for the whole body of this companie to buy sel trucke change and permute al and euery kind and kindes of wares marchandizes and goods to the said company appertaining now laden shipped in the good ship called the Edward Bonauenture appointed for Russia the same â—o vtter and sell to the best commoditie profit and aduantage of the said corporation be it for ready money wares marchandises or truck presently or for time as occasion benefit of the company shal require and all such wares as they or either of them shal buy trucke or prouide or cause to be bought for the company to lade theÌ„ homeward in good order and condition as by prudent course of marchandises shall and ought to appertaine which article extendeth also to Iohn Brooke for the Wardhouse as in the 17. and 18. articles of this commission appeareth 2 Item it is also committed as aboue to the said Agents to binde charge the said company by debt for wares vpon credit as good opportunitie and occasion shal serue with power to charge and bind the said company and their successors for the paiments of such things as shal be taken vp for credite and the said Agents to be relieued ab opere satis dandi 3 Item full authoritie and power is committed to the said first named factors together with Richard Chancelor grand Pilot of this fleete to repaire to the Emperors court there to present the king and Queenes Maiesties letters written in Greeke Polish and Italian and to giue and exhibite the marchants presents at such time and place as shal be thought most expedient they or one of them to demand and humbly desire of y

enterprise vnknowen and by our Marchants and subiects not commonly frequeÌ„ted and to enter and land in the sanle without any maner of denying paine penaltie or forfeiture to be had or taken by anie our lawes customes or statutes to our vse or to the vse of our heires or successors for the same And we haue also granted and by these presents for vs our heires and successors doe graunt vnto the sayd Gouernours Consuls assistants fellowship and comminalty and to their successours and to their Factors and assignes and to euery of them licence for to reare plant erect and fasten our banners standards flags and Ensignes in whatsoeuer citie towne village castle Isle or maine lande which shall be by them newly found without any the penalties forfeitures or dangers aforesayde and that the sayd fellowship and comminalty and their successors Factors assignes and euery of them shall and may subdue possesse and occupie all maner cities townes Isles and maine lands of infidelitie which is or shall be by them or any of them newly founde or descried as our vassals and subiects and for to acquire and get the Dominion title and iurisdiction of the same Cities Townes Castles Uillages Isles and maine landes which shall bee by them or any of them newly discouered or found vnto vs our heires and successours for euer And furthermore whereas by the voyage of our subiects in this last yeere attempted by Nauigation towards the discouerie and disclosure of vnknowen places Realmes Islandes and Dominions by the seas not frequented it hath pleased Almighty God to cause one of the three shippes by them set foorth for the voyage and purpose aboue mentioned named the Edward Bonauenture to arriue abide and winter within the Empire and dominions of the high and mightie Prince our cousin and brother Lord Iohn Basiliuich Emperour of all Russia Volodomer great duke of Moscouie c. Who of his clemencie for our loue and zeale did not onely admitte the Captaine and marchants our subiects into his protection and Princely presence but also receiued and intertained them very graciously and honourably granting vnto them by his letters addressed vnto vs franke accesse into all his Seigniories and dominions with licence freely to traffique in and out with all his Subiects in all kinde of Marchandise with diuers other gracious priuiledges liberties and immunities specified in his sayde letters vnder his Signet Know yee therefore that wee of our further royall fauour and munificence of our meere motion certaine knowledge and speciall grace for vs our heires and successours haue giuen and graunted and by these presents doe giue and grant vnto the same Gouernours Consuls assistants fellowship and comunalty aboue named and to their successours as much as in vs is that all the mayne landes Isles portes hauens creekes and riuers of the said mighty Emperour of all Russia and great duke of Mosco c. And all and singuler other lands dominions territories Isles Portes hauens creekes riuers armes of the sea of al and euery other Emperor king prince ruler and gouernor whatsoeuer he or they before the said late adenture or enterprise not knowen or by our foresayd marchants and subiects by the seas not commonly frequented nor by any part nor parcell thereof lying Northwards North-eastwards or Northwestwards as is aforesayd by sea shall not be visited frequented nor hanted by any our subiects other then of the sayd company and felowship and their successours without expresse licence agreement and consent of the Gouernour Consuls and Assistants of the said felowship and communaltie aboue named or the more part of them in manner and number asoresayd for the time being vpon paine of forfeiture and losse as well of the shippe and shippes with the appurtenances as also of all the goods marchandises and things whatsoeuer they be of those our subiects not being of the sayd felowship and communalty which shall attempt or presume to saile to any of those places which bee or hereafter shall happen to bee found and â—raffiked vnto the one halfe of the same forfeiture to be to the vse of vs our heires and successors and the other halfe to be to the vse of the sayd fellowship and communaltie And if it shall fortune anie stranger or strangers for to attempt to hurt hinder or endamage the same marchants their factors deputies or assignes or any of them is sailing going or returning at any time in the sayd aduenture or for to saile or trade to or from any those places landes or coastes which by the sayd marchants their factors deputies and assignes haue bene or shall bee descried discouered and found or frequented aswell within the coastes and limites of gentility as within the dominions and Seigniories of the sayd mighty Emperour and Duke and of all and euery other Emperour King Prince Ruler and gouernour whatsoeuer he or they be before the sayd late aduenture or enterprise not knowen by any our said marchants and subiects by the seas not commonly frequented and lying Northwards Northwestwards or Northeastwards as aforesaid then wee will and grant and by these presents doe licence and authorise for vs our heires and successors the said marchants their factors deputies and assignes and euery of them to doe their best in their defence to resist the same their enterprises and attempts Willing therefore and straightly commanding and charging al and singuler our Officers Maiors Sherifes Escheators Constables Barlifes and all and singuler other our ministers and liege men and subiects whatsoeuer to bee aiding fauouring helping assisting vnto the sayd gouernour or gouernours Consuls assistants fellowship and communalty and to their successeors and deputies factors seruants and assignes and to the deputies factors and assignes of euery of them in executing and enioying the premisses as well on land as in the sea from time to time and at all times when you or any of you shall be thereunto required In witnesse whereof c. Apud Westmonasterium 6 die Feb. Annis regnorum nostrorum primo secundo Certaine instructions deliuered in the third voyage Anno 1556. for Russia to euery Purser and the rest of the seruants taken for the voyage which may serue as good and necessary directions to all other like aduenturers FIrst you shall before the ship doth begin to lade goe aboord and shall there take and write one inuentorie by the aduise of the Master or of some other principall officer there aboord of all the tackle apparell cables ankers ordinance chambers shot powder artillerie and of all other necessaries whatsoeuer doth belong to the sayd ship and the same iustly taken you shall write in a booke making the sayd Master or such officer priuie of that which you haue so written so that the same may not be denied when they shall call accompt thereof that done you shall write a copie of the same with your owne hand which you shall deliuer before the shippe shall depart for the voyage to

heate of the Sunne in the day causeth the deepe lakes of Ladega and specially of Onega to cleaue and if there should come then a sudden thaw as oftentimes in that time of the yeere doeth then doe these lakes open and breake whereby many men are lost and both men and horse drowned although other riuers do remaine frozen a long time after In the towne of Some also there are many warehouses whereof we cannot be destitute for the reposing of our wares as also as many barkes as you wil to transport your wares from thence to S. Nicholas road and that for three pence a poods caryage so that from the Citie of Nouogrod vnto S. Nicholas road you may haue wares caried for two altines The pood commeth vnto 23. altines the tunne Prouided alwayes that you buy your wares there your selfe and send it thence for there is no hope that the natiues will bring their wares from Nouogrod to Some in hope to sell vnto vs considering the great trade that they haue at the Narue which is within 180. miles off them Written by Thomas Southam a seruant to the company An Act for the corporation of Merchants aduenturers for the discouering of new trades made in the eight yeere of Queene Elizabeth Anno 1566. WHereas diuers very good Subiects of this Realme of England in the latter ende of the reigne of the late right high and mightie prince our Soueraigne Lord king Edward the sixt at the gracious incouragement and right good liking of the said king and by his Maiesties liberall example did at their aduenture and to their exceeding great charges for the glory of God the honor and increase of the reuenues of the Crowne and the common vtilitie of the whole Realme of England set forth thrâ—e ships for the discouery by Sea of Isles lands territories dominions and Seigniories vnknowen and by the Subiects of the sayd late king not commonly by seas frequented and after that Almightie God had called to his mercie the said king who died before the finishing and sealing of his most ample and gracious letters of priuiledges promised to the said Subiects as wel in consideration of the said enterprise as for diuers other respects it pleased our late souereigne Q. Mary at the humble suites of the same subiects to graunt by her letters Patents vnder the great Seale of England bearing date at Westminster the 26. day of February in the second yeere of her raigne for the considerations mentioned in the said letters Patents to the saide subiects being specially named in the saide letters Patents and to their successors that they by the name of Merchants aduenturers of England for the discouerie of lands territories Isles dominions and Seigniories vnknowen and not before their late aduenture or enterprise by seas or Nauigations coÌ„monly frequented should be from thenceforth one body and perpetual felowship and communaltie of themselues both in deed and in name and that the same felowship and communaltie from thenceforth should and might haue one or two gouernours foure Consuls and 24. assistants of the said felowship and comminaltie of Merchants aduenturers and that they by the name of the Gouernour Consuls assistants felowship and comminaltie of Merchants aduenturers for the discouery of lands territories Isles dominions and Seigniories vnknowen by the seas and Nauigations and not before their said late aduenture or enterprise by Seas frequented should or might be able in the lawe to implead and to bee impleaded to answere and to be answered to defend and to be defended before whatsoeuer Iudge or Iustice temporall or spiritual or other persons whatsoeuer in whatsoeuer court or courts and in all actions real personal and mixt and in euery of them and in all plaints of Nouel deseison and also in all plaints sutes quarrels affaires businesse and demaunds whatsoeuer they be touching and concerning the said felowship and comminaltie and the affaires and businesse of the same only in as ample maner and forme as any other corporation of this Realme might doe giuing also and granting vnto them by the said letters Patents diuers authorities powers iurisdictions preheminences franchises liberties and priuiledges as by the same letters Patents more at large will appeare And among other things mentioned in the said letters Patents whereas one of the three ships by the said fellowship before that time set foorth for the voyage of discouery aforesaid named the Edward Bonauenture had arriued within the Empire and dominion of the high and mightie Prince Lord Iohn Vasiliwich Emperour of all Russia Volodimersky great duke of Musky c. who receiued the Captaine and Merchants of the saide shippe very graciously granting vnto them freâ—â—y to traâ—fique with his subiects in all kinde of merchandizes with diuers other gracious priuiledges and liberties therefore the said late Queene by the same letters Patents for her her heires and successors did graunt that all the maine lands Isles ports hauens creeks and riuers of the said mighty Emperour of all Russia and great duke of Moâ—co c. and all and singular other lands dominions territories Isles ports hauens creeks riuers armes of the seas of al and euery other Emperour king prince ruler or gouerner whatsoeuer he or they be before the said late aduenture or enterprise not knowen or by the aforesaid merchants and subiects of the said king and Queene by the seas not commonly frequented nor any part or parcell thereof and lying Northwards Northeastwards or Northwestwards as in the said letters patents is mentioned should not be visited frequented nor hunted by any the subiects of the said late Queene other then of the said company and fellowship and their successors without expresse licence agreement consent of the Gouerner Consuls and Assistants of the said felowship and communaltie or the more part of them in maner forme as is expressed in the saide letters patents vpon paine of for feiture and losse as well of the ship and ships with the appurtenances as also of the goods merchandizes and things whatsoeuer they be of those the subiects of the said late Queene not being of the saide fellowship and communaltie which should attempt or presume to saile to any of those places which then were or after should happen to be found and traffiqued vnto the one halfe of the same forfriâ—ure to be to the vse of the said late Queene her heires successors and the other halfe to be to the vse of the said felowship communaltie as by the same letters patents more plainly will appeare Since the making of which letters patens the said fellowship haue to their exceeding great costes losses and expences not onely by their trading into the said dominions of the saide mightie prince of Russia c. found out conuenient way to saile into the saide dominions but also passing thorow the same and ouer the Caspian sea haue discouered very commodious trades into Armenia Media Hyrcania Persia and other dominions in Asia minor hoping by

