an ancient Manuscript of the Life of S. Romanus he cast it into a more polite stile and made another of it in Verse which he presented to Hugh Archbishop of Roan as it appears by the Epistle Dedicatory publish'd by Father Mabillon in the first Tome of his Analects Of these Works there is only extant the Ancient Life of Romanus that he corrected and which was set forth by Monsieur Rigaud or Rigultius JOHN Abbot of Arnulphus at Metz. JOhn Monk of Gorze and afterward Abbot of S. Arnoud or Arnulphus at Metz flourish'd there in John Abbot of S. Arnulphus at Metz. the time of Adalberon who was Bishop of that City He wrote the Life of S. Goldefinda Abbess of Metz and the History of her Translation with the Life of S. John Abbot of Gorze his Patron dedicated to Thierry Bishop of Metz. Father Mabillon has inserted these Works in different Tomes of his Benedictine Centuries HELPERIC or CHILPERIC Monk of S. Gal. HElperic or Chilperic Monk of S. Gal compos'd in the year 980. a Treatise of the Calendar the Helperic or Chilperic Monk of S. Gal. Preface to which was publish'd by Father Mabillon in the first Tome of his Analects and which is entirely preserv'd in Manuscript in the Library of S. Germain des Prez BERTHIER Priest of Verdun Berthier Priest of Verdun BErthier Priest of Verdun wrote a Compendious History of the Bishops of that Church and dedicated it to Dado who was then Governour of that Country It was publish'd by Father Dachery in the Twelfth Tome of the Spicilegium He flourish'd about the year 987. This Work of Berthier was continu'd by an Anonymous Monk of S. Viton at Verdun down to A nameless Monk Thierry the Fourteenth Bishop of that City Afterward Lawrence Monk of Liege and at last of the same Monastery of S. Viton at Verdun made a Supplement and Continuation of that History to the time of Alberon that is to say to the middle of the Twelfth Century These Works are follow'd by another Continuation in the same Tome of Father Dachery's Spicilegium ADSO Abbot of Luxeüil THere were two Monks in the Tenth Century who bore the Name of Adso The first of these Adso Abbot of Luxueil Adso Abbot of Deuvres the Abbot of Luxeuil wrote about the year 960. a Treatise of the Miracles of S. Vaudalbert the third Abbot of Luxueil which is contain'd in the first Tome of the Benedictine Centuries The second Abbot of Deuvres in the Diocess of Bourges is the Author of the Life of S. Bercaire of that of S. Basole Confessor of the History of the Translation and Miracles of the latter of the Life of S. Frodbert Abbot of Celles of the History of the Translation of his Relicks and lastly of the Life of S. Mansuet the first Bishop of Toul All these Works except the last are in the second and fourth Benedictine Centuries of Father Mabillon the last was publish'd by Monsieur Bosquet This Author flourish'd about the year 980. and died in 992. LETALDUS Monk of S. Memin LEtaldus Monk of the Abbey of Micy or S. Memin in the Diocess of Orleans flourish'd about the Letaldus Monk of S. Memin end of the Tenth Century He wrote the History of the Miracles of S. Maximin or Memin the first Founder of that Monastery publish'd by Father Mabillon in the first Tome of his Benedictine Centuries and it is probable that he is the same with the Author of the Life of S. Julian Bishop of Mans. CHAP. IV. The History of the Churches of Germany THE Emperor Arnulphus the last of the Branch of the Carlian Stock who obtain'd Germany for The Revolutions of the Empire of Germany in the Tenth Century his Inheritance dying in the year 899. left but one lawful Son nam'd Lewis who being only eight years old was committed to the Care of Otho Duke of Saxony who married his Sister and of Hatto Archbishop of Mayence Soon after he became Heir of Lorrain of which Zuentibold his Bastard Brother was in possession But he was not able to subdue Italy nor to cause himself to be crown'd Emperor neither did he live long but dyed between eighteen and twenty years old A. C. 911. leaving only two Daughters named Placidia and Mathildis The first was married to Conrade Duke of Franconia and the other to Henry the Fowler Duke of Saxony and Son of Duke Otho The Estates of the Realm designing to confer the Crown upon that Otho he desired to be excus'd by reason of his old Age and advis'd them to chuse Conrade Duke of Franconia but his Son Henry Duke of Saxony whose Moderation was not so great claim'd a Right to part of the Kingdom as having married one of the Heiresses revolted against Conrade wag'd War with him and gain'd the Battle however this Advantage prov'd ineffectual and Conrade always remain'd in possession of the Throne till his death which happen'd in the year 918. When he left Henry Duke of Saxony his Heir and order'd the Lords to wait upon him with the Crown and the Royal Ornaments They perform'd his last Will and acknowledg'd Henry Duke of Saxony surnam'd the Fâ—wler as King of Germany This valâ—ant and prudent Prince kept in awe Arnulphus Duke of Bavaria defeated the Hungarians who ravag'd Germany overcame the Vandals subdu'd Bohemia and after having reign'd Seventeen years dyed A. C. 936. The Lords substituted in his place his eldest Son Otho afterwards surnam'd the Great against whom his Brother Henry made War but was defeated and mortally wounded in a Fight The Dukes Gilbert and Everard who were Authors of this Revolt perish'd in another Engagement near Andernac and left Otho in the quiet possession of his Dominions which he enlarg'd considerably and joyn'd to them the Kingdom of Italy with the Imperial Dignity which passed to his Son Otho and to his Grandson of the same Name as it has been already related Under these Emperors who were no less Religious than Valiant the Churches of Germany were in a flourishing Condition by the means of a great number of Reverend Bishops the Writings of several Authors and the propagation of the Gospel among the Northern People This is what we shall proceed to shew in giving an Account of such Persons illustrious for their Learning and Sanctity as Germany has produc'd in this Century S. ULRIC Bishop of Augsburgh WE shall begin with S. Ulric Bishop of Augsburgh He was descended from an Ancient Family in Germany the Son of Hugpaut and Thetpirga He began to study in the Monastery of S. S. Ulric Bishop of Augsburgh Gal and was taken from thence to be put under the Tuition of Adalberon Bishop of Augsburgh in the year 909. He made a Journey to Rome and during his residence there Adalberon died and left Hiltin his Successor after whose death Ulric was nominated Bishop of Augsburgh by King Henry A. C. 924. He was highly esteem'd by that Prince and the Emperor
recited at the Altar and they were stiled by the Name of the Saints and Blessed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Every particular Church was us'd to place in that rank those who had first propagated the Christian Religion the Bishops and those who had liv'd in great Reputation for their Sanctity Afterwards were made Kalendars and Martyrologies of the Saints of several particular Churches which were by little and little dispers'd throughout the Eastern and Western Parts The Church of ' Rome as others had done made use of one of these Martyrologies from which Ado compos'd His and afterwards took in that of Usuardus but it does not appear that before the Tenth Century any Solemn Decrees were made at Rome or elsewhere for the Canonization of Saints Indeed this Custom was entirely establish'd in the Eleventh Century when Adelardus Paschasius Ratbertus S. Wibroad Gerard Bishop of Toul and Wolfang Bishop of Ratisbon were Canoniz'd by several Popes In the Twelfth Peter d'Agnania was Canoniz'd by Pope Paschal II. Conrad Bishop of Constantz by Calixtus II. at the request of Ulric Bishop of the same place Hugh Bishop of Grenoble S. Sturmius Abbot of Fulda and the Emperor Henry I. by Eugenius III. But it is observable that these two last Papers declare that the Solemnity of Canonization ought to be perform'd regularly in a General Council and yet they do it by the Authority of the Church of Rome with the Advice of the Archbishops and Bishops who were present in that City During these two Centuries the Metropolitans and Bishops were not depriv'd of the Right to declare as Saints such Persons as died in the Reputation of Sanctity and to cause their Bodies to be expos'd to the Veneration of the Faithful But Pope Alexander III. first reserv'd to himself the Canonization of Saints as a Matter of great Consequence and after him Innocent III. assum'd the same Right insomuch that we do not read that the Bishops solemnly Canoniz'd any Saints since that time altho' there were some who were generally reputed such among the People The Institution of the seven Electors of the Empire is also referr'd to this Century according to The Institution of the seven Electors of the Empire the general Opinion of the German Historians who wrote after the Reign of Frederick II. and who affirm that Pope Gregory V. and the Emperor Otho III. declar'd with the consent of the Princes of Germany that the Election of the Emperor should belong for the future only to those seven without allowing any Vote to the others But the Original of this Epocha is very much disputed and is not grounded on any Authentick Record or the Testimony of any Contemporary Writer Indeed some particularly Jordanes have given it out that the Right of choosing the Emperor has been peculiar to the seven Electors ever since Charlemagn's time and this Opinion seems to be confirm'd by the Authority of Pope Innocent III who acknowledges the power of Electing the King and Emperor to be inherent in the Princes of the Empire to whom the Right justly belongs more especially in regard that this Right and Power is deriv'd to them from the Apostolical See in the person of Charlemagn who transferr'd the Empire from the Grecians to the Romans Theodoric Anihem refers this Institution to the time that follow'd the Death of the Emperor Henry II. and makes the Princes of Germany the Authors of it Onuphrius maintains that this number of Electors was not fix'd till after the Death of Frederick II. that before that time all the Princes of Germany were wont to give their Suffrages for the Election of the Emperors that their number was not restrain'd to seven that the name of Electors was then unknown that altho' the precise time of the Institution cannot be determin'd yet it ought to be fix'd between the years 1250. and 1280. and according to all appearance under the Pontificate of Gregory X. which perhaps gave occasion to the generality of Authors to refer it to that of Gregory V. Jordanes's Opinion concerning the Antiquity of the seven Electors is at present generally disclaim'd it being evident that Charlemagn's Posterity obtain'd the Empire by the Right of Succession and by the Election of the German French and Italian Princes and Noble men After the Death of Lewis IV. the Son of Arnulphus the last of Charlemagn's Race Italy became as we have already declar'd a Prey to the Berengers to Guy Lambers Lewis Boso Hugh Loâ—haire Raoul c. of whom some affected the Title of Emperor and even caus'd themselves to be crown'd In Germany Conrad Henry the Fowler and Otho were chosen Kings by the Saxons and French as it is related by Luitprand and Witichindus Writers who flourish'd at that time The last was also acknowledg'd and crown'd Emperor when he had subdu'd Italy His Son and Grandson obtain'd the Imperial Diadem by the Right of Succession and by the Election of the Princes as well Saxons as French and Italians Therefore till that time it cannot be said that the Election of the Emperor was reserv'd to the seven Electors Now to know whether this was effected by Pope Gregory V. under Otho III. we need only enquire after what manner Historians relate the Election of his Successors to have been carried on that is to say whether it were perform'd by the seven Electors or indifferently by all the German Princes Otho Frisingensis assures us that after the Decease of Otho III. Henry Duke of Bavaria was chosen Emperor by all the Nobility or Lords of the Kingdom Ab omnibus regni primoribus and this Author speaks after the same manner concerning the Election of Conrad who succeeded Henry But nothing more plainly shews to whom the Right of choosing the Emperor belong'd then that which happen'd in the time of the Emperor Henry the Fourth when Pope Gregory the Seventh design'd to Depose him and caus'd Rodolphus to be substituted in his room for he made application to all the Dukes Earls and Bishops of the German Empire and Rodolphus was chosen by a Party of the Princes different from the Electors among whom are nam'd the Bishops of Wurtsburg and Meâ—s and the Duke of Carinthia Afterward when Henry the Fifth dispossessed his Father of the Imperial Throne and caâ—â—'d himself to be plac'd on it in his stead this was done by all the Princes of Germany indifferently as it is related by Otho Frisingensis and by the Abbot of Ursperge Lotharius the Second was in like manner elected Emperor by the Princes of the Empire at the sollicitation of the Archbishop of Mâ—â—tz When Conrad the Third was at first only chosen by a small number of Princes and Henry of Bavaria with some Saxon Princes revers'd his Election because they were not present it was requisite to call a general Assembly of all the Princes in which the Saxons assisted and gave consent to his Election After the death of Conrad Frederick Barbarossa was proclaim'd Emperor in an
Victor II. and threw him under the protection of the Holy See He was at first under the Government and Tuition of the Empress Agnes his Mother who had the administration of the Empire in her Hands But the Princes and Grandees of Germany being weary of the Government of this Woman took Henry away from her and committed the Charge of his Royal Person to Anno Arch-bishop of Cologne who had likewise the greatest share in the Government These Lords to retain their Authority the longer left Henry to his liberty of doing what he pleas'd and to live in the Debaucheries common to Youth and in the mean time Govern'd Absolutely under his Name and dispos'd as they saw fit of the Offices Revenues and Affairs of the Empire Henry was in this kind of dependency upon them till he came to be Eighteen or Twenty years old At which time he began to take Cognizance of the Affairs of his Estate and to Govern them himself It was then that he began to be sensible that a great many things had been done contrary to Justice and that the Grandees abusing the Confidence which he had repos'd in them were advanc'd by indirect means and regarded more their own private Interests than those of the State It was then he revok'd part of what they had caus'd to have been done prohibited the Exactions and Outrages which they had been guilty of re-estabish'd the Course of Justice and the Force of the Laws and punish'd the Offenders The measures which he took made several of his Lords to become Malecontents for they being us'd to do what they pleas'd themselves without fearing to be check'd for it could not be easie under this new Yoke Thereupon they conceiv'd an Aversion to King Henry which they continued for ever after and they took up a Resolution either to Kill him or to Out him of the Empire The Saxons were the first who openly Rebell'd against him they set upon him with such an Advantage and with so great Numbers that he was forc'd to fly for it He return'd with an Army and the Saxons were twice defeated but still kept to their Resolution They enter'd into a Confederacy with several Lords of Lombary France Bavaria and Suabia and finding themselves not strong enough to make open War against him they charg'd him with several Crimes before Pope Gregory and intreated that Pope to turn him out of his Throne and to put up another King in his place whose Conduct and Wisdom should be answerable to his Dignity Gregory VII had formerly begun under the Popedom of Alexander II. to form a Process against King Henry and had caus'd him to be cited to Rome upon the account of Simony and other Crimes lay'd to his charge But after Alexander's Death he thought it would redound to his Interest to manage him that he might be the more inclinable to confirm his Election Some Authors say That he secretly threaten'd that Prince to Prosecute him in case he would not approve of his Election but this Matter of Fact is not prov'd by any Authentick Testimony What is more certain is That before his Ordination Gregory sent word to Beatrice and Matilda That he had a design of sending some pious Persons to King Henry to give him some wholsome Advice about his Conduct and to persuade him to return to that Obedience which he ow'd to the Church of Rome At the same time he advises these Princesses not to communicate with the Bishops of Lombardy who were either guilty of Simony or favour'd those who were so This Letter of Gregory which is the Eleventh of his first Book bears date May 25 1073. The Persons guilty of Simony of whom he speaks in this Letter are the Bishops of Lombardy and particularly Godfrey Arch-bishop of Milan who was as Gregory says advanc'd to that Dignity by Simony and even whilst Guy Arch-bishop of that City was Living He and his Adherents had been Excommunicated