excessive_a power_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n which_o they_o soon_o effect_v by_o be_v resolute_a and_o more_o in_o number_n but_o in_o poland_n it_o be_v quite_o otherwise_o for_o there_o the_o clergy_n and_o gentry_n have_v a_o common_a interest_n to_o keep_v the_o king_n and_o people_n in_o subjection_n the_o clergy_n have_v great_a privilege_n and_o be_v very_a rich._n the_o bishop_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v prince_n or_o duke_n they_o be_v all_o senator_n and_o sit_v in_o the_o diet_n before_o all_o the_o temporal_a lord_n so_o that_o by_o the_o great_a authority_n and_o veneration_n which_o they_o have_v procure_v to_o themselves_o from_o the_o slavish_a people_n they_o can_v hinder_v they_o from_o make_v any_o insurrection_n and_o by_o the_o arbitrary_a and_o free_a power_n which_o they_o and_o the_o gentry_n have_v hitherto_o maintain_v to_o elect_n who_o they_o please_v for_o king_n they_o will_v always_o keep_v he_o in_o such_o a_o dependence_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o his_o child_n that_o he_o shall_v hardly_o ever_o be_v able_a to_o effect_v any_o design_n upon_o their_o prerogative_n nay_o provide_v he_o have_v find_v any_o opportunity_n to_o compass_v such_o a_o dangerous_a enterprise_n yet_o will_v it_o not_o consist_v with_o prudence_n either_o to_o declare_v or_o attempt_v it_o for_o fear_v of_o incur_v the_o hatred_n and_o displeasure_n of_o the_o people_n which_o will_v not_o only_o tend_v to_o his_o own_o ruin_n but_o likewise_o obstruct_v the_o election_n of_o any_o of_o his_o family_n to_o the_o throne_n after_o his_o death_n so_o that_o the_o sure_a way_n for_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o continue_v the_o crown_n in_o his_o family_n be_v never_o to_o attempt_v any_o innovation_n family_n i_o will_v not_o however_o think_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n unfortunate_a in_o not_o be_v able_a to_o assure_v the_o succession_n of_o the_o throne_n to_o their_o child_n since_o they_o be_v thereby_o compel_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o lucky_a necessity_n to_o breed_v they_o up_o to_o all_o royal_a virtue_n and_o this_o to_o the_o end_n that_o it_o may_v render_v they_o more_o accomplish_v and_o worthy_a to_o be_v elect_v for_o where_o they_o be_v satisfy_v that_o the_o crown_n be_v not_o due_a to_o their_o blood_n but_o to_o their_o merit_n what_o will_v either_o the_o father_n or_o son_n omit_v to_o obtain_v it_o by_o the_o most_o glorious_a mean_n my_o lord_n officer_n i_o have_v hitherto_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o form_n of_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o to_o the_o king_n power_n and_o revenue_n i_o will_v now_o give_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o king_n court_n be_v it_o not_o like_a to_o that_o of_o other_o prince_n as_o to_o splendour_n and_o number_n of_o officer_n for_o beside_o the_o great_a crown-officer_n as_o the_o two_o great_a and_o little_a marshal_n as_o many_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n two_o general_n and_o two_o great_a and_o little_a treasurer_n the_o king_n have_v his_o lord-chamberlain_n his_o court-marshal_n or_o lord_n steward_n his_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n his_o secretary_n of_o state_n his_o standard-bearer_n chief_a huntsman_n his_o gentleman_n of_o the_o body_n answerable_a to_o our_o lord_n of_o the_o bedchamber_n his_o physician_n chaplain_n pensioner_n cupbearer_n sewer_n carver_n musician_n and_o guards_z pensioner_n the_o gentleman_n pensioner_n always_o attend_v the_o king_n on_o horseback_n this_o body_n of_o gentry_n consist_v of_o the_o noble_a youth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whereof_o many_o have_v court_n and_o state-employment_n and_o be_v all_o subject_n to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o court-marshal_n there_o be_v some_o of_o these_o that_o attend_v his_o majesty_n on_o foot_n but_o in_o long_a journey_n they_o be_v always_o carry_v in_o wagon_n a_o set_a number_n of_o these_o keep_v guard_n day_n and_o night_n about_o the_o king_n whenever_o the_o king_n go_v in_o public_a these_o last_o march_n every_o way_n about_o he_o with_o long_a battleax_n on_o their_o shoulder_n and_o sabres_fw-es by_o their_o side_n but_o still_o admit_v the_o senator_n and_o chief_a courtier_n to_o march_v next_o he_o yet_o when_o the_o queen_n go_v with_o the_o king_n the_o senators_z and_o other_o person_n of_o quality_n be_v to_o walk_v before_o horse-guard_n the_o king_n horse-guard_n ought_v by_o the_o constitution_n to_o be_v either_o pole_n lithuanian_n or_o native_n of_o some_o of_o the_o incorporate_v province_n but_o however_o this_o law_n have_v be_v dispense_v with_o for_o the_o late_a king_n admit_v both_o german_n and_o hungarian_n among_o they_o their_o number_n by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o exceed_v 1200_o and_o their_o chief_a commander_n be_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o all_o the_o four_o marshal_n lithuania_n the_o king_n have_v the_o same_o number_n of_o court_n officer_n in_o lithuania_n as_o he_o have_v in_o poland_n the_o lithuanian_n be_v as_o ambitious_a to_o keep_v up_o the_o ancient_a grandeur_n of_o their_o great_a duke_n as_o the_o pole_n be_v for_o that_o of_o their_o king_n province_n the_o king_n have_v likewise_o the_o nomination_n of_o some_o court-officer_n in_o several_a province_n as_o in_o prussia_n masovia_n and_o russia_n which_o have_v former_o distinct_a prince_n of_o their_o own_o and_o be_v afterward_o unite_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o the_o king_n have_v the_o nomination_n of_o as_o many_o court-officer_n as_o any_o prince_n in_o europe_n but_o most_o of_o they_o be_v rather_o honorary_a than_o beneficial_a yet_o the_o gentry_n always_o make_v great_a interest_n to_o get_v into_o they_o precedence_n of_o which_o they_o be_v ambitious_a be_v regulate_v according_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o employment_n court._n as_o for_o the_o queen_n court_n it_o consist_v of_o about_o thirty_o officer_n the_o chief_z whereof_o be_v her_o marshal_n and_o chancellor_n their_o business_n be_v to_o preside_v over_o domestic_a affair_n in_o the_o queen_n court._n her_o marshal_n or_o steward_n be_v to_o carry_v the_o staff_n before_o she_o and_o her_o chancellor_n or_o secretary_n to_o write_v sign_n receive_v and_o answer_v all_o her_o letter_n there_o be_v her_o treasurer_n who_o manage_n her_o revenue_n her_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n cupbearer_n carver_n sewer_n clerk_n of_o the_o kitchen_n etc._n etc._n for_o woman_n servant_n she_o have_v her_o lady_n maid_n of_o honour_n dresser_n etc._n etc._n when_o she_o go_v in_o public_a she_o be_v always_o attend_v by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o she_o own_o sex_n court._n it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o amiss_o to_o add_v something_o of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o inter-rex_a or_o primate_n and_o so_o i_o will_v conclude_v while_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n he_o have_v much_o the_o same_o officer_n with_o the_o king_n but_o when_o he_o have_v lay_v down_o that_o authority_n his_o officer_n be_v his_o marshal_n speak_v of_o before_o his_o chancellor_n who_o presides_n in_o his_o court_n of_o justice_n his_o almoner_n master_n of_o request_n cross-bearer_n steward_n treasurer_n chaplain_n library-keeper_n clerk_n of_o the_o kitchen_n etc._n etc._n he_o this_o archbishop_n alone_o as_o he_o be_v the_o chief_a senator_n of_o poland_n have_v drum_n beat_v and_o trumpets_z sounding_z both_z within_z and_o without_o door_n before_o he_o sit_v down_o to_o table_n he_o also_o by_o his_o prerogative_n be_v not_o to_o wait_v for_o the_o king_n command_n when_o he_o shall_v visit_v he_o but_o may_v go_v when_o and_o as_o often_o as_o he_o please_v before_o my_o lord_n i_o put_v a_o end_n to_o this_o letter_n permit_v i_o to_o take_v notice_n to_o your_o grace_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n do_v not_o name_n his_o privy-counsellor_n but_o all_o senator_n be_v counsellor_n of_o course_n for_o all_o of_o that_o dignity_n that_o be_v about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o king_n reside_v have_v a_o right_a to_o sit_v at_o the_o council-board_n for_o fear_v notwithstanding_o that_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v always_o senator_n sufficient_a for_o that_o purpose_n at_o court_n the_o senate_n always_o depute_v four_o of_o their_o member_n to_o attend_v the_o king_n person_n by_o turn_n and_o that_o not_o only_o to_o give_v he_o advice_n but_o likewise_o to_o inspect_v into_o his_o conduct_n and_o to_o prevent_v he_o from_o act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n for_o the_o king_n and_o council_n be_v accountable_a to_o the_o diet_n for_o any_o mismanagement_n in_o the_o government_n in_o short_a the_o genius_n of_o the_o polish_v nation_n and_o the_o whole_a frame_n of_o their_o constitution_n be_v entire_o bend_v to_o curb_n the_o king_n power_n and_o to_o secure_v their_o law_n and_o prerogative_n against_o the_o encroach_a faction_n of_o foreign_a prince_n or_o of_o their_o own_o court-party_n i_o may_v here_o my_o lord_n add_v a_o great_a many_o
city_n have_v always_o above_o 2000_o soldier_n in_o service_n and_o they_o can_v easy_o maintain_v 12000_o but_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n they_o have_v be_v know_v to_o have_v raise_v 60000._o for_o ship_n they_o have_v no_o man_n of_o war_n but_o abundance_n of_o merchantman_n of_o 3_o or_o 400_o tun_n each_o and_o 30_o or_o 40_o gun_n apiece_o they_o never_o trade_n so_o far_o as_o the_o east_n or_o west-indies_n but_o into_o the_o straits_n and_o all_o over_o europe_n they_o do_v prussia_n here_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v your_o excellency_n some_o short_a account_n of_o their_o present_a coin_n in_o dantzick_n but_o first_o by_o way_n of_o digression_n i_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o coin_n which_o the_o teutonic_n order_v bring_v into_o prussia_n not_o prove_v sufficient_a to_o furnish_v that_o country_n with_o money_n those_o knight_n soon_o begin_v to_o set_v up_o mint_n and_o to_o coin_v money_n of_o their_o own_o there_o which_o they_o perform_v with_o so_o much_o accuracy_n that_o most_o nation_n have_v allow_v that_o wherever_o invent_v the_o art_n of_o coin_v be_v there_o first_o bring_v to_o perfection_n this_o have_v be_v confirm_v by_o the_o great_a antiquary_n spelman_n who_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o our_o english_a word_n sterling_n come_v from_o the_o easterling_n a_o people_n of_o prussia_n and_o who_o come_v from_o thence_o into_o england_n first_o teach_v we_o the_o art_n of_o refine_v and_o coin_v pure_a silver_n than_o we_o have_v before_o make_v use_n of_o dantzic_n the_o species_n of_o money_n now_o current_a in_o prussia_n or_o rather_o in_o dantzic_n be_v these_o gold_n ducat_n ourt_n choustack_n and_o chelons_n a_o ducat_n be_v worth_a two_o rixdollar_n or_o 9_o shilling_n english_a a_o ourt_n be_v a_o silver_n coin_n equal_a to_o the_o french_a piece_n of_o 15_o sous_fw-fr and_o worth_a 18_o gross_v of_o dantzic_n and_o 30_o of_o poland_n a_o choustack_n be_v of_o the_o value_n of_o 6_o dantzic-grosses_a or_o 10_o polish_v and_o as_o for_o their_o chelons_n three_o of_o they_o make_v one_o of_o their_o gross_v the_o far_a difference_n between_o the_o polish_v money_n and_o they_o stand_v thus_o the_o tinfe_fw-mi that_o be_v worth_a 30_o gross_v of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 18_o of_o those_o of_o dantzic_n the_o ducat_n which_o be_v of_o the_o value_n of_o 12_o frank_n