plurimos annos exportatis affatim nostrarium quibusuis commodis pecudum pecorumque carnibus butyro piscium copia quotannis penÃ¨ immodica quaedam quasi cella penuaria fuit Sensere huius Insulae commoda etiam Hollandiae olim Angliae vrbes aliquot Praeterea Danis BremÃ¨nsibus Lubecensibus cum Islandis commercia diu fuerunt Sed a nullis vnquam tale encomium talem gratiam reportarunt qualis hec est Gregoriana calumnia In vestrÃ vestrÃ inquam vrbe nata edita iterata si non tertiata que alias nationes quibus Islandia vix ac ne vix quidem nomine tenus alioqui innotuerat ad huius gentis opprobrium contemptum armauit quam Ã ciue vestro acceptam iniuriam iam 30. annos plus cÃ² Islandia sustinet Sed etiam inscio magistratu eiusmodi multa saepÃ¨ fiunt Neque enim dubitamus quin viri boni ciusmodi scripta famosa indignÃ¨ ferant ne edantur diligenter caueant cum tales editiones pugnent cum iure naturali Ne alteri facias quod tibi factum non velis Et Caesareo de libellis famosis in quo irrogatur poena grauissima ijs qui tales libellos componunt scribunt proferunt emi vendiue curant aut non statim repertos discerpunt Caeterum iam tandem receptui canamus NÃ³sque ad te Islandia parens carissima quam nec paupertas nec frigora nec id genus incommoda alia quamdiu Christo hospitia cupidÃ¨ libenter exhibere non desistis inuisam facient conuertamus Vbi te primÃ¹m ad id quod modÃ² diximus nempÃ¨ serium ardens studium ac amorem DEI diuine scientiae nobis in Christo pate factae totis viribus hortamur vt vni huic cuncta posthabeas doctrinae verbi cupiditate flagres Sacrum ministerium ministros non parum cures non contemnas aut odio prosequare sed reuerearis foueas ames Contra facientes pro impijs profanis habeas vt omnia ad pietatis honestatis praescriptum geras in vita priuata communi vt huic status ordines Ecclesiastici Politici in vniuersum obtemperent In vtroque vitae genere ab illa amussi seu norma aequi boni dependeas caeteros qui pertinacia ac impietate ab ea deflectunt auerseris quos aequum est poenis condignis affici id quod magistratui curae futurum non diffidimus In primis verÃ² nullos nisi spectatae fidei probitatis viros quique ad istas virtutes reliquas huc pertinentes coniungant ad gubernacula admittas qua ratione reliquis incommodis ritÃ¨ occurritur Res ista enim si probÃ¨ curetur vt videlicet qui munus publicum gerunt ex bonis omnibus optimi quique deligantur improbi huic rei inepti procul inde arceantur subditorum conditio longÃ¨ erit optatissima vita mores tantÃ² magis laudabiles sequentur pietas honestas tantÃ² erunt illustriores At verÃ² si secus fiat si Pastores Ecclesiarum suo muneri vel vita vel doctrina non respoÌ„deant si ad administrationeÌ„ politicam promiscuÃ¨ admittantur quicunque eÃ² propria leuitate ambitione vel auaritia contentione honoris ruunt si ijdem criminum aut improbitaris vel suspecti vel conuicti sint aut suspectorum conuictorum protectores vel ijsdem illicitÃ¨ indulgentes quis tuus quaeso demum futurus est status quae facies quae conditio CertÃ¨ longÃ¨ omnium miserrima Nec enim alio pacto citius ad ruinam interitum tuum appropinquabis quÃ m si istis te regendam commiseris qui quod in ijs est licet sint ipsi ex tuis iugulum tuum propter emolumenta priuata odia latentia quotidiÃ¨ petere coÌ„tendunt Quamobrem ne ista pluribus agam quanti intersit vt haec probÃ¨ curentur sacilÃ¨ Ã´ Patria intelligis Sed dum haec tuls auribus Ã me occinuntur utinam gemitus meos altissimos qui sub hac ad te Apostrophe latent Serenissimae Regiae Maiestatis aures exaâ—diant apud quam ego pro te ita deploro damna publica quae ea de causa exoriuntur maximÃ¨ quÃ²d patria Ã regia sede conspectu tantÃ² interuallo sit remota vt multi propterea tantÃ² sibi maiorem sumant licentiam linpunitatem securius promittant Caeterum ista numini iustissimo quod aequis omnia oculis aspicit committenda ducimus Reliquum est Ã´ patria vt studium in te nostrum eo quo speramus animoâ—i comi benigno suscipias quod quamuis minimÃ¨ tale est quale optaremus tamen cum VELLE SIT INSTAR OMNIVM nolui idcirco desistere quod pro tuo nomine tua dignitate tua innocentia pugnate me satis strenuÃ¨ diffiderem Quin potius quicquid id est si modÃ² quicquam est quantulum cunque tandem quod ad tui patrociniumâ— pro mea tenui parte afferte possem nequaquam supprimendum putaui nec enim illos laudare soleo Qui quÃ²d desperent inuicti membra Glyconis Nodosa nolunt corpus probibere Chiragra Me sanÃ¨ si haec commentatiuncula non erit tibi aut mihi dedecori operae nequaquaÌ„ poenitebit QuÃ²d si ad laudem vel aliquale patrocinium tui aliquid faciat operam perdidisse haud videbor Sin verÃ² alios alumnos tuos meos conterraneos arte industria superiores ad causam tuam vel nunc vel in posterum suscipiendam hoc conatu tenello excitauero quid est cur operae precium non fecisse dicar quibus seribentibus licet mea fama in obscuro futura est tamen praestantia illorum qui nomini officient meo me consolabor Nam etsi famae nominis cura summa esse debet maior tamen patriae cuius dignitate salua incolumni nos quoque saluos incolumes reputabimus Scripsi Holis Hialtaedalensium in Islandia AErae Christianae Anno 1592. 17. Kalendas Maias A BRIEFE COMMENTARIE of Island wherin the errors of such as haue written concerning this Island are detected and the slanders and reproches of certaine strangers which they haue vsed ouer-boldly against the people of Island are confuted By Arngrimus Ionas of Island To the most mighty Prince and Lord Lord Christian the 4. of Denmarke Norway and of the Vandals and Gothes King elect of Sleswic Holste Stormar and Duhmarse Duke Earle of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst His most gratious Lord. THat heroical attempt of Anchurus sonne of King Midas most gratious prince and that pietie towards his countrey in maner peerelesse deserueth highly to be renowmed in histories in that freely and couragiously he offered his owne person for the stopping vp of an huge gulfe of earth about Celoena a towne in Phrigia which dayly swallowed multitudes of men and what soeuer else came neere vnto it For when his

great fight before Greueling the 29 of Iuly Three Spanish shippes sucke in the fight Two galeons taken and caried into Zeland A small shippe cast away about Blankenberg The dishonourable flight of the Spanish nauy and the prudent aduice of the L. Admirall The English returne home from the pursute of y e Spaniards the 4. of August The Spaniards consult to saile round about Scotland and Ireland and so to returne home The shippewracke of the Spaniardes vpon the Irish coast Of 134 ships of the Spanish fleet there returned home but 53. New coines stamped for the memory of the Spaniards ouerthrow The people of England and of the vnited prouinces piaâ— fast and giue thanks vnto God 1. King cap 5. 2. Chron. cap. 2. Triadum liber A.D. 1058. A.D. 1064. A.D. 1051. A.D. 1064 According to Florentius Wigorniensis A.D. 1051. A.D. 1102. When the author was writing of this history Hic etiam Gullielmus Tyrensis claruit sub Henrico primo Claruit sub Stephano 1147. Tempore regis Stephâ—â—i 1173. 1177. The citie of Iconium intended to haue bene besieged Certaine noble men of the king of England were with the Emperor in his battell against the Soldan of Iconium Â¶ The oth of fidelitie betwixt King Richard and the French kingâ— The discipline and orders of the king Messana won by the English The Nauie of king Richard The Lord Chamberlaine of King Richard left gouernour of Cyprus A great ship of Saracens taken by king Richard King Richard arriued at Achon The forme of peace concluded betweene the Kings and the Princes of Achon The French kings shamefull returne home The captiues of the Saracens slaine by King Richard A notable victorie against the Saladine King Richard in possession of Syria 1193. King Richard returneth from Palaestina The iust iudgment of God vpon the Duke of Austria Ciuitas Ioppe 1240. â€– Or Long-sword A foâ—â— woâ— by the Eâ—glishmeâ— A rich bootie also gotten by the Englishmen The iniurie of the Frenchmen to our English Will. Longspee iâ—â—tly â—oâ—saketh y e French king The worthy answere of William Longspe â—o Earle Robert The â—owardly flight of Earle Robert The valiant ende of William Longespe The arriuall of prince Edward at Acra Nazareth taken by the prince A â—ictoâ—iâ— agaâ—nâ—â— the Saracâ—nsâ— whâ—rein 1000 oâ—â—heÌ„ were slâ—iâ—e The princes of Cyprus acknowledge obedâ—â—â—ce to the kings of England Prince â—dwâ—â—d â—raâ—â—â—oâ—sly wouâ—ded This lord Edmund was the prince his brother 1305. Armenia maior Tauris ciuitas Persiâ— Suleania Vel Casâ—ibin Gest. Como Ormus Thana Malabaâ— Polumbrum ciâ—itas Adoratio bouis Combastio mortuotum Mobat regnum vel Maliapor Crudelissima Sutanae tyrannis caâ—nificina Platonica xâ—â—oriae Simolâ—ra vel Samoâ—ra Iâ—uâ— Vel Malasmi Mare quod semper currit versus meridiem Vela ex â—â—ndinibus facta Campa Testudines magnae Moâ—moran Ceilan inâ—ula Bodin Insula Vel Ceâ—scala Hi sunt alcatraâ—â—i vel onocratoli Vel Zaâ—â—on Vel Foquien Magnum flumen Alias Cansai vel Quiâ—â—ai Pythagorica ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Chilenâ—o Thalay Kakam Montu Caramoran Cambaleâ— Mandeuil cap. 33. Casan Tibec regio aliaÌ„â— Tebet Guillielmo de Rubricis Eadem historia de codem populo apud GuiltelmuÌ„ de Rubricis Mulierum parâ—i pedes Milestorite Pera. Trapesunda The citie of Azaron in Armenia maior Sobissacalo Tauris a citie of Persia. Or Sultania The Caspian sea Or Cassibin Geste Como The tower of Babel Ormus Thana whereof Frederick Câ—sar maketh mâ—ntion Malabar Or Alandrina Polumbrum The burning of their dead Mobar or Maliapor Perhaps he meaneth Comori Sumatra Iaua A sea running still Southward Sayles made of reedes Campa Tortoises Moumoran Or Dadin Or China Or Ceuskalâ— He meaneth Pellicans which the Spaniards cal Alcatâ—tarzi Or Zâ—iton A great riuer Foules catching fish Or Cansai or Qâ—inzai The Italian copy in Ramusius hath 11000. bridges Chilenfo Thalay Cakam Ianzu Karamoroâ— Sumacoto A lambe in a gourd His retuâ—ne Westward Casan â€– Or Thebet The same story concerning the very same people is in William de Râ—brâ—cis Long nailes Melistorte In the reigne of Edward the third The Chronicles of Genoa 1394. Froyslare Thomas Walsingham Order taken for building of ships and gallies The taking of Belgrade Forren physicians become spies oftentimes A Portingale traitor Philip de Villiers great master Sir Ioh. Bourgh the English Turcoplier Harnest in April and May. A thousand more Turkes slaine before the English bulwarke Sir Will. Weston captaine of the English posterne hurt 64000. Turkâ— slaine at the siege of Rhodes He meaneth the Emperor the French king The Holy Crosse and the Mathew Gonson depart for Turkie The Mathew Gonson goeth into Turkie The Barke Aucher goeth for Leuant Mallorca Messina The Turke prepareth an army to besâ—ege Malta The Barke Aucher at Micone The towne of Chio is bound in 12000 ducats for the fafegard of the Barke Aucher The companie doe murmure against their Captaine The Turkes Gallies come to seeke the Barke Aâ—cher Fiue thousand banished men in Candia Master Richard Chancellour Master Mathew Baker The ship Fila Cauena departeth for Ierusalem Rouignio a port in Istria Sancta Eufemia Monte de Ancona Il pomo Sant Andrea Lissa an Iland Lezina Iland Catza Pelagosa Augusta Meleda Monte Sant Angelo Ragusa paâ—eth 14000. Sechinos to the Turke yerely Il Cromo Zupanna Isola de Mezo Sant Andrea Castle nouo Boca de Cataro The towne Cataro Budoa Antiueri Marcheuetti The end of Sclauonia and the beginning of Albania Puglia Cape Chimera Cape Otranto Il fano Corfu Palomide Cephalonia Morea Zante Iohn Locke and fiue Hollanders goe on land Santa Maria de la Croce The tombe of M. T. Cicero * Oi Aue. The descriptioÌ„ of the tombe Sant Elia bist one Frier The descriptioÌ„ of the Castle of Zante The Turke hath attempted the Iland of Zante The Castle of Torneste Twelue turks gallies at Modon and Coron and Candia Modon Coron Cauo Mattapan Candia Gozi Candia Cape Spada C. Salomon Ponta Malota Baffo Cauo Bianco Cauo de la garte Limisso Caualette in a certaine vernime in the Island of Cyprus The pilgrimes going to the Greeke churches A great currant A Cat fallen into the sea and recouâ—red They met with two Moores on land The two towers of Iaffa Scolio di Santo Petro. A messenger departeth for Ierusalem Mahomet is clothed in greene The Guardian of Ierusalem commeth to Iaffa with the Cady and Subassi A cloud called of the Italians Cion most dangerous A coniuration The pilgrimes returne from Ierusalem Mount Carmel Pesce columbini Cauo de la Griega Salini Arnacho di Salini Casalia Sixe horsemen to watch the salt pit Faâ—agusta Mozenigo Solde of Venice Castellani Saint Katherenâ— Chappel â—â— old Famagusta Diuers coines vnder ground Cornari a familie of Venice maried to king Iaques No vitalles must be sold our of the city of Famagusta Great ruines in Cyprus Cyprus 36. yeres disinhabited for lacke of water Cypr. ruinated by Rich. the 1. Nicosia A fountaine