for this by the Pope in a Council of Rome but this Excommunication had no other Effect upon him than to Incense him and entring into a League with all the Bishops of Lombardy they conspir'd together against the Holy See Gregory VII being advanc'd to the Papal Chair had nothing more in his Thoughts than to bring them to submit and to cause the Excommunication issued out against them to be put in Execution as appears by the Letter which he sent on that Subject to all the Faithful of Lombardy bearing date July 1 1073. which is the Fifteenth of the first Book King Henry on the other hand protected the Arch-bishop of Milan and the Bishops of Lombardy and continued in Communion with them and this gave the first Rise to the Contest betwixt him and Pope Gregory The first of September in the same year the Pope advis'd Anselm Bishop of Lucca Elect not to receive the Investiture of his Bishoprick from King Henry till such time as he had given Satisfaction for his holding Communion with Excommunicated Persons and till he was reconcil'd to the Holy See which he hop'd would be effected by the Mediation of the Empress Agnes of Beatrice and Matilda Countesses of Tuscany and by Radulphus Duke of Suabia who had undertaken the Accommodation The same day Gregory wrote to that Duke telling him That he had no particular ill Will to King Henry but on the contrary wish'd him well as he was oblig'd to do because he had acknowledg'd him for King because he had receiv'd several signal Favours from his Father Henry and because that Prince upon his Death had recommended him to Pope Victor II. But for as much as this Concord between the Empire and the Church ought to be pure and sincere it was requisite in the first place that he should manage the Affair with him with the Empress Agnes with the Countess Beatrice and with Reginald Bishop of Cumae that for this purpose he desir'd a Conference with him and pray'd him to come to Rome He wrote likewise at the same time to this Bishop of Cumae telling him That he wish'd with all his Heart that the King were Master of all that Religion and Piety which he ought to be Master of and that he were in Union and Amity with the Holy See and to bring this about he pray'd him to be ready to come to Rome with the Empress Radulphus and the Countess Beatrice that so all things might be adjusted That he might hold Conferences with the Bishops of Lombardy but that he ought not to Communicate with them These three Letters are the Nineteenth Twentieth and the One and twentieth of the first Book In the Four and twentieth written to Bruno Bishop of Verona bearing date September the 24th he declares that he retains the same Love and Tenderness for King Henry as ever he did This Prince replies to the Pope's Civilities in a very submissive Letter wherein he declares That for as much as it was requisite that the Empire and the Papacy should
made use of it to promote their Designs and it serv'd as an Umbrage to the League which the Princes and Lords of Germany renew'd against him It likewise shock'd some of those who assisted at the Assembly of Worms and amongst others Udo Arch-bishop of Treves who went express to Rome to procure his Absolution and be reconcil'd to Gregory and being return'd to Germany he was one of the first who maintain'd That they ought not to communicate with the King till such time as he should be reconcil'd to the Pope The Archbishop of Mayence and a great many more became of the same Mind and there were but a very few of the Prelates who would venture to stand to what they had done The Pope for his part made sure of the Forces and Places belonging to Matilda the Widow of Godfrey Duke of Lorrain who dy'd this year in his Dutchy being parted from his Wife a long time before This Princess was Daughter to Beatrice the Sister of the Emperor Henry III. and to Boniface Lord of Lucca She was possess'd of a very considerable Estate in Italy having the Sovereignties of Lucca Parma Reggio Mantua and a part of Tuscany under her She has wholly wedded to the Interests of Gregory VII who likewise espous'd her Interests with all the warmth imaginable Whilst Affairs stood in this posture Gregory thought that before he broke out into an open War it was advisable to use his fresh endeavours to bring over King Henry to submit to what he was minded to require of him To forward this design he directed a Letter to all the Bishops Abbots Priests Dukes Princes Knights and in general to all the Faithful of the Roman Empire wherein after he had declar'd what he had done in favour of Henry and the base returns he had receiv'd for it he exhorts them to prevail upon this Prince to do Pennance that so he might be reconcil'd to the Church declaring that if he would not hearken to their Counsels they ought to convene together to consult the Wellfare of the Universal Church He puts them in mind of holding no Correspondence with those who were not separated from Communion with Henry To conclude he calls God to witness that he had no temporal Advantage in his eye but the Wellfare of the Church was the only Motive of what he did This Letter which is the First of the fourth Book bears date July 25 in the Year 1076. Within a while after Herman Bishop of Metz who kept Neuter in this Affair wrote to Gregory to ask him whether the Bishops who communicated with Henry were excommunicated and at the same time he takes notice to him that there were some Persons who maintain'd that a King could not be excommunicated Gregory answer'd him by the Second Letter of the same Book written at Tivoli August 25. That there was no question to be made but that all those who communicated with King Henry if it be lawful to call him King were excommunicated And that with respect to those who say that a King ought not to be excommunicated there was no need to return them an Answer since their Opinion was so Ridiculous However he did not stick to prove that Kings might be excommunicated from the example of Pope Zachary by whom he says the King of France had been depos'd and his Subjects absolv'd from their Oath of Alliegance to him From several Privileges which are among the Letters of S. Gregory wherein he declares the Kings and Princes excommunicated and depriv'd of their Dignity who shall infringe them He subjoyns the instance of Theodosius and lastly he alledges as a convincing Argument that when JESUS CHRIST gave S. Peter the Power of feeding his Sheep and the Power of Binding and Loosing he excepted no Person from it Afterwards he gives Herman to understand That he had granted some Bishops a Power of Absolving the Bishops and Grandees who would separate themselves from communion with King Henry but that he had forbidden them to grant Absolution to that Prince till such time as he was assur'd by good creditable Witnesses of his Repentance and the satisfaction he would make since he knew very well that there were Bishops enow who would not scruple to absolve him if he had not forbit it 'T is much in the same Air he wrote Eight Days after a Second Letter to the Prelates and Grandees of Germany wherein after protestation made that it was neither Pride nor Interest which mov'd him to excommunicate King Henry but only for the welfare of the Church he prays them to be tender of him if he did sincerely Repent Upon condition however that he would turn out of his Council those excommunicated Persons who were guilty of Simony and for the future follow the Advice of those who value the welfare of the Church above their own Interests That he would look upon the Church as his Mistress and use her no longer as a Servant That he would no longer defend such Customs as were contrary to the Liberties of the Church but follow the Doctrin of the Holy Fathers That if he gave them an assurance of performing these and other things which with Reason might be required of him they shall give him notice thereof by their Deputies that so they might consult together what is best to be done on that occasion but that he absolutely forbids them to absolve him from his Excommunication till they had receiv'd an Approbation in writing from the Holy See for it That if he would not repent they ought to proceed to the election of a Prince who would discharge the Duties aforemention'd and that they ought to inform him of the Conversation and Manners of the Person they shall elect that so he might confirm their Election That with regard to the Oath which they had taken to the Empress Agnes in case her Son should dye before her they ought not to be concern'd about it because they might very well perceive that she had no longer a Right thereto whether she opposed or consented to his being Deposed That upon the whole they should let him know who the Person was whom they design'd for Emperor after they should have resolv'd to Out Henry This is the Third Letter of the Fourth Book It was no sooner receiv'd in Germany but the Princes and Grandees of the Empire resolv'd to meet at Tribur or Oppenheim to consult of the measures they ought to take Radulphus Duke of Suabia The Convention at Oppenheim and the Dukes of Bavaria and Carinthia with the Bishops of Wirtzburg and Wormes having held a Conference at Ulma appointed this Convention to be on the Twenty sixth of October and acquainted therewith all the Princes of the Empire and the Pope who sent thither two Legats to wit Sigehard Patriarch of Aquileia and Alman Bishop of Passaw These Legats declaim'd against the Conduct of Henry and desir'd that they would elect another King in his stead Henry for his part sent
the Abbot of Mount Cassin to know of him whether he could bring him any Assistance about Easter or send him some This is the Subject matter of the fourth Letter of the ninth Book which doubtless belongs to the Year 1081. Henry at his coming into Italy wisely foreseeing that the greatest Enemy he had to fear was Duke Robert propos'd to come to an Accomodation with him upon condition that his Son should Marry that Duke's Daughter and give him the March of Ancona The Pope being inform'd of this Proposal by the Princess Matilda was very much surpriz'd at it and forthwith wrote to Didier Abbot of Mount Cassin to prevail upon Robert to keep his Word to him This is the Subject matter of the eleventh Letter of the ninth Book By the Seventeenth of the same Book written to that Duke he exhorts him to come to the Assistance of the Church of Rome which was annoy'd by King Henry In the mean time whilst Robert was in the East with all his Forces the Normans of Italy perceiving that Henry was like to become Master of Rome and being afraid what the Consequence would prove to them endeavour'd to bring about the Peace between the Pope and the Emperor and sent Didier Abbot of Mount Cassin with the Prince of Capua and several Deputies to Henry to treat with him But neither the Pope nor the Emperor were inclinable to it and the latter receiv'd some Mony from the Emperor of Constantinople to carry on the War against Robert That Duke understanding this and being sent for by the Pope left his Son in the East and immediately return'd to Italy to the Pope's Assistance whom he relieved as we formerly have declar'd Gregory VII was likewise willing to make the Islands of Corfu and Sardinia his Tributaries For part of the former having been retaken by the Christians from the Sarazens he The Pretentions of Gregory VII to Sardinia and Corfu immediately sent a Legat thither to govern absolutely and promis'd them Succours to Conquer the rest upon condition that this Island should be dependent on the Holy See This appears by the Second and fourth Letters of the fifth Book dated September the 1st and 16th in the Year 1077. He afterwards bestow'd this Legation on Landulphus Bishop of Pisa and his Successors with one Moyety of the Revenues of that Island reserving the other Moyety for the Holy See together with all the Fortresses whose Governors however he was willing should still be dependent on that Legat as appears by the twelfth Letter of the sixth Book dated November the 30th in the Year 1079. With respect to Sardinia he was so strongly perswaded that it belong'd to the Holy See that writing to the Sovereign of that Island he shew'd that Prince what a piece of service He the Pope had done in having refus'd to give it to the Normans and Lombards who had demanded it of him tho' they offer'd him the Moyety of their Conquests till such time as he should see after what manner that Prince would receive the Pope's Legat and how he was inclin'd to the Holy See By this means he suppos'd that if that Prince would not be subject to the Holy see he was so far the Disposer of his Estates as to give them to whom he pleas'd This is the subject of the tenth Letter of the eighth Book dated October the 5th 1080. After all this 't is no wonder that he should treat all the Lords near Rome as his Vassals and exact from the Oaths of Fidelity We have one made by Landulphus Duke of Benevento The Oath of Fidelity exacted by Gregory VII from the Princes of Italy by which he engages himself to forfeit his Dutchy if he fail'd in his Duty to the Holy See or to Gregory and his Successors and if he did any wrong to the Church of Rome or its Members This Treaty sign'd by the Bishops of Porto Frescati Palestrina by Didier and Peter Cardinals of the Church of Rome is in the first Book of Gregory's Letters after the Eighteenth and is dated August the 11th in the Year 1073. He also exacted the like Oath from Richard Duke of Capua by which that Prince was engag'd to enter into no League against the Pope upon all occasions to defend the Revenues and Rights of the Church of Rome and of his Holiness to make no Pillage on its Territories and to suffer no body else to do it to pay yearly the Rent which he ow'd for the Lands which he held in S. Peter's Patrimony to be faithful to King Henry and his Successors yet without prejudice to the Fidelity he ows to the Holy See And lastly that whenever the Pope should die he should do his utmost to get him to be elected and ordain'd Pope who should have the Suffrages of the major part of the Cardinals Clergy and Laity This Oath dated September the 24th 1073. is after the One and twentieth Letter of the first Book There is another Oath of this Nature taken by Bertran Count of Provence after the twelfth Letter of the ninth Book Lastly Gregory VII not willing to omit any one means of aggrandizing the Church of Rome had resolv'd upon a CROISADE to go into the East at the head of an Army to The Project of the CROISADE set on foot by Gregory VII assist the Christians and to fall upon the Infidels Big with this Design he wrote to William Count of Burgundy by the Six and fortieth Letter of the first Book dated February the 2d in the Year 1074. ordering him to be ready and to give notice to his Allies to furnish him with Forces that so he might after he had reduc'd the Normans of Pozzuolo to their Duty march directly with an Army to Constantinople and relieve the Christians of the East By the Nine and fortieth Letter of the same Book dated March ensuing he exhorts all the Christians of the West to unite together for the relief of the Christians of the East against the Infidels He did the same thing by the Seven and thirtieth Letter of the second Book which bears date the 16th of December of the same Year This Project of Gregory had not that success which he desir'd But he engag'd Duke Robert to lead an Army into the East under Colour of placing Michael Ducas again upon the Throne of the Eastern Empire This Duke gave Battle to the Emperor Alexis in Thrace and became Master of the Field tho' the Enemy were much superior in Number The Difficulties which the Pope's Affairs labour'd under and the War with the Emperor Henry prevented that Duke from pursuing his Conquests in the East and from extending the Limits of the Roman Church and the Authority of the Holy See by his Victories The which Gregory had attempted in vain by the way of Accommodation in sending to the Emperor Michael who had writ to him and made proposals on his part for the re-union of the two Churches Dominick Patriarch of