of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 7_o of_o the_o current_a money_n here_o five_o choustack_n or_o a_o ourt_n and_o two_o choustack_n make_v a_o livre_fw-fr of_o dantzic-money_n because_o 5_o choustack_n make_v 30_o gross_v and_o 30_o gross_v make_v 20_o penny_n regain_v this_o city_n of_o dantzic_n be_v take_v from_o the_o dane_n by_o sabislaus_n grandson_n to_o swentorohus_n about_o the_o year_n 1186_o and_o be_v seize_v by_o the_o pole_n some_o short_a time_n after_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o it_o in_o 1305_o and_o wall_v it_o round_o in_o 1314._o casimir_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n surname_v the_o great_a regain_v it_o in_o 1454_o and_o grant_v very_o great_a privilege_n to_o the_o citizen_n who_o afterward_o declare_v for_o the_o auspurg-confession_n side_v with_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n against_o stephen_n batori_fw-la insomuch_o that_o the_o latter_a proscribe_v and_o even_o besiege_v they_o in_o 1577._o but_o however_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o other_o prince_n they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o religion_n and_o liberty_n in_o 1597._o in_o 1656._o they_o vigorous_o repulse_v the_o suede_n and_o adhere_v to_o the_o interest_n of_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o at_o present_a they_o make_v one_o of_o the_o member_n of_o this_o state_n have_v be_v admit_v to_o a_o suffrage_n in_o the_o election_n of_o the_o polish_v monarch_n in_o the_o year_n 1632._o king_n this_o my_o lord_n be_v what_o i_o have_v be_v able_a to_o gather_v from_o dr._n connor_n memoir_n and_o the_o best_a author_n that_o have_v write_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o wherein_o if_o i_o may_v not_o be_v so_o happy_a as_o to_o correspond_v every_o where_o with_o your_o excellency_n great_a knowledge_n of_o those_o matter_n i_o hope_v at_o least_o i_o may_v be_v excuse_v upon_o account_n of_o my_o good_a will_n to_o entertain_v you_o and_o the_o public_a as_o far_o as_o my_o assistance_n go_v which_o if_o grant_v will_v abundant_o recompense_v the_o endeavour_n of_o my_o lord_n your_o excellency_n most_o humble_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n viii_o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a charles_n earl_n of_o burlington_n of_o the_o origin_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o the_o succession_n of_o all_o its_o great_a master_n in_o the_o holy-land_n prussia_n and_o germany_n together_o with_o its_o present_a state_n in_o the_o empire_n my_o lord_n dr_n connor_n have_v design_v this_o letter_n for_o your_o lordship_n entertainment_n and_o not_o have_v have_v leisure_n to_o accomplish_v it_o himself_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o urgency_n of_o his_o profession_n desire_v of_o i_o to_o address_v it_o for_o he_o but_o upon_o a_o just_a reflection_n on_o the_o meanness_n of_o my_o ability_n and_o a_o awful_a regard_n to_o your_o lordship_n grandeur_n i_o find_v i_o have_v more_o than_o ordinary_a reason_n to_o decline_v it_o yet_o however_o upon_o balance_v your_o goodness_n with_o your_o great_a quality_n and_o consider_v my_o well_o mean_v at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o my_o attempt_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v not_o be_v so_o unfortunate_a as_o to_o offend_v if_o i_o undertake_v it_o and_o the_o rather_o because_o of_o the_o great_a conformity_n which_o the_o subject_n i_o be_v to_o write_v of_o have_v with_o the_o hope_n which_o the_o nation_n have_v in_o you_o my_o lord_n order_n your_o lordship_n will_v here_o find_v that_o this_o order_n be_v first_o found_v to_o reward_n and_o encourage_v great_a action_n and_o that_o particular_o in_o the_o german_a nation_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o have_v the_o title_n of_o teutonic_n for_o when_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n barberossa_n have_v engage_v in_o the_o crusade_n for_o recovery_n of_o the_o holy-land_n a_o great_a number_n of_o german_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n join_v his_o army_n as_o volunteer_n of_o this_o crusade_n be_v several_a other_o great_a prince_n of_o europe_n such_o as_o philip_n king_n of_o france_n richard_n i._o king_n of_o england_n frederic_n duke_n of_o suabia_n the_o duke_n of_o austria_n and_o bavaria_n philip_n earl_n of_o flanders_n plorant_fw-la earl_n of_o holland_n etc._n etc._n after_o this_o emperor_n death_n the_o german_n be_v before_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n which_o they_o then_o besiege_v choose_v for_o their_o leader_n frederick_n duke_n of_o suabia_n second_o son_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a emperor_n and_o henry_n duke_n of_o brabant_n under_o these_o general_n they_o behave_v themselves_o so_o well_o both_o at_o the_o take_n of_o acon_n jerusalem_n and_o other_o place_n of_o the_o holy-land_n that_o henry_n king_n of_o jerusalem_n the_o patriarch_n and_o several_a other_o prince_n think_v themselves_o oblige_v to_o do_v something_o extraordinary_a in_o honour_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n hereupon_o they_o immediate_o resolve_v to_o erect_v a_o order_n of_o knight_n of_o that_o nation_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o st._n george_n but_o afterward_o they_o change_v that_o saint_n for_o the_o virgin_n mary_n by_o reason_n that_o she_o have_v a_o hospital_n already_o found_v on_o mount_n zion_n at_o jerusalem_n for_o the_o relief_n of_o german_a pilgrim_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o building_n which_o ashmole_n in_o his_o order_n of_o the_o garter_n give_v this_o follow_a account_n jerusalem_n he_o say_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o holy-war_n a_o wealthy_a gentleman_n of_o germany_n who_o dwell_v at_o jerusalem_n commiserate_v the_o condition_n of_o his_o countryman_n come_v thither_o on_o devotion_n and_o neither_o understanding_n the_o language_n of_o that_o place_n nor_o know_v where_o to_o lodge_v receive_v they_o hospitable_o into_o his_o house_n and_o give_v they_o all_o manner_n of_o suitable_a entertainment_n afterward_o obtain_v leave_n of_o the_o patriarch_n he_o erect_v a_o chapel_n for_o they_o and_o dedicate_v it_o to_o the_o virgin_n mary_n whence_o the_o knight_n that_o be_v establish_v there_o afterward_o come_v to_o have_v the_o title_n of_o equites_fw-la mariani_n other_o german_a gentleman_n contribute_v large_o to_o the_o maintain_n and_o increase_n this_o charitable_a work_n insomuch_o that_o in_o a_o short_a time_n these_o knight_n become_v very_o numerous_a and_o wealthy_a and_o give_v themselves_o to_o military_a employment_n and_o to_o act_n of_o piety_n and_o charity_n title_n in_o the_o year_n 1190_o they_o elect_v their_o first_o great_a master_n henry_n walpot_n and_o in_o the_o year_n follow_v have_v their_o order_n confirm_v upon_o the_o request_n of_o
the_o livonian_a order_n and_o to_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o 1561._o this_o happen_v not_o long_a after_o luther_n reformation_n influence_v duke_n gothotre_v to_o become_v a_o protestant_n and_o to_o marry_o which_o none_o of_o his_o order_n have_v ever_o do_v before_o he_o this_o duke_n have_v two_o son_n ferderic_n and_o william_n whereof_o the_o elder_a 1587._o frederic_n succeed_v he_o in_o the_o year_n 1587._o but_o at_o length_n die_v without_o issue_n these_o dukedom_n come_v to_o his_o brother_n 1602._o william_n who_o return_v from_o banishment_n be_v receive_v by_o the_o curlander_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o applause_n this_o duke_n have_v but_o one_o only_a son_n who_o be_v godson_n to_o our_o king_n james_n i._o after_o his_o death_n his_o son_n duke_n 1639._o james_n come_v to_o inherit_v the_o two_o dutchy_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n it_o this_o prince_n be_v much_o give_v to_o building_n of_o ship_n have_v every_o thing_n in_o his_o country_n proper_a for_o that_o purpose_n by_o mean_n of_o ship_n he_o discover_v the_o river_n semigal_a in_o guinea_n and_o the_o island_n of_o tobago_n one_o of_o the_o caribbee_n island_n in_o america_n which_o then_o be_v altogether_o uninhabited_a here_o he_o build_v a_o fort_n call_v it_o by_o his_o own_o name_n james-fort_n and_o moreover_o be_v at_o vast_a expense_n in_o cultivate_a and_o fortify_v this_o island_n and_o which_o he_o enjoy_v without_o any_o interruption_n for_o many_o year_n together_o it_o at_o length_n one_o lambson_n a_o zealander_n and_o a_o very_a rich_a man_n as_o likewise_o one_o of_o the_o state_n of_o holland_n get_v into_o a_o corner_n of_o this_o island_n and_o after_o much_o dispute_n be_v suffer_v to_o plant_v there_o upon_o pay_v a_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o duke_n he_o at_o last_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o war_n between_o the_o suede_n and_o pole_n and_o of_o the_o duke_n imprisonment_n by_o the_o former_a to_o dispossess_v he_o of_o the_o say_a island_n which_o he_o effect_v after_o this_o manner_n he_o appear_v with_o some_o force_n before_o the_o aforesaid_a james-fort_n and_o persuade_v the_o garrison_n that_o the_o duke_n their_o protector_n be_v carry_v away_o prisoner_n by_o the_o suede_n can_v not_o possible_o relieve_v they_o and_o that_o therefore_o they_o must_v necessary_o perish_v unless_o they_o forthwith_o deliver_v up_o the_o fort_n and_o island_n to_o he_o the_o soldiers_z begin_v immediate_o to_o mutiny_n chain_v their_o governor_n and_o force_v he_o to_o capitulate_v and_o comply_v with_o the_o say_v lambson_n who_o at_o the_o same_o time_n engage_v himself_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o duke_n be_v set_v at_o liberty_n to_o restore_v the_o island_n and_o what_o be_v leave_v there_o according_a to_o a_o inventory_n then_o take_v it_o the_o dutch_a be_v thus_o get_v into_o possession_n of_o this_o island_n the_o duke_n after_o many_o long_a and_o fruitless_a endeavour_n with_o the_o lambsons_n first_o and_o afterward_o with_o the_o state_n find_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o be_v enclinable_a to_o restitution_n apply_v himself_o to_o our_o king_n charles_n ii_o for_o assistance_n in_o recovery_n of_o his_o right_n submit_v the_o island_n altogether_o to_o the_o king_n protection_n as_o be_v willing_a to_o hold_v it_o subtitulo_n concessionis_fw-la or_o by_o a_o grant_n from_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n whereupon_o the_o ensue_a treaty_n be_v formal_o conclude_v which_o for_o a_o great_a eclaircisement_n of_o the_o matter_n i_o have_v think_v not_o improper_a to_o insert_v the_o agreement_n be_v in_o these_o word_n curland_n be_v it_o know_v unto_o all_o and_o singular_a person_n and_o person_n to_o who_o these_o present_n shall_v come_v that_o on_o the_o 17_o of_o the_o month_n of_o november_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1664._o by_o a_o double_a write_n of_o the_o same_o tenure_n and_o language_n it_o be_v agree_v between_o the_o most_o serene_a and_o most_o potent_a prince_n charles_n ii_o by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o great_a britain_n france_n and_o ireland_n defender_n of_o the_o faith_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o one_o part_n and_o the_o most_o illustrious_a prince_n james_z duke_z in_o livonia_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n on_o the_o other_o part_n that_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n by_o these_o present_v do_v give_v and_o grant_v to_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n full_a liberty_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n for_o such_o ship_n as_o do_v proper_o belong_v to_o he_o or_o they_o but_o not_o such_o ship_n as_o belong_v to_o any_o of_o his_o