created knight In y e yere 1257. the Church of S. Maries of Russin was dedicated by Richard bishop of Soder In the yeere 1260. Haco king of Norway came into the parts of Scotland and without atchieuing ought turning his course towards the Orcades he there deceased at Kirwas and was buried at Bergen In the yeere 1265. Magnus the sonne of Olauus king of Man and of the Islands died at the castle of Russin and was buried at the Church of S. Mary at Russin In the yere 1266. the kingdome of the Islands was translated vnto Alexander king of Scots That which followeth was written in a new character or letter and of a diuers kinde from the former IN the yeere 1270. vpon the seuenth day of October the Fleete of Alexander king of Scots arriued at Roghalwath and the next day before the Sunne rising there was a battell fought betweene the Mannians and the Scots in the which conflict there were slaine 535. Mannians whereupon a certaine versifier writeth to this effect Fiue hundreth fourtie men are slaine against ill haps Yee Mannians arme your selues for feare of afterclaps In the yeere 1313. Robert king of Scots besieged the castle of Russin which Dingawy Dowil held against him howbeit at the last the king tooke the castle In the yeere 1316. vpon the feast of Ascension Richard le Mandeuile and his brethren with diuers great personages of Irland arriued at Ramaldwath demaunding to haue victuals and money ministred vnto them because they had bene spoyled by their enemies which made continuall warre vpon them But when the whole company of the Mannians answered that they would giue nothing they proceeded against them in warlike maner with two bands till they were come vnder the side of the hill called Warthsel in the fielde where Iohn Mandeuile remained and there hauing fought a battell the Irish ouercame the people of Man and spoiled the Island and the Abbey of Russin also and when they had reueled a whole moneth in the Island lading their ships they returned home The mariage of the daughter of Harald slaine by VVilliam the Conquerour vnto Ieruslaus duke of Russia taken out of the 9. Booke of the Danish historie written by Saxo Grammaticus An. D. 1067. HAraldo caefo filij eius duo confestim in Daniam cum sorore migrarunt Quos Sweno paterni illorum meriti oblitus consanguineae pietatis more accepit puellamque Ruthenorum regi Waldemaro qui ipse Iarislaus a suis est appellatus nuptum dedit Eidem postmodÃ¹m nostri temporis dux vâ— sanguinis ita nominis haeres ex filia nepos obuenit Itaque hinc Britannicus indÃ¨ Eous sanguis in salutarem nostri principis ortum confluens communem stirpem duarum gentium ornamentum effecit The same in English HArald being slaine his two sonnes with their sister sped themselues immediatly into Denmarke Whom Sweno forgetting their fathers deserts receiued in most kinde and friendly maner and bestowed the yong damosell in mariagâ— vpon Waldemarus king of Russia who was also called by his subiects Iarislaus Afterward the said Waldemarus had by his daughter a nephew being duke at this present who succeeded his predecessour both in line al descent and in name also Wherefore the English blood on the one side and the Russian on the other side concurring to the ioyfull birth of our prince caused that mutual kinred to be an ornament vnto both nations The state of the shipping of the Cinque ports from Edward the Confessour and William the Conquerour and so downe to Edward the first faithfully gathered by the learned Gentleman M. William Lambert in his Perambulation of Kent out of the most ancient Records of England I Finde in the booke of the generall suruey of the Realme which William the Conquerour caused to bee made in the fourth yeere of his reigne and to be called Domesday because as Matthew Parise saith it spared no man but iudged all men indifferently as the Lord in that great day wil do that Douer Sandwich and Rumney were in the time of K. Edward the Confessour discharged almost of all maner of impositions and burdens which other townes did beare in consideration of such seruice to bee done by them vpon the Sea as in their special titles shall hereafter appeare Whereupon although I might ground reasonable coniecture that the immunitie of the hauen Townes which we nowe call by a certaine number the Cinque Ports might take their beginning from the same Edward yet for as much as I read in the Chartre of K. Edward the first after the conquest which is reported in our booke of Entries A recitall of the graunts of sundry kings to the Fiue Ports the same reaching no higher then to William the Conquerour I will leaue my coniecture and leane to his Chartre contenting my selfe to yeelde to the Conquerour the thankes of other mens benefits seeing those which were benefited were wisely contented as the case then stood to like better of his confirmation or second gift then of K. Edwards first graunt and endowment And to the ende that I may proceed in some maner of array I will first shewe which Townes were at the beginning taken for the Fiue Ports and what others be now reputed in the same number secondly what seruice they ought and did in times passed and lastly what priuiledges they haue therefore and by what persons they haue bene gouerned If I should iudge by the common and rude verse Douer Sandwicus Ry Rum Frigmare ventus I must say that Douer Sandwich Rie Rumney and Winchelsey for that is Frigmare ventus be the Fiue Ports Againe if I should be ruled by the Rolle which reciteth the Ports that send Barons to the Parliament I must then adde to these Hastings and Hyde for they also haue their Barons as well as the other and so should I not onely not shew which were the first Fiue but also by addition of two others increase both the number and doubtfulnesse Leauing the verse therefore for ignorance of the authour and suspition of his authoritie and forsaking the Rolle as not assured of the antiquitie I will flee to Henry Bracton a man both ancient learned and credible which liued vnder K. Henry the thirde and wrote aboue three hundreth yeeres since learnedly of the lawes of this Realme He I say in the third booke of his worke and treatise of the Crowne taking in hand to shewe the articles inquirable before the Iustice in Eire or Itinerent as we called them because they vsed to ride from place to place throughout the Realme for administration of iustice setteth forth a special fourme of writs to be directed seuerally to the Bailifes of Hastings Hithe Rumney Douer and Sandwich commanding them that they should cause twentie foure of their Barons for so their Burgesses or townesmen and the citizens of London likewise were wont to be termed to appeare before the Kings Iustices at Shipwey in

vnderstood the Tartars sayd that they would appoint vs poste horses and a guide vnto Corrensa And immediately demanding gifts at our hands they obtained them Then receiuing the same horses from which they dismounted together with a guide wee tooke our iourney vnto Corrensa But they riding a swift pace sent a messenger before vnto the sayd duke Corrensa to signifie the message which we had deliuered vnto them This duke is gouernour of all them which lie in guard against the natioÌ„s of the West least some enemy might on the sudden and at vnawares breake in vpon them And hee is said to haue 60000. men vnder him How they were receiued at the court of Corrensa Chap. 21. BEing come therefore vnto his court hee caused our tent to bee placed farre from him and sent his agents to demaund of vs with what we would incline vnto him that is to say what giftes we would offer in doing our obeisance vnto him Unto whome wee answered that our lord the Pope had not sent any giftes at all because he was not certaine that wee should euer bee able to come at them for we passed through most dangerous places Notwithstanding to our abilitie we will honour him with some part of those things which haue bene by the goodnes of God the fauour of the Pope bestowed vpoÌ„ vs for our sustenance Hauing receiued our gifts they conducted vs vnto the Orda or tent of the duke we were instructed to bow thrise with our left knee before the doore of the tente and in any case to beware lest wee set our foote vpon the threshold of the sayd doore And that after we were entred wee should rehearse before the duke and all his nobles the same wordes which wee had before sayde kneeling vpon our knees Then presented wee the letters of our lord the Pope but our interpreter whome we had hired and brought with vs from Kiow was not sufficiently able to interpret them neither was there any other esteemed to bee meete for the same purpose Here certaine poste horses and three Tartars were appoynted for vs to conduct vs from hence with al speede vnto duke Bathy This Bathy is the mightieâ—â— prince among them except the Emperour they are bound to obey him before all other princes We began our iourney towards his court the first tuesday in Lent and riding as fast as our horses could trot for we had fresh horses almost thrise or foure times a day we posted from morning till night yea very often in the night season also and yet could we not come at him before Maundie thursday All this iourney we went through the land of Comania which is al plaine ground and hath foure mighty riuers running through it The first is called Neper on the side whereof towards Russia duke Corrensa Montij marched vp and downe which Montij on tâ—e other side vpon the plaines is greater then he The second is called Don vpon the banke whereof marcheth a certain prince hauing in mariage the sister of Baty his name is Tirbon The third is called Volga which is an exceeding great riuer vpon the bankes whereof duke Bathy marcheth The fourth is called Iaec vpon which two Millenaries doe march on each side of the riuer one All these in the winter time descend down to the sea in summer ascend backe by the bankes of the said riuers vp to the mountains The sea last named is the Great sea out of which the arme of S. George proceedeth which runneth by Constantinople These riuers do abound with plenty of fiâ—hes but especially Volga they exonerate theÌ„selues into the Grecian sea which is called Mare maior Ouer Neper we went many daies vpon the ice Along the shore also of the Grecian sea we went very dangerously vpon the ice in sundry places that for many daies together For about the shore the waters are frozen three leagues into the sea But before we came vnto Bathy two of our Tartars rode afore to giue him intelligence of all the sayings which we had vttered in the presence of Corrensa How we were receiued at the court of the great prince Bathy Chap. 22. MOreouer when we came vnto Bathy in the land of Comania we were seated a good league distant from his tabernacles And when we should be conducted vnto his court it was tolde vs that we must passe between two fires But we would by no means be induced thereunto Howbeit they said vnto vs you may passe through without al danger for we would haue you to doe it for none other cause but only that if you intend any mischiefe against our lord or bring any poyson with you fire may take away all euill Unto whom we answered that to the end we might cleare ourselues from all suspition of any such matter we were contented to passe through When therefore we were come vnto the Orda being demanded by his agent Eldegay with what present or gift we would do our obeisance Wee gaue the same answere which we did at the court of Corrensa The gifts being giuen and receiued the causes of our iourney also being heard they brought vs into the tabernacle of the prince first bowing our selues at the doore being admonished as before not to tread vpon the threshold And being entred we spake vnto him kneeling vpon our knees deliuered him our letters and requested him to haue interpreters to translate them Who accordingly on good friday were sent vnto vs and we together with them diligently translated our sayd letters into the Russian Tartarian and Saracen languages This interpretation was presented vnto Bathy which he read attentiuely noted At length wee were conducted home againe vnto our owne lodging howbeit no victuals were giuen vnto vs except it were once a litle Millet in a dich the first night of our comming This Bathy caries himselfe very stately magnificently hauing porters and all officers after the maner of the Emperour and sittes in a lofty seate or throne together with one of his wiues The rest namely as well his brethren and sonnes as other great personages sit vnderneath him in the midst vpon a bench and others sit downe vpon the ground behinde him but the men on the right hand and the women on the left He hath very faire and large tentes of linnen cloth also which were once the kings of Hungaria Neither dare any man come into his tent besides them of his owne family vnles he be called be he neuer so mighty and great except perhaps it be knowen that it is his pleasure Wee also for the same cause sate on the left hand for so doe all ambassadors in going but in returning from the Emperour we were alwaies placed on the right hand In the middest stands his table neare vnto the doore of the tent vpon the which there is drinke filled in golden and siluer vessels

Neither doth Bathy at any time drinke nor any other of the Tartarian princes especially being in a publique place but they haue singing and minstrilsie before them And alwaies when hee rides there is a canopie or small tent caried ouer his head vpon the point of a iaueline And so doe all the great princes of the Tartars their wiues also The sayd Bathy is courteous euough vnto his owne men and yet is hee had in great awe by them he is most cruel in fight he is exceedingly prudent and politique in warre because he hath now continued a long time in martiall affaires How departing from Bathy they passed through the land of Comania and of the Kangittae Chap. 23. MOreouer vpon Easter euen we were called vnto the tent and there came forth to meete vs the foresaid agent of Bathy saying on his masters behalfe that we should go into their land vnto the Emperor Cuyne deteining certaine of our company with this pretence that they would send them backe vnto the Pope to whom we gaue letters of al our affaires to deliuer vnto him But being come as farre as duke Montij aforesaid there they were kept vntill our returne Upon Easter day hauing said our praiers and taken a slender breakfast in the company of two Tartars which were assigned vnto vs by Corensa we departed with many teares not knowing whether we went to death or to life And we were so feeble in bodie that we were scarce able to ride For all that Lent through our meat was Millet onely with a little water and salte And so likewise vpon other fasting dayes Neither had we ought to drinke but snowe melted in a skillet And passing through Comania we rode most earnestly hauing change of horses fiue times or oftener in a day except when we went through deserts for then we were allowed better and stronger horses which could vndergoe the whole labour And thus farre had we trauailed from the beginning of Lent vntill eight dayes after Easter The land of Comania on the North side immediately after Russia hath the people called Morduyni Byleri that is Bulgaria magna the Bastarci that is Hungaria magna next vnto the Bastarci the Parositae and the Samogetae Next vnto the Samogetae are those people which are sayd to haue dogges faces inhabiting vpon the desert shores of the Ocean On the South side it hath the Alani the Circassi the Gazari Greece and Constantinople also the land of Iberia the Cathes the Brutaches who are said to be Iewes shauing their heads all ouer the landes also of Scythia of Georgia of Armenia of Turkie On the West side it hath Hungaria and Russia Also Comania is a most large and long countrey The inhabitantes whereof called Comani the Tartars slewe some notwithstanding fled from them and the rest were subdued vnder their bondage But most of them that fled are returned againe Afterward wee entred the lande of the Kangitâ—ae which in many places hath great scarcetie of waters wherin there are but fewe inhabitants by reason of the foresayd defect of water For this cause diuers of the seruants of Ieroslaus duke of Russia as they were traueiling towards him into the land of Tartaria died for thirst in that desert As before in Comania so likewise in this countrey wee found many skulles and bones of dead men lying vpon the earth like a dunghill Through this countrey we were traueiling from the eight day after Easter vntill Ascension day The inhabitants therof were Pagans and neither they nor the Comanians vsed to till the ground but liued onely vpon cattell neither built they any houses but dwelled in tents These men also haue the Tartars rooted out and doe possesse and inhabite their countrey howbeit those that remained are reduced into their bondage How they came vnto the first court of the new Emperour Chap. 24. MOreouer out of the land of the Kangittae we entered into the countrey of y e Bisermini who speake the language of Comania but obserue the law of the Saracens In this countrey we found innumerable cities with castles ruined many towns left desolate The lord of this country was called Soldan Altâ— who with al his progenie was destroyed by the Tartars This country hath most huge mountains On the South side it hath Ierusalem and Baldach and all the whole countrey of the Saracens In the next territories adioyning doe inhabite two carnall brothers dukes of the Tartars namely Burin and Cadan the sonnes of Thyaday who was the sonne of Chingis Can. On the North side thereof it hath the land of the blacke Kythayans and the Ocean In the same countrie Syban the brother of Bathy remaineth Through this countrie we were traueiling from the feast of Ascension vntil eight daies before the feast of S. Iohn Baptist. And then we entred into the land of the blacke Kythayans in which the Emperour built an house where we were called in to drinke Also the Emperours deputy in that place caused the chiefe men of the citie and his two sonnes to daunce before vs. Departing from hence wee founde a certaine small sea vpon the shore whereof stands a little mountaine In which mountaine is reported to be a hole from whence in winter time such vehement tempests of winds doe issue that traueilers can scarcely and with great danger passe by the same way In summer time the noise in deede of the winde is heard there but it proceedeth gently out of the hole Along the shores of the foresaid sea we trauailed for the space of many dayes which although it bee not very great yet hath it many islandes and wee passed by leauing it on our left hande In this lande dwelleth Ordu whome wee sayde to bee auncient vnto all the Tartarian dukes And it is the Orda or court of his faher which hee inhabiteth and one of his wiues beareth rule there For it is a custome among the Tartars that the Courts oâ— Princes or oâ— noble men are not dissolued but alwayes some women are appointed to keepe and gouerne them vpon whom certain gifts are bestowed in like sort as they are giuen vnto their Lords And so at length we arriued at the first court of the Emperour wherein one of his wiues dwelt Howe they came vnto Cuyne himselfe who was forthwith to be chosen Emperour Chap. 25. BUt because we had not as yet seene the Emperour they would not inuite vs nor admit vs into his Orda but caused good attendance and entertainement after the Tartars fashion to be giuen vnto vs in our owne tent and they caused vs to stay there and to refresh our selues with them one day Departing thence vpon the euen of Saint Peter and Saint Paul wee entered into the land of the Naymani who are Pagans But vpon the very feast day of the saide Apostles there fel a mightie snowe in that place and wee