well as the Monks 3. Upon account that the others were at liberty to quit that course of Life whereas these last profess'd to live always after the same manner and they were positively forbidden to do otherwise The latter Canons liv'd in common under an Abbot Superiour or Provost and made profession as the Monks of Poverty Constancy and Obedience altho' they were not as yet bound by an express Vow neither were they only employ'd in serving the Church or Monastery where they resided but they were also taken sometimes out of their House to receive a Cure and to exercise other Ecclesiastical Functions Ives afterwards Bishop of Chartres establish'd this strict Reform in the Monastery of St. Quentin A. D. 1078. Afterward that Religious House supply'd France with many other Convents of regular Canons and in the beginning of the following Century the Congregations of St. Rufus and St. Norbert were instituted insomuch that the Order of regular Canons became very numerous and extended very far within a short space of Time Chronological TABLES And other Necessary INDEXES and TABLES A. D. Popes Western Emperors and Kings of France and Italy Eastern Emperors Ecclesiastical Affairs Councils Ecclesiastical Writers 1001 Silvester II. III. Otho III. VI. The Revolt of the Romans against Otho who retires to Rome Basil and Constantin XXVI   St. Fulbert becomes Professor of Divinity in the School of the Church of Chartres 1002 IV. Otho dies in the Month of Jan. Henry I. Duke of Bavaria is put in his place by the Princes of Germany and crown'd at Mentz by the Archbishop I. XXVII   Burchard Bishop of Worms 1003 V. Sylvester II dies May 12. John XVI sirnam'd the Lean who is chosen in his place possesses the See of Rome only during 5 Months and John XVII succeeds him II. XXVIII Almost all the old Churches are demolish'd to build new ones   1004 I. III. XXIX Leutheric Archbishop of Sens is reprov'd by King Robert for making use of the Eucharist as a Trial.   1005 II. IV. XXX  A Council at Dortmund in Westphalia  1006 III. V. XXXI Alphegus Archbish. of Canterbury goes to Rome to fetch the Pall. The erecting of the Bishoprick of Bamberg in the Council of Francfurt A Council at Francfurt on the Mayn  1007 IV. VI. XXXII St. Fulbert succeeds Rodulph in the Bishoprick of Chartres   1008 V. VII XXXIII Wigbert Bishop of Mersburg dying Dithmar is chosen to succeed him in that Bishoprick   1009 VI. John XVII dies in the Month of July Sergius IV. is substituted in his room in the mon. of August VIII XXXIV The Eastern and West Churches still maintain'd a kind of mutual Communion one with another The Church of Jerusalem is destroy'd by the Prince of Babylon and afterward re-establish'd Adelbold is chosen Bishop of Utrecht   1010 I. IX XXXV The Tryal of the Archbishop of Hamburg at Rome about a certain Parochial Church A Council held at Renham in England in this Year William Abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon Godehard Bp. of Hildersheim Gosbert Abbot of Tergensee Meginfroy Monk of Fulda Erchinfroy Abbot of Melck 1011 II. X. XXXVI   Syrus Monk of Cluny Osbert or Osborn Chanter of Canter Adelbold Bp. of Utrecht Rupert Abbot of Mount Cassin Dithmar Bp. of Mersburg 1012 III. Sergius IV dies May 13. A Schism after his death between Benedict VIII and Gregory during which the former retired to the Emperor Henry I. XI XXXVII  A Council at Leon in Spain The Laws of Ethelred King of England  1013 Henry marches to Rome re-establishes Benedict and is crown'd Emp. the next year in the month of May. II. XII XXXVIII   Leo the Grammarian 1014 III. XIII XXXIX  A Council held at Pavia after that year  1015 IV. XIV XL.    1016 V. XV. XLI    1017 VI. XVI XLII The Heresy of the Manichees reviv'd in France and suppress'd by King Robert A Shower of Blood in the Province of Aquitaine A Council at Orleans against the Manichean Hereticks Guarlin or Gauslin Archbishop of Bourges 1018 VII XVII XLIII   The Death of Dichmar Bishop of Mersburg 1019 VIII Benedict goes to Bamberg in Germany XVIII XLIV Sergius Patriarch of Constantinople who succeeded John dies and Eustachius is substituted in his room   1020 IX XIX XLV   Tangmarus Dean of Hildesheim 1021 X. XX. XLVI    1022 XI XXI The Emperor Henry arrives in Italy XLVII   Guy Aretin Abbot of Croix-Saint Leufroy 1023 XII XXII Henry returns to Germany XLVIII  A Council at Selingenstadt Briv◠Archbishop of Mentz 1024 Benedict dies in the end of the Month of Feb. and John xviii his Brother succeeds him I. The death of Henry Conrad is chosen Emperor in his stead I. XLIX An Embassay of the Greeks to Rome to obtain a Grant of the Pope that the Church of Constantinople may be styl'd the Catholick or Universal Church The French Prelates oppose their Proceedings and William Abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon writes a Letter to John XVIII to divert him from his Design  William Abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon 1025 II. II. L. Basil dies and Constantin reigns alone Alexius is advanc'd to the Patriarchal See of Constantinople A Council at Arras  1026 III. III. I.   The death of Burchard Bp. of Worms 1027 IV. IV. Conrad is crown'd Emperor at Rome II.   The death of Adelbold Bishop of Utrecht 1028 V. V. III.   The death of St. Fulbert Bishop of Chartres 1029 VI. VI. Constantin dies and Romanus is chosen to supply his place I. Robert King of France holds an A Council Assembly of Bishops at Orleans for at Limoges the Dedication of the Church of St. Aignan which he had built   1030 VII VII II.   Berno Abbot of Richenaw Ademar or Aimar de Chabanois Monk of S. Cibar Hugh Arch-deacon of Tours Arnulphus Monk of Emmeran 1031 VIII VIII III. Hugh Monk of Cluny is made Bishop of Langres Canut King of England takes a Journey to Rome where he is honourably receiv'd by the Pope and the Emperor and obtains certain Privileges for his Subjects The Pope's Letter which attributes the Quality of an Apostle to St. Martial St. Martial is plac'd among the Apostles in the Councils of Bourges and Limoges The Abbey of Beauleau usurp'd by a Secular Abbot is reform'd by the Council of Limoges A Council held at Bourges Nov. 1. A Council at Limoges on the 18th day of the same Month. Odoran a Monk of St. Peter le Vit. Agelnothus Arch-bishop of Canterbury Eberard St. Harvic's Pupil The death of Aribo Archbishop of Mentz 1032 IX IX IV.  The Laws of Canut King of England  1033 X. Pope John dies Nov. 7. and Benedict IX a young Child the Son of Alberic Count of Frescati is substituted X. Conrad arrives in Italy and
was held on Thursday the Pope was not present because he was taken up in giving Audience about the Emperor's Affairs to the Abbot of Clugny to John Catejan and to Peter Leo Prefect of the City of Rome and to the other Favourers of Henry The fifth Session on Friday began with the Disputes between John Cajetan and the other Defenders of the Emperor Henry and Conon of Palestrina who was absolutely for Excommunicating him The Pope to pacifie them said that the Church in the Primitive times flourished by its Martyrs and by the Piety of its Professors that afterwards when Emperors and Kings were Converted to the Faith they Honour'd the Church by granting it Demeans Revenues and Temporal Rights and Dignities That it was reasonable she should enjoy the Benevolence of Princes and bestow those Goods on her Sons as she judg'd most convenient He afterwards repealed the Privilege of Investitures and renew'd the Decrees of Gregory VII but would pronounce nothing in particular against Henry's Person However he confirm'd what Cardinal Conon of Palestrina had done against that Prince in Syria in Greece in Hungary in Saxony in Lorrain and in France This was pass'd by the majority of Voices The next day the Pope discuss'd in the Council the Contest between Grosolanus or Chrysolaus and Jordanes pretenders to the Arch-Bishoprick of Milan and after he had observ'd that the Translations of Bishops were never allow'd but in case of necessity or for the Churches greater benefit he declar'd that of Grosolanus Null which had been more prejudicial than advantageous to the Church Afterwards he granted indulgences of forty days to those who would visit the Sepulchres of the Apostles and dissolv'd the Council by giving his Blessing to the Prelates The Emperor Henry having heard of the proceedings of this Council thought it requisite that he himself should appear personally at Rome to prevent the Consequences of the Excommunication and Henry enters Rome Paschal with-draws maintain the Privilege which the Pope had granted him He thereupon order'd his Army to advance towards that City The Pope not venturing to stay his coming retir'd to Mount Cassin and from thence for the greater security went into Apulia The Emperor came to Rome and enter'd it without any opposition and caus'd himself to be Crown'd a Second time by Maurice Burdin Arch-Bishop of Brague This Arch-Bishop was Limosin who went into Spain to wait upon Bernard Arch-Bishop of Toledo who made him Arch-Deacon of his Church from whence he was prefer'd to the Bishoprick of Conimbra and afterwards to the Arch-Bishoprick of Brague He was come to Rome to defend the Rights of his Church against the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and stay'd there two Years The Emperor spent the Easter Holy-days at Rome but was forc'd by the excessive hotness of the Season to draw off towards Tuscany from whence he sent Ambassadors to the Pope to promise him all manner of satisfaction provided he would but absolve him from the Excommunication The Pope return'd him this Answer that for his part he had not Excommunicated him because he had engag'd himself upon Oath to do no suchthing but that he could not take off the Excommunication which others had denounc'd against him till he had heard what they and he had to say for themselves in a Synod In the mean time the Pope return'd Paschal returns to Rome towards Rome with the Norman Troops of Apulia and fell Sick at Anagnia Being recover'd of his illness he went and spent the Christmas Holy-days at Palestrina and from thence advanc'd towards Rome and enter'd it and as he was studying to bring his Enemies to submit he Died two days after his return in January 1118. After his Death the Cardinals met in a Monastery of the Benedictines of Rome call'd the Palladium Gelasus II Elected Pope near to the Palace of Franchipani and six days after Elected John Cajetan the Chancellor who was call'd Gelasus II and Proclaim'd Pope Cincius of Franchipani being offended that they had not made choice of a Cardinal whom he had propos'd enter'd the Monastery in a forcible manner with Armed Men fell upon the Pope abus'd him and carry'd him away Prisoner to his Palace The Romans could not endure this Affront the chief among them met and sent to demand the Pope from Cincius and the common people rose up in Arms to set him at liberty Upon this Cincius was forc'd to deliver him He was put in possession of the Papal Chair which he enjoy'd very peaceably till the Arrival of the Emperor who being inform'd that Gelasus would not confirm the privilege of Investitures march'd directly with his Army to Rome The Pope made his Escape by Sea to Cajeta where he was Consecrated by the Bishop of Ostia in the presence of William Duke of Apulia and Robert Henry comes to Rome and causes Maurice Burdin to be Proclaimed Pope Prince of Capua After his Consecration he came to Capua where he heard that the Emperor had caus'd Maurice Burdin Arch-Bishop of Brague to be Proclaim'd Pope under the Name of Gregory VIII In the mean time Gelasus rais'd Forces William of Apulia came in to his Assistance they march'd towards the Territories of Rome where the Emperor invested a place of some strength who hearing that Forces were coming to its relief rais'd the Siege immediately and retir'd into Germany The Pope retook several places in the Countrey and enter'd privately into Rome but his Enemies there being more powerful than himself after he had settled his Affairs in a good posture he went into France and retir'd to Clugny the usual Sanctuary of the Popes where he Dy'd of a Pleurisie on the 29th of January in the Year 1119. after he had nominated Cardinal Guy Arch-Bishop of Vienna for his Successor upon the refusal of Conon Bishop of Palestrina This Choice was approv'd of by all the Cardinals then present at Clugny when the Pope Dy'd They The Election of Calixtus II. unanimously Elected Guy who was Nam'd Calixtus II. and their Election being confirmed by the Cardinals who were at Rome he was Consecrated by the Bishop of Ostia The Emperor Henry who had been Excommunicated afresh by Conon in two Councils held in Germany to skreen himself from these proceedings and to restore peace to Germany held a Convention at Tribur The Conference between the Emperor and William of Champeaux concerning Investitures wherein it was propos'd to put an end to the difference between him and the Pope by way of Accommodation He promis'd to do it and to go to the Council which the Pope had appointed to be held at Rheims on the 18th of October In the mean time to prepare matters for the Peace William of Champeaux Bishop of Chalons and Pontius Abbot of Clugny went to Strasburg to begin the Treaty The Emperor demanded how he might put an end to this Affair without losing any thing of his Prerogative to which the Bishop of Chalons reply'd That if he
have been actually put in Execution if the Inhabitants of Verona had not entreated him not to do it in their City Therefore he departed from thence with that design but was prevented by Death which happen'd October 17. A. D. 1187. The next day ALBERT Cardinal Priest of St. Laurence and Chancellor of the Church of Gregory VIII Rome was plac'd on that See and bore the Name of GREGORY VIII His Popedom did not continue during two entire Months for he died December 16. in the same Year After a vacancy of twenty days the See of Rome was fill'd up by PAULINUS Cardinal of Clement III. Palestrina chosen Jan. 26. A. D. 1188. and nam'd CLEMENT III. Under his Popedom the Christian Princes undertook a Crusade for the recovering of the Places that Saladin had taken from them in the Levant The Emperor Frederick Richard I. sirnam'd Coeur de Lion King of England and Philip II. King of France were engag'd in that Expedition The first was drowned in 1190. as he was washing himself in a small River between Antioch and Nice and his Son Henry succeeded him in the Imperial Dignity Pope Clement III. died April 10. A. D. 1191. HYACINTHUS Cardinal Deacon with the Title of St. Mary was chosen in his Place Celestin III. under the Name of CELESTIN III. and after having been ordain'd on Holy Saturday was plac'd in St. Peter's Chair on Easter-day At that time Henry arriv'd with an Army near Rome and determin'd to enter the City to be Crown'd Emperor Forasmuch as the Pope put him off from time to time the Romans sent Deputies to promise him That if he would engage to preserve their Rights and Privileges and to demolish the Castles that were built at Frascati they would admit him and would oblige the Pope to solemnize his Coronation He accordingly consented and took an Oath before the Pope at the Door of St. Peter's Church that he would maintain the Ecclesiastical Rights restore St. Peter's Patrimony and rase the Citadel of Frascati Afterwards the Pope caus'd him to enter the Church and actually Crown'd him Emperor and Constance his Wife the Daughter of Roger King of Sicily Empress William sirnam'd the Good King of Sicily the Nephew of that Princess dying she laid claim to the Crown but Tancred her Bastard Brother excluded her and got Possession of the Throne which gave occasion to the War that Henry undertook to subdue that Kingdom He march'd into Italy with a formidable Army A. D. 1196. and treated the Nobility of Sicily in so outragious a manner that his own Wife being sensibly afflicted with the Calamities of her Nation joyn'd with them against her Husband and compell'd him by force to grant them reasonable terms of Peace Henry did not long survive that Reconciliation for he dy'd at Messina in 1197. Pope Celestin excommunicated him some time before for detaining Prisoner Richard King of England whom Leopold Duke of Austria had sold to him after having seiz'd on that valiant Prince in his Territories as he was returning from his Expedition to the Holy Land Upon account of that Excommunication the Arch-bishop of Messina refus'd to bury him in consecrated Ground till he had consulted the Pope Therefore he went to meet his Holiness and requested of him three Things viz. 1. A Licence to interr the Emperor's Body according to due Form 2. The deliverance of Marcowald his Imperial Majesty's Chief Justice who was besieged by the Romans And 3. That Frederick the Son of Henry might be Crown'd King of Sicily Celestin reply'd as to the first Article That the Emperor could not be bury'd without the consent of the King of England and till the Mony were restor'd to that Prince which he had exacted from him for his Ransom As to the second Article That the setting of Marcowald at Liberty depended on the Pleasure of the Romans He granted the last Article on condition that the Sum of a thousand Marks of Silver should be paid to him and as many to the Cardinals and after that the Empress had taken an Oath upon the Holy Gospels That Frederick was begotten in lawful Wedlock of Her and Henry As for the Succession to the Empire it was contested between Philip the Brother of Henry deceased and Otho the Son of the Duke of Saxony as we shall have occasion to shew hereafter Pope Celestin did not long survive the Emperor Henry for he fell Sick on the Festival of Christmas in the same Year and died Jan. 8. A. D. 1198. It remains only for compleating the History of these Popes to give some account of their Letters The Letters of Anastasius IV. are few in number In the First he reprehends Engebaud Arch-bishop of Tours for neglecting to acquaint him with the high Misdemeanours of which Anastasius IV's Letters the Bishop of Treguier is accus'd and orders him incessantly to Summon that Prelate to appear in his Court and if he find him guilty of the Crimes laid to his charge that is to say of having riotously wasted the Revenues of his Church of having conferr'd Orders contrary to the Canonical Constitutions and of having committed Simony and Perjury to send him to the Holy See to the end that he might be punish'd according to the severity of the Canons In the Second he writes to Hugh Arch-bishop of Sens and to his Suffragans to look upon the Inhabitants of Vezelay as under a Sentence of Excommunication by reason of the Persecutions that they rais'd against Ponce Abbot of the Monastery of that place He writes the same thing to the Count and Lords of Burgundy in the Third which only differs from the former in the Superscription By the Fourth he orders Peter Arch-bishop of Bourges to excommunicate the Count of Nevers and the Inhabitants of Vezelay unless they gave Satisfaction to the Abbot and Monastery of Vezelay within thirty days after the Monition is exhibited to them He writes again on the same Subject to Lewis VII King of France to the Bishops of that Kingdom and to Ponce Abbot of Vezelay in his Fifth Sixth and Seventh Letters In the Eleventh he confirms the Statutes of the Regular Canons of St. John at Lateran In the Twelfth he takes into his Protection the Order of the Knights of St. John at Jerusalem and ratifies their Privileges The First of the Letters attributed to Pope Adrian IV. is a Privilege granted to the King of England to make himself Master of Ireland referr'd to by Matthew Paris But it is a Adrian IV's Letters very doubtful Piece and there are no grounds to rely upon it The Second is the Letter that gave offence to Frederick and in which the Pope complains That the Bishop of London was misus'd in the Emperor's Dominions as he was returning from the Holy See and that he did not take care to revenge that Indignity To induce him to do it he entreats him to call to mind with what kindness he was receiv'd at Rome the preceding