subject_n in_o any_o river_n or_o havens_n within_o the_o dominion_n of_o his_o majesty_n on_o africa_n the_o coast_n of_o africa_n which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o guinea_n as_o also_o in_o any_o merchandise_n not_o exceed_v the_o value_n of_o twelve_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a yearly_a according_a to_o the_o price_n the_o say_v merchandize_n first_o be_v buy_v for_o on_o those_o coast_n and_o place_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v export_v together_o with_o full_a liberty_n to_o build_v one_o or_o more_o warehouse_n or_o storehouse_n fit_a for_o lay_v up_o merchandize_n under_o the_o castle_n and_o fort_n which_o shall_v belong_v to_o his_o say_a majesty_n or_o his_o subject_n on_o those_o coast_n to_o hold_v and_o enjoy_v the_o say_v liberty_n as_o long_o as_o there_o do_v continue_v friendship_n amity_n and_o good_a understanding_n between_o the_o say_a king_n and_o the_o say_a duke_n and_o upon_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o concession_n or_o grant_v thus_o make_v by_o his_o majesty_n the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n grant_n and_o make_v over_o unto_o his_o say_a majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n the_o fort_n of_o st._n andrews_n in_o guinea_n and_o all_o other_o fort_n fortification_n and_o sconce_n there_o belong_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n together_o with_o all_o gun_n bullet_n and_o powder_n and_o other_o instrument_n of_o war_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o or_o any_o of_o those_o fort_n condition_n and_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n do_v agree_v and_o promise_v for_o himself_o his_o heir_n and_o successor_n that_o they_o shall_v respective_o pay_v to_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o custom_n of_o all_o good_n and_o merchandise_n in_o specie_fw-la as_o well_o into_o the_o port_n of_o his_o say_a majesty_n in_o guinea_n or_o thence_o export_v as_o aforesaid_a and_o that_o unto_o such_o officer_n or_o officer_n who_o or_o which_o his_o majesty_n his_o heir_n or_o successor_n shall_v establish_v or_o depute_v for_o the_o recover_n or_o receive_v of_o the_o say_a custom_n or_o duty_n tabago_n and_o moreover_o his_o say_a majesty_n by_o these_o present_v do_v give_v and_o grant_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n all_o and_o every_o that_o island_n call_v tobago_n situate_a about_o 12_o degree_n north-latitude_n and_o 316_o degree_n of_o longitude_n be_v one_o of_o those_o common_o call_v the_o caribbee_n island_n together_o with_o all_o the_o land_n havens_n creek_n river_n and_o profit_n to_o the_o same_o belong_v to_o be_v hold_v and_o enjoy_v under_o the_o king_n protection_n consideration_n provide_v always_o and_o under_o the_o condition_n that_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v not_o suffer_v or_o permit_v any_o other_o whatsoever_o beside_o his_o own_o subject_n and_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n to_o abide_v in_o the_o say_a island_n to_o settle_v plantation_n or_o build_v house_n but_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v be_v always_o free_o permit_v to_o abide_v in_o the_o say_a island_n and_o to_o have_v plantation_n and_o house_n and_o to_o enjoy_v all_o such_o privilege_n liberty_n immunity_n and_o benefit_n as_o any_o of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v or_o may_v have_v hold_v use_v or_o enjoy_v without_o any_o contradiction_n or_o opposition_n whatsoever_o neither_o shall_v they_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v any_o other_o contribution_n or_o imposition_n whatsoever_o save_v such_o as_o be_v necessary_o require_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o say_a island_n and_o equal_o in_o the_o same_o proportion_n pay_v by_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n moreover_o the_o say_a lord_n duke_n agree_v and_o promise_v that_o neither_o himself_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n nor_o any_o other_o for_o the_o use_n of_o he_o they_o or_o his_o subject_n shall_v export_v or_o import_n or_o suffer_v to_o be_v export_v or_o import_v any_o merchandise_n good_n or_o provision_n of_o the_o say_a island_n of_o tobago_n otherwise_o then_o out_o of_o or_o into_o some_o port_n belong_v to_o
england_n and_o curland_n or_o the_o port_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n war._n moreover_o for_o the_o acknowledgement_n that_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n do_v hold_v and_o enjoy_v the_o say_a island_n of_o tobago_n from_o and_o under_o his_o say_a majesty_n it_o be_v further_o provide_v and_o agree_v that_o when_o and_o as_o often_o as_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n or_o successor_n shall_v so_o require_v it_o or_o when_o he_o or_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o another_o king_n prince_n or_o state_n except_o only_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n at_o their_o own_o proper_a cost_v and_o charge_n from_o time_n to_o time_n shall_v bring_v or_o cause_n to_o be_v bring_v one_o good_a man_n of_o war_n furnish_v with_o 40_o great_a iron_n gun_n to_o such_o port_n station_n or_o place_n which_o his_o say_a majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v name_n into_o which_o ship_n his_o majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v put_v commander_n and_o seaman_n and_o supply_v they_o with_o food_n and_o wage_n under_o the_o conduct_n and_o at_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o say_a king_n so_o long_o as_o the_o say_a ship_n shall_v abide_v in_o his_o or_o their_o service_n which_o at_o one_o time_n shall_v never_o exceed_v the_o limit_n of_o a_o year_n for_o the_o testimony_n and_o undoubted_a confirmation_n whereof_o the_o abovesaid_a party_n namely_o the_o most_o serene_a and_o most_o potent_a king_n of_o great_a britain_n and_o the_o most_o illustrious_a duke_n of_o curland_n have_v set_v their_o hand_n interchangeable_o to_o the_o mutual_a agreement_n contain_v and_o explain_v in_o these_o present_n and_o moreover_o have_v apply_v their_o great_a seal_n for_o the_o establishment_n thereof_o effect_n hereupon_o at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n minister_n his_o majesty_n king_n charles_n ii_o scent_n a_o letter_n to_o the_o states-general_n to_o acquaint_v they_o with_o this_o his_o grant_n and_o to_o recommend_v to_o their_o consideration_n the_o just_a pretension_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n to_o this_o island_n but_o notwithstanding_o the_o state_n incline_v to_o favour_v the_o lambson_n interest_n who_o have_v the_o impudence_n to_o call_v this_o a_o sham-grant_a affirm_v that_o his_o majesty_n can_v not_o give_v that_o which_o be_v none_o of_o he_o to_o dispose_v of_o the_o say_v royal_a letter_n have_v little_a or_o no_o effect_n till_o it_o happen_v that_o count_n d'_fw-fr etree_n the_o french_a admiral_n take_v the_o island_n and_o make_v there_o a_o miserable_a slaughter_n and_o extirpation_n of_o the_o dutch_a but_o who_o think_v fit_a to_o quit_v the_o possession_n of_o it_o soon_o after_o king_n notwithstanding_o several_a of_o the_o french_a gentry_n and_o merchant_n have_v a_o prospect_n of_o benefit_n before_o their_o eye_n afterward_o solicit_v their_o king_n to_o grant_v the_o say_v conquer_a island_n to_o they_o but_o which_o he_o generous_o refuse_v declare_v that_o it_o belong_v to_o a_o neutral_a prince_n who_o do_v no_o body_n any_o harm_n charles_n hereupon_o the_o duke_n without_o further_a loss_n of_o time_n prepare_v to_o send_v ship_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o his_o right_n and_o upon_o his_o request_n king_n charles_n be_v please_v to_o favour_v he_o with_o his_o second_o royal_a letter_n to_o the_o government_n of_o barbadoes_n direct_v to_o the_o then_o governor_n sir_n jonathan_n atkins_n and_o date_v the_o 19_o of_o january_n 1680_o whereby_o that_o governor_n be_v order_v not_o only_o to_o permit_v and_o suffer_v the_o commander_n and_o officer_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n to_o provide_v and_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o what_o they_o may_v stand_v in_o need_n of_o but_o likewise_o to_o be_v aid_v and_o assist_v to_o they_o with_o his_o authority_n wherever_o there_o shall_v be_v find_v occasion_n intercept_v the_o like_a letter_n be_v some_o time_n before_o dispatch_v from_o king_n charles_n to_o the_o say_a government_n by_o one_o of_o the_o duke_n ship_n call_v the_o flowerpot_n but_o which_o together_o with_o the_o ship_n be_v betray_v to_o the_o pirate_n of_o algiers_n by_o one_o captain_n nagel_n the_o commander_n governor_n upon_o the_o governor_n of_o berbadoes_n receipt_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a royal_a letter_n the_o duke_n be_v encourage_v to_o send_v a_o governor_n to_o tobago_n and_o soon_o after_o several_a other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o keep_v possession_n thereof_o till_o by_o assistance_n of_o the_o english_a he_o may_v be_v able_a to_o establish_v a_o colony_n there_o captain_n in_o 1681_o the_o duke_n enter_v into_o a_o contract_n with_o captain_n pointz_n grant_v 120000_o acre_n of_o the_o say_a island_n to_o he_o and_o company_n upon_o very_o advantageous_a term_n tobago_n this_o island_n lie_v very_o commodious_o among_o the_o caribbee_n or_o antilles_n have_v many_o excellent_a havens_n and_o rivers_n and_o afford_v divers_a good_a product_n and_o will_v be_v of_o very_o dangerous_a consequence_n to_o the_o english_a either_o in_o french_a or_o dutch_a hand_n for_o hand_n first_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1664_o 1665_o and_o 1666_o it_o be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dutch_a they_o take_v in_o the_o war_n several_a hundred_o sail_n of_o ship_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o england_n either_o go_v or_o come_v from_o the_o plantation_n and_o bring_v they_o to_o tobago_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a be_v it_o in_o the_o english_a hand_n under_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n their_o allegiance_n will_v prevent_v for_o the_o future_a the_o like_a damage_n second_o in_o the_o say_a war_n both_o french_a and_o dutch_a make_v up_o their_o fleet_n at_o the_o say_a island_n and_o take_v and_o plunder_v st._n christopher_n mountserat_fw-la antegoa_n berbudas_n etc._n etc._n to_o the_o great_a damage_n of_o the_o english_a three_o king_n charles_n be_v at_o excessive_a charge_n in_o fit_v out_o a_o fleet_n to_o preserve_v mevis_n from_o be_v take_v by_o the_o dutch_a in_o the_o say_a war_n and_o four_o the_o say_a island_n be_v accommodate_v with_o harbour_n and_o road_n beyond_o any_o other_o of_o the_o caribbee_n may_v probable_o shelter_v enemy_n to_o the_o english_a crown_n when_o if_o it_o be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o inconveniency_n will_v be_v prevent_v call_v much_o more_o may_v be_v add_v concern_v this_o island_n but_o for_o brevity_n sake_n it_o be_v omit_v only_o i_o may_v take_v notice_n that_o a_o french_a geographer_n suppose_v that_o either_o tobacco_n have_v take_v its_o name_n from_o this_o island_n or_o this_o island_n have_v be_v so_o call_v from_o that_o weed_n issue_n this_o duke_n james_n upon_o his_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n be_v marry_v to_o chariotte_n the_o daughter_n of_o george_n william_n elector_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o last_o elector_n frederic_n william_n sister_n who_o die_v in_o 1676_o by_o who_o he_o have_v the_o late_a duke_n frederic_n casimir_n prince_n ferdinand_n lieutenant-general_n in_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n army_n and_o prince_n alexander_n who_o