The sonnes of Vulodimir were Vuiseslaus Isoslaus Iaroslaus Suatopolcus Borissus Glebus Stoslaus Vulzeuolodus Stanislaus Sudislaus and Podius who died in his childhood Amongst the residue all Russia was diuided by their father who not being contented with their portions but inuading each other were most of them slaine by their mutuall contentions Borissus and Glebus in regard of their holy conuersation were registred for Saints whose feasts are euery yeere celebrated with great solemnitie vpon the twelfth of Nouember At length Iaroslaus only got the Souereigne authoritie into his owne hands and left behind him foure sonnes Vvlodimir Isoslauus Weceslauus and Vuszeuolodus The foresaid Vulodimir sonne of Iaroslaus kept his residence at the ancient citie of Kiow standing vpon the riuer of Boristhenes and after diuers conflicts with his kinsmen hauing subdued all the prouinces vnto himselfe was called Monomachos that is the onely champoin This man for I thinke it not amisse to report those things which their owne Manuscript Chronicles make mention of waged warre against Constantine the Emperour of Constantinople and when he had wasted ouerrun Thracia being returned home with great and rich spoyles and making preparation for new wars Constantine sent Neophytus the Metropolitane of Ephesus and two Bishops with the gouernour of Antiochia and Eustaphius the Abbat of Ierusalem to present rich and magnificent gifts vnto him as namely part of the crosse of our Sauiour Christ a crowne of gold a drinking cup curiously made of Sardonyx stone a cloake set all ouer with precious stones and a golden chaine commaunded them to salute him by the name of Czar which name as it may be prooued by many arguments signifieth a king and not an Emperour and concluded a most inuiolable league of amity and friend ship with him The foresayd Vulodimir begate Vuszeuolodus the second This Vuszeuolodus lefte eight sonnes behind him Miscislaus Isoslaus Stoslaus Teropolcus Weceslaus Romanus Georgius and Andrew The sonnes of George were Roseslaus Andrew Basilius and Demetrius Demetrius begat George who in the yere 1237. was slaine by one Bathy a Tartarian duke which Bathy wasted Moscouia and subdued the same vnto himselfe Since which time the Russians were tributary to the Tartars and were gouerned by such dukes as they pleased to set ouer them Howbeit the Tartars so greatly abused that authoritie that when they sent their ambassadours vnto the prince of Moscouie he was constrained to goe forth and meete with them and as Herbortus Fulstinius in his Polonian historie reporteth to offer them a bason full of mares milk and if they had spilt any whit thereof vpon their horses maines to licke it off with his toung and hauing conducted them into his princely court to stand bareheaded before them while they sate downe and with all reuerence to giue eare and attendance vnto them But by what meanes they shooke off at the length this yoake of seruitude I will forth with declare About the same time almost all Polonia and the dukedome of Silesia were ouerrun by the Tartars with fire and sword Who hauing burnt Presâ—a the chiefe citie of Silesia being come before the citie of Legnitz they fought there a most cruel and bloody field wherin was slain duke Henrie himselfe being sonne vnto the most holy and deuout lady Heduice with many others whose monuments and graues be as yet extant in sundry places and with an infinite multitude of common souldiers insomuch that the Tartars filled nine great sackes with the eares of them which they had slaine The Tartars to the end they might obtaine the victorie presented vnto the view of our souldiers the portrature of a mans head placed by arte magique vpon a banner wherein the letter X. was painted which being shaken and mooued vp and downe breathed foorth a most loathsome stench strooke such a terrour into the hearts of our men that being as it were astonished with the snaky visage of Medusa they were vtterly daunted and dismayed From thence Bathy and his company with the same bloodthirstie intent marched into Hungarie and had almost slaine king Bela the fourth who together with his sonne escaping by slight did scarcely ridde themselues out of the enemies hand And when the whole world almost was exceedingly terrified at the cruell inuasions of this most barbarous nation at length Pope Innocentius the fourth sending ambassadours vnto Bathy obtained peace for fiue yeeres but to forsake his heathenish superstitions and to become a Christian hee would by no meanes bee perswaded For he was by the instigation of the Saracens infected with deuilish opinions of Mahomet as being more agreeable vnto his barbarous rudenes which euen vnto this day the Tartars do maintaine like as the prophane Turkes also This Bathy had a sonne called Tamerlan whome the Moscouites call Temirkutla who likewise as it is recorded in histories attained vnto great renoume For he caried about with him in a cage Baiazet the Turkish Emperour being fettered in golden chaines and made him a laughing stocke vnto all men Let vs now returne vnto the Russians George being slaine Iaroslaus his brother succeeded in his roome and left behinde him three sonnes Theodorus Alexander and Andreas Daniel the sonne of Alexander first established his royall seate in the citie of Mosco and magnificently building the castle which before time had bene obscure he tooke vpon him the title of the great Duke of Russia He had fiue sonnes namely George Alexander Borissus Ophonias and Iohn This Iohn succeeded his father and because he continually caried a scrippe about with him to bestow almes he was sirnamed Kaleta which word signifieth a scrippe His sonnes were Simeon Iohn and Andrew He gaue vnto his sonne Simeon the prouinces of Vvlodimiria and Moscouia which Simeon deceasing without issue his brother Iohn succeeded who begate a sonne called Demetrius This Demerius had seuen sonnes namely Daniel Basilius George Andrew Peter Iohn Constantine Basilius reigned after his fathers death This maÌ„ dishinheriting his sonne which was called after his owne name because he suspected his mother of adulterie at his death surrendred his Dukedome vnto his brother George who kept his nephewe a long time in prison Howbeit at his death though himselfe had two sonnes namely Andrew and Demetrius yet being stricken perhaps with remorse of conscience he bestowed the Dukedome vpon his nephew Basilius Against whom his two cousins bearing a grudge waged warre and at length hauing taken him by a wyly stratageme they put out his eyes Notwithstanding the Boiarens for so the Moscouites call their nobles continued their duetifull alleageance vnto this their blinde Duke whom for his blindnes they called Cziemnox that is to say darke or darkened He left a sonne behinde him called Iuan Vasilowich who brought the Russian common wealth being before his time but obscure vnto great excellencie and renowme Who that he might the better get all the superiority into his owne hands put to death so many

great For he is able to bring into the field two or three hundred thousand men he neuer goeth into the field himselfe with vnder two hundred thousand men And when he goeth himselfe he furnisheth his borders all with men of warre which are no small number He leaueth on the borders of Liefland fortie thousand men and vpon the borders of Letto 60 thousand men and towarde the Nagayan Tartars sixtie thousand which is wonder to heare of yet doeth hee neuer take to his warres neither husbandman nor marchant All his men are horsemen he vseth no footmen but such as goe with the ordinance and labourers which are thirtie thousand The horsemen are all archers with such bowes as the Turkes haue and they ride shore as doe the Turkes Their armour is a coate of plate with a skull on their heads Some of their coates are couered with veluet or cloth of gold their desire is to be sumptuous in the field and especially the nobles and gentlemen as I haue heard their trimming is very costly and partly I haue seene it or else I would scarcely haue beleeued it but the Duke himselfe is richly attired aboue all measure his pauilion is couered either with cloth of gold or siluer and so set with stones that it is wonderfull to see it I haue seene the Kings Maieslies of England and the French Kings pauilions which are fayre yet not like vnto his And when they bee sent into farre or strange countreys or that strangers come to them they be very gorgious Els the Duke himselfe goeth but meanly in apparell and when he goeth betwixt one place and another hee is but reasonably apparelled ouer other times In the while that I was in Mosco the Duke sent two ambassadours to the King of Poleland which had at the lest fiue hundred horses their sumptuousnes was aboue measure not onely in themselues but also in their horses as veluet cloth of golde and cloth of siluer set with pearles and not scant What shall I farther say I neuer heard of nor saâ— men so sumptuous but it is no dayly guise for when they haue not occasion as I sayd before all their doing is but meane And now to the effect of their warres They are men without al order in the field For they runne hurling on heapes and for the most part they neuer giue battell to their enemies but that which they doe they doe it all by stelth But I beleeue they be such men for hard liuing as are not vnder the sun for no cold wil hurt them Yea and though they lie in the field two moneths at such time as it shall freese more then a yard thicke the common souldier hath neither tent nor any thing else ouer his head the most defence they haue against the wether is a felte which is set against the winde and weather and when Snowe commeth hee doth cast it off and maketh him a fire and laieth him down thereby Thus doe the most of all his men except they bee gentlemen which haue other prouision of their owne Their lying in the fielde is not so strange as is their hardnes from euery man must carie make prouision for himselfe his horse for a moneth or two which is very wonderful For he himselfe shal liue vpon water otemeale mingled together cold and drinke water thereto his horse shal eat green wood such like baggage shal stand open in the cold field without couert yet wil he labour serue him right wel I pray you amongst all our boasting warriors how many should we find to endure the field with theÌ„ but one moneth I know no such region about vs that beareth that name for man beast Now what might be made of these men if they were trained broken to order and knowledge of ciuill wars If this Prince had within his countreys such men as could make theÌ„ to vnderstand y e things aforesaid I do beleeue that 2 of the best or greatest princes in Christendome were not wel able to match with him coÌ„sidering the greatnes of his power the hardnes of his people straite liuing both of people and horse and the small charges which his warres stand him in for he giueth no wages except to strangers They haue a yerely sâ—ipend not much As for his own countrey men euery one serueth of his owne proper costes and charges sauing that he giueth to his Harcubusiers certaine allowance for powder shot or else no man in all his countrey hath one pennie wages But it any man hath done very good seruice he giueth him a ferme or a piece of lande for the which hee is bound at all times to bee readie with so many men as the Duke shall appoynt who considereth in his mind what that lande or ferme is well able to finde and so many shall he bee bound to furnish at all and euery such time as warres are holden in any of the Dukes dominions For there is no man of liuing but hee is bound likewise whether the Duke call for either souldier or labourer to furnish them with all such necessaries as to them belong Also if any gentleman or man of liuing do die without issue male immediately after his death the Duke entreth his land notwithstanding he haue neuer so many daughters and peraduenture giueth it foorthwith to another man except a small portion that he spareth to marrie the daughters with all Also if there be a richman a fermour or man of liuing which is striken in age or by chance is maimed and be not able to doe the Duke seruice some other gentleman that is not able to liue and more able to doe seruice will come to the Duke and complayne saying your Grace hath such an one which is vnmeete to doe seruice to your Higâ—nes who hath great abundance of welth and likewise your Grace hath many gentlemen which are poore and lacke liuing and we that lacke are well able to doe good seruice your Grace might doe well to looke vpon him and make him to helpe those that want Immediately the Duke sendeth forth to inquire of his wealth and if it be so proued he shall be called before the Duke and it shall bee sayd vnto him friend you haue too much liuing and are vnseruiceable to your prince lesse will serue you and the rest will serue other men that are more able to serue whereupon immediately his liuing shal be taken away from him sauing a little to find himselfe and his wife on and he may not once repine thereat but for answere he will say that he hath nothing but it is Gods and the Dukes Graces and cannot say as we the common people in England say if wee haue any thing that it is Gods and our owne Men may say that these men are in wonderfull great awe and obedience that thus one must giue and grant his goods which he hath bene scraping and scratching for all his life to