relief of the Holy Land A Fast appointed by this Pope during five Years on all the Fridays from Advent till Christmass with abstaining from Flesh on Wednesdays and Saturdays Robert de Bar succceeds Peter de Celles in the Bishoprick of Chartres  Theorianus Hugo Etherianus Robertus Paululus Gervase a Priest of Chichester Odo Abbot of Bel. Cardinal Laborant Geffrey Prior of Vigeois Thierry or Theodoric a Monk Joannes Burgundus The Death of Peter de Celles Bishop of Chartres on the 17. day of February 1188 I. After a Vacancy of 20. days CLEMENT III. is Elected in the place of Gregory VIII January 6. XXXVII III. Philip Augustus King of France imposes a Tax in his Kingdom for his Voyage to the Levant which is call'd by the Name of Saladin's Tithes   1189 II. XXXVIII Henry II. King of England dies and Richard his Son succeeds him The Kings of England and France set forward in their Journey to the Holy Land The Queen Mother and her Brother William of Champagne Cardinal Archbishop of Rheims obtain the Government of France during the King's absence William the Good King of Sicily dies without Issue Constance his Aunt the Wife of Henry the Son of the Emperor lays claim to the Succession but Tancred the Natural Brother of the Princess gets possession of the Kingdom IV. William Bishop of Ely and Legate of the See of Rome in England is made Regent of the Kingdom during the absence of King Richard who is about to undertake an Expedition to the Holy Land   1190 III. XXXIX The Death of the Emperor Frederick in the Levant His Son Henry IV. succeeds him The Kings of England and France arrive in the Month of August at Messina and reside there above six Months V.   Neophytus John Bishop of Lydda The Death of Richard Prior of Hagulstadt 1191 I. Clement III. dies April 10. and CELESTIN III. is substituted in his place I. Henry is Crown'd Emperor by Pope Celestin and his Wife Constance Empress Richard K. of England takes possession of the Kingdom of Cyprus carries off a rich Booty from thence and gives this Kingdom to Guy of Lusignan in exchange for that of Jerusalem which Richard hop'd ere long to wrest out of the Hands of the Infidels VI. Evrard d'Avesnes Bishop of Tournay dying Peter Chanter of the Church of Paris is chosen in his place but William Archbishop of Rheims opposes this Election and causes Stephen Abbot of St. Genevieve at Paris to be Elected the next Year The taking of the City of Acre by the Christians from the Infidels in the Levant Pope Celestin orders the Bishops of England to Excommunicate all those that shou'd refuse to obey the Bishop of Ely Regent of the Kingdom   1192 II. The Pope Excommunicates the Emperor because he detains Prisoner Richard King of England II. Richard K. of England is taken Prisoner in returning from the Holy Land by Leopold Duke of Austria and deliver'd up to the Emperor Henry who confines him 14 Months During his Imprisonment John his Brother sir-nam'd Without Land gets Possession of the Kingdom of England VII The Pope confirms the Rights and Privileges of the Churches and Kingdom of Scotland The Canonization of St. Ubald Bishop of Eugubio Stephen of Tournay causes his Nephew to be chosen in his place Abbot of St. Genevieve at Paris  Baldwin of Devonshire Archbishop of Canterbury dies in the Levant this Year or in the following 1193 III. III. Philip King of France Marries Batilda according to some Authors or Isemburga as others will have it the Sister of Canutus King of Denmark but is Divorced from her some time after under pretence of being too near a kin VIII George Xiphylin is chosen Patriarch of Constantinople  Demetrius Tornicius writes this Year his Treatise of the Procession of the Holy Ghost 1194 IV. IV. Richard K. of England being released out of Prison resumes the Government of his Kingdom IX The Pope appoints the Bishop of Lincoln to take Cognisance of the Misdemeanors and Crimes committed by Geffrey Archbishop of York Michael de Corbeil Dean of the Church of Paris who had been chosen Patriarch of Jerusalem is made Arch-bishop of Sens.  The Death of Joannes Burgundus or John Burguignon Magistrate of Pisa. 1195 V. V. X. Isaacus Angelus is depos'd and ALEXIS ANGELUS is plac'd on the Imperial Throne I. The Pope Constitutes Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury his Legate in England and enjoyns the Bishops of this Kingdom to submit to his Authority He grants a Commission to Simon Dean of the Church of York to govern that Church and Summons Geffrey who was Archbishop of it to appear at Rome to clear himself there of the Crimes laid to his Charge A Synod at York held in the Month of June A Council at Montpellier in the Month of December Gauterius a Regular Canon of St. Victor Thierry or Theodoric Abbot Ogerus Abbot of Lucedia and of Mount St. Michael Robert de Torigny Otho de St. Blaise John Brompton Abbot of Jorval Lupus Proâ—â—spatus Alulphus Monk of St. Martin at Tâ—â—nay Isaac Abbot of L'Etoile 1196 VI. VI. The Emperor Henry marches into Italy with a numerous Army and makes himself Master of Sicily which belong'd to his Dominions in right of his Wife He treats the Sicilians so cruelly that this Princess Commiserating their Misfortunes constrains her Husband by force to grant 'em a Peace upon reasonable Terms II. Eustach is ordain'd Bishop of Ely in England in the place of William Odo de Sully succeeds Maurice in the Bishoprick of Paris  Henry Abbot of Clairvaux The Death of Maurice de Sully Bishop of Paris September 3. Gilbert of Sempringham Peter Abbot of Clairvaux Garnerius Abbot of Clairvaux Nicolas a Canon of Liege Sibrandus Abbot of Mariegarde 1197 VII The Pope consents that Frederick the Son of the Emperor Henry shou'd be Crown'd King of Sicily for 1000 Marks of Silver to be paid to him and as many to the Cardinals VII The Death of the Emperor Henry at Messina The Right of Succession to the Empire is disputed between Philip the Brother of Henry and Otho Duke of Saxony III. The Archbishop of Messina going to consult the Pope about the deceas'd Emperor who dy'd Excommunicated cannot obtain a License for the Interring of that Prince in Consecrated Ground but with the consent of Richard King of England and after having restor'd the sum of Money that was exacted for his Ransom Jourdain du Hommel is ordain'd Bishop of Lisieux Under his Government the Building of the Cathedral of Lisieux was finish'd and that Church was much enrich'd by the Liberality of this Bishop  Bertrand Abbot of la Chaise-Dieu Radulphus Tortarius Christina a Monk of Clairvaux Gauterius of Chatillon Thomas a Monk of Chichester Garnerius a Monk of St. Victor The Death of Peter Comestor Dean of St. Peter at Troyes Robert of Flamesbury Bartholomew Bishop of Oxford 1198 VIII Celestin III. dies Jan.
Poitiers 73 Walter Cornu Archbishop of Sens. 61 Walter of Exeter a Dominican 79 Walter Mapes Archdeacon of Oxford 58 Wernerus Abbot of St. Blaise 58 Wilbrand of Oldenburgh 58 William Abbot of Andrews 61 William Deacon of Bourges 80 William Bishop of Paris 57 63 William Monk of St. Denis 61 William Monk of St. Martin 73 William Prior of Affighem 77 William the Brittan 61 William of Bresse Archbp. of Sens. 80 William of Chartres 75 William Durant Bp. of Menda 75 76 William Guarron a Franciscan 75 * William de la Mare a Franciscan 76 William of Nangis 61 William the Pilgrim 58 William Perault a Dominican 72 William of Puilanrent 59 William of Rishauger 74 William of Rusbrock 80 William of St. Amour 138 139 c. William of Sanvic 75 * William of Segnelay 57 William of Tripoly 80 An Alphabetical TABLE of the Councils in the Thirteenth Century A. Years Pages ALby 1254 116 Anger 's 1269 122 Anger 's 1279 130 Arles 1234 109 Arles 1260 118 Arles 1275 126 Avignon 1209 91 Avignon 1270 122 Avignon 1282 128 E. BEziers 1233 108 Beziers 1246 115 Beziers 1255 117 Bourdeaux 1255 116 Bourdeaux 1262 119 Bourges 1225 152 Bourges 1276 127 Bourges 1286 133 Buda 1279 129 C. CAnterbury 1295 136 Chateau-Gonthier 1231 107 Chateau-Gonthier 1268 122 Chichester 1289 135 Chichester 1292 125 Clermont 1263 156 Cognac 1238 112 Cognac 1260 118 Cognac 1262 119 Cologn 1260 118 Cologn 1266 120 Cologn 1280 131 156 Compeign 1270 122 Constantinople 1277 83 Constantinople 1284 84 D. DAlmatia 1199 90 Durham 1276 127 E. EXeter 1287 134 L. LAmbeth 1206 90 Lambeth 1261 119 Lambeth 1281 131 Langeis 1278 127 Lateran IV. General 1215 95 Lavaur 1213 151 Laval 1243 114 Lions I. General 1245 114 Lions II. General 1274 123 Lisle in Provence 1288 135 London 1200 90 London 1237 111 London 1268 120 London 1291 136 M. MElun 1216 103 Melun 1232 Â Ments 1225 105 Merton 1300 136 Montilly 1209 150 Montpellier 1215 94 Montpellier 1224 152 Montpellier 1258 117 N. NAntes 1264 119 Narbonne 1207 150 Narbonne 1227 105 Narbonne 1235 110 Nismes 1284 132 Nogarol 1290 135 Nimphea in Bithynia 1233 82 O. OXford 1222 104 P. PAris 1209 144 Paris 1212 92 Paris 1223 152 Paris 1226 152 Poictiers 1280 131 Poictiers 1284 131 Ponteau-de-Mer 1279 128 Q. QUentin 1271 122 R. RAvenna 1286 132 Reading 1279 129 Rennes 1273 122 Rome 1210 2 Roan 1299 136 Ruffec 1258 117 S. SAintz 1298 136 Saltzburgh 1274 125 Saltzburgh 1281 125 Saltzburgh 1291 136 Saumur 1253 115 Saumur 1276 127 Saumur 1294 136 Sens. 1198 89 Sens. 1269 122 T. THolouse 1229 106 Tours 1236 110 Tours 1239 113 Tours 1282 132 V. VAlence in Dauphine 1248 115 Vienna in Austria 1267 120 W. WIrtzburgh 1209 2 Wirtzburgh 1222 3 Wirtzburgh 1287 135 A HISTORY OF THE Controversies in Religion And other AFFAIRS transacted in the CHURCH DURING THE Thirteenth Century CHAP. I. The History of the different Revolutions in the Empire and Italy during the Thirteenth Century THE Affairs of the Church in this Century are so interwoven with those of the Empire that before we can enter upon Ecclesiastical Matters we must lay down a Scheme of the State of Germany and Italy of the principal Revolutions that have happen'd in them and of the scuffles that the Popes had with the Emperors and the Princes of Italy This is what I design to do in this Chapter The Emperor Henry VI. dying at Messina about the end of the year 1197. or as others Contests about the Empire between Philip and Otho will have it at Palermos at the beginning of 1198. left behind him a Son nam'd Frederick of about seven years of Age. Him by his last Will he made Heir and Successor to all his Estates as well as the Empire to which he himself had been chosen some time before by the Princes of Germany He desired the Pope to settle him in the Possession of them and to engage him order'd that he should receive from Frederick for the benefit of the Holy See all those Estates that had belonged to the Princess Mathilda and some other Towns In the mean while he constituted his Brother Philip the Duke of Suabia Regent of the Empire Constantia the Mother of Frederick demanded of the Pope to have him crown'd King of Sicily which was accordingly done but as for the Empire Frederick was not put into possession of it that being disputed by Philip Duke of Suabia who was chosen by the major part of the Electors and crown'd at Mentz by the Bishop of Tarentaise and also Otho Son of Henry Duke of Saxony was elected by the Archbishop of Cologn and some other German Princes to whom the Country of Cologn the Palatinate Thuringen and Livonia submitted while all the rest of Germany were for Philip. The King of France stood for Philip and England for Otho Pope Innocent III. declared for Otho confirm'd his Election and rejected that of Philip who nevertheless had the better of it in Germany and by the force of his Arms had brought many of those that had acknowledged Otho to submission Upon this in the year 1201. the Pope sent his Legate Cardinal Guy Bishop of Palestrina into Germany to countenance Otho's Party who straight declar'd Philip no better than a Rebel and commanded all the Germans under pain of Excommunication to acknowledg Otho for their Emperor Still this did not put a stop to the Progress of Philip's Arms who having drawn over Adolphus Archbishop of Cologn to his side got himself crown'd a second time by the hands of this Arch-bishop in the year 1204 at Aix la Chapelle maugre all the opposition of the Popes Legate and understanding that Conrade Archbishop of Mentz was dead he got the Vacancy supply'd by the Election of Diepold or Lupold Bishop of Worms but he was no sooner gone from thence but that the greater part of the Canons protested against the freedom of the Election and thereupon having put in an Appeal to the Holy See they reassembled themselves at Bingen and elected Sifroy to the Archbishoprick of Mentz whose Election wâ—â— confirmed by the Pope who likewise excommunicated Lupold and the next year by his Legate deposed Adolphus Archbishop of Cologn and chose Bruno into his place In the year 1206. Otho was besieged in Cologn by Philip and not thinking himself in a condition to sustain the Siege retired with some Troops accompanied by the new Archbishop Bruno but being set upon by Philip he was defeated Bruno taken Prisoner and Cologn forc'd to receive Philip for its Master Otho secur'd himself in Saxony and from thence pass'd into England The Princes of Germany being at length desirous to settle an entire Peace in the Empire dispatch'd their Envoys in the year 1207. to Pope Innocent desiring him to acknowledg Philip and apply himself to the reconciling of the two Pretenders to the Empire The Pope agreed to the Proposition but upon this condition that Philip's Daughter