be_v wound_v by_o a_o cannon-ball_n at_o the_o siege_n of_o buda_n and_o who_o die_v in_o his_o way_n to_o vienna_n and_o three_o princess_n whereof_o lovis_n elizabeth_n marry_v frederic_n landtgrave_n of_o hesse_n of_o the_o line_n of_o hambourg_n marry_o amalia_n marry_v may_n 21_o 1673_o charles_n landtgrave_n of_o hesse_n of_o the_o line_n of_o cassel_n and_o the_o three_o charlotte_n live_v still_o unmarried_a in_o the_o king_n of_o sueden_n court._n duke_n james_n be_v succeed_v by_o his_o elder_a son_n 1683._o frederic_n casimir_n but_o now_o late_o decease_v who_o while_o he_o be_v prince_n serve_v under_o our_o present_a king_n in_o holland_n in_o the_o first_o french_a war_n bring_v several_a regiment_n of_o horse_n and_o dragoon_n along_o with_o he_o and_o there_o marry_v princess_n sophia_n amalia_n of_o nassau-siegen_n who_o die_v in_o childbed_n on_o the_o 25_o of_o december_n 1688_o by_o this_o duchess_n he_o have_v three_o princess_n alive_a he_o be_v a_o second_o time_n marry_v at_o berlin_n in_o the_o year_n 1691_o to_o the_o princess_n elizabeth_n sophia_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n sister_n by_o who_o he_o have_v two_o or_o more_o son_n this_o duke_n die_v at_o mittaw_n about_o the_o begin_n of_o february_n 1698_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o elder_a son_n 1698._o frederic_n casimir_n ii_o the_o present_a duke_n be_v a_o child_n not_o above_o six_o year_n of_o age._n poland_n the_o duke_n of_o curland_n be_v vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o the_o elector_n be_v to_o the_o emperor_n for_o when_o any_o new_a king_n be_v elect_v there_o this_o duke_n be_v oblige_v to_o send_v his_o envoy_n to_o receive_v investiture_n by_o have_v a_o standard_n deliver_v with_o the_o arm_n of_o poland_n on_o one_o side_n
and_o those_o of_o curland_n on_o the_o other_o after_o this_o the_o envoy_n be_v permit_v to_o sit_v down_o to_o cover_v his_o head_n and_o have_v great_a civility_n pay_v he_o power_n this_o duke_n have_v all_o the_o regalia_z that_o the_o german_a sovereign_a prince_n have_v he_o coin_n money_n in_o his_o own_o name_n and_o have_v high_a and_o low_a justice_n over_o the_o nobleman_n of_o his_o country_n only_o in_o some_o extraordinary_a case_n appeal_n may_v be_v make_v to_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n court_n he_o have_v great_a demesn_n of_o which_o his_o revenue_n chief_o consist_v and_o keep_v a_o very_a pretty_a court_n have_v all_o his_o great_a officer_n as_o other_o prince_n have_v the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v officer_n the_o landhoff-meist_a or_o chief_a minister_n the_o high_a chancellor_n the_o supreme_a marshal_n and_o the_o supreme_a burgrave_n these_o be_v the_o four_o great_a state_n officer_n the_o more_o inferior_a be_v the_o councillor_n of_o state_n which_o be_v the_o supreme_a starostas_n whereof_o two_o be_v for_o curland_n viz._n the_o supreme_a starostas_n of_o goldingen_n and_o tuczkon_n and_o two_o for_o semigallia_n viz._n the_o supreme_a starostas_n of_o mittaw_n and_o selburg_n stagostas_n these_o staâ—ostas_n ought_v all_o to_o be_v noble_a native_n and_o landed-man_n next_o follow_v the_o governor_n of_o place_n military-officer_n etc._n etc._n gentry_n the_o gentry_n of_o this_o country_n be_v very_o ancient_a and_o very_a free_a be_v exceed_o jealous_a of_o suffer_v any_o upstart_n nobleman_n to_o come_v among_o they_o esteem_v nothing_o so_o much_o as_o ancient_a family_n and_o creation_n order_n before_o i_o proceed_v to_o give_v a_o far_a account_n of_o this_o country_n i_o must_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o more_o concern_v the_o livonian_a order_n and_o which_o i_o can_v not_o have_v do_v before_o unless_o i_o have_v break_v the_o chain_n of_o the_o connection_n choose_v the_o provincial_a master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o great_a chapter_n of_o prussia_n whereupon_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1439._o the_o livonian_a knight_n have_v elect_v one_o henry_n a_o bukenode_n for_o their_o master_n they_o be_v force_v to_o give_v a_o reason_n for_o their_o have_v so_o do_v and_o notwithstanding_o be_v afterward_o oblige_v to_o submit_v to_o a_o new_a election_n in_o prussia_n comendador_n next_o the_o provincial_a master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n be_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o order_n after_o who_o come_v the_o several_a commendador_n and_o the_o advocate_n the_o commendador_n be_v in_o number_n eleven_o whereof_o the_o two_o first_o be_v in_o curland_n and_o the_o three_o in_o semigallia_n order_n the_o advocate_n be_v nine_o two_o have_v be_v of_o curland_n and_o one_o of_o semigallia_n these_o knight_n have_v the_o title_n of_o the_o order_n of_o sword-bearer_n and_o their_o habit_n arm_n be_v a_o white_a mantle_n with_o a_o sword_n on_o the_o breast_n in_o pale_a and_o a_o star_n gules_a in_o chief_a but_o after_o their_o join_n with_o the_o teutonick_n order_n they_o have_v likewise_o their_o habit_n and_o cross_n curland_n for_o a_o geographical_a description_n of_o this_o country_n i_o must_v acquaint_v you_o sir_n that_o the_o two_o dutchy_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n have_v these_o several_a principal_a city_n and_o town_n for_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o any_o sub-division_n into_o jalatinate_n or_o district_n as_o i_o have_v perform_v in_o poland_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n be_v the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o goldingen_n cap._n vinda_n bish_n pilten_n liba_n erdwalen_n angermund_n grubin_n tuczkon_v frawenburg_n vschwend_n talsen_n candaw_n durben_n hasenpot_n and_o oendange_v goldingen_n of_o all_o which_o the_o chief_a city_n be_v goldingen_n in_o latin_a goldinga_n a_o city_n that_o stand_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n weet_v about_o seven_o german_a mile_n from_o vinda_n or_o windaw_n to_o the_o west_n and_o near_o fifteen_o from_o mittaw_n in_o semigallia_n to_o the_o east_n this_o city_n have_v a_o large_a jurisdiction_n vinda_n vinda_n or_o windaw_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n kiescz_n be_v a_o city_n and_o palatinate_n it_o have_v a_o castle_n knight_n build_v on_o the_o seashore_n and_o which_o be_v former_o residence_n to_o the_o livonian_a knight_n as_o likewise_o the_o place_n where_o they_o convene_v their_o parliament_n or_o general_n assembly_n now_o it_o have_v usual_o a_o garrison_n of_o pole_n but_o which_o be_v nevertheless_o under_o command_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n this_o city_n be_v one_o of_o the_o seaport_n of_o curland_n the_o other_o be_v liba_n pilten_n pilten_a be_v a_o town_n and_o palatinate_n of_o this_o duchy_n who_o gentry_n be_v protestant_n and_o offer_v themselves_o to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n protection_n he_o endeavour_v to_o re-establish_a a_o popish_a bishop_n there_o this_o have_v former_o be_v a_o catholic_n bishopric_n who_o land_n they_o then_o possess_v whereupon_o they_o alter_v their_o resolution_n and_o forthwith_o submit_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n curland_n these_o be_v the_o rich_a gentry_n in_o this_o prince_n dominion_n whereof_o the_o principal_a family_n be_v those_o of_o maydel_n beher_n sacken_n mandevil_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o semigallia_n be_v the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o mittaw_n metropolis_n of_o these_o dominion_n bauske_n doblin_n selburg_n radziwiliski_n nithaw_n birze_n pozwole_v lunka_n dalen_n schudding_n pilkall_n beher_n nersten_a and_o salatt_n of_o all_o which_o the_o capital_a of_o this_o duchy_n and_o metropolis_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n dominion_n be_v mittaw_n mittaw_fw-mi in_o latin_a mittavia_n or_o mittovia_n the_o usual_a place_n of_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n this_o city_n be_v build_v on_o the_o river_n musza_n and_o be_v a_o pretty_a large_a place_n contain_v about_o twelve_o thousand_o inhabitant_n it_o have_v a_o weak_a wall_n though_o nevertheless_o a_o well_o castle_n fortify_v and_o stately_a castle_n with_o two_o bastion_n which_o be_v surround_v by_o marsh_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a and_o numerous_a garrison_n house_n the_o street_n of_o this_o city_n be_v not_o pave_v for_o want_v of_o stone_n and_o the_o citizen_n house_n be_v either_o of_o brick_n or_o timber_n as_o in_o poland_n place_n this_o place_n lie_v about_o seven_o polish_v miles_n from_o riga_n in_o regal_a livonia_n and_o only_o four_o from_o the_o prontier_n of_o samogitia_n conquer_a it_o have_v be_v twice_o take_v of_o late_a by_o the_o swede_n but_o have_v be_v since_o regain_v and_o be_v at_o present_a whole_o subject_a to_o its_o duke_n bauske_n bauske_n another_o strong_a city_n in_o this_o duchy_n which_o have_v a_o well_o fortify_v castle_n and_o a_o numerous_a garrison_n curland_n the_o religion_n of_o this_o country_n be_v general_o lutheran_n though_o there_o be_v some_o few_o roman_a catholic_n and_o calvinist_n there_o church_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o first_o the_o late_a duke_n at_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n request_n give_v leave_v for_o the_o build_n of_o two_o roman_n catholic_n church_n one_o at_o mittaw_n and_o the_o other_o at_o goldingen_n the_o jesuit_n pretend_v to_o have_v buy_v this_o cureteship_n of_o mittaw_n and_o upon_o that_o account_n to_o have_v settle_v there_o but_o nevertheless_o they_o be_v frequent_o oppress_v and_o their_o college_n be_v break_v down_o not_o long_o since_o yet_o notwithstanding_o they_o still_o subsist_v mittaw_n the_o duchess_n of_o curland_n have_v be_v all_o hitherto_o calvinist_n have_v always_o have_v one_o church_n at_o mittaw_n set_v a_o part_n for_o they_o and_o their_o religion_n where_o the_o calvinist_n and_o protestant_n of_o livonia_n as_o likewise_o the_o english_a merchant_n of_o riga_n come_v to_o exercise_n their_o devotion_n there_o be_v no_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n allow_v throughout_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n dominion_n except_o at_o stockholm_n only_o where_o the_o french_a huguenot_n have_v be_v permit_v to_o build_v a_o church_n curland_n as_o to_o the_o government_n of_o curland_n there_o be_v first_o parliament_n the_o parliament_n or_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n of_o this_o duteby_n which_o be_v convene_v after_o this_o manner_n the_o duke_n as_o often_o as_o any_o urgency_n of_o state_n so_o require_v it_o send_v out_o his_o letter_n of_o summons_n to_o all_o the_o starostas_fw-la of_o his_o dominion_n together_o with_o a_o schedule_n of_o the_o point_n propose_v to_o be_v debate_v on_o require_v they_o and_o every_o of_o they_o to_o cause_v deputy_n or_o representative_n of_o the_o gentry_n to_o be_v forth_o with_o elect_v in_o their_o respective_a jurisdiction_n whereupon_o they_o be_v soon_o elect_v according_o and_o furnish_v with_o instruction_n from_o their_o elector_n how_o they_o shall_v behave_v themselves_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o poland_n these_o afterward_o meet_v at_o mittaw_n together_o with_o the_o four_o supreme_a counsellor_n consult_v