be at his Princes pleasure and commandement Oh that our sturdie rebels were had in the like subiection to knowe their duety towarde their Princes They may not say as some snudges in England say I would find the Queene a man to serue in my place or make his friends tarrie at home if money haue the vpper hand No no it is not so in this countrey for hee shall make humble sute to serue the Duke And whom he sendeth most to the warres he thinketh he is most in his fauour and yet as I before haue sayde hee giueth no wages If they knewe their strength no man were able to make match with them nor they that dwel neere them should haue any rest of them But I thinke it is not Gods will For I may compare them to a young horse that knoweth not his strength whome a little childe ruleth and guideth with a bridle for all his great strength for if hee did neither childe nor man could rule him Their warres are holden against the Crimme Tartarians and the Nagaiâ—â—â— I will stand no longer in the rehearsall of their power and warres For it were too tedious to the reader But I will in part declare their lawes and punishments and the execution of iustice And first I will begin with the commons of the countrey which the gentlemen haue rule on And that is that euery gentleman hath rule and iustice vpon his owne tenants And if it so fall out that two gentlemens seruants or tenaunts doe disagree the two gentlemen examine the matter and haue the parties before them and soe giue the sentence And yet cannot they make the ende betwixt them of the controuersie but either of the gentlemen must bring his seruant or tenant before the high iudge or iustice of that countrey and there present them and declare the matter and case The plaintife sayth I require the law which is graunted then commeth an officer and arresteth the party defendant and vseth him contrarie to the lawes of England For when they attach any man they beate him about the legges vntill such time as he findeth suerties to answere the matter And if not his handes and necke are bound together and he is led about the towne and beaten about the legges with other extreme punishments till he come to his answere And the Iustice demaundeth if it be for debt and sayth O west thou this man any such debt He will perhaps say nay Then sayth the Iudge art thou able to denie it Let vs heare how By othe sayth the defendant Then he commandeth to leaue beating him till further triall be had Their order in one point is commendable They haue no man of Lawe to pleade their causes in any court but euery man pleadeth his owne cause and giueth bill and answere in writing contrarie to the order in England The complaint is in maner of a supplication made to the Dukes Grace and deliuered him into his owne hand requiring to haue iustice as in his complaint is alleaged The duke giueth sentence himselfe vpon all matters in the Law Which is very coÌ„mendable that such a Prince wil take paines to see ministration of iustice Yet notwithstanding it is wonderfully abused and thereby the Duke is much deceiued But if it fall out that the officers be espied in cloking the trueth they haue most condigne punishment And if the plaintâ—fe can nothing prooue then the defendant must take his oth vpon the crucifixe whether he bee in the right or no. Then is demanded if the plaintife be any thing able further to make proofe if hee bee not then sometimes he will say I am able to prooue it by my body and hands or by my champions body so requiring the Campe. After the other hath his othe it is graunted aswell to the one as to the other So when they goe to the field they sweare vpon the Crucifixe that they bee both in the right and that the one shall make the other to confesse the trueth before they depart foorth of the field and so they goe both to the battell armed with such weapons as they vse in that countrey they fight all on foote seldome the parties themselues do fight except they be Gentlemen for they stand much vpon their reputation for they wil not fight but with such as are come of as good an house as themselues So that if either partie require the combate it is granted vnto them and no champion is to serue iu their roome wherein is no deceit but otherwise by champions there is For although they take great othes vpon them to doe the battell truely yet is the contrary often seene because the common champions haue none other liuing And assoone as the one party hath gotten the victorie hee demandeth the debt and the other is carried to prison and there is shamefully vsed till he take order There is also another order in the lawe that the plaintife may sweare in some causes of debt And if the partie defendant be poore he shal be set vnder the Crucifixe and the partie plaintife must sweare ouer his head and when hee hath taken his othe the Duke taketh the partie defendant home to his house and vseth him as his bond-man and putteth him to labour or letteth him for hier to any such as neede him vntill such time as his friends make prouision for his redemption or else hee remaineth in bondage all the dayes of his life Againe there are many that will sell themselues to Gentlemen or Marchants to bee their bond-men to haue during their life meate drinke and cloth and at their comming to haue a piece of mony yea and some will sell their wiues and children to bee bawdes and drudges to the byer Also they haue a Lawe for Fellons and pickers contrary to the Lawes of England For by their law they can hang no man for his first offence but may keepe him long in prison and oftentimes beate him with whips and other punishment and there he shall remaine vntill his friends be able to bayle him If he be a picker or a cut-purse as there be very many the second time he is taken he hath a piece of his Nose cut off and is burned in the forehead and kept in prison till hee finde sureties for his good behauiour And if he be taken the third time he is hanged And at the first time he is extremely punished and not released except hee haue very good friends or that some Gentleman require to haue him to the warres And in so doing he shall enter into great bonds for him by which meanes the countrey is brought into good quietnesse But they be naturally giuen to great deceit except extreme beating did bridle them They be naturally giuen to hard liuing aswell in fare as in lodging I heard a Russian say that is was a great deale merrier liuing in prison then foorth but for the great beating For they haue meate and drinke without any labour

reigne the fiue and twentieth A Letter sent from her Highnesse to the sayd great Duke of Russia by sir Hierome Bowes aforesayd her Maiesties Ambassadour Serenissimo Principi at Domino Ioanni Basilio Dei gratia Regi magno Duci totius Russiae Volodomerae c. Regi Cazani c. Domino Plescoae c. Domino magno Duci Nouogrodiae c. Gubernatori in tota Prouincia Siberiae c. Fratri amico nostro charissimo ELIZABETHA Dei gratia Angliae Franciae Hiberniae Regina fidei defensatrix c. Serenissimo Principi ac Domino Ioanni Basilio eadem Dei gratia Regi magno Duci totius Russiae Volodomerae Moscouiae Nouogrodiae Regi Cazani Astracani Domino Plescoae magno Duci Smolenscoae Tueri Vgori Permiae Viatskae Bolhare aliarum ditionum Domino magno Duci Nouogrodiae in inferiori regione Chernigae Rezanae Polotscoae Rostouae Iaroslauae Bealozeri Liflandiae Oudori Condensae Gubernatori in tota prouincia Siberiae partium Septentrionalium aliarum fratri amico suo charissimo Salutem Serenissime princeps frater amice charissime ex ijs quae nobiscum egit S. V. illustris legatus intelleximus quÃ m gratÃ¨ vobis faceremus satis si legatum aliquem cum mandatis instructum ad S. V. ablegaremus In quo certÃ¨ quidem instituto adeÃ² nobis ex animo placuit quod est honestÃ¨ postulatum vt non nisi praestita re possemus nobis quoquo modo satisfacere Atque cum id haberemus apud nos decretum nobis non incommode incurrit in mentem oculos Hieronimus Bowes miles ex nobilibus nostris Domesticis plurimâ—m nobis dilectus quem inpraesentiarum ad S. V. ablegamus cuius prudentiae fidei totum hoc quicquid est quod ad Serenitatum mutuÃ² nostrarum dignitatem ornandam pertinere posse arbitramur commisimus In quo munerÃ¨ perfungendo quin omnem curam diligentiam sit collaturus neutiquam dubitamus Ã S. autem V. rogamus velit ei eam fidem habere in ijs persequendis quae habet Ã nobis in mandatis quam nobis habendam putaret si essemus praesentes PraetereÃ cÃ¹m nobis multum charus sit Robertus Iacobus medicus quem superiori anno ad S. V. misimus rogamus vt eum eo loco S. V. habeat quo virum probatissimum singulari quÃ m plurimarum virtutum laude ornatum habendum esse boni principes censent Quem Ã nobis neutiquam able gauissemus nisi amicitiae nostrae studio gratificandi S. V. plurimum tribuissemus In qua dum voluntate manemus erga S. V. non nisi optimÃ¨ de bonis vestris meritis in praefatum Iacobum nobis pollicemur Et Deum Opt. Max. precamur vt S. V. saluam conseruet incolumem Datae Ã¨ Regia nostra Grenouici 19 die mensis Iunij Anno Domini 1583 regni verÃ² nostri vicessimo quinto S. vestrae bona soror The same in English ELizabeth by the grace of God Queene of England France and Ireland defender of the faith c. to the most excellent Prince and Lord Iohn Basiliwich by the same grace of God King and great Duke of all Russia Volodomer Moscouie and Nouogrod King of Cazan and Astracan Lord of Plesco and great Duke of Smolensco of Tuer Vgor and Permie Vâ—aâ—sca Bolhar and others Lord and great Duke of Nouogrod in the lowe countrey of Chernigâ— Rezan Polotâ—ko Rostoue Iaroslaue Bealozera Lifland Oudor Obdor and Condensa and Gouernour of all the land of Siberia and of the North parts and others her dearest brother and friend Salutations Most excellent Prince most deare brother and friend by those things which the worthy ambassador of your excellency declared vnto vs we haue vnderstood how kindly it would be taken if we should send to your eâ—cellency an ambassador from vs with commandement and instructions In which matter your honourable request hath so much pleased vs that we could not any maner of way satisfie our selues except we performed the same And hauing purposed with our selfe so to doe we thought of and remembred Ierome Bowes Knight a gentleman of qualitie of our householde a man very much beloued of vs whom at this present we send vnto your Maiesty and to whose wisedome and faithfulnesse we haue committed all whatsoeuer we take to apperteine to the aduancement of both our honors indifferently In the discharge of which seruice we doubt not but that all care and diligence shall be vsed on his paâ—t so that we intreat your Maiesty to giue him credence in the prosecuting of those things which he hath from vs in commandement no lesse then to our selfe if we were present And whereas Robert Iacob doctor of physicke is a man very deare vnto vs whom the last yere we sent vnto your excellency we desire that he may haue that fauor and estimation with you which good princes thinke a most honest and vertuous man woorthy of for had we not caried great respect to our mutual friendship and indeuour to gratifie your Maiestie we should in no case haue parted with him And seeing we continue still the same good will towards your excellency we doe euen promise to our selfe your honourable kindnesses towards him and we pray the almightie God to preserue your Maiesty in good safetie and health Giuen at our pallace of Greenewich the 19 day of Iune in the yere of our Lord 1583 and of our reigne the fiue and twentieth Your Maiesties good sister A briefe discourse of the voyage of Sir Ierome Bowes knight her Maiesties ambassadour to Iuan Vasiliuich the Emperour of Muscouia in the yeere 1583. THe Emperour of Russia that then liued by name Iuan Vasiliwich hauing deliberately considered how necessary it were for the strengthening of his estate that a sure commerce and entercourse of merchants should be againe renued betweene him and her sacred Maiesty of England with such further immunities and priuileges for the honor and vtility of both their dominions and subiects of the same as vpon mutuall treatie of persons interposed on both sides might be assented vnto sent ouer into this realme in the yeere of our Lord 1582 as his ambassadour for that purpose an ancient discreet gentleman of his householde called Pheodor Andreuich Phisemsky accompanied with one of his Secretaries for his better assistance in that expedition and besides his many other directions whereof part were to be deliuered by word of mouth and the rest set downe in a letter vnder the Emperours signature addressed to her Maiesty he had in speciall charge to sollicit her Maiesty to send ouer with him to his maister an ambassador from her to treat and contract of such affaires of importance as concerned both the realmes which was the principall end of his imployments hither Whereupon her Maiesty very graciously inclining to the Emperors motion and at the humble sute of the English

proofe cast lots who shall take his oath for the more ready triall of the cause And in no wise to take any fee or duetie of the aforesaid English merchants for the said iudgement in Lawe We wil and commaund all this to be obserued and kept in all parts of our dominions by all our subiects and authorised people by vertue of these our royal letters patents And the said letters not to be diminished in any part or parsell thereof by any persons howsoeuer they be named And whosoeuer shall withstand not regard these our gracious letters shal be in our high displeasure and shal incurre the losse of his life This our gracious letter was giuen in our kingdom and royal City of Mosco in the yere from the beginning of the world 7104. in the moneth of May. Subscribed by the Emperours Chancellour and Secretarie Vasili Shalcan The contents of M. Garlands Commission vnto Thomas Simkinson for the bringing of M. Iohn Dee to the Emperour of Russia his Court. FRiend Thomas Simkinson I pray you goe to Brounswik or Cassil and inquire if Master Iohn d ee be there or where he is and when you finde him certifie him howe that I haue sent you purposely to knowe where hee doeth remaine and at your returne I will come and speake with him my selfe Also you may certefie him that the Emperour of Russeland hauing certaine knowledge of his great learning and wisdome is marueilous desirous of him to come into his Countrey And hath giuen me his letter with his hand and golden seale at it for to bring him into the Countrey with mee if it be possible and for his liuing shewe him that he shall be sure of 2000. pound yeerely and also all prouision for his table out of the Emperours kitching free and if he thinke this too little I will assure him that if he aske asmuch more hee shall haue it and for his charges into the Countrey I haue sufficient of the Emperours allowance to bring him and all his royally into the Countrey And because hee may doubt of these proffers hee shall remaine at the borders vntill the Emperour be certified of him and of his requests which he would haue And I am sure he shall be conueyed through the land with fiue hundred horses and hee shal be accompted as one of the chiefest in the land next the Emperour Also shew him howe that my Lord Protectour at my comming away did take me in his armes and desired me as hee should be my friend to bring him with me and he would giue him of his owne purse yeerely 1000. rubbles besides the Emperours allowance All these foresaide grauntes and demaunds doe I Thomas Simkinson acknowledge to be spoken by Edward Garland to mee and to be sent to declare the same vnto Master Iohn Deeâ— And in witnesse that this is of a trueth I haue written the same with my owne hand and thereunto set my name in Wittingaw otherwise called Trebona the 18. of September Anno 1586. By me Thomas Sinkinson of Hull A letter to the right worshipfull M. Iohn Dee Esquire conteyning the summe and effect of M. Edward Garland his message deliuered to Master Dee himselfe Letterwise for a more perfect memoriall thereof Anno 1586. RIght worshipfull it may please you to vnderstand that I was senâ— vnto you from the most mightie Prince Feodor Iuanowich Lord Emperour and great duke of Russia c. As also from the most excellent prince Boris Feodorowich Lord Protector of Russia to giue your worship to vnderstand the great good will and heartie desire they beare vnto you for that of long time they haue had great good report of your learning wisedom as also of your good counsel vnto Princes whereupon his Maiesties most earnest desire and request is vnto you that you would take the paines to come vnto his citie of Mosco to visite his Maiesties Court for that hee is desirous of your company and also of your good counsell in diuers matters that his Maiestie shall thinke needfull And for the great goodwill that his Maiestie beareth vnto you he will giue you yeerely toward your mainteinance 2000. pound starling and the Lord Protectour will giue you a thousand rubbles as also your prouision for your table you shall haue free out of his Maiesties kitchin And further whatsoeuer you shall thinke needefull or conuenient for you in any part or parts of his dominion it shall be at your worships commaundement And this is the summe and effect of my message and commandement giuen me by his Maiestie and the Lord Protectour In witnesse whereof I haue written this with my owne hand the 17. of December 1586. By me Edward Garland In Trebona Castel otherwise called Wittingaw in BoÃ«mia to which place this M. Edward Garland came to M. d ee with two Moscouites to serue him c. He had sixe more which by M. Dees counsell were sent backe Witnesse M. Edward Kelley and M. Francis Garland brother to foresaid Edward and diuers others IT seemeth that this princely offer of the Emperour Pheodor Iuanowich and of the L. Boris Pheodorowich Protectour to his Maiestie was made vnto the learned and famous Mathematitian M. Iohn Dee partly to vse his counsell direction about certaine discoueries to the Northeast and partly for some other weighty occasions but because their conquest to Siberia was not as then fully settled for diuers other secret reasons it was for y e time with al thankfulnes refused A branch of a letter from M. Iohn Merick Agent vnto the Moscouie company in Russia closed vp in the Mosco the 14. of March Anno 1597. touching the death of Pheodor Iuanowich late Emperour of all Russia c. HAuing thus farre proceeded with this my answere vnto the chiefest points of your worships letters receiued my desire was to haue sent one vnto you long since as you may perceiue by the first date but by reason I could not get leaue I haue deferred it of till this instant for that there was none suffered to passe out of the land The causes may be iudged for that it pleased God to call out of this world the Emperour his Maiestie who departed about the 7. of Ianuary and euer since hath bene a mourning time no suites for any matter could be heard But it hath bene a very dead season Yet thankes be to God through the wise gouernment of Lord Boris Pheodorowich the Lord Protector vnto the saide late Emperour since his death all things haue bene very quiet without any dissention as the like in such a great kingdome I haue not heard of And now through the prouidence of Almightie God and by surrender of the late Empresse Irenia Feodoruna and the common consent of the Patriarch Nobles Bishops and the whole Cleargie with the whole Commons besides choise is made of none other but of the said Lord Protector L. Boris Pheodorowich to be Emperour and great duke of all