Henry Duke of Bavaria but understanding that William was in his march to set upon him with a numerous Army he betook himself back again into Apuleia where he died not without suspicion of being poisoned by his Brother Manfred the 22d of May in 1254 leaving his Son Conradine Heir to Sicily Manfred who did not care for The Government of Manfred in Sicily parting with Sicily pretended a desire of being friends with the Pope and thereupon invites him to come to Sicily Accordingly the Pope comes with an Army to make himself acknowledged Soveraign of that Kingdom but Manfred quickly picks a quarrel with him and routs part of his Army which so seized upon Innocent's Spirits that he died at Naples the 7th of December 1254. Alexander the 4th who succeeded him did not lay down his Predecessor's design upon Sicily but he had no better fortune Manfred defeated his Troops and made himself Master of Apuleia and Sicily The Pope seeing he was not able to maintain this War gave the Kingdom to Edmund Son of the King of England and dispensed with the Vow of that King to go for the Holy Land on condition he would make war upon Manfred against whom he also appointed a Crusade While Manfred was strengthening himself in the Kingdom of Sicily Ecelin who took the Troubles in the Empire and Italy part of Frederick's Heirs had made himself master of Lombardy and the Pope to drive him from thence had published a Crusade against him too at Venice The greatest part of Germany had acknowledged William for their Soveraign and as he was preparing to take a journey into Italy there to receive the Imperial Crown he was forced to march against the Friezlanders who had entered into Holland but going against them he fell into a Fen that was frozen and was there killed by an Ambuscade of his Enemies in December 1256. After his death the German Princes were divided about the Election of an Emperor some of them declaring for Richard Brother to the King of England and the others for Alphonsus King of The Elections of Alphonsus and Richard to the Empire Castile The former was Elected at Francfort on the Octave of the Epiphany in the year 1257 by Conrade Archbishop of Cologn who was also Proxy for Gerard Archbishop of Mentz by Lewis Count Palatine of the Rhine and Henry Duke of Bavaria the other in Lent by Arnold Archbishop of Treves as Proxy for the King of Bohemia the Duke of Saxony the Marquiss of Brandenburgh and many other Princes Thus did the German Princes basely sell the Honor of their Nation and their own Votes to Strangers who for many years together disputed the Empire without ever agreeing the matter All which time Lombardy was the Seat of the War between the Guelphs and Gibelines of the former of which Albert of the latter Ecelin was the Head The latter was wounded and taken Prisoner in 1260 and died of his wounds after having for four and thirty years been master of the most considerable Cities in Lombardy His death set Italy at rest which was not long after broken by the War between the Venetians and Genouese Richard and Alphonsus were elected Emperors but got nothing by it save the bare Title Alphonsus never set foot in Germany and Richard being come to Francfort after having spent all that he was worth was forced to return to England In their absence Ottogar King of Bohemia extended his Dominions in Germany so that in a short time he was become one of the most powerful Princes in Europe In Italy Urban the 4th who succeeded Alexander had published a Crusade against Manfred and all that sided with him in Apuleia or Lombardy and stirred up some French Lords to come into Italy Manfred on his part entred with his Troops into the Estate of the Church and to strengthen himself against the Pope entred into an Alliance with Jame's the 3d King of Arragon by marrying his Daughter Constantia to Peter the King 's eldest Son The Pope on his side seeing that Edmund could not prosecute the Conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by reason of the Troubles that were in England invested Charles Earl of Anjou Brother of St. Louis therewith who came to Rome in 1265 and was there crown'd King of Sicily on the 28th of June by Clement the 4th Urban's Successor Charles Earl of Anjou defeats Manfred and seizes himself upon Sicily who also made him Senator of that City He was followed with an Army by Sea and Land and giving Battel to Manfred on the 26th of February the following year near Benevento he gained an absolute and bloody Victory over his Troops Manfred himself being killed upon the spot After his Death the Kingdom of Sicily submitted to the Conqueror but Conradin whose right this Kingdom was wrote a Letter to the Princes of Europe wherein he laid open the justice of his Pretensions and implored their assistance for its recovery He got together an Army composed for the most part of Voluntiers with which by the advice Conradin disputes the Kingdom of Sicily with Charles he is defeated and executed of Henry Brother of Alphonsus he made a Descent into Tuscany where he surprized and cut in pieces those Forces which Charles whom the Pope had constituted Vicar of the Empire in that Country had left there and at the same time Conrade a Son of one of the Emperor Frederick's Bastards who was come from Antioch drew off all Sicily from their Obedience except Messma and Palermos while Conradin by the assistance of the Gibelines made himself Master of all Tuscany and Romagna and entred in Triumph into Rome where he was proclaimed Emperor by the People But being entred into Campania with a design to go into Sicily Charles met him at the Lake of Fucin called the Lake of Celano where he gave him Battel on the 25th of August 1268 in which Charles got the day Conradin Frederick Duke of Austria and Henry of Castile betook themselves to flight but happening to be known in the way were brought back again to the Conqueror who put them into prison and gave them their Trial the next year Conradin and Frederick were put to death and Henry of Castile confined to Prison Just about the same time too Conrade was taken by some of Charles's Party who hanged him up and a short time after Entius the only one remaining of the Princes of Suabia died in his Prison of Bologna Thus unhappily perished the whole Race of the Emperor Frederick The House of Austria quickly succeeded that of Suabia in Glory and Power for Richard The Election of Rodolphus to the Empire and his Actions being dead and Alphonsus having no friends left him in Germany the Electors assembled themselves in October 1273 at Francfort according to the counsel of Pope Gregory X. and there elected Rodolphus Earl of Hapsburg without any regard had to the Remonstrances of the Deputies of Alphonsus or
it was presented to Lewis and seen in the Assembly held at Francfort in September 1344. it was declared contrary to the Interests of the Empire and the Assembly refused to permit that Lewis of Bavaria should Sign it and sent their Ambassadors to the Pope and Cardinals to perswade them not to require it The Pope seeing himself deceived renewed his Process against Lewis of Bavaria Condemns him in his Excommunication and Deposes him entirely and orders the Electors of the Empire to proceed to the Election of another King of the Romans to whom he might give the Title of Emperor unless the Holy See should provide one At the same time he deposed Henry Arch-bishop of Mayence and nominated in his Place Gerlacke the Count of Nassau's Brother who going into Germany joyned himself to the Electors of Cologne Treves Dukes of Saxony King of Bohemia and some other Princes of the Empire who being Assembled at the end of August at Rens chose Charles of Moravia the Son of the King of Bohemia Emperor his Election was solemnly Confirmed by the Pope and the War began between the two Competitors in Germany but it soon ended by the Death of Lewis of Bavaria which happened October 11. 1347. After his Death Charles got Possession of the greatest part of the Cities of the Empire But Henry the old Archbishop of Mentz the Marquess of Brandenburg the Count Palatin of the Rhine and the Duke of Saxony resolved to choose another Emperor and offered the Empire first to Edward the Third King of England and after to Frederick Marquess of Misnia but both of them having refused it they chose Gontherius Count of Thuringia who died the same Year and left Charles the Peaceable Possession of the Empire While the Princes of Germany were contending for the Empire a Roman named Nicholas Laurentius The Attempt of Nicholas Laurentius in Rome took upon him the Title of Tribune Augustus the Deliverer of the City of Rome and Defender of Italy He made himself Master of Rome seized upon the Capitol and made a League with the greatest part of the People of Italy He wrote to the Pope That if he did not come to Rome within a Year he would have another Pope chosen and stirred up Lewis and Charles the Competitors for the Empire and the Electors to appear before the Magistrates of the People of Rome declaring that the City of Rome was the Seat of the Empire That it belonged to him and that the Empire ought to be in Italy and not in Germany This Enterprize fell almost immediately for this pretended Deliverer being constrained by the Contrary Faction to fly from Rome and having the Boldness to go in Disguise to Charles's Court he was known Arrested there and carried from thence to Avignon where he was put into the Pope's hands who cast him into Prison but he escaped out of it as some say and returned to Rome where he was Killed Clement VI. died Decemb. 6. 1352. in the 11th Year of his Papacy This Pope had a great The Death of Clement VI. deal of Learning and a fine Wit to which he had joyned a bountiful Disposition much Meekness Affability and Liberality He loved Peace and took a great deal of Pains to unite the Christian Princes without siding with any Party In the Year 1344. he put forward an Expedition against the Turks of which the Dauphin was Captain but it had no good Effect He laboured to unite the Greek Church and accomplished it among the Armenians He made the Church of Prague in Bohemia into an Archbishoprick in the Year 1344. and made a Constitution in 1350. concerning the Conclave by which he allows all the Cardinals to have in the Conclave every one two Clergymen to wait on them their several Lodgings and a Dessert A little before his Death he made a Declaration by which he revoked all that he had delivered either in Disputation Teaching or Preaching or otherwise against the Catholick Truths and against Faith and good Manners A Protestation which his Successors Innocent VI. Urban V. and Gregory XI also made at the Point of Death Several Letters of Clement V. are found among the Annalists Bzovius ad an 1342. and Waddingus Tom. 3. ad an 1342. There is an Epistle of his against the Whipping-Monks in the 11th Tome of the Councils and Mr. Baluzius hath publish'd several sent to the Kings of France and Arragon in the Ancient Acts which he hath joyned to the Lives of the Popes of Avignon Innocent VI. was Chosen in the Room of Clement V. Decemb. 18. and Crowned the 23d or The Election and Actions of Innocent VI. 30th of the same Month. He was called before Stephanus Albertus and was a Native of Mont near Pampadour in the Diocess of Limoges He had been before Grand Seneschal of Tholouse and after was made Bishop of Noyon in 1338. and translated to the Bishoprick of Clermont in 1340. Clement VI. raised him to the Dignity of a Cardinal of the Title of St. John and St. Paul and made him Bishop of Ostia and Grand Penitentiary He began as soon as he was made Pope to revoke the Reservations and Commendams of Benefices which his Predecessor had two easily granted and took all the Care he could to fill the Dignities of the Church with Persons eminent for Virtue and Knowledge He sent into Italy Giles Alvarez a Spanish Cardinal of the Title of St. Clement to resume the Castles and Cities that belonged to the Church of Rome of which several small Lords had made themselves Masters This Legate found in all Italy only the Castles of Montefiascone and Montifalco willing to receive him but a little after he put the Pope in Possession of a part of his Dominion The City of Rome was troubled with some stirs by Francis Baroncellus who took upon him the Title of Tribune but the Pope set up Nicholas Laurentius whom he delivered out of Prison on purpose He destroyed Baroncellus and was himself Slain a little time after Under the Papacy of this Pope Charles King of the Romans went to Rome by the consent of his Holiness and was Crowned Emperor in 1355. by the Cardinals Petrus Bertrandus and Giles Alvarez after he had taken an Oath that he would not stay in Rome nor Italy Lewis Marquess of Brandenburg Son of Lewis of Bavaria was absolved of the Censures which he had incurred by maintaining his Father's Party Innocent VI. maintained the Decrees of his Predecessors against the Grey-Friars which rebelled against the Holy See and Burnt two of them at Avignon in 1353. because they obstinately maintained their Opinion concerning the Poverty of JESUS CHRIST and Imprisoned one named John Roquetaillade of S. Flour because he took upon him to Prophesie and foretold that Wars should increase That the Earth should be desolate That the Clergy should be Abused and despoiled of their Goods and after this time of Affliction is passed there shall come an Angel the Deputy of
and that it was Authoriz'd in some Places by an Ancient Custom He answers That no Custom nor Prescription ought to be alledg'd against the Law of God the Holy Decrees of Councils the Commands of the Holy Fathers and against Decency and Good Manners He refutes also the excuse which some alledge who would defend this Usage We do not say they sell the Orders it is not for Orders that the Money is given but for the Letters the Seal and the Notary These says he are Fictions and not Truths for it often happens that those who refuse to take the Letters to shun this Simony have nevertheless been oblig'd to give the Mony to be Ordain'd what say I to be Ordain'd Their Names are not so much as set down in the Catalogue of those who are to receive Orders unless they pay what is demanded of them Whether this turn to the profit of the Bishop or his Secretary God is witness and the Secretary may be also But suppose that this turn to the profit of the Secretary is it just that the Bishop should pay to him anothers Mony and among so many Officers cannot he maintain a Secretary at his own Charges Besides that it is expresly forbidden in the Canons to take any thing not so much as for the Writing which excludes all kind of pretence In fine he affirms that this Abuse is the Fountain of all the Disorders that are in the Church for whence says he comes the Indevotion of the People the Contempt of Priests the Abolishing of the Rights and Liberties of the Church but because it is full of contemptible Persons and unworthy of their Ministration Whence comes it to pass that an infinite number of ignorant Persons are admitted to the Priesthood who understand no Latin and scarce can Read and who in Repeating or Singing the Prayers know not whether they Bless or Curse the Lord and so many others of bad Morals who live in all sorts of Debauchery The Bishops are the chief Cause of these Disorders because they admit to Orders indifferently all sorts of Persons without examining their Learning or their Manners and they are satisfy'd with punishing them in their Purse without endeavouring to reform their Faults And after all this can any one wonder that the Ecclesiastical State should be trampled upon despis'd hated afflicted oppress'd robb'd and Persecuted These are the words which Clemangis makes use of to exaggerate the Disorders of the Ecclesiasticks in his time which thanks be to Heaven to the Decrees of Holy Councils and chiefly to that of Trent and to the Pastoral Vigilance of our Bishops are now Corrected and Reform'd in our Age which abounds with Ecclesiasticks of singular Learning and extraordinary Piety The Collection of Clemangis's Letters contains 137. all Written with much Elegance and Chastity and full of Christian Moral and Politick Instructions of the Descriptions of Vices and Vertues of Draughts of History of Critical Questions of wholsom Advices and Complements The most considerable with reference to Ecclesiastical Matters are those which were written about the Schism and about the State of the Church viz. the first address'd to King Charles VI. wherein he exhorts him in a most Pathetical manner to labour for the Reformation of the Church and the Extirpation of Schism The second address'd to Pope Benedict XIII lately chosen written with a great deal of Art upon the same Subject The third wherein he makes an Apology for the former The thirteenth address'd to Benedict about the Inconveniences of the Substraction The fifteenth to John Gerson about the danger in which the Church was The seventeenth to King Charles VI. to dissuade him from the Substraction which is very long and eloquent The twenty ninth address'd to Peter of Ailly Bishop of Cambray about the Afflictions of the Church The fortieth address'd to Renald of Fountains to justifie That he was not the Author of the Letter which Benedict sent into France for Excommunicating the King and the Kingdom The forty second to the University of Paris upon the same Subject The forty third to Renald of Fountains to clear himself of some other things which he was accus'd of writing in Letters intercepted The forty fourth forty fifth and forty sixth about the Persecution which he suffer'd upon this occasion The fifty fifth against the Enemies of Pope Benedict The hundred second of the Qualifications which Deputies ought to have that are sent to a General Council And the hundred twelfth address'd to the Council of Constance wherein he praises the Fathers of that Council who were already Assembled for two Years and exhorts them not to part till they had procur'd the Peace of the Church and insinuates to them towards the end of the Letter That it would be more convenient to choose one of the Competitors than not to conclude the Peace of the Church signifying withal That he did not approve the Decree which some said they had made That they would not choose one of the Competitors Those which are written about the Civil Wars and the Mischiefs wherewith France was Afflicted at that time by the Divisions of Princes are equally strong and beautiful they are full of Christian Maxims and Politicks about the Peace and Reformation of the State See the Letters 59 63 67 68 69 89 90 97 98 101 103 107 and 132. to which may be added the 56 to Louis Duke of Aquitain Eldest Son to King Charles VI. wherein he exhorts him to Mildness and Clemency The 93d about the Instructions of this Prince address'd to John D Arcanval his Governor and the 136 to Henry King of England about Justice and the other Vertues of a Prince In many of his Letters he gives lively Descriptions of the Disorders and Corruption of Manners in the Ecclesiasticks and Secular Men of his Time See the 14 15 28 31 35 54 133. In others he treats of important Points of Morality as in the 9th of Patience under Afflictions in the 11th That the Health of the Soul is preferable to that of the Body in the 60th of shunning Vain-Glory in the 62d of the advantages of Afflictions and Persecutions In the 65 73 74. of Preaching of the Fervor and Constancy that should be us'd in this Ministration in the 75th of the Vigilance of Pastors and the things wherein they ought to employ themselves There he confirms the same Principles which are in his Books of the Corruption of the Church and the Study of Theology in the 82d he treats of the uncertainty and shortness of this Life and in the 92d of Alms and Christian Watchfulness There are some Letters which are not about serious Matters and so do not discover the Learning and Excellent Wit of Clemangis as the fourth and fifth in which he refutes what Petrarch had affirm'd That no where but in Italy there were any Popes and Orators of Worth the Twenty third wherein he enquires Whether one might make use in Latin Letters of the form of Salutation