the_o thirty_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o palatin_n of_o marienbourg_n in_o regal_a prussia_n knight_n the_o city_n of_o marienbourg_n be_v former_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o stall_n or_o seat_n yet_o to_o be_v see_v in_o great_a number_n in_o the_o chapel_n of_o the_o castle_n the_o thirty_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o palatin_n of_o braclaw_n in_o low_a podolia_n palatinate_n this_o palatinate_n at_o present_a be_v only_o honorary_a be_v altogether_o ravage_v and_o dispeople_v by_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n the_o thirty_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o palatin_n of_o pomerania_n in_o regal_a prussia_n honorary_a this_o palatinate_n lie_v altogether_o in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o now_o be_v a_o province_n belong_v to_o sueden_n and_o brandenbourg_n though_o a_o small_a portion_n of_o it_o yet_o remain_v to_o poland_n the_o thirty_o five_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o palatin_n of_o minski_n or_o minsch_n in_o lithuania_n the_o thirty_o six_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o palatin_n of_o czernichovia_n or_o czernikow_n a_o duchy_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o lithuania_n palatinate_n this_o palatinate_n at_o present_a be_v only_o honorary_a have_v be_v for_o some_o time_n under_o the_o czar_n of_o moscovy_n palatine_n have_v thus_o describe_v the_o order_n and_o precedence_n of_o the_o chief_a senator_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v your_o grace_n some_o account_n of_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o palatin_n which_o be_v to_o lead_v the_o troop_n of_o his_o palatinate_n into_o the_o field_n in_o a_o general_a expedition_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n pospolite_n ruszenie_n etc._n but_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n the_o power_n of_o all_o be_v not_o the_o same_o for_o there_o be_v some_o palatine_n in_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n who_o even_o then_o govern_v by_o martial_a law_n in_o prussia_n also_o they_o proceed_v by_o the_o same_o law_n which_o they_o call_v judicia_fw-la palatinalia_fw-la their_o general_a office_n be_v to_o preside_v in_o the_o little_a diet_n or_o assembly_n of_o the_o gentry_n of_o their_o province_n to_o regulate_v the_o prize_n of_o merchandize_n and_o to_o take_v care_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n as_o also_o to_o punish_v or_o protect_v the_o jew_n who_o can_v be_v judge_v in_o the_o common_a court_n but_o this_o be_v otherwise_o in_o prussia_n and_o volhinia_n as_o may_v hereafter_o appear_v more_o at_o large_a these_o palatine_n be_v all_o prince_n by_o their_o office_n qualify_v the_o palatine_n have_v every_o one_o a_o vice_n palatin_n under_o they_o and_o in_o some_o place_n more_o than_o one_o who_o they_o name_v themselves_o and_o take_v their_o oath_n to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a to_o they_o only_o these_o vice_n palatine_n must_v have_v a_o competency_n in_o land_n to_o qualify'em_v for_o that_o employment_n castellan_n immediate_o after_o the_o palatine_n and_o the_o other_o four_o privilege_a person_n come_v the_o several_a castellan_n who_o be_v all_o senator_n and_o lieutenant_n to_o the_o palatine_n in_o time_n of_o war_n lead_v the_o gentry_n of_o their_o jurisdiction_n into_o the_o field_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o palatine_n division_n of_o these_o castellan_n there_o be_v several_a in_o every_o palatinate_n which_o be_v distinguish_v by_o the_o great_a and_o lesser_a the_o great_a be_v so_o call_v because_o except_v very_o few_o they_o derive_v the_o name_n of_o their_o castellany_n from_o palatinate_n whereas_o the_o lesser_a do_v take_v they_o only_o from_o district_n which_o make_v they_o sometime_o call_v castellani_n districtuum_fw-la also_o another_o reason_n why_o they_o be_v so_o divide_v be_v because_o the_o lesser_a castellan_n sit_v only_o on_o bench_n behind_o the_o other_o senator_n also_o they_o may_v be_v term_v the_o lesser_a in_o regard_n that_o it_o be_v not_o long_o since_o they_o be_v first_o admit_v of_o the_o senate_n and_o that_o they_o be_v sometime_o exclude_v but_o however_o in_o all_o other_o respect_v they_o be_v equal_a qualification_n the_o necessary_a qualification_n of_o a_o castellan_n be_v to_o be_v a_o nobleman_n of_o poland_n and_o to_o have_v land_n and_o tenement_n in_o the_o territory_n whereof_o he_o be_v castellan_n title_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n except_o their_o office_n in_o the_o senate_n the_o castellan_n have_v no_o jurisdiction_n except_o in_o criminal_a case_n the_o title_n of_o magnifici_fw-la or_o wielmozni_n be_v give_v by_o the_o chancery_n to_o the_o great_a sort_n of_o they_o and_o of_o generosi_fw-la or_o vrodzeni_fw-la to_o the_o lesser_a but_o common_o all_o the_o castellan_n be_v salute_v by_o the_o title_n of_o illustrissimi_fw-la or_o jasnie_n wielmozni_n precedence_n the_o name_n and_o precedence_n in_o the_o senate_n of_o all_o these_o castellan_n and_o first_o of_o the_o great_a sort._n the_o thirty_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v lay-senator_n the_o castellan_n of_o posnania_n the_o thirty_o eight_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o sendomir_n the_o thirty_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o kalisch_n the_o forty_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o wounitz_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n the_o forty_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o gnesna_n a_o city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n the_o forty_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o siradia_n the_o forty_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi or_o lencici_n the_o forty_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o samogitia_n the_o forty_o five_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o bresty_n or_o bressici_fw-la the_o forty_o six_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o kiovia_n the_o forty_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o inowlocz_n the_o forty_o eight_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o leopol_n a_o city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o russia_n the_o forty_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o volhynia_n the_o fifty_o lay_v senator_n be_v honorary_a the_o castellan_n of_o caminiec_n a_o strong_a city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o podolia_n the_o fifty_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v honorary_a the_o castellan_n of_o smolensko_n the_o fifty_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o lublin_n the_o fifty_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o losk_n or_o polocz_n the_o fifty_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o belez_n or_o belsko_n the_o fifty_o five_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o novogrodec_n the_o fifty_o six_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o plocksko_n the_o fifty_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o witebsko_n the_o fifty_o eight_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o czirna_n a_o district_n in_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n the_o fifty_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o podlachia_n the_o sixty_v lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o rava_n the_o sixty_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o briescia_n or_o polesia_n the_o sixty_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o culm_n the_o sixty_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o mscislaw_n or_o msceislaw_n the_o sixty_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o elbing_n a_o considerable_a city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n the_o sixty_o five_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o braclaw_n the_o sixty_o six_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o dantzic_n a_o famous_a city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o marienburg_n the_o sixty_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o minsch_n or_o minski_n the_o sixty_o eight_o lie_v senator_n be_v honorary_a the_o castellan_n of_o livonia_n the_o sixty_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v honorary_a the_o castellan_n of_o czernicovia_n castellan_n the_o lesser_a sort_n of_o castellan_n be_v as_o follow_v the_o seventi_v lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o sandecz_n a_o town_n and_o district_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n the_o seventy_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o mezaritz_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n the_o seventy_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o visticz_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n the_o seventy_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o biecz_n a_o city_n and_o district_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n the_o seventy_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o ragosno_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n the_o seventy_o five_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o radomsko_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n the_o seventy_o six_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o zawichost_n a_o city_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o seventy_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o land_n or_o landaw_n
the_o little_a and_o poor_a sort_n think_v it_o no_o disgrace_n to_o serve_v they_o that_o can_v maintain_v they_o it_o be_v true_a the_o gentleman_n they_o serve_v be_v common_o very_o civil_a to_o they_o for_o the_o elder_a of_o they_o general_o eat_v with_o he_o at_o table_n with_o his_o cap_n off_o and_o every_o one_o of_o they_o have_v a_o peasant-boy_n to_o wait_v on_o he_o which_o the_o master_n maintain_v yet_o if_o any_o one_o of_o these_o gentlemen-servant_n neglect_v his_o duty_n his_o master_n punish_v he_o severe_o though_o he_o have_v no_o power_n to_o take_v away_o his_o life_n because_o he_o be_v a_o gentleman_n but_o he_o may_v get_v he_o whip_v naked_a with_o a_o certain_a formality_n which_o i_o have_v mention_v before_o republic_n it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o amiss_o to_o observe_v to_o your_o lordship_n some_o few_o maxim_n whereby_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n may_v always_o subsist_v and_o the_o gentry_n retain_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n first_o by_o reduce_v all_o the_o gentry_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o a_o equal_a authority_n in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n and_o other_o public_a deliberation_n by_o which_o the_o king_n or_o senate_n will_v be_v deprive_v of_o a_o power_n of_o raise_v any_o considerable_a faction_n and_o the_o grandee_n be_v discourage_v from_o affect_v and_o hunt_v after_o foreign_a title_n which_o common_o ensnare_v they_o to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o their_o country_n second_o by_o keep_v up_o the_o free_a choice_n of_o their_o nuncios_fw-la which_o will_v disable_v the_o court_n and_o senate_n from_o get_v their_o creature_n elect_v to_o the_o utter_a abrogate_a of_o the_o privilege_n of_o the_o gentry_n wherein_o the_o pole_n now_o follow_v the_o prudent_a example_n of_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n three_o by_o preserve_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o gentry_n appear_v in_o great_a number_n at_o the_o diet_n which_o animate_v both_o the_o senate_n and_o deputy_n in_o the_o prosecution_n of_o affair_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o deter_v they_o from_o be_v biased_a by_o any_o sinister_a mean_n four_o by_o oblige_v both_o senator_n and_o deputy_n to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o their_o proceed_n which_o must_v needs_o incline_v they_o to_o act_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o precaution_n five_o by_o prohibit_v the_o army_n to_o come_v near_o the_o great_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n for_o