of all his Fleet. Which when the Spaniard perceiued being assisted with his strongest ships he came forth and entered a terrible combate with the English for they bestowed each on other the broad sides and mutually discharged all their Ordinance being within one hundred or an hundred and twentie yards one of another At length the Spaniardes hoised vp their sayles and againe gathered themselues vp close into the forme of a roundel In the meane while Captaine Frobisher had engaged himselfe into a most dangerous conflict Whereupon the lord Admirall comming to succour him found that hee had valiantly and discreetly be haued himselfe and that hee had wisely and in good time ouer the fight because that after so great a batterie he had sustained no damage For which cause the day following being the sixe and twentie of Iuly the lord Admirall rewarded him with the order of knighthood together with the lord Thomas Howard the lord Sheffield M. Iohn Hawkins and others The same day the lord Admirall receiued intelligence from Newhauen in France by certaine of his Pinnasses that all things were quiet in France and that there was no preparation of sending aide vnto the Spaniards which was greatly feared from the Guisian faction and from the Leaguers but there was a false rumour spread all about that the Spaniards had conquered England The seuen and twentie of Iuly the Spaniards about the sunne-setting were come ouer-against Douer and rode at ancre within the sight of Caleis intending to hold on for Dunkerk expecting there to ioyne with the duke of Parma his forces without which they were able to doe litle or nothing Likewise the English Fleete following vp hard vpon them ancred iust by them within culuering-shot And here the lord Henry Seymer vnited himselfe vnto the lord Admiral with his fleete of 30. ships which road before the mouth of Thames As the Spanish nauie therefore lay at ancre the duke of Medina sent certaine messengers vnto the duke of Parma with whom vpon that occasion many Noblemen and Gentlemen went to refresh themselues on land and amongst the rest the prince of Ascoli being accounted the kings base sonne and a very proper and towardly yong gentleman to his great good went on shore who was by so much the more fortunate in that hee had not opportunitie to returne on boord the same ship out of which he was departed because that in returning home it was cast away vpon the Irish coast with all the persons contained therein The duke of Parma being aduertised of the Spanish Fleetes arriuall vpon the coast of England made all the haste hee could to bee present himselfe in this expedition for the performance of his charge vainely perswading himselfe that nowe by the meanes of Cardinall Allen hee should be crowned king of England and for that cause hee had resigned the gouernement of the Lowe countries vnto Count Mansfeld the elder And hauing made his vowes vnto S. Mary of Hall in Henault whom he went to visite for his blind deuotions sake hee returned toward Bruges the 28. of Iuly The next day trauelling to Dunkerk hee heard the thundering Ordinance of either Fleet and the same euening being come to Dixmud hee was giuen to vnderstand the hard successe of the Spanish Fleete Upon Tuesday which was the thirtieth of Iuly about high noone hee came to Dunkerk when as all the Spanish Fleete was now passed by neither durst any of his ships in the meane space come foorth to assist the sayd Spanish Fleete for feare of fiue and thirtie warrelike ships of Holland and Zeland which there kept watch and warde vnder the conduct of the Admirall Iustin of Nassau The foresayd fiue and thirtie shippes were furnished with most cunning mariners and olde expert souldiers amongst the which were twelue hundred Musketiers whom the States had chosen out of all their garisons and whom they knew to haue bene heretofore experienced in sea-fights This nauie was giuen especially in charge not to suffer any shippe to come out of the Hauen nor to permit any Zabraes Pataches or other small vessels of the Spanish Fleete which were more likely to aide the Dunkerkers to enter thereinto for the greater ships were not to be feared by reason of the shallow sea in that place Howbeit the prince of Paâ—ma his forces being as yet vnreadie were not come on boord his shippes onely the English Fugitiues being seuen hundred in number vnder the conduct of Sir William Stanleyâ— came in fit time to haue bene embarked because they hoped to giue the first assault against England The residue shewed themselues vnwilling and loath to depart because they sawe but a few mariners who were by constraint drawne into this expedition and also because they had very bare prouision of bread drinke and other necessary victuals Moreouer the shippes of Holland and Zeland stood continually in their sight threatening shot and powder and many inconueniences vnto them for feare of which shippes the Mariners and Sea-men secretly withdrew themselues both day and night least that the duke of Parma his souldiers should compell them by maine force to goe on boord and to breake through the Hollanders Fleete which all of them iudged to bee impossible by reason of the straightnesse of the Hauen But it seemeth that the Duke of Parma and the Spaniards grounded vpon a vaine and presumptuous expectaâ—ion that all the ships of England and of the Low countreys would at the first sight of the Spanish and Dunkerk Nauie haue betaken themselues to flight yeelding them sea roome and endeuouring onely to defend themselues their hauens and sea coasts from inuasion Wherefore their intent and purpose was that the Duke of Parma in his small and flat-bottomed shippes should as it were vnder the shadow and wings of the Spanish fleet conuey ouer all his troupes armour and warlike prouision and with their forces so vnited should inuade England or while the English fleet were busied in fight against the Spanish should enter vpon any part of the coast which he thought to be most conuenient Which inuasion as the captiues afterward confessed the Duke of Parma thought first to haue attempted by the riuer of Thames vpon the bankes whereof hauing at his first arriuall landed twenty or thirty thousand of his principall souldiers he supposed that he might easily haue woonne the Citie of London both because his small shippes should haue followed and assisted his land-forces and also for that the Citie it-selfe was but meanely fortified and easie to ouercome by reason of the Citizens delicacie and discontinuance from the warres who with continuall and constant labour might be vanquished if they yeelded not at the first assault They were in good hope also to haue mette with some rebels against her Maiestie and such as were discontented with the present state as Papists and others Likewise they looked for ayde from the fauourers of the Scottish Queene who was not long before

put straight to sea whom all the fleet followed sauing three and thirty which being in the riuer further then he and at the entrance out of the same finding the winde and tide too hard against them were inforced to cast ancre there for that night amongst whom by good fortune was the Foresight and in her sir Edward Norris And the night folowing Generall Norris being driuen from the rest of the Fleet by a great storme for all that day was the greatest storme we had all the time we were out came againe into the Ilands but not without great perill he being forced to trust to a Spanish Fisher-man who was taken two dayes bâ—fore at sea to bring him in The next morning he called a council of as many as he found there holding the purpose he had concluded with sir Francis Drake the day before and directed all their courses for England tarying there all that day to water and helpe such with victuallâ— as were left in wonderfull distrâ—sse by hauing the victuals that came last caried away the day before to sea The next day he set saile and the 10 day after which was the 2 of Iuly came into Plimmouth where he found sir Francis Drake and all the Queens ships with many of the others but not all for the Fleet was dispersed into other harbors some led by a desire of returning froÌ„ whence they came and some being possessed of the hulks sought other Ports from their Generals â—ie where they might make their priuate commoditie of them as they haue done to their great aduantage Presently vpon their arriuall there the Generals dissolued all the armie sauing 8 companies which are yet held together giuing euery souldier fiue shillings in money and the armes hee bare to make money of which was more then could by any means be due vnto them for they were not in seruice three moneths in which time they had their victuals which no man will value at lâ—sse then halfe their pay for such is the allowance in her maiesties ships to her mariners so as there remained but 10 shillings a moneth more to be paid for which there was not any priuate man but had apparel and furniture to his owne vse so as euery common souldier discharged receiued more in money victuals apparell and furniture then his pay did amount vnto Notwithstanding there be euen in the same place where those things haue passed that either do not or will not conceiue the souldiers estate by comparing their pouertie and the shortnesse of the time together but lay some iniuries vpoÌ„ the Generals and the action Where and by the way but especially here in London I find there haue bene some false prophets gone before vs telling strange tales For as our countrey doeth bring foorth many gallant men who desirous of honour doe put themselues into the actions thereof so doeth it many more dull spirited who though their thoughts reach not so high as others yet doe they listen how other mens acts doe passe and either beleeuing what any man will report vnto them are willingly caried away into errors or tied to some greater mans faith become secretaries against a noted trueth The one sort of these doe take their opinions from the high-way side or at the furthest goe no further theÌ„ Pauls to enquire what hath bene done in this voiage where if they meet with any whose capacitie before their going out could not make them liue nor their valour maintaine their reputation and who went onely for spoile complaining on the hardnesse and misery thereof they thinke they are bound to giue credite to these honest men who were parties therein and in very charitie become of their opinions The others to make good the faction they are entred into if they see any of those malecontents as euery iourney yeeldeth some doe runne vnto them like tempting spirits to confirme them in their humour with assurance that they foresaw before our going out what would become thereof Be ye not therefore too credulous in beleeuing euery report for you see there haue bene many more beholders of these things that haue passed then actors in the same who by their experience not hauing the knowledge of the ordinarie wants of the warre haue thought that to lie hard not to haue their meat well dressed to drinke sometimes water to watch much or to see men die and be slaine was a miserable thing and not hauing so giuen their mindes to the seruice as they are any thing instructed thereby doe for want of better matter discourse ordinarily of these things whereas the iourney if they had with that iudgement seene into it which their places required hath giuen them far more honorable purpose and argument of discourse These mens discontentments and mislikings before our comming home haue made mee labour thus much to instruct you in the certaintie of euery thing because I would not willingly haue you miscaried in the iudgements of them wherein you shall giue me leaue somewhat to dilate vpon a question which I onely touched in the beginning of my letter namely whether it bee more expedient for our â—state to maintain an offensiue war against the king of Spaine in the Low countries or as in this iourney to offend him in his neerer territories seeing the grounds of arguing thereof are taken from the experience which the actions of this iourney haue giuen vs. There is no good subiect that wil make questioÌ„ whether it be behoofeful for vs to hold friendship with these neighbours of ours or no aswell in respect of the infinite proportion of their shipping which must stand either with vs or against vs as of the commoditie of their harbors especially that of Vlishing by the fauour whereof our Nauie may continually keepe the Narrow seas and which would harbour a greater Fleete agaynst vs then the Spaniard shall need to annoy vs withall who being now distressed by our common enemie I thinke it most expedient for our safetie to defend them and if it may be to giue them a reentrie into that they haue oâ— late yeeres lost vnto him The one without doubt her maiestie may do without difficultie and in so honorable sort as he shal neuer be able to dispossesse her or them of any the townes they now hold But if any man thinke that the Spaniard may be expelled from thence more speedily or conueniently by keeping an armie there then by sending one against him into his owne countrey let him foresee of how many men and continuall supplies that armie must consist and what intollerable expenses it requireth And let him thinke by the example of the duke of Alua when the prince of Orenge had his great armie agaynst him and of Don Iuan when the States had their mightie assembly against him how this wise enemie with whom we are to deale may but by prolonging to fight with vs leaue vs occasions enough for our armie within few moneths to mutine and