discreet persons to get information of their Life Education Birth Manners and Capacity that he shall have them examined Three days together and on Saturday Ordain those he finds worthy The Twelfth allows a Man to put away his Wife for Adultery but not to Marry another in her Life-time He may be Reconciled to her but on condition that he doe Penance with her The Thirteenth imposes Three years Penance for single Fornication The Fourteenth imposes Seven years Penance upon a Married person that hath committed Adultery and Five on him that is not Married The Fifteenth regulates the practises of Fraternities and takes away Abuses This is Copyed out of Hincmarus's Constitutions The next is an Extract from the same Author In it a Priest is forbidden to sue for another Church besides what he has and give Presents to the Lord to attain it The Seventeenth lavs 14 years penance upon a Voluntary and Publick Murtherer viz. Five years in which he shall be separated from the Church the rest of the time he may be at Prayers but without Offering or Communicating The Eighteenth imposeth Five years penance upon an Involuntary Murtherer Forty days Fast with Bread and Water Two years separation from the Prayers of the Faithful and Three years without communicating It leaves it to the Priest to prescribe the Abstinence as he thinks convenient The Nineteenth forbids Nuns and Widows to be present at Pleadings or any publick Assemblies if they are not summon'd by the Prince or Bishop or have no necessary business in which case they ought to have the permission of the Bishop The Twentieth commands that Bishops and their Ministers should use their utmost endeavours to abolish the Remainders of Idolatry in all places A LETTER from the Clergy of Ravenna to Charles the Younger CHARLES the younger had consulted the Clergy of Ravenna to know whether the Monks which were raised to Ecclesiastical Dignities ought to wear Clergy-men's habit or keep to their Monks Garb. In Answer to him they brought several Authorities of the Popes to shew that Clergy-men and Monks ought not so much to be distinguished by their Habits as by their holy Lives and Profession Then they say that it doth not seem contrary to the Laws of the Church that the Monks who are made Bishops may not wear the same Habits with other Bishops according to the practice of the Church of Rome and they think that such an Uniformity is much better than if they were distinguished as they are in the Greek Church That nevertheless they do not think that it ought to be a Law to all Churches because every one may have its particular Customs But yet they can't condemn the practice of the Italian Bishops and that it is convenient to uphold it and to oblige all Monks that are Ordained Bishops to wear the Stole i. e. a Long Garment in Honour to the Priesthood although they are not thereby dispensed with to neglect the practice of their Rule Lastly That we must follow in such things the Custom that is anciently setled in the Church The LETTER of the Bishops of Germany to John the VIIIth THis Letter is Written in the Name of the Bishops Clergy and People of Bavaria They tell the Pope that having heard of their Predecessors that the Bishop of Rome hath been always careful to promote the Peace Union and Discipline of every Church they cannot believe that which is daily reported That there is lately come out from the Holy Apostolick See which is the Original of the Christian Religion and the Source of the Priestly Dignity a Decree both unjust in it self and contrary to the Doctrine and Authority of the Church but that three Bishops who pretend themselves his Legates to the Sclavonians and Moravians have raised that Report That these People were heretofore subject to their Prince and the Bishops that had Converted them That the Bishop of Passau had always conversed freely with them and held Synods there till they revolted and forsook Christianity That since they brag that they have obtained of the Pope by their Money to send three Bishops who have attempted to doe a thing in the Bishoprick of Passau which they could not think the Holy See would be the Author of and which is directly contrary to the Order of the Canons viz. To divide that Bishoprick into Five parts and place an Arch-bishop and three Bishops in that Diocess without the consent of the Bishop They cite the two Canons of a Council of Africa and some places in the Pope's Leo and Celestine's Letters They add that his Predecessor Consecrated Wicherius Bishop at the desire of the Duke Zuetbaldus but that he sent him into a Conquer'd Countrey and not into the Dutchy of Passau They complain also that his Legates giving credit to the Relations of the Sclavonians accused them of many false things They take notice that their Prince is descended of the Family of the Kings of France who are Christians whereas the Moravians and Sclavonians are Originally Pagans and Enemies to the Christian Religion They commend their King Lewis and shew the great inclination he hath to the Holy See and for Religion They Confute the Reports the Sclavonians had given out that they had made a League in a prophane manner with the Hungarians who have pillaged burnt and sacked the Countrey That on the contrary they had a design of hindring them from entring into Italy and to send some Succours into Lombardy and to put themselves into a condition to doe it they had desired a League with the Sclavonians but could not obtain it They conclude with an earnest Request to the Pope not to believe the Calumnies which the Sclavonians spread abroad against them and to endeavour the Peace of the Church CHAP. XII The Constitutions of some Bishops and Collections of Canons concerning the Discipline of the Church BEsides the Constitutions made by the Bishops Assembled in Councils for the Resormation of Church-Discipline several Bishops were at the pains to make particular Constitutions for their own Diocesses and Treatises for the Instruction of their Clergy They also at the same time made several Collections of Canons about Penance and other Ecclesiastical Matters The chief Tracts which relate to the Matters and the Authors of this Age which composed them are these that follow Hatto or Hetto chosen in 796 Abbot of the Monastery of Augia Dives of which he was a Hatto Monk and afterwards Bishop of Basil in 801 was sent by Charles the Great in the year 811 to the Greek Emperour to make a Peace and settle the Bounds of both Empires He Wrote a Rolation of his Voyage but it is lost He Composed a Book of Constitutions for the Instruction of the Priests of his Diocess put out by Father Dacherius in Tom. 6. of his Spicilegium and inserted in the last Collection of the Councils This Book contains 25 Articles 1. That Priests shall understand well the Doctrine of the Faith 2. That they
treats of the Errors of Hereticks concerning Paradise and the Objections that may be brought to the contrary In this last Book he maintains that Adam was created Mortal and that God would have render'd him immortal by his Grace if he had not sinn'd however he refuâ—es Theodore and Nestorius who had maintain'd that the Sin of Adam was not the Cause of the Death of Mankind CHAP II. An Account of the Church of Rome and other Italian Churches during the Tenth Century THough Historians have differ'd in their Judgment concerning the Tenth Century in The State of the Church of Rome in the Tenth Century general yet they all agree in their accounts of the wretched State and Condition of the Church of Rome and those who have been most favourable in their Censures could not but own that it was in a strange disorder At that time crys Cardinal Baronius How deform'd how frightful was the face of the Church of Rome The Holy See was faln under the Tyranny of two loose and disorderly Women who plac'd and displac'd Bishops as their humour led them and what I tremble to think and speak of they plac'd their Gallants upon St. Peter's Chair who did not so much as deserve the very name of Popes For who dare say that these infamous persons who intruded without any form of Justice were lawful Popes We do not find that they were chosen by the Clergy or that they consented in the least to their Election All the Canons of Councils were infring'd the Decrees of Popes trampled under foot the antient Traditions despis'd the Customs and Ceremonies usually observ'd in the Election of Popes neglected and the Holy See became a prey to Avarice and Ambition In such terms as these does this Cardinal who cannot be suppos'd to be an Enemy to the Church of Rome lament the sad estate wherein it was in this Tenth Century and a long time before him Arnold Bishop of Orleans who probably might have been an Ey-witness of some of these Disorders breaks out into this Complaint O miserable Rome Thou that formerly didst hold out so many great and glorious Luminaries to our Ancestors into what prodigious darkness art thou now faln which will render thee infamous to all succeeding Ages We may trace the beginning of this disorder from the Promotion of Formosus to the Pope-dom The Ordination of Pope Formosus which sow'd the Seed of the Divisions which afterwards ensued This Formosus being Bishop of Ostia had been depos'd by John VIII in a Synod held at Rome and constrain'd to swear he would continue a Lay-man all the rest of his Life He was depos'd for these three Reasons 1. Because having been sent by Pope Nicholas I. into Bulgaria he made the King of the Bulgarians swear that he would not admit of any other Bishop besides himself that should be sent thither by the Holy See 2. Because he had already endeavoured to be translated from the Church of Ostia to that of Rome and made Parties for the attaining of his end contrary to the Laws prescrib'd in the Canons 3. Because he had abandon'd his Church without the Pope's leave and that having left Rome he was suspected to have conspir'd against the Empire and the Church This Sentence of John VIII was repeal'd by his Successor Marinus who re-call'd Formosus re-establish'd him in his Bishoprick and declar'd the Oath he had been forc'd to take to be null and void However he still kept up the design he had laid of advancing himself to the Popedom and he so well form'd his intrigue that after the Death of Steven V. he had so powerful a Party as to carry it against Sergius a Deacon of the Church of Rome who had been elected by a great part of the Clergy Formosus hinder'd his Ordination drove him out of the Church and forc'd him to fly to Tuscany to the Marquis Adalbert who declar'd himself his Proteâ—… Formosus was ordain'd on the 27th of May in the year 891. The year after he crown'd Guy Duke of Spoleto Emperor and a while after conferr'd the same Title on Lambert the Son of that Prince But no sooner was Arnulphus King of Germany faln down into Italy but Formosus invited him to Rome designing to make him an instrument of wreaking his revenge on those Romans who had affronted him Arnulphus enter'd the City by force caus'd the chief of the Enemies of Formosus to be beheaded and was for this piece of Service crown'd Emperor by this Pope in the year 896. No sooner was Arnulphus gone off but the Romans renew'd their Conspiracies against Formosus who dy'd about the latter end of this year Boniface whom the People put up in his stead was a very unworthy man who had been The Condemnation of Formosus by Stephen VI. degraded from his Subdeaconship and the order of Priesthood A few days after he was Outed by Adalbert and Stephen VI. advanc'd to the Chair This man immediately declares himself an Enemy to the memory of Formosus calls a Council where he nulls all the Ordinations made by Formosus dug up his Corps and having dress'd him up in his Pontifical Robes he condemn'd him as if he had been alive and after he had censured him for his Ambition in quitting the Bishoprick of Ostia and usurping S. Peter's Chair contrary to the Canons of the Church he caused him to be stripp'd of his Robes cut off his three Fingers wherewith he gave the Blessing and threw him into the Tiber. A base and barbarous Proceeding this and such as has struck Horror into all those who have wrote about it For tho the Promotion of Formosus was not agreeable to the Canons and might prove a very Ill precedent yet such a disingenuous Cruelty exercised to no purpose upon a dead Carcass was a certain demonstration of the Spite and Malice or rather of the Madness wherewith his Enemies were possess'd And in truth all this Tragedy was begun by Sergius and supported by the Authority of Adalbert who bore at that time the greatest sway in Rome But his Interest afterwards grown weaker Stephen was severely used by the Romans and cast into Prison where he was Strangled about the latter end of the Year 900 if his Epitaph is to be credited in the case The Romans advanc'd one Romanus in his place who sat but a few months on the Chair however he had so much time as to condemn and disannul all that his Predecessor had done Romanus and Theodore against Formosus The man who succeeded him nam'd Theodorus was of his mind but he died within twenty days After his Death the Romans chose a Monk Deacon of the Town of Tivoli Son of Rampealdus who went under the name of John IX This man seeing Italy divided by the Factions of those John IX The Wars between Berenger and Lambert who made their Pretensions to the Empire behaved himself very cautiously in the beginning of his Popedom The
Birth his Age and his Conduct he was very unworthy of that Promotion He took upon him the Name of John XI and was ordain'd in the year 931. Some time after Guy dy'd and his Brother Lambert was declared his Successor But Marosia invited Hugh Son of Count Thibold Duke of Provence and King of Arles and promis'd to make him Master of Rome in case he would marry her He not willing to let such an opportunity slip came forthwith to wait upon her at the Castle of Angelo and marry'd her tho she were his Brother's Widdow For this Hugh was the Son of Bertha who had been marry'd first to Thibold and then to Adalbert the Father of Guy The Romans receiv'd him very kindly But afterwards finding he put the slight upon them they sought nothing so much as an opportunity of ridding themselves of his Government Soon after an opportunity presented it self For Alberic who was likewise the Son of Marosia being disgusted with his Father-in-law for affronting him whilst by his Mother's Order he fill'd him out a glass of Wine excited Alberic becomes Master of Rome the Romans to throw off the Yoke of King Hugh representing to them how deep a disgrace it was for Romans to be subject to the Burgundians They thereupon quickly abandon'd his Interest and having chosen Alberic their Leader they set upon the Castle of St. Angelo with so much expedition that Hugh having not time to throw any of his Troops into the place was forc'd to provide for his own safety Marosia was seiz'd upon by Alberic's Order who likewise secur'd his Brother Pope John and kept him close Prisoner during the remainder of his Popedom which expir'd in the year 935. The City was govern'd a long time by Alberic who changed the form of the Government made himself Consul and commanded in chief with a Prefect and Tribunes Whilst these things were in Action Italy was disputed between several Princes who all The Wars of Italy pretended to the Soveraignty thereof The Italians being weary of the Government of Berenger in the Year 924. conferr'd the Soveraignty on Radulphus King of Burgundy Grand-son to Conrad and Adelaid the Daughter of Lewis the Godly Berenger seeing himself turn'd out of Possession brought the Hunns into Italy who harass'd all Lombardy but having passed the mountains they were defeated by Radulphus in Languedoc At the same time Berenger using his Endeavours to re-enstate himself in the Kindom of Italy was slain by his own men at Verona After his Death the Title of Emperor of the West was not conferr'd on any one at least not by the Pope and Italians till Otho I. in the Year 962. By Berenger's Death Radulphus became sole Soveraign of Italy but the Inconstancy of the Italians which always put them upon driving out one Soveraign by another caused them to submit to Hugh Count Arles Son to Count Thibold and Bertha the Daughter of Lotharius II. Radulphus after he had received Intelligence that they had trayterously kill'd his Father-in-law Burchard Duke of Suabia retired to his own Kingdom of Burgundy and left Hugh in quiet possession of Italy We have already shown after what manner he became