rome_n never_o enjoy_v so_o great_a happiness_n as_o when_o the_o gown_n have_v preference_n of_o the_o sword_n sixthly_a to_o maintain_v the_o law_n of_o equality_n in_o matter_n of_o descent_n whereby_o the_o gentry_n will_v be_v keep_v at_o a_o even_o lay_v and_o hinder_v from_o disturb_v the_o government_n by_o too_o great_a a_o power_n seven_o never_o to_o prefer_v any_o native_a to_o the_o crown_n because_o of_o the_o great_a disorder_n it_o may_v in_o all_o likelihood_n occasion_n eight_o to_o maintaim_v the_o authority_n of_o their_o democracy_n establish_v for_o so_o many_o age_n by_o the_o prudence_n of_o their_o ancestor_n and_o all_o along_o continue_v with_o no_o small_a hazard_n and_o trouble_v and_o nine_o never_o to_o permit_v any_o foreign_a prince_n to_o intermeddle_v with_o their_o affair_n to_o there_o be_v no_o country_n where_o ambassador_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v so_o great_a a_o figure_n as_o in_o poland_n especial_o if_o they_o have_v any_o interest_n of_o the_o prince_n their_o master_n to_o maintain_v or_o carry_v on_o in_o the_o diet_n or_o among_o the_o gentry_n for_o the_o great_a man_n there_o general_o despise_v all_o such_o as_o either_o do_v not_o or_o can_v make_v the_o same_o figure_n with_o themselves_o which_o be_v so_o excessive_a that_o a_o ambassador_n must_v have_v three_o remarkable_a quality_n to_o keep_v up_o with_o it_o for_o first_o he_o must_v have_v a_o great_a train_n of_o coach_n and_o servant_n proportionable_a next_o keep_v a_o plentiful_a and_o open_a house_n continual_o to_o treat_v and_o fuddle_v the_o gentry_n and_o where_o he_o must_v be_v very_o humble_a and_o familiar_a with_o they_o they_o be_v general_o very_o civil_a and_o easy_a in_o their_o conversation_n and_o last_o which_o be_v the_o sure_a way_n to_o gain_v their_o affection_n and_o suffrage_n he_o must_v give_v they_o ever_o now_o and_o then_o a_o little_a money_n and_o he_o still_o promise_v they_o more_o for_o reason_n i_o have_v mention_v before_o sword_n when_o the_o great_a man_n of_o poland_n have_v any_o suit_n at_o law_n or_o other_o difference_n to_o be_v determine_v the_o justice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v common_o too_o weak_a for_o they_o for_o though_o the_o diet_n or_o other_o tribunal_n have_v decide_v the_o matter_n in_o favour_n of_o one_o of_o the_o two_o party_n yet_o the_o execution_n of_o their_o judgement_n must_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o strong_a sword_n for_o these_o grandee_n general_o think_v it_o beneath_o they_o to_o submit_v to_o the_o sentence_n of_o a_o company_n of_o judge_n without_o a_o field-battle_n sometime_o they_o will_v raise_v five_o or_o six_o thousand_o of_o a_o side_n plunder_v and_o burn_v one_o another_o town_n and_o city_n and_o besiege_v each_o other_o castle_n and_o fort_n and_o after_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o bloodshed_n fatigue_n and_o expense_n the_o unjust_a cause_o shall_v common_o get_v the_o upper_a hand_n example_n dr._n connor_n say_v when_o he_o be_v in_o poland_n there_o be_v a_o quarrel_n between_o duke_n raazivil_n and_o prince_n sapieha_n about_o whether_o of_o the_o two_o shall_v be_v guardian_n to_o the_o young_a princess_n of_o newbourg_n niece_n to_o the_o present_a empress_n for_o her_o mother_n be_v duchess_n radzivil_n of_o lithuania_n and_o heiress_n of_o the_o great_a estate_n in_o the_o kingdom_n both_o party_n have_v their_o troop_n in_o the_o field_n and_o have_v some_o skirmish_n but_o it_o be_v think_v that_o prince_n sapieha_n be_v great_a general_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n will_v get_v the_o better_a though_o it_o seem_v duke_n radzivil_n as_o be_v her_o mother_n relation_n have_v more_o right_o to_o the_o guardianship_n of_o she_o all_o this_o while_n the_o king_n never_o concern_v himself_o in_o the_o quarrel_n nor_o declare_v for_o either_o party_n poland_n as_o to_o matter_n of_o descent_n the_o father_n estate_n be_v always_o equal_o divide_v among_o his_o child_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o italy_n germany_n and_o most_o foreign_a country_n but_o when_o the_o father_n be_v dead_a the_o mother_n can_v enjoy_v all_o his_o estate_n for_o life_n and_o it_o be_v absolute_o in_o her_o breast_n to_o allot_v every_o one_o of_o the_o child_n their_o quota_fw-la or_o to_o keep_v all_o the_o estate_n to_o her_o own_o use_n during_o her_o life_n some_o mother_n marry_v after_o the_o husband_n death_n and_o so_o spend_v their_o first_o child_n fortune_n with_o their_o second_o husband_n this_o make_v the_o child_n more_o than_o ordinary_a obedient_a to_o their_o mother_n especial_o during_o their_o widowhood_n family_n although_o estate_n in_o poland_n be_v equal_o divide_v among_o the_o child_n which_o one_o will_v think_v shall_v absolute_o weaken_v or_o ruin_v their_o family_n yet_o do_v they_o general_o find_v mean_n to_o support_v and_o keep_v they_o up_o for_o most_o common_o some_o of_o the_o brother_n turn_v monk_n and_o so_o get_v to_o be_v make_v abbot_n or_o bishop_n who_o revenue_n be_v here_o sufficient_a to_o enrich_v any_o family_n and_o the_o rest_n look_v after_o state-employment_n which_o be_v likewise_o considerable_a some_o of_o the_o daughter_n also_o many_o time_n become_v nun_n so_o that_o be_v in_o the_o church_n service_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o live_v in_o celibacy_n and_o consequent_o leave_v no_o heir_n all_o their_o good_n or_o estate_n fall_v to_o their_o marry_v brother_n or_o sister_n or_o to_o their_o child_n in_o this_o country_n the_o daughter_n always_o walk_v before_o their_o mother_n as_o in_o italy_n and_o the_o unmarried_a sister_n before_o the_o marry_a effect_n i_o can_v but_o admire_v at_o the_o honest_a and_o good_a temper_n of_o the_o polish_v gentry_n for_o though_o their_o liberty_n be_v extraordinary_a though_o they_o have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o their_o subject_n though_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n above_o their_o own_o law_n and_o though_o justice_n be_v administer_v in_o poland_n more_o slight_o than_o in_o any_o other_o country_n yet_o dr._n connor_n say_v that_o all_o the_o while_n that_o he_o be_v in_o that_o kingdom_n he_o neither_o see_v nor_o hear_v of_o any_o murder_n or_o slaughter_n or_o of_o any_o barbarity_n or_o cruelty_n commit_v by_o the_o gentry_n on_o their_o subject_n nor_o what_o be_v a_o great_a wonder_n of_o any_o highway_n robber_n but_o always_o observe_v the_o pole_n in_o general_a to_o be_v good_a humour_a harmless_a and_o generous_a when_o it_o be_v certain_a have_v
commonwealth_n after_o a_o great_a many_o debate_n pro_n and_o con_n these_o last_o get_v the_o better_a and_o prevail_v to_o have_v the_o army_n continue_v in_o the_o same_o disorder_n as_o before_o example_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o inconvenience_n that_o the_o polish_v government_n lie_v under_o as_o to_o military_a affair_n yet_o in_o time_n of_o action_n their_o cavalry_n especial_o have_v effect_v wonder_n a_o few_o example_n of_o which_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o entertain_v your_o grace_n with_o out_o of_o starovolscius_fw-la he_o begin_v with_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o and_o say_v that_o the_o general_n lesniovius_n with_o not_o above_o 1500_o spear-man_n rout_v above_o 40000_o moscovite_n kill_v upward_o of_o 9000_o on_o the_o spot_n in_o like_a manner_n another_o general_n boratinius_n with_o 2000_o horse_n defeat_v 30000_o moscovite_n kill_v 7000_o of_o they_o and_o bring_v away_o all_o their_o cannon_n in_o the_o same_o reign_n likewise_o camenecius_n with_o only_o 6000_o horse_n overthrow_v above_o 25000_o tartar_n and_o about_o the_o same_o time_n tarnovius_n with_o 4000_o beat_v 22000_o turk_n and_o valachian_n take_v from_o they_o above_o 52_o field-piece_n in_o sigismond_n ii_n reign_n duke_n radzivil_n with_o 7000_o only_a rout_v 30000_o moscovite_n and_o take_v from_o they_o the_o castle_n of_o ula_n and_o prince_n sapieba_n with_o 5000_o both_o defend_v the_o fortress_n of_o venda_n and_o defeat_v the_o besieger_n which_o be_v upward_o of_o 24000_o moscovite_n and_o livonian_o under_o king_n stephen_n general_n zborowski_n with_o scarce_o 2000_o horse_n discomfit_v the_o whole_a army_n of_o dantzic-rebel_n make_v up_o out_o of_o several_a nation_n and_o leave_v above_o 8000_o dead_a upon_o the_o spot_n also_o in_o sigismond_n iii_n time_n general_n zamoski_n with_o scarce_o 6000_o horse_n beat_v the_o archduke_n maximilian_n who_o have_v with_o he_o about_o 18000_o man_n he_o likewise_o repulse_v the_o tartar_n with_o only_o 3000_o man_n who_o be_v come_v to_o invade_v poland_n with_o 70000._o about_o the_o same_o time_n also_o chodkievicz_n with_o no_o more_o than_o 3000_o rout_v the_o suede_v in_o livonia_n kill_v 9000_o and_o take_v 4000_o prisoner_n starovolscius_fw-la have_v some_o few_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o polish_v valour_n but_o whether_o what_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v will_v be_v credit_v by_o your_o grace_n and_o the_o public_a i_o be_o not_o able_a to_o determine_v however_o i_o may_v affirm_v that_o this_o author_n have_v never_o hitherto_o be_v esteem_v for_o fabulous_a war._n what_o i_o have_v remain_v to_o say_v as_o to_o the_o pole_n force_v be_v that_o however_o great_a it_o have_v hitherto_o be_v yet_o be_v it_o rather_o to_o be_v attribute_v to_o their_o good_a fortune_n than_o conduct_v for_o two_o principal_a quality_n to_o make_v a_o warlike_a enterprise_n especial_o successful_a have_v ever_o be_v stranger_n to_o they_o these_o be_v the_o power_n to_o keep_v a_o secret_a and_o a_o exact_a intelligence_n of_o their_o enemy_n advances_n and_o condition_n as_o to_o a_o secret_a which_o be_v the_o soul_n of_o all_o great_a proceed_n that_o be_v so_o little_o observe_v in_o poland_n that_o scarce_o the_o mean_a officer_n in_o the_o army_n but_o know_v what_o the_o general_n intend_v to_o do_v almost_o as_o soon_o as_o himself_o and_o for_o intelligence_n of_o the_o posture_n and_o capacity_n of_o the_o enemy_n by_o reason_n they_o make_v use_v of_o no_o spy_n they_o never_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o matter_n till_o they_o happen_v to_o meet_v a_o party_n and_o take_v they_o prisoner_n from_o who_o they_o be_v accustom_a to_o extort_v confession_n in_o case_n of_o obstinacy_n raise_v as_o to_o the_o pay_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n i_o have_v show_v before_o how_o it_o be_v execute_v now_o i_o must_v give_v some_o short_a account_n from_o what_o it_o arise_v and_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v it_o it_o arise_v either_o from_o occasional_a imposition_n or_o perpetual_a custom_n and_o yearly_o tax_n of_o the_o former_a kind_a be_v a_o general_n poll_n or_o capitation_n and_o voluntary_a gift_n of_o the_o clergy_n for_o they_o can_v be_v tax_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o latter_a sort_n be_v all_o fix_a duty_n upon_o the_o jew_n tartar_n land_n merchandise_n art_n etc._n etc._n from_o yearly_o tax_n all_o scholar_n and_o such_o as_o busy_v themselves_o in_o study_n be_v except_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o king_n revenue_n set_v apart_o for_o maintain_v a_o guard_n on_o the_o frontier_n may_v likewise_o be_v rank_v under_o this_o denomination_n of_o fix_a duty_n the_o manner_n of_o raise_v these_o tax_n and_o duty_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n leave_v to_o the_o king_n discretion_n though_o sometime_o the_o diet_n assume_v that_o authority_n as_o likewise_o to_o supervise_v the_o distribution_n of_o the_o money_n raise_v it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o a_o collector_n office_n be_v to_o