the chiefe places in the Admiraltie and marine causes of England Certaine briefe extracts of the orders of the Contractation house of Siuil in Spaine touching their gouernment in sea-matters together with The streight and seuere examination of Pilots and Masters before they be admitted to take charge of ships aswell by the Pilot mayor and brotherhood of ancient Masters as by the Kings reader of The lecture of the art of Nauigation with the time that they be enioyned to bee his auditors and some part of the questions that they are to answere vnto Which if they finde good and beneficial for our seamen I hope they wil gladly imbrace and imitate or finding out some fitter course of their owne will seeke to bring such as are of that calling vnto better gouernment and more perfection in that most laudable and needfull vocation To leaue this point I was once minded to haue added to the end of these my labours a short treatise which I haue lying by me in writing touching The curing of hot diseases incident to traueilers in long and Southerne voyages which treatise was written in English no doubt of a very honest mind by one M. George Wateson and dedicated vnto her sacred Maiestie But being carefull to do nothing herein rashly I shewed it to my worshipfull friend M. doctour Gilbert a gentleman no lesse excellent in the chiefest secrets of the Mathematicks as that rare iewel lately set foorth by him in Latine doeth euidently declare then in his owne profession of physicke who assured me after hee had perused the said treatise that it was very defectiue and vnperfect and that if hee might haue leasure which that argument would require he would either write something thereof more aduisedly himselfe or would conferre with the whole Colledge of the Physicions and set downe some order by common consent for the preseruation of her Maiesties subiects Now as the foresaid treatise touched the cure of diseases growing in hot regions so being requested thereunto by some in authoritie they may adde their iudgements for the cure of diseases incident vnto men employed in cold regions which to good purpose may serue our peoples turnes if they chance to prosecute the intermitted discouery by the Northwest whereunto I finde diuers worshipfull citizens at this present much inclined Now because long since I did foresee that my profession of diuinitie the care of my family and other occasions might call and diuert me from these kinde of endeuours I haue for these 3. yeeres last past encouraged and furthered in these studies of Cosmographie and forren histories my very honest industrious and learned friend M. IOHN PORY one of speciall skill and extraordinary hope to performe great matters in the same and beneficial for the common wealth Thus Sir I haue portrayed out in rude lineaments my Westerne Atlantis or America assuring you that if I had bene able I would haue limned her and set her out with farre more liuely and exquisite colours yet as she is I humbly desire you to receiue her with your wonted and accustomed fauour at my handes who alwayes wil remaine most ready and deuoted to do your honour any poore seruice that I may and in the meane season will not faile vnfainedly to beseech the Almighty to powre vpon you the best of his temporall blessings in this world and after this life ended with true and much honour to make you partaker of his ioyes eternall From London the first of September the yeere of our Lord God 1600. Your Honours most humble to be commanded RICHARD HAKLVYT Preacher Â¶ A general Catalogue diuided according to the methode obserued in this present volume into 14. special branches briefly conteyning all the Voyages Nauigations Traffiques and Discoueries of the English nation and where they haue not bâ—ne or not perfectly discouered of strangers within the said volume intreâ—ted of which haue been perfâ—rmed to euery part of America hitheâ—to knowen or discouered by any Christian whereunto are annexed in their due and proper places all the Patents discourses ruttiers letters aduertisements instructions obseruations and other particulars incident or belonging to the foresaid Voyages THe most ancient voyage and discouery of the West Indies performedly Madoc the sonne of Owen Guined prince of North Wales Anno 1170 taken out of the history of Wales c. Pag. 1. The testimonies and relations immediatly ensuing vpon this voyage THe verses of Meredith the sonne of Rhesus making mention of Madoc the sonne of Owen Guined and of his Nauigation vnto vnknowen lands pag. 1 The offer of the discouery of the West Indiâ—s by Christopher Columbus to K. Henry the 7. February the 13. Anno 1488 with the Kings acceptance of the said offer pag. 2 Another testimony concerning the foresaid offer made by Barâ—holomew Columbus to K. Henry the seuenth on the behalfe of his brother Chrisâ—â—pher Columbus pag. 3. 4. A catalogue of the English voyages vndertaken for the finding of a Northwest passage to the North parts of America to Meta incognita and the backeside of Groenland as farre as 72. degrees and 12. minutes THe voyage of Sebastian Cabota to the North part of America for the discouery of a North west passage as farre as 58. degrees of latitude and from thence back againe all along the coast till he fell with some part of Florida anno 1497 confirmed by 6. testimonies The first taken out of the mappe of Sebastian Cabota cut by Clement Adamâ—s the second vsed by Galeacius Butrigarius the Popes legate and reported by him the third out of the preface of Baptista Ramusius before his third volume of Nauigations the 4. out of the thirde decade of Peter Marty rab Angleria the 5. out of the general history of Lopez de Gomara and the 6. out of Fabians chronicle pag. 6.7.8 and 9. The first voyage of M. Martin Frobisher to the Northwest for the search of a passage to China anno 1576. pag. 29. 57. The second voyage of M. Martin Frobisher to the West and Northwest regions in the yeere 1577. pag. 32. and 60. The third and last voyage of M. Martin Frobisber for the discouery of a Northwest passage in the yeâ—e 1578. Pag. 39. and 74. The first voyage of M. Iohn Dauis for the discouery of a Northwest passage 1585. pag. 98. The second voyage of M Iohn Dauis for the discouery of the Northwest pass 1586. pag. 103. The voyage and course which the Sunshine a barke of 50 tunnes the Northstarre a small pinnesse being 2. vessels of the Fleete of M. Iohn Dauis held after hee had sent them from him to discouer a passage betweene Groenland and Isleland 1587. pag. 111 The voyage of M. Nicolas Zeno and M. Anthony his brother to the yles of Frisland Island Engronland Estotiland Drogeo and Icaria begun in the yeere 1380. pag. 121. The patents letters discourses obseruations and dependences vpon the Northwestern voyages next before mentioned THe letters patents of K. Henry the 7.

testimonies concerning the mighty kingdome of Coray tributary to the king of China and bordering vpon his Northeast frontiers and also touching the warres of Quabacondono the monarch of Iapan against China by the way of Coray pag. 854 A briefe note concerning an extreame Northerly prouince of Iapan called Zuegara situate 30 dayes iourney from Mâ—acÃ³ also of a certeine nation of Tartars called Iezi inhabiting on the maine to the North of China pag. 861 Aduertisements touching the ships that goe from Siuil to the Indies of Spaine together with some sea-orders of the Contractation house of Siuil pag. 862 The order of the Carena giuen to the ships that goe out of Spaine to the West Indies pag. 864. The examination of the Masters and Pilots which saile in the fleetâ— of Spaine to the West Indies written in Spanish by Pedro Dias a Spanish Pilot. pag. 864 and 866 THE THIRD AND LAST Volume of the principall Nauigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation made to the Northwest West and Southwest parts of the World with the Letters Priuileges Discourses Obseruations and other necessary things concerning the same The most ancient Discouery of the VVest Indies by Madoc the sonne of Owen Guyneth Prince of north-North-wales in the yeere 1170 taken out of the history of Wales lately published by M. Dauid Powel Doctor of Diuinity AFter the death of Owen Guyneth his sonnes fell at debate who should inherit after him for the eldest sonne borne in matrimony Edward or Iorwerth Drwydion was counted vnmeet to gouerne because of the maime vpon his face and Howell that tooke vpon him all the rule was a base sonne begotten vpon an Irish woman Therefore Dauid gathered all the power he could and came against Howel and fighting with him slew him and afterwards inioyed quietly the whole land of Northwales vntil his brother Iorwerâ—hs sonne came to age Madoc another of Owen Guyneth his sonnes left the land in contention betwixt his brethren prepared certaine ships with men and munition and sought aduentures by Seas sailing West and leauing the coast of Ireland so farre North that he came vnto a land vnknowen where he saw many strange things This land must needs be some part of that Countrey of which the Spanyards affirme themselues to be the first finders since Hannos time Whereupon it is manifest that that countrey was by Britaines discouered long before Columbus led any Spanyards thither Of the voyage and returne of this Madoc there be many fables fained as the common people doe vse in distance of place and length of time rather to augment then to diminish but sure it is there he was And after he had returned home and declared the pleasant and fruitfull countreys that he had seene without inhabitants and vpon the contrary part for what barren wild ground his brethren and nephewes did murther one another he prepared a number of ships and got with him such men and women as were desirous to liue in quietnesse and taking leaue of his friends tooke his iourney thitherward againe Therefore it is to be supposed that he and his people inhabited part of those countreys for it appeareth by Francis Lopez de Gomara that in Acuzamil and other places the people honored the crosse Wherby it may be gathered that Christians had bene there before the comming of the Spanyards But because this people were not many they followed the maners of the land which they came vnto vsed the language they fouÌ„d there This Madoc arriuing in that Westerne country vnto the which he came in the yere 1170 left most of his people there and returning backe for more of his owne nation acquaintance friends to inhabit that faire large countrey went thither againe with ten sailes as I find noted by Gutyn Owen I am of opinion that the land whereunto he came was some part of the West Indies Carmina Meredith filij Rhesi mentionem facientia de Madoco filio Oweni Guynedd de sua nauigatione in terras incognitas Vixit hic Meredith circiter annum Domini 1477. MAdoc wyf mwyedic wedd Iawn genau Owyn Guynedd Ni fynnum dir fy enaid oedd Na da mawr ond y moroedd The same in English Madoc I am the sonne of Owen Gwynedd With stature large and comely grace adorned No lands at home nor store of wealth me please My minde was whole to search the Ocean seas The offer of the discouery of the VVest Indies by Christopher Columbus to king Henry the seuenth in the yeere 1488 the 13 of February with the kings acceptation of the offer the cause whereupon hee was depriued of the same recorded in the thirteenth chapter of the history of Don Fernand Columbus of the life and deeds of his father Christopher Columbus CHristophoro Colon temendo se parimente i Re di Castiglia non assentissero alla sua impresa non gli bisognasse proporla di nuouo Ã qualche altro prâ—ncipe cosi in cio passasse lungo tempo mando in Inghilterra vn suo fratello che haueua appresso dâ— se chiamato Bartholomeo Colon il qual quantunque non hauesse lettere Latine erÃ perÃ² huomo praâ—tico giudicioso nelle cose del mare sapea molto bene far carte da nauigare sphere altri instrumenti di quella professione come dal suo fraâ—ello era instrutto Partito adunque Bartholomeo Colon per Inghilterra volle la sua sorte che desse in man di cor sali i quali lo spogliarono insieme con gli altri della sua naue Per la qual cosa per la sua pouertÃ infirmitÃ che in cosi diuerse terre lo assalirono crudelmente prolungo per gran tempo la sua ambasciata fin che aquistata vn poco di faculta con le carte ch' ei fabricaua comincio a far pratiche co ' il Re Enrico settimo padre de ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ al presente regna a cui appresentÃ² vn mappamondoâ— nel quale erano scritti questi versi che frale sue scriture Io trouas dame saranno qui posts piu tosto per l' antichitÃ che per la loro eleganza Terrarum quicunque cupis foeliciter oras Noscere cuncta decens doctÃ¨ pictura docebit Quam Strabo affirmat Ptolomaeus Plinius atque Isidorus non vna tamen sententia cuique Pingitur hÃ®c etiam nuper sulcata carinis Hispanis Zona illa priÃ¹s incognita genti Torrida quae tandem nunc est notissima multis Et piu di sotto diceua Pro Authore siue Pictore Ianua cui patriae est nomen cui Bartholomaeus Columbus de Terra Rubra opus edidit istud Londonijs anno Domini 1480 atque insuper anno Octauo decimÃ¡que die cÃ¹m tertia mensis Februarij Laudes Christo cantentur abundÃ¨ Et percioche auuertirÃ alcuno che dice Columbus de Terra Rubra dico che medesimamente Io viddi alcune