master of Rome by the means of Marosias and also how he was outed by Alberic He reveng'd himself on Lambert the Brother of Guy the affront he received from his Sister-in-law and having apprehended him he caused his Eyes to be put out and bestowed the Dukedom of Tuscany on his Brother who proved no more faithful to him than Lambert The Italians presently re-call'd King Radulphus who put himself into a posture of re-entring Italy and of engaging in a fresh War with King Hugh but these two Kings thought it most proper to come to an accommodation on condition that Radulphus should renounce his pretensions to the Kingdom of Italy and Hugh should yield to him all the Country he had then in possession beyond the Alpes Notwithstanding this accommodation the Italians continuing still resolv'd to abandon Hugh invited Arnulphus Duke of Bavaria the Bastard Son of Arnulphus the Emperor to come and take possession of the Crown This Prince enters into Italy with an Army and advances as far as Verona where he was received by Count Milo and Ratherius Bishop of the place Hugo came immediately with an Army and sat down before the place and having defeated a considerable party of the Troops of Arnulphus he oblig'd him to think of making his Retreat and of taking Count Milo along with him The Count no sooner understood his Design but he went over to King Hugh and Arnulphus perceiving he was abandon'd by him withdrew in great haste to Bavaria The City of Verona immediately surrender'd to King Hugh who sent Ratherius Bishop of that City a Prisoner to Pavia Hugh puffed up with this success after he had caus'd his Son Lotharius to be proclaim'd King endeavour'd to surprize the City of Rome and Besieg'd it but perceiving he could not have his Aim he treated with Alberic and gave him in Marriage his Daughter Elda in hopes that afterwards he might make himself Master of Rome but Alberic as subtle a Politician as himself would not relinquish the place nor put it into the Hands of his Father-in-law Much about this time Manasses Archbishop of Arles King Hugh's Kinsman thinking he might make his fortune greater under the Government of his Kinsman quitted his Church at Arles Manasses and comes into Italy and obtain'd contrary to all form of Law the Bishopricks of Verona Trent and Mantua to which he annex'd the Marquisate of Trent Whilst Alberic govern'd Rome the Holy See was fill'd by Popes of a blameless life but Leo VII they found themselves in a Capacity of wishing rather than of doing good Leo VII who succeeded John XI in the year 936 was call'd by Flodoard the Servant of God His good Intention was apparent by his sending for Odo the Abbot of Cluny to manage the Treaty between Hugh and Alberic He likewise wrote two Letters of which we will speak hereafter which shew him to be a lover of Ecclesiastical Discipline The pontificate of this Pope lasted no longer than three years and a few months The Romans chose in Stephen VIII his place in the year 939 a German who went under the name of Stephen VIII This Election was very highly resented by Alberic who thought that a Roman would have been more for his Interest Therefore suspecting that he favour'd Hugh and held a private correspondence with Otho he caused him to be ill treated They mangled his Face so barbarously and render'd it so deform'd that he durst not appear any more in publick This Pope sent a Legat into France called Damasus to the Princes of France and Burgundy exhorting them to acknowledge Lewis the Son of Charles the Simple for their Lawful King and threatning to excommunicate them if they did not do it He likewise sent for Odo again into Italy to mediate the
against Photius and his Adherents should continue in their full force and exhorts him not to act contrary to them The third Letter of John is directed to the Clergy and Laity of Langres in France who had petitioned his Authority for re-establishing of Argrin their Bishop who had been turn'd out of his Bishoprick by the Sentence of Stephen the Predecessor of Pope John He being well informed that this Bishop had been elected canonically that he was turn'd out upon false grounds and that there had been never another put in his place re-establishes him by this Letter notwithstanding the decree of Stephen wherein he tells them That he did not revoke what was done but that he altered it for the better for the benefit of the Church and out of pure necessity as his Predecessors had done upon several occasions He wrote the very same Words at that time to Charles the Simple and prays him to re-invest Argrin in his Bishoprick which is his fourth Letter We have two Letters likewise of Pope Benedict on the same subject wherein writing to the Bishops of The Letters of Benedict IV. France to the Clergy and Bishop of Langres he confirm'd the sentence of his Predecessor in favour of Argrin and very earnestly presses for his Restitution We have likewise two Letters of the Bishops of Germany directed to this Pope The first is writ in the name of Hatto Archbishop of Mayence and his Suffragans After protestation The Letter of Hatto Archbishop of Mayence to John IX made that there were no Churches more submissive to the Holy See than Theirs nor any Bishops paid greater deference to it than they did they acquaint him that the Emperor Arnulphus being dead his Son Lewis had been elected in his place by the Advice of the Princes and with the consent of the People according to the Ancient custom of continuing the Kings of France always in the â—â—me Line They told the Pope that the reason why they did it without his permission was because all the Passes that open'd from Germany to Italy were in the possession of the Barbarians so that they could not send Deputies to Rome nor could the Pope send his Legats to them that having at last found an opportunity of conveying this Letter to his hands they pray'd him to confirm by his Benediction the choice which they had made After this they inform'd him of the Complaints which the Bishops of Bavaria made upon the account that the Solavonians who had possess'd themseves of Moravia and were declar'd Rebels against the French pretended that they were out of their Jurisdiction and would have a distinct Metropolitan of their own and they accus'd the Bavarians of entering into Alliance with the Pagans and partaking of the disorders which they committed They assur'd the Pope that this accusation was a malicious calumny and gave him to understand that iâ— he should grant the Moravians a Metropolitan and permit them to withdraw themselves from the Jurisdiction of the Bishops of Bavaria he would be the cause of great diâ—ordâ—rs for this would give them an occasion of rising against the powers to which they ought to be subject and of making a new War with them They added that they gave him this caution with somuch the more freedom because they thought themselves oblig'd to inform him when ever any thing happen'd to the Church of Rome which deserv'd correction that so some speedy and necessary Remedy might be apply'd thereto The Letter of Theotmarus Metropolitan of Bavaria and of the other Bishops of that Province upon the same subject is as strong 'T is written not only in the name of the Bishop but also in the name of the Clergy and people The Letter of the Bishops of Bavaria to John IX of Bavaria They remonstrated to the Pope that having learn'd from his Predecessors and the Holy Fathers of the Church that the Bishop of Rome had always taken care to maintain the Peace Union and Discipline of each Church they could not tell how to believe what they had notice of every day that there was issued out of the Apostolical See the Origine of the Christian Religion and the source of their sacerdotal Dignity a Decree unjust and contrary to the Doctrine and Authority of the Church but that an Archbishop called John and two Bishops who gave out that they were sent by the Pope to the Moravians had given occasion for this Report That these People were formerly Dependants on their Prince and on their Bishops who had converted them That the Bishop of Passaw had always liberty of entring among them and of holding Synods there till such time as they rose up in Arms and renouncd Christianity That of late indeed they boasted that they for a summ of Money had prevail'd upon the Pope to send three Bishops who in the Bishoprick of Passaw had undertaken such a thing as they could not believe proceeded from the Holy Apostolical See being so directly contrary to the Intention of the Canons namely to canton that Bishoprick into five parts and to place an Archbishop and three Bishops into that Diocess without the consent of the Archbishop and Bishop They cited two Canons of Africa and several passages out of the Letters of Pope Leo and Celestine wherein this very thing was prohibited They add that his Predecessor had consecrated Wichinous Bishop at the instance of the instance of the Duke of Zutphen but withal had sent him not into the Dutchy of Passaw but into a Conquer'd Country They likewise complain'd that his Legats giving credit to the Stories of the Sclavonians accus'd them of several falsities They likewise took notice that their Prince was descended from the House of the King of France who were Christians whereas the Moravians and Sclavonians were originally Pagans and Enemies to the Christian Religion They prais'd their King Lewis and observ'd how zealous he was for Religion and the Holy See They refuted the Reports which the Sclavonians had rais'd of their entering into a prophane Alliance with the Hunns and of their supplying them with money to go into Italy They said that the Sclavonians were the persons who were in confederacy with the Hunns when they pillag'd burnt and ravagâ—d all before them That for their parts they design'd to have oppos'd their entering Italy and to have march'd to the Assistance of Lombardy and that they might be in a condition to do it they desired a Cessation of Arms from the Sclavonians but could not obtain it They concluded by conjuring the Pope not to give credit to the calumnies which the Sclavonians cast upon them nor suffer such a division in their Church One of the two Councils held under John IX conven'd at Rome and the other at Ravenna The Institutions of the former are divided into twelve Articles The first condemns the Proceedings of the Synods held under Stephen VI. against the Body of Formosus which they had dug out of his Grave cited
they took without being perjur'd 12. Against quarrelsome Persons who took delight in Law-Suits and vexatious Prosecutions 13. Against Homicides and Lyars 14. Against the Abuse which then prevail'd of rifling the Goods of Bishops after their Decease Upon this he advises that two or three of the neighbouring Bishops upon the News of the Death of their Brother should go and perform the last Offices over him In the Conclusion he exhorted the Bishops to refute the Errors of Phetius Lastly He sums up in a few words what Christians ought to believe and practice and exhorts them faithfully to discharge their Duties In the Year 921. Herveus held another Council at the same place wherein he took off the Excommunication The Council of Trosly in the Year 921. issued out against Count Ertebold who had seiz'd upon some of the Church Revenues This Archbishop assisted Charles the Simple in his Expedition against the Hunns who ravag'd Lorrain and was the only Man who continued Loyal to that Prince when he was abandon'd by the French Lords In the Year 920. he brought him back to Rheims and adjusted Matters betwixt him and his Lords and re-establish'd him in his Kingdom But within a short time after the Lords revolted again and being met at Rheims they elected King Robert and Herveus was constrain'd to crown him He did not survive this Coronation but four days and dy'd in the Year 922. having presided over the Church of Rheims Two and twenty years lacking four days Robert caus'd Seulfus to be elected in his room who was then Archdeacon of that Church He had been the Disciple of Remy of Auxerra who had instructed him in the Sciences both Divine and Seulsus Archibishop of Rheims Prophane He was ordain'd by Abbo Bishop of Soissons and by the other Bishops of the Province of Rheims Eudes the Brother of Herveus and a Nephew of that Name were cited before him being accus'd of Disloyalty to Robert and they not justifying themselves were strip'd of all the Revenues of the Church of Rheims in their possession and cast into Prison the former in the Custody of Hebert Count of Vermandois and the latter at Paris In a Provincial Council held in the Year 923. he impos'd a Pennance on those who had born Arms in the War between Robert and Charles and in another Council held in the Year 924. at Trosly he put an end to the Difference which was between Count Isaac and Stephen Bishop of Cambray the former paying an hundred pounds to the latter for the wrong he had done to his Church 'T is said that Seulfus agreed with Hebert to resign the Arch-bishoprick to the Son of that Count. However the case was Seulfus did not enjoy this Dignity long being prison'd in the Year 925. by the order of Hebert as it is supposed Presently after his death that Count came to Rheims and having called thither Abbo Bishop of Soissons and Bauvo Bishop of Chalons he caus'd his Son Hugh who was not then above five years old Hugh Archbishop of Rheims to be elected by the Clergy and People of Rheims Afterwards he procured the Confirmation of this Election by King Radulphus who committed the Temporalities of this Diocess to Hebert till his Son came of Age to take upon himself the Government thereof The Spiritualities were conferr'd by Pope John X. on Abbo Bishop of Soissons so that Hebert became absolute Master of that Church and drove out of it all the Clergy whom he suppos'd to be against his Interests and among others Flodoard as he himself informs us In the Year 927. King Radulphus and Count Hebert fell out upon the account of the Earldom of Laon which Hebert would have had given to his Son Odo and which the King desir'd to keep for The Wars between Hebert and Radulphus himself Hebert willing to rely on a Power which might support his Pretensions had an Interview with Henry King of Germany and struck up an Alliance with him He caus'd a Council to be conven'd the same Year at Trosly notwithstanding the Prohibition of King Radulphus which consisted of six Bishops of the Province of Rheims Afterwards he deliver'd Charles the Simple out of Prison brought him to S. Quintin and procur'd an Interview between him and Radulphus Duke of Normandy from whence he brought him to Rheims and writ to Pope John X. for the restablishing of that Prince This attempt oblig'd Radulphus to quit the City of Laon to Hebert and to adjust Matters with him Radulphus Duke of the Normans would not restore to Hebert his Son Odo till he had set Charles at liberty and promis'd to obey him At the same time Hebert invited to Rheims Odalric Archbishop of Aix who had been turn'd out of his Church by the Saracens that he might there discharge his Episcopal Functions and to reward him he gave him the Abby of S. Timotheus with the Revenue of a Prebend France was then as it were parted between the great Lords and the Regal Authority was extreamly cramp'd Hugh the White Count of Paris and Hebert were two of the most powerful The State of France Radulphus had the Title of King and that little of the Regal Authority which remain'd For Charles was the sport and pastime of all three As soon as Hebert was reconcil'd to Radulphus he threw Charles again into Prison and Radulphus afterwards returning to Rheims gave him a seeming sort of Liberty which he did not long enjoy dying on the Seventh of October in the Year 929. After his Death Hugh and Hebert fell out the Umbrage of which quarrel was that the Latter had given Entertainment to several Vassals belonging to the former and among others to Herluin Count Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims of Monstreuil Radulphus sided with his Brother-in-law Hugh and there was a warm War between them but Radulphus having taken the City of Rheims in the Year 931. caus'd Artaldus a Monk of S. Remy to be ordain'd Archbishop of the place who the year after receiv'd the Pall from Pope John XI This Archbishop held a Council in the Year 934. at Chatteau-Thierry where he ordain'd Hildegarius Bishop of Beauvais and in the same year he ordain'd Fulbert Bishop of Cambray The year after he held another Council at Fismes wherein he Excommunicated those who had made an unlawful Seisure on the Revenue of the Church King Radulphus being dead Hugh the White recall'd out of England Lewis Charles the Simple's Son call'd upon that account Lewis dâ—Outremer and caus'd him to be crown'd at Laon by Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims who continued in the peaceable possession of his Archbishoprick for some time and ordain'd Bishops in all the Churches of his Province except Chalons and Amiens But Hebert would not endure that any other but himself should be in the possession of so considerable a Post and thereupon sent several of his Troops to take and rifle the Castles and Villages which