last_v no_o long_o than_o the_o imposition_n he_o be_v to_o collect_v what_o as_o to_o provision_n there_o be_v no_o sutler_n in_o the_o polish_v army_n for_o two_o reason_n first_o because_o they_o will_v never_o be_v pay_v for_o what_o they_o sell_v and_o then_o though_o they_o dare_v venture_v yet_o they_o will_v run_v no_o ordinary_a risk_a to_o be_v plunder_v before_o they_o reach_v the_o camp_n and_o this_o especial_o by_o the_o lithuanian_n who_o be_v general_o more_o give_v that_o way_n than_o the_o pole_n there_o be_v likewise_o no_o magazine_n as_o in_o other_o country_n so_o that_o the_o officer_n especial_o be_v oblige_v to_o have_v great_a equipage_n and_o many_o carriage_n to_o convey_v their_o necessary_n along_o with_o they_o wherever_o they_o march_v among_o these_o their_o tent_n be_v extraordinary_a fine_a though_o very_o heavy_a also_o neither_o the_o king_n nor_o republic_n of_o poland_n have_v any_o public_a armoury_n or_o arsenal_n though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o uladislaus_n jagello_n institute_v some_o few_o repository_n for_o great_a cannon_n yet_o which_o be_v now_o of_o no_o great_a consequence_n and_o those_o which_o be_v in_o far_o great_a number_n and_o much_o more_o useful_a be_v chief_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o gentry_n or_o in_o the_o great_a city_n whence_o as_o often_o as_o the_o king_n have_v occasion_n he_o either_o take_v they_o at_o pleasure_n or_o at_o sufferance_n foreign_a poland_n likewise_o be_v not_o want_v in_o metal_n several_a new_a cannon_n be_v found_v whenever_o the_o old_a become_v unserviceable_a the_o which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v perform_v by_o the_o german_n the_o pole_n not_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o that_o art_n the_o arm_n the_o polander_v general_o use_v i_o have_v speak_v of_o before_o yet_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o add_v what_o hartknoch_n say_v of_o the_o ancient_n polish_v historian_n which_o be_v that_o they_o affirm_v that_o former_o the_o pole_n make_v use_v of_o a_o very_a heavy_a sort_n of_o arm_n insomuch_o that_o when_o boleslaus_n ii_o in_o his_o expedition_n against_o the_o prussian_n wade_v with_o his_o army_n through_o the_o river_n ossa_n many_o of_o his_o soldier_n be_v drown_v mere_o by_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o arms._n fortification_n for_o castle_n poland_n have_v a_o great_a number_n scarce_o any_o considerable_a city_n or_o town_n be_v without_o one_o yet_o which_o be_v now_o of_o little_a or_o no_o use_n except_o some_o few_o which_o be_v still_o keep_v up_o the_o rest_n be_v suffer_v to_o decay_v by_o the_o noble_n that_o have_v get_v possession_n of_o they_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o first_o fortification_n in_o poland_n be_v on_o account_n of_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o its_o neighbour_n though_o now_o say_v starovolscius_fw-la speak_v of_o himself_o and_o his_o country_n man_n be_v not_o desirous_a of_o invade_v other_o we_o find_v that_o we_o be_v sufficient_o capable_a to_o defend_v ourselves_o with_o our_o body_n though_o be_v we_o otherwise_o incline_v we_o may_v raise_v as_o strong_a fortification_n as_o any_o in_o europe_n yet_o which_o we_o look_v upon_o to_o be_v not_o so_o consistent_a with_o true_a courage_n and_o valour_n thereby_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o unfortify_v country_n lie_v most_o expose_v to_o sudden_a eruption_n as_o this_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n have_v often_o experience_v but_o then_o this_o mischief_n continue_v but_o a_o little_a while_n for_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o nobility_n can_v be_v get_v together_o the_o invader_n be_v general_o force_v to_o retire_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o several_a example_n in_o our_o modern_a history_n alone_o these_o maxim_n of_o the_o pole_n to_o have_v few_o or_o no_o fortify_v place_n be_v found_v upon_o several_a potent_a reason_n for_o they_o thereby_o promote_v the_o personal_a valour_n of_o their_o own_o man_n and_o weaken_v that_o of_o their_o enemy_n by_o not_o leave_v either_o a_o place_n of_o retreat_n if_o we_o
the_o emperor_n henry_n vi_o by_o the_o rull_n of_o pope_n celestine_n iii_o under_o the_o title_n of_o teutonic_n or_o dutch_a knight_n of_o the_o hospital_n of_o st._n marry_o the_o virgin_n vow_v poverty_n obedience_n and_o chastity_n and_o oblige_v themselves_o to_o receive_v none_o but_o german_n into_o their_o order_n prussia_n after_o they_o have_v thus_o receive_v confirmation_n from_o the_o papal_a see_v some_o rich_a citizen_n of_o breme_n and_o lubeck_n join_v with_o they_o and_o make_v large_a contribution_n another_o hospital_n be_v erect_v for_o they_o in_o the_o city_n of_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n in_o syria_n but_o after_o that_o city_n together_o with_o jerusalem_n and_o all_o the_o holy-land_n have_v be_v take_v by_o the_o saracen_n under_o the_o command_n of_o saladin_n have_v be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o christian_n for_o more_o than_o 87_o year_n before_o one_o hermannus_n then_o great_a master_n with_o the_o remain_a knight_n remove_v into_o germany_n on_o who_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n xi_o and_o pope_n honorius_n iii_o or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o conrade_z duke_n of_o masovia_n in_o 1226_o in_o the_o year_n 1229_o bestow_v the_o province_n of_o prussia_n where_o have_v conquer_a build_v that_o nation_n and_o reduce_v it_o from_o paganism_n to_o christianity_n they_o build_v the_o city_n of_o marienburg_n or_o mary-town_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1340_o fix_v the_o residence_n of_o their_o great_a master_n there_o wherefore_o this_o country_n they_o enjoy_v till_o about_o the_o year_n 1525_o when_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o last_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n by_o a_o solemn_a renunciation_n become_v feudatory_a to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o raise_v prussia_n to_o a_o dukedom_n and_o make_v this_o marquis_n first_o duke_n thereof_o but_o however_o some_o of_o the_o knight_n dislike_a this_o action_n proceed_v to_o elect_a another_o great_a master_n which_o be_v walter_n the_o cronberg_n and_o forthwith_o leave_v prussia_n seat_v themselves_o in_o germany_n where_o they_o continue_v at_o this_o day_n though_o in_o no_o great_a reputation_n except_o that_o the_o young_a son_n of_o the_o german_a prince_n be_v common_o admit_v of_o their_o order_n manner_n their_o statute_n be_v compose_v after_o the_o model_n of_o those_o of_o the_o knight_n hospitaller_n and_o knight_n templar_n at_o this_o day_n the_o knight_n of_o malta_n but_o nevertheless_o to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o these_o order_n their_o habit_n be_v ordain_v to_o be_v a_o white_a mantle_n with_o a_o plain_a black_a cross_a on_o the_o breast_n though_o other_o will_v have_v it_o to_o have_v be_v a_o black_a cross_n void_v with_o a_o cross_n potence_n this_o cross_n they_o be_v also_o to_o have_v upon_o white_a banner_n as_o likewise_o upon_o their_o shield_n and_o in_o their_o coat_n of_o arm_n they_o be_v moreover_o enjoin_v to_o live_v conformable_a to_o the_o order_n and_o rule_n of_o st._n austin_n their_o first_o number_n be_v 24_o lay-brother_n and_o 7_o priest_n yet_o heysse_n in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o empire_n tom_n i._o say_v they_o be_v at_o first_o 40._o they_o both_o be_v allow_v to_o wear_v armour_n and_o sword_n and_o may_v celebrate_v mass_n in_o that_o habit._n none_o of_o they_o shave_v their_o beard_n but_o by_o their_o order_n be_v oblige_v to_o let_v they_o grow_v and_o to_o sleep_v upon_o sack_n of_o straw_n but_o however_o this_o with_o their_o other_o primitive_a injunction_n soon_o vanish_v prince_n this_o order_n be_v establish_v after_o the_o manner_n as_o we_o have_v show_v before_o all_o christian_a prince_n endeavour_v to_o give_v they_o encouragement_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o pope_n and_o emperor_n give_v they_o particular_a proof_n of_o their_o favour_n and_o liberality_n philip_n king_n of_o france_n also_o be_v willing_a to_o do_v the_o like_a on_o his_o part_n make_v they_o great_a present_n and_o moreover_o grant_v their_o great_a master_n a_o liberty_n to_o wear_v the_o flower_n delucc_n on_o the_o 4_o extremity_n of_o their_o cross_n prussia_n their_o power_n and_o force_n in_o war_n will_v appear_v in_o the_o follow_a succinct_a account_n and_o series_n of_o their_o several_a great_a master_n 1190._o their_o first_o great_a master_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o be_v henry_n walpot_n a_o native_a of_o germany_n elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1190_o who_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n 1200._o the_o second_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v otho_n the_o kerpen_n a_o nobleman_n of_o germany_n who_o after_o have_v enjoy_v this_o office_n but_o 6_o year_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o acon_n 1206._o the_o three_o great_a master_n be_v herman_n barth_n of_o alsace_n who_o be_v elect_v under_o pope_n innocent_n iii_o and_o the_o emperor_n philip_n ii_o he_o preside_v over_o these_o knight_n only_o 4_o year_n than_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o acon_n under_o these_o two_o great_a master_n this_o order_n first_o begin_v to_o increase_v and_o flourish_v 1210._o the_o four_o great_a master_n be_v herman_n a_o salzen_n a_o nobleman_n of_o misnia_n under_o the_o several_a pontificate_n of_o pope_n innocent_a iii_o honorius_n and_o gregory_n ix_o and_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o the_o emperor_n be_v otho_n and_o frederic_n ii_o this_o master_n obtain_v great_a privilege_n for_o his_o order_n both_o from_o the_o aforesaid_a pope_n and_o emperor_n and_o john_n king_n of_o jerusalem_n for_o their_o have_v protect_v he_o against_o conrade_n king_n of_o syria_n add_v to_o the_o arm_n of_o this_o order_n a_o cross_n potence_n or_o which_o be_v the_o proper_a ensign_n of_o that_o kingdom_n in_o his_o time_n conrade_n marquess_z of_o thuringen_n be_v admit_v of_o the_o order_n he_o have_v above_o 2000_o german_a nobleman_n and_o knight_n in_o his_o order_n at_o once_o all_o which_o he_o govern_v for_o about_o 30_o year_n during_o his_o administration_n his_o order_n have_v be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o holy-land_n by_o the_o saracen_n settle_v in_o prussia_n to_o the_o number_n of_o 20000_o and_o by_o help_n of_o the_o pole_n soon_o expel_v the_o pagan_a prussian_n out_o of_o the_o province_n of_o culmigeria_n he_o lie_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n which_o he_o build_v 1240._o the_o five_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_n marquis_n of_o thuringen_n who_o be_v elect_v under_o the_o pontificat_fw-la of_o celestine_n iu._n and_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n ii_o he_o very_o much_o augment_v the_o conquest_n of_o his_o order_n and_o restore_v many_o ruinous_a fabric_n he_o build_v koningsberg_n in_o ducal_z prussia_n and_o lie_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1252._o the_o six_o great_a master_n be_v poppo_n ab_fw-la osternaw_n in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n innocent_n iu._n and_o of_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iu._n he_o have_v several_a glorious_a conquest_n over_o the_o prussian_n livonian_o and_o swentopelus_n duke_n of_o pomerania_n but_o at_o length_n before_o the_o city_n of_o lignitz_n be_v kill_v and_o rout_v by_o the_o tartar_n who_o have_v almost_o overrun_v all_o sarmatia_n poland_n and_o