Nepotes Duces Imperatoris Taâ—tarorum seruile in omnes imperium Inhumanitas erga Legatos Occoday surrogatur patri Bathy â—iâ—sque expeditio Barchin ciuitas Sarguit ciuitas Orna ciuitas Â¶ Vide Mechouium lib. 1. ca. 3. Morduani Bulgaria magna Hungarâ—a magna Parossite Samogere Monstra aquilonaâ—a Exâ—editio Cyrpodanis Cyclopedes Armenia Georgia subacta Soldanus Halapie Calipha â—aldacâ—â—sis Tartarorum mâ—litaâ—is disciplina Armatuâ—â— Vâ—us bellâ—rumâ— Mosâ—â—anandâ— flâ—â—iâ—a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ de bello contra Tartaros gerendo Ferri temperamentum Itinerarium Ioann sociorum legatorum Bolesiâ—â—s Dux Sâ—lesiae * Naziâ—ia * Grimisâ—â—uâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Math ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ lib. 1. cap. 9. Litere Pape ad â—usâ—oâ— Daniel frater Basilij Lituani Pabulum equorâ—m Tartaric Micheaâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Papae Christianorum pater Dominus Legationis mandata Corâ—ensa Dâ—x limitis occidentalis Mos salutâ—ndi Tartariâ—os â—roceres Baâ—hâ— elâ—â—sque poteâ—â—ia â€– Quadregesimae Comania * Veteribus â—â—â—rysthenes * Taâ—â—u * Rha. * Rhymnus Pontus Euxinus Volga non intrat Ceremonia per â—uos ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ transcundi Eldegay Bathy audit legaâ—oâ— Gerit se regiâ—icâ— Eiusdem bibendi ad Symphoniae cantum mos. Authoritas Legati iubentur ad Cuyne Imperat peâ—geâ—e Comaniae descriptio Oceanus septenâ—â—ionalis Teâ—â—a Kangittarum Ieroslaus Dux Russiae Terra Biserminorum Altisoldanus Montes maximâ— Burin Cadan Oceanus ab Aquâ—lone Syban frater Bathy Nigrâ— Cathayni MarÃ¨ paruum Plurimis diebus Plures insule Ordu cap. 13. Prima curia Imperatoris Terra Naymanorum Tartaria Iulij 22. Acceleratum lâ—gatorum iter Cuyne in legatos benignitas Tentorium regium Comitia Symposium procerum Ieroslaus Dux Russiae Legati diueâ— sarum nationum Imperij Cuynae primitiae Syra orda Aurea orda Augusâ—i 15. Peeces solennes Cuynae aetas morer Studium Christianismi Maiestas Potestas exlex â€ Bellum in ChristianÃ³s cogitatum Cuyne audit legaron Munera eidem oblata Currus ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Tentorium puâ—pureum Solivm eburnum Nex Occoday vinâ—icata Ieroslaus Dâ—x â—uâ—â—iâ— Cuvne cum legatis dissimulanter agit Cofmas Russus Chingay internuncius Prudens de liteâ—is consilium Legati abhorrent a Tartarorum ad Christianos legatione Nouemb. 13. Honorantur coÌ„meatu lautiâ— Difficilis legatorum reditus Bathy Corrensa Iunij â— Gratulationes reducibus factae Basilius Dâ—niâ—l Principes Russi agnoscent primatum Papae Ascellinuâ— Simon Quinctnianus Iohn de plano Carpini Benedictus Polonian A description of Tartaria The North Ocean Syra Orda The intemperature of the aire What Orda signifieth The shape of the Tartars Their habite Like vnto Frobishers men Their tabernacles Their cattell Their victuals Their obedieÌ„ce Their abstinence Their courtesie Their chastity Their insoleritie against strangers Punishments of adultery Of theft Of secretes disclosed Lawes of matrimonie Andreas duke of Russia Melich Dauid two brothers Ridiculous traditions The Tartars worship the moone Their custome of purifying The pâ—ople of Tartarâ—â— The original the eâ—ploiâ—s of Chingis The Naimani The discord of brethren Occoday Cham. Havthon Paulus Vâ—netus call themâ— Cathayans New victories Letters Siluer cast at the enemie instead of stones Chingis Cham proclaimed Emperour Part of Cathay in the sea The letters the religion of the Cathayans Their excellent workmanship Thossut Can son of Chingis India minor subdued The stratagem of the king of India A strange report of certain moÌ„strous women and dogs The region of Buâ—ithabeth The manners of the people Another expeditioÌ„ of Chingis A fabulous narration of the sun rising The lawâ— of Chingis The death of Chingis His sonnes His graundchildren The Tartarian dukes The absolute and lordly dominion of the Tartarian Emperour ouer his subiects Their barbarous inhumanitie towards ambassadours Occoday succeedeth his father The expeditioÌ„ of Bathy The citie of Barchin Orna The Morduans Bulgaria magna Hungaria magna Parossiâ—â—â— Samogete The North ocean Northerne monsters Kergis Cyclopedes Armenia Geoâ—gia conquered The Soldan of Aleppo his land The Caliph of Baldach The military diâ—cipline of the Taâ—taâ—s Their weapoÌ„s Their experience cunning in warrâ—â— Their maner of passing ouer riâ—ers Counsel how to wage warre against the Tartars A notable temper of iron oâ— â—â—eele * Johannes de plano Carpini The iourney of frier Iohn his fellow Legates Boleslaus duke of Silesia * Mazoâ—a * Grimslaua Daniel brother vnto Waâ—ilico The Lâ—â—beanianâ— The feddâ—r of â—he Taâ—â—aâ—ian horses Michaeas the malicious The contents of the legacie Corrensa The duke of the Westerne marches The maner of saluting the Tartaâ—ian princes Duke Bathy his power â€¡ Boristhenes â€¡ Tanaiâ— â€¡ Rha. â€¡ Rhymnus â€– Pontus Euxinus He is deceiued for albeit Neper Don run into Mare maioâ— yet Volga Iaec flowe into the Caspian sea A ceremony of passing betweene two fiers Eldegay Bathy heareth the Legates He behaues himâ—elfe like a king Their custome of drinking at the sound of musicke They traueiled post from Easter day to the 22. of Iuly Eastward of Volga A description of Comania The North Ocean The land of the Kangittae Ieroslaus duke of Russia The land of the Bisermini Alti Soldanus Huge mountaines Burin and Cadan The North ocean Syban brother vnto Bathy The blacke Kythayans A small sea Many dayes Ordu cap. 13. The first court of the Emperour The land of Naymani The 22. of Iuly The curtesâ—e of Cuyne towards Ambassadors The tent roial A generall assemblie The banquet of the Nobles â—â—oslaus Duke of Susdal Ambassadors of sâ—ndry nations The beginnings of Cuyne hiâ— empire Syra Orda The golden Orda The 15. of August Woâ—lâ—n cloth His inclination to Christianitie His maiestie A lawlesse authoritie Waâ—re intended against all Chriâ—â—ians Cuyne heareth the Legates Gifts presented vnto him 500. Carts ful of treasure A tent of purple A throne of Iuorie The death of Occoday reuenged Or Susdal Cuyne dissembletâ— with the Legaâ—â—s Cosmas a Russian The message of Chingay The Legates â—re loath to haue any Ambassadours sent from the Tartars to the Chrisâ—ians Nouember 13. They are rewarded with gifâ—e The sore â—ouâ—neys of the Legates in returning Bathy Corrensâ— Iune 8. How they were welcomed at their returne Basilius and Dâ—niel Princâ—â— Ecclus. 39. vâ—r â— Soldaia Matriga ciuâ—tas Zikia â€– Nota. Similiter in Florida Maior Hungaria Nota. Pellium paratâ—â— Nota diligenteâ— â€– Vel Akas | Noâ—a diligentâ—â—sime Salinae Decem dietae Comanie longitudo â€– Eâ—lâ—a quae Volga flumen Russia Prussia Calor â—aximuâ— ibiin aestate Tanais fluuius Casale Rutenorum Latitudo Tanais Oceanus â€– Ad introiâ—um Augusti â—â—deunt ad meridiem Merdui Saraceni â€– vel Volga fluuius â€– Kerkis vel Aas Lesgi Saraceni â€– Reâ—iâ—us eius per Derbent Coiat Nesâ—orinus Perueniunt ad Etiâ—iam vel Volgam Tartari voluns vocari Moalâ— Con â—â—n Vnde venerunt ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Caracatay Oâ—â—â—â—us Vel Nayman Prebâ—ytes Iohannes Kencham vbi habitaâ—â—t Frater Andreas in Curia Kencham Vut can vel Vnc. Caracarum Vâ—lâ—ulâ— Câ—it

reserued for the English nation to possâ—sse The Spanyards prosperous in the Southerne discoueries yet vnhappy in thâ—se Northerne The French are but viuepers vpon our right The FreÌ„ch also infortunate in those North parts of America A good incouragement for the English nation to proceed in the conquests of the North of America The due time approcheth by all likelihood of calling these heathens vnto Christianity The word of God moueth circularly The planting of Gods word must be handled with reuerence Ill actions coloured by pretence of planting vpon remote lands The fiâ—st and great preparation of sir HuÌ„frey Gilbert A constant resolution of sir Humfey Gilbert A second preparation of sir Humfrey Gilbert Consultation about our course Comodities in discouering from South Northward Cause why we began our discouery froÌ„ the North. Incommodities in begining North. Beginning of the voyage Our fleet consisted of fiue sailes in which we had about 260 men Prouisions fit for such discoueries Iune 11. Iune 13. Obserue Iune 15. Iuly 20. Great fogges vpon the Ocean sea Northward Iuly 27. The banke in length vnknowen stretcheth from North into South in bredth 10. leagues in depth of water vpon it 30 fadome A great fishing vpon y e banke Abundance of foules Iuly 30. First sight of land Iland and a foule named Penguin An Iland called Baccalaos of the fish taken there Misdemeanor of them in the Swallow English ships are the strongest and Admirals of other fleetes fishing vpon the South parts of New-found land Good order taken by English marchaÌ„ts for our supply in Newfound land Good entertainment in Newfound land No Sauages in the South part of New-found land August 4. August 5. Possession taken Three Lawes Actuall possession maintained in New-found land Men appointed to makâ— search New found land is al Islands or brokeÌ„ lands Goodly roads and harbours New found land is habitable Cold by accidental meanes Commodities Fish of sea and fresh water Newfound land both minister commoditieâ— abundantly for art industrie Siluer Ore brought vnto the Generall Reasons why no further search was made for the silver mine Misdemeanor in our companie God brought togither these men into the ship ordained to perish who before had coÌ„mitted such outrage Why sir Huâ—â— Gilbert went in the Frigate Liberalitie of the Portugals August 20 S. Iohns in 47 deg 40 min. Cape Race in 46 degrees 25 minutes Fish large and plentifull Cattel in the Isle of Sablon Good soile August 27. Predictions before the wracke Losse of our Admirall Stephanus Parmenius a learned Hungarian Daniel a refiner of mettals A wonderfull scape and deliuerance A great distresse A desperate resolution Two men famished Causes inforcing vs to returne home againe August 31. A monster of the sea September 2. Our last conference with our Generall Circumstances to be well obserued in our Generall importing the Ore to be of a siluer Mine Wilfulnes in the Generall A token of a good mind A resolute and Christianlike saying in a distresse Sir Humfrey Gilbâ—rt drowned Arriuall in England of the Golden Hindâ— A fit motion of the Captain vnto sir Humâ—â—ey Gilbert An ill recompense Constancie in sir Humfrey Gilbert His temeritie and presumption Afflictions needfull in the children of God Dominus Ralegh Insula Penguâ—â— In the south side of Newe found land there is store of plaine and champion Countrey as Richard Clarke found The great heate of the sunne in summer 20. Leaguesâ— from the Isle of Sablon 15. Leagues froâ— the Isle of Sablon Herein Clarke ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ chargethâ—â— Hâ—mâ—â—ey Gilbert The ship cast away on Châ—â—â—aâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ the ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ â—5â—3 Sâ—xteene gate into the ship-boate Master Hâ—dlyes vngodly propâ—sâ—â—oâ— They came on land the 7. day after theiâ— shipwracke The fruitfulnesse of the south part of Newfoundland Foureteene oâ— our men brought out of Newfound land in a ship of Sâ— Iohn de Luz Master Edward Hays Sir Humfrey Gilbert did arriue at Saint Iohns Hauen in Neâ—found land the 3. of August Anno 1583. Among these there was found the tract of a beast oâ— 7. ynches and a halfe ouer Sir Humfrey tooke possâ—ssion of the New-found land in right of the Crowne of England Three lawes estaâ—lished theâ—e by Sir â—â—â—frey Sundry pâ—rsons â—ecame Tenants to Sir Humfrey and doe mainteine possâ—ssion ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ in diuers places â—hâ—re ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ â€– Englishmen Master Iohn Hawkins Sir Francis Drake M. William Winter M. Iohn Chester M. Martin Frobisher Anthony Parkhurst William â—aties Iohn Louel Dauid Iâ—gram Strangers French Iohn Kidault Iaques Carrieâ— Andrew Theueâ— Moâ—litus Goutgues Monsieur Laudonniete Italians Christopher Columbus Iohn Verâ—zarus God doeth not alwayes begin his greatest workes by the greatest persons His custome was to bowe himselfe very lowe in making of courtesie Hernando Cortes Francisco Pizarâ—o A reasonable â—equesâ— The argument of the booke The principall causes why this voyage is vndertaken The seconde kinde of planting Iosua 4. Iosua 6. Iosua 8. Iosua 9. Iudg. 11.13 Iudg. 1. A good now for al Conquerers to be mercifull Iudg. 6.7 Ruffinus lib. cap. 9. Meâ—opius slaâ—nâ— Edesius and Frumenâ—ius preserued by the Indians Frumentius in great fauour with y t Queene of the IndiaÌ„s An other great worke of God begunne by a man of meâ—nâ— birth Ruffinuâ— the Author of this storie â—usebâ—â—â— his ecclesiasticall Historie testifieth how that Conâ—tantine the great did enlarge his doâ—inions bâ— subduing of Infidels and Idolatrous nations Eusebius lib. 1. de vita Constant. cap. 4. eâ— cap. 9. Euseb. eâ—d lib. â—ap â—9 â—â—eoâ—oâ—â—â— in eccle lib. 5. cap. â—â— Theodoretus cap. 26. eodem ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ 1170. Owen Gwyneth was then Prince of north-Northwales Nullum â—emâ—us ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Regi This Islanâ— was discouered by Sir Humfrey and his company in this hâ—â— iourney Mutezuma hiâ— Oration to his subiects in presence of Hernando Cortes which Oration was made about the yeere 152â— M. Oliuer Dalbony M. Edward Reow. M.R.H. M.I.A. Cox the mâ—â—ster Clothiâ—â—s Woolmâ—n Carders Spâ—â—ters Weauersâ— Fiâ—lersâ— Sheermeâ— Diers Dâ—apeâ—â— Cappers Yaâ—â—rs c. and many decayed townes reported The idle persons of this realme shall by occasion of this iourney hee well imployed a set on worke â—empe doeth grow neere S. Laurence riuer naturally Head the beginning of the booke intituled Diuers voyages touching the discouery of America Beasts for pleasure Given ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ for forty shillings a piece Great grapes Wine of the Palme tree Commodities found in August last 1. ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ This â—â—argeâ— cannot be vniust where both parties are gainers â— Decad lib. â— fol. 77. of the West Indies in English Canoa is a kind of boat â— Decad lib. â— fol 97. About the yere of our Lord 1511. Conquest at the West Indies fol. 43. and 45. English A marueilouâ— victorie Ceffala accounted to be the place where the noble and wise king Salomon did fetch his gold These are the furthest parts of the world from England At these Ilands hath siâ— Francis Drake bene where the same of the Queenes most excellent Maiestie was renowmed Moscouie Dutchmen Denmarke Easterlings Turkie Leuani Barbarie

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