Assembly of all the Princes of Germany in which the Barons of Italy were also present Lastly In the time of Pope Innocent the Third the German Princes being divided after the Death of Henry the Sixth some of them elected his Brother Otho and others Philip of Schwaben on which occasion Letters were written on both sides to the Pope The Electors of Otho were the Archbishop of Cologn the Bishop of Paderborn two other Bishops and two Abbots the Duke of Lorrain and Brabant the Marquess of the Sacred Empire and the Count of Kuk who declare in the Body of the Letter that they elected Otho and confirm their Proceedings by their respective Seats Those of the contrary Party were the Archbishops of Madgeburg Trier and Resancon the Bishops of Ratâ—bon Frisingen Augsburg Constantz Eichstadt Worms Spire Hildersheim and Brixen the Chancellour of the Emperial Court four Abbots the King of Bohemia the Dukes of Saxony Bavaria Austria and Moravia the Marquess of Raversperg and other Potent Noble-men of Germany who all declare that they had chosen Philip Emperor and that many other German Princes had consented to his Election by Letters This evidently proves that the Election of the Emperors was not reserv'd to the seven Electors but that it belong'd to all the Princes of the Empire Innocent the Third replying to those Letters That his Legat was not capable of assisting at the Election of an Emperor either in quality of an Elector or in that of a Judge not as an Elector because it does not belong to him but to the Princes on whom the Power of choosing the Emperor is devolv'd according to ancient custom more especially in regard that they receiv'd it from the Holy See which transferr'd the Roman Empire in the Person of Charlemagn from the Grecians to the Romans These are the words of that Pope which are manifestly misapplyed when alledg'd in behalf of the seven Electors it being apparent that in this place he makes mention of all the Princes of the Empire who had an inherent Right to elect the Emperors ever since the time of Charlemagn affirming that neither had his Legat acted as a Judge in regard that he had not proceeded against Philip in a Judiciary Form nor pass'd any Judgment upon the Validity or Nullity of the Election That therefore he had only perform'd the Function of a Denouncer by declaring to them that the Duke was Incapacitated from being elected whereas Otho was not That many of those persons who had a right to choose the Emperor had approv'd Otho's Election And that they who had chosen Philip had forfeited their Right by carrying on the Election in the absence and to the contempt of the others That besides Philip was not crown'd Emperor either in the place where iâ— ought to have been done or by a person whose office it was to perform the Ceremony whereas Otho was crown'd at Aix-la-Chapelle which was the proper place for his Coronation and by the Archbishop of Cologn whose Right it was to officiate at the Solemnity That therefore he nominated and declar'd Otho Emperor being incited thereto by a principle of Justice as also upon account that he had a Right to favour whom he thought fit when the Suffrages of the Electors were divided That besides there were several lawful Impediments against Philip Duke of Schwaben as his being Excommunicated Attainted of Perjury and descended of the Race of the Persecutors of the Church Thus this Answer supposes that these persons who had a right to choose the Emperor and who are mention'd by this Pope are not only the seven Electors but also all the Princes and Noble-men of the Empire of whom a party had elected Otho and the greater number Philip of Schwaben But after the death of the latter all the Suffrages were re-united in favour of Otho A. D. 1209. and in the following year Otho being Excommunicated the Princes of Germany viz. the King of Bohemia the Dukes of Austria and Bavaria the Landgrave of Thuringen and many others being assembled elected Frederick King of Sicily Emperor Hitherto we find no mention of the seven Electors and indeed the first Writer that makes any is the Cardinal of Ostia who liv'd in the time of Pope Innocent the Fourth and speaks of them in his Commentary on the Decretal of Innocent the Third where he affirms that the Electors mention'd in that place are the Archbishops of Mentz Cologn and Trier the Count Palatine of the Rhine the Duke of Saxony the Marquess of Brandenburg and the Duke of Bohemia Matthew Paris writing the History of the Council of Lyons at the same time reports that after the Deposing of Frederick Pope Innocent the Fourth ordain'd that the seven Electors should pass into an Island of the River Rhine there to choose an Emperor but those seven Electors whom he names are the Archbishops of Cologn Mentz and Saltzburg and the Dukes of Austria Bavaria Saxony and Brabant However Martinus Potonus a contemporary Writer names the seven Electors after this manner that is to say the three high Chancellors of the Empire viz. the Archbishop of Mentz the Chancellor of Germany the Archbishop of Trier Chancellor of Gaul the Archbishop of Cologn Chancellor of Italy the Marquess of Brandenburg High Chamberlain the Palatine of the Rhine High Steward the Duke of Saxony Gentleman of the Horse and the King of Bohemia High Cupbearer This Author says thus much in speaking of Otho the Thiâ—d which has induc'd some to believe that they were instituted underthat Emperor altho' he observes that it did not happen till afterward Thus this Relation makes it appear that the Institution of the seven Electors attributed to Pope Gregory V. without any just grounds is nothing near so ancient and that 't is very probable that the Electors of the Emperor were not reduced to the number of seven till the Pontificate of Innocent the Fourth and that before all the Princes and Noble-men of the Empire indifferently might have a share in his Election notwithstanding the Assertions of the Canonists and the Modern Historiographers of Germany to the contrary Chronological Tables And other Necessary INDEXES TABLES FOR THE Tenth Century A. C. Popes Eastern Emperors Western Emperors and Kings of Fr. and Italy Ecclesiastical Affairs Councils Ecclesiastical Writers 900 V. Stephen VI. is imprison'd and strangled about the end of this year Romanus is chosen to supply his place Leo the Philosopher XVI Lewis IV. the Son of Arnulphus K. and Emperor of Germany Charles the Simple King of France Raoul I. King of Burgundy The Kingdom of Italy is contested between Berenger and Lewis the Son of Boson The death of Foulques or Fulcus Archbishop of Rheims assassinated by Count Baldwin's Party Hervaeus succeeds him in that Arch-bishoprick  Mancio Bishop of Chalons Waldramnus Bishop of Strasburg Notgar the Stammerer Aurelian Clerk of the Church of Rheims Gauthier or Gualtâ—rius Bishop of Sens. 901 Theodorus II. succeeds Romanus and dies at
Abbey of the holy Trinity of Vendosme which bears date in the Year 1048. and sign'd by Eusebius Bruno Bishop and Berenger Arch-deacon of Anger 's And in the Chronicon of S. Aubin of Anger 's Printed by Father Labbe in the first Tome of his Bibliotheca Manuscriptorum he is call'd twice Eusebius Cognomento Bruno He was made Bishop of Anger 's in the Year 1047. Sometime after Berenger coming to that City began there to broach his Doctrin upon the Eucharist Bruno maintain'd his Opinions and within a short time he had a great many Followers But these Opinions were rejected and opposed by the greatest Scholars of that Age as a new Heresy Lanfrank began the Controversy and Berenger being inform'd of it by Ingelram of Chartres wrote to him a Letter by which he gave him to understand that he was very much to blame in accusing John Scotus of Heresy for his Opinion about the Sacrament of the Altar opposed to the Sentiment of Paschasius and that he could Wish to meet him in the presence of several Persons that he might convince him that it was through prepossession that he had such Thoughts Besides that if he judg'd John Scotus to be an Heretick upon the account of what he had delivered about the Eucharist he must likewise charge S. Ambrose S. Jerom S. Austin and several other Fathers with Heresy Lanfrank was gone to Rome when this Letter was carry'd to Normandy but for all this it was Publish'd and scandaliz'd a great many People It was likewise carry'd to Rome by a Clerk of the Church of Rheims who shew'd it to a great many and read it publickly in the Council held at Rome under Pope Leo IX in the Year 1050. Berenger was thereupon Excommunicated and Lanfrank then The Council of Rome in the Year 1050. present was engag'd to clear himself of the Suspicion he lay under of holding Correspondence with Berenger and to give an Account of his Faith He did it without any Hesitation made a profession of the Faith of the Church and prov'd it by the Testimony of the Fathers It was Order'd in this Council that another should be held at Verceil in September to which Berenger should be Cited and Lanfrank was desired to be present Berenger being inform'd of his Condemnation retired into Normandy to Arisfrede Abbot of Preaux and endeavour'd to win over to his Party William Duke of Normandy But that Prince detain'd him at Brionne where he call'd an Assembly of the Bishops of his Dutchy who Condemn'd The Council of Brionne Berenger and a Clerk who had accompanied him In the Letter of Durandus Abbot of Troarn this Council is referr'd to the Year 1053. But certainly there must be an Error in the Text or Durandus was mistaken For 't is evident by the Testimony of Durandus himself that the Convention of Brionne was before the Council of Verceil which was held in September 1050. according to the Testimony of Herman Contract Berenger being drove out of Normandy retir'd to Chartres where he dar'd not to declare himself but when he was ask'd his Opinion only answer'd That he would tell it when Time and Place should offer themselves However this new Doctrin beginning to spread it self Henry King of France to stop the Progress of it resolv'd to call a Council at Paris and order'd Berenger to appear there to give an account of his Doctrin Theodwin or Dietwin Bishop of Liege understanding the King's Design wrote a Letter to him wherein he The Letter of Theodwin against Berenger Condemns the Doctrin of Berenger which he said was likewise the Doctrin of Bruno Bishop of Anger 's but he disapproved the Design he had of causing them to be Condemn'd in a Council because Bruno being a Bishop could not be Tryed without the Authority of the Holy Apostolick See Therefore he advises him to pass by the impious and sacrilegious Opinions of these Persons till such time as he had receiv'd Authority to Condemn them after they had been heard at Rome tho' he thought it needless to hear them and to call a Council to Condemn them and that all that was to be done was to consider what Punishment to inflict upon them Theodwin in this Letter accuses Berenger and Bruno not only of believing that the Eucharist was nothing else but the Shadow and Type of JESUS CHRIST but also of holding erroneous Opinions about Marriage and of disapproving Infant-Baptism This Letter has been publish'd under the Name of Durandus Bishop of Liege but since it was written after the Year 1050. it cannot be his for he dyed in the Year 1025. therefore it must be Theodwin's who was ordain'd Bishop of Liege in 1048. The time appointed for the Synod of Verceil being come Leo IX came thither with a The Council of Verceil in 1050. great many Prelates of several Nations and opened the Council the first of September in the Year 1050. Berenger durst not appear there in Person but sent two Clerks to maintain his Cause They read in the Council the Book of John Scotus which gave Rise to the Error of Berenger and it was Condemn'd by all the Fathers of the Council The Opinion of Berenger was likewise examin'd and condemn'd and the Doctrin of the Church maintain'd and defended by Lanfrank was approv'd of and confirm'd by an unanimous Consent The two Clerks who were sent by Berenger would have undertaken his Defence but they no sooner began to speak but they were forced to hold their Tongues Notwithstanding the Remonstrance of Theodwin King Henry held the Council which he The Council of Paris in 1050. had call'd at Paris on the sixteenth of November in the same Year but neither Berenger nor Bruno durst appear there In their Absence the Bishop of Orleans caus'd a Writing of Berenger's to be read which was Condemn'd as Heretical by all the Assembly They Condemn'd the Authors and Abettors of that Doctrin together with the Book of John Scotus It was there order'd that the Author of that Heresie and his Adherents should be prosecuted and constrained to recant under the pain of being put to Death These Matters of Fact are Recorded by Theodwin and Durandus Abbot of Troarn None besides these two Authors have made mention of this Council of Paris and accus'd Bruno of abetting Berenger in his Error But forasmuch as they liv'd at that Time 't is hard to discredit them Whilst the higher Powers made use of their Authority against the growing Heresie of Berenger the Learned World oppos'd it by their Writings Among the rest Adelman a Clerk Adelman Clerk of the Church of Liege of the Church of Liege who had been Berenger's School-fellow under Fulbert Bishop of Chartres and who afterwards was Bishop of Bresse when he understood that Berenger taught this Error wrote a Letter to him wherein after he had put him in mind of their old Acquaintance and of Fulbert of Chartres their common Master he conjur'd
his Province the Followers of this Heretick Berenger was likewise suspected of several other Errors Guitmond after Theodwin accuses Other Errors of Berenger him of believing That Infant-Baptism was null and of destroying lawful Marriages by permitting Men to abuse all Women without distinction Lanfrank and William of Malmsbury accuse him of harbouring a strange Contempt for the Writings of the Fathers Lastly Guitmond and S. Anselm relate as an Error which he had advanc'd That our Saviour after his Resurrection did not enter through the Chamber-door where his Disciples were before it was opened As to this Error 't is a Consequence of his Opinion about the Eucharist As for the two former forasmuch as they are not in the Writings of Berenger and were never as we can learn charg'd upon him by other Authors And since he has not been condemn'd for maintaining them nor ever oblig'd to retract them in any Council 't is hard to suppose that he taught them publickly and the rather because they are ancient Errors condemn'd long before that in the Church We have by us a Letter of Berenger to Asceline another to Richard the Abbot three Professions The Writings and Adversaries of Berenger of Faith a part of his Treatise in opposition to his second Profession of Faith And Father Mabillon has seen a Treatise in Manuscript against the third The Treatise which he compos'd against Adelman alias Alman Bishop of Bresse of which Sigibert of Gemblours makes mention and his other Pieces are lost He wrote in a dry and scholastick Stile Sigibert has reason for what he says when he tells us That he abus'd the Sophisms of Logick in opposition to the Apostolical Simplicity and that this could be no Excuse to him nor Edification to others because he rather rendred clear Things obscure than obscure Things clear He does not seem to have had very much Skill in the Antiquities of the Church His Error was oppos'd by Lanfrank Archbishop of Canterbury by Adelman Clerk of the Church of Liege and afterwards Bishop of Bresse by Asceline Monk of S. Evrow in Normandy by Guy Aretine Abbot of La-Croix-Saint-Leufroy by Durandus Abbot of Troarn by Hugh Bishop of Langres by Alberic Monk of Mount-Cassin by Guitmond Arch-bishop of Averse and by Alger Deacon of Liege and afterwards Monk of Cluny CHAP. III. Of the Writings of Lanfrank Arch-bishop of Canterbury of Guitmond of Alger and of the other Authors who have refuted the Error of Berenger LANFRANK descended from a very honourable Family of Pavia for his Father was Lanfrank Arch-bishop of Canterbury Warden or Keeper of the publick Archives where were reposited the Minutes of the Laws and Customs of the City After he had went through the course of his Studies in his own Country he went into France under the Reign of King Henry and came to Auranches where he taught publickly for some time In his Journey to Roan he was taken by High-way-Men who robb'd him and having bound him left him in a Forest near the Abby of Bec. On the Morrow some Passengers finding him in that Condition unbound him and upon his asking them Whether there were not a Monastery near that Place they directed him to the Abbey of Bec which was newly founded He retir'd thither and took upon him the Habit at the Hands of Herluin chief Abbot of that Monastery This happen'd in the Year 1041. The Genius the Learning and the Virtue of Lanfrank being soon discern'd he was elected Prior of his own Monastery and chosen by William I. Duke of Normandy to be one of his Counsellors of State He went to Rome under the Popedom of Leo IX and clear'd himself before that Pope from the Error of Berenger which was laid to his Charge He return'd thither a second time under the Popedom of Nicholas II. to request a Dispensation for the Marriage of Duke William with