be_v afterward_o bury_v at_o uladislaw_n it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o aforesaid_a swentopelus_n have_v be_v so_o extreme_o beat_v by_o these_o knight_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o they_o and_o afterward_o on_o his_o deathbed_n earnest_o recommend_v to_o his_o child_n to_o preserve_v the_o friendship_n he_o have_v contract_v but_o however_o mestowin_n his_o elder_a son_n forget_v his_o father_n order_n declare_a war_n anew_o against_o they_o but_o be_v likewise_o beat_v the_o knight_n overrun_v all_o pomerania_n and_o at_o length_n force_v this_o duke_n to_o a_o peace_n and_o moreover_o 3_o of_o his_o brother_n whereof_o the_o elder_a be_v name_v sambor_n become_v knight_n of_o this_o order_n 1263._o the_o seven_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n be_v johannes_n sangerhusensis_n who_o take_v upon_o he_o that_o office_n under_o the_o pontificat_fw-la of_o alexander_n iu._n he_o very_o much_o allay_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o pagan_a prussian_n and_o in_o great_a measure_n regain_v the_o credit_n of_o his_o order_n forfeit_v to_o the_o tartar_n he_o rule_v 12_o year_n and_o lie_v bury_v at_o treves_n in_o his_o time_n the_o city_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v build_v 1275._o the_o eight_o great_a master_n be_v hartman_n count_n of_o heidelberg_n who_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n clement_n iu._n and_o of_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o he_o be_v a_o very_a industrious_a person_n and_o get_v great_a ground_n of_o the_o prussian_n in_o his_o time_n the_o castle_n of_o marienburg_n be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 1281._o he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o venice_n 1283._o the_o nine_o great_a master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v buchardus_fw-la à _fw-la swenden_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n john_n and_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o
under_o his_o administration_n of_o affair_n the_o prussian_n be_v total_o reduce_v after_o 7_o year_n enjoyment_n of_o his_o office_n he_o abdicate_v it_o and_o live_v afterward_o at_o rhodes_n where_o he_o lie_v bury_v 1290._o the_o ten_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr feuchtwangen_n who_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o and_o pope_n nicholas_n iu._n although_o this_o order_n make_v considerable_a progress_n under_o his_o administration_n yet_o at_o length_n it_o receive_v a_o great_a check_n in_o syria_n where_o the_o city_n of_o acon_n which_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a seat_n of_o this_o order_n for_o some_o time_n be_v take_v by_o the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n he_o die_v at_o prague_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o trebnicz_n 1297._o the_o eleven_o great_a master_n be_v godfrey_n count_n of_o hohenloh_n who_o be_v elect_v adolphus_n be_v emperor_n and_o celestine_n v._o pope_n he_o be_v a_o venetian_a bear_v and_o govern_v this_o order_n 10_o year_n he_o retake_v riga_n in_o livonia_n from_o the_o russian_n and_o cause_v its_o fortification_n to_o be_v demolish_v but_o not_o long_o after_o he_o restore_v the_o inhabitant_n to_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n have_v build_v a_o castle_n there_o to_o awe_v they_o he_o at_o length_n resign_v his_o office_n and_o die_v in_o germany_n 1307._o the_o twelve_o great_a master_n be_v sigfridus_n the_o feuchtwangen_n in_o the_o time_n of_o albert_n duke_n of_o austria_n be_v emperor_n and_o clement_n pope_n he_o remove_v his_o seat_n from_o marpurg_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o marienburg_n for_o this_o order_n have_v reside_v there_o ever_o since_o their_o be_v oblige_v to_o leave_n syria_n this_o master_n rule_v only_o 2_o year_n and_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1309._o the_o thirteen_o great_a master_n be_v charles_n beffart_n elect_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n and_o the_o pontificate_n of_o pope_n clement_n v._o he_o be_v a_o very_a wise_a and_o warlike_a person_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1312_o found_v the_o castle_n of_o memula_n in_o courland_n to_o hinder_v the_o incursion_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n upon_o his_o return_n from_o rome_n whither_o he_o have_v be_v cite_v for_o and_o clear_v of_o maladministration_n he_o die_v at_o vienna_n where_o he_o lie_v bury_v 1322._o the_o fourteen_o great_a master_n be_v vernerus_n urselensis_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n v._o and_o pope_n john_n he_o execute_v his_o trust_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o fidelity_n and_o bravery_n and_o be_v afterward_o murder_v by_o a_o brother_n of_o the_o order_n one_o john_n bunsdorfius_n while_o he_o be_v go_v out_o of_o the_o church_n from_o vesper_n 1325._o the_o fifteen_o great_a master_n be_v lewis_n d._n of_o brunswick_n he_o be_v a_o very_a prudent_a and_o pious_a man_n but_o rule_v only_o four_o year_n 1329._o the_o sixteen_o great_a master_n be_v districhus_n count_n algemburg_n elect_v when_o he_o be_v 80_o year_n old_a he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o great_a eloquence_n authority_n and_o justice_n after_o have_v build_v st._n mary_n church_n at_o marienburg_n he_o die_v at_o thorn_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o st._n ann_n in_o marienburg_n 1339._o the_o seventeen_o great_a master_n be_v rodolfe_n duke_n of_o saxony_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n v._o and_o pope_n benedict_n xi_o he_o gather_v great_a force_n together_o and_o besiege_a and_o take_v neumarcovia_n in_o the_o interim_n the_o lithuanian_n invade_v prussia_n overrun_v all_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n which_o this_o good_a master_n take_v so_o much_o to_o heart_n that_o he_o first_o become_v mad_a then_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o office_n and_o afterward_o die_v of_o grief_n at_o marienwerder_n where_o he_o be_v bury_v 1342._o the_o eighteentth_n great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr desmer_n or_o tuchmer_n elect_v in_o the_o pontificate_n of_o clement_n vi_o he_o have_v a_o famous_a battle_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n wherein_o he_o kill_v above_o 10000_o of_o the_o enemy_n he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1348._o the_o nineteen_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr kniprodien_fw-mi elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n clement_n vi_o and_o of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iii_o the_o forego_v war_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n break_v out_o a_o fresh_a in_o his_o time_n wherein_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n keystutus_n be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o carry_v to_o marienburg_n whence_o he_o afterward_o escape_v by_o mean_n of_o a_o servant_n in_o this_o great_a master_n time_n one_o of_o the_o son_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a great_a duke_n become_v a_o christian_a at_o koningsberg_n and_o afterward_o be_v make_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv._o during_o his_o administration_n which_o be_v about_o 31_o year_n this_o order_n abound_v in_o learned_a men._n he_o die_v at_o marienburg_n and_o be_v there_o bury_v 1379._o the_o twenty_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_n zolner_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n wenceslaus_n and_o of_o pope_n urban_n vi_o he_o have_v several_a contest_v with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o samogitian_n during_o the_o several_a reign_n of_o keystutus_n jagello_n votoldus_n and_o suidrigielo_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n after_o 8_o year_n administration_n of_o the_o government_n of_o this_o order_n 1388._o the_o twenty_o first_o adhere_v master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr valenroden_n elect_v during_o the_o papacy_n of_o pope_n boniface_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o a_o very_a warlike_a disposition_n but_o withal_o of_o a_o odd_a temper_n he_o hate_v and_o refuse_v his_o ecclesiastical_a brother_n access_n to_o he_o at_o the_o hour_n of_o his_o death_n in_o his_o time_n this_o order_n make_v a_o descent_n upon_o lithuania_n by_o way_n of_o the_o river_n niemen_n and_o build_v three_o magazine_n near_o the_o castle_n of_o cowno_n by_o help_n of_o which_o they_o make_v great_a devastation_n in_o that_o country_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n 1394._o the_o twenty_o second_v great_a master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr jungingen_n he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a peaceable_a temper_n and_o therefore_o not_o much_o belove_v by_o his_o order_n however_o he_o rule_v 12_o year_n and_o afterward_o die_v at_o marienburg_n and_o be_v there_o bury_v 1404._o the_o twenty_o third_z great_a master_n be_v ulric_n the_o jungingen_n brother_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a conrade_n he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n rupert_n and_o of_o pope_n gregory_n xii_o he_o be_v of_o a_o warlike_a temper_n and_o to_o that_o degree_n that_o he_o deviate_v not_o a_o little_a from_o his_o order_n he_o persecute_v his_o brother_n and_o take_v several_a of_o their_o possession_n from_o they_o after_o several_a war_n have_v with_o the_o pole_n and_o lithuanian_n jagello_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o vitoldus_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n give_v he_o a_o total_a overthrow_n wherein_o this_o great_a master_n with_o about_o 200_o commendador_n and_o 5000_o other_o knight_n be_v kill_v and_o his_o general_n take_v prisoner_n although_o at_o the_o first_o onset_n the_o lithuanian_n lose_v about_o 7000_o men._n 1406._o the_o twenty_o four_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n count_n of_o plaven_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n and_o pope_n john_n this_o person_n be_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v the_o late_a overthrow_n on_o the_o pole_n but_o before_o he_o can_v effect_v any_o thing_n considerable_a he_o be_v depose_v throw_v into_o prison_n at_o engelsburg_n and_o thence_o remove_v to_o lecksteg_n where_o after_o 7_o year_n confinement_n he_o die_v in_o chain_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1414._o the_o twenty_o fifth_z great_a master_n be_v michael_n the_o sterbergen_n steward_n of_o the_o household_n to_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n in_o the_o very_a first_o year_n of_o his_o government_n jagello_n and_o vitoldus_n take_v from_o he_o and_o destroy_v several_a city_n but_o be_v at_o length_n force_v to_o retire_v he_o govern_v this_o order_n 9_o year_n but_o afterward_o desire_v his_o quietus_n he_o obtain_v it_o die_v at_o dantzic_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1323._o the_o twenty_o six_z great_a master_n be_v paul_n the_o rusdorfien_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n martin_n during_o his_o administration_n several_a of_o the_o province_n and_o city_n of_o prussia_n shake_v off_o the_o teutonic_n yoke_n and_o revolt_v to_o casimir_n iv._o king_n of_o poland_n he_o enjoy_v this_o office_n nine_o year_n also_o but_o die_v be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1432._o the_o twenty_o seven_o adhere_v master_n be_v conrade_n ab_fw-la herlingshausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n albert_n iii_o this_o great_a master_n treat_v casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n at_o thorn_n where_o at_o that_o time_n there_o be_v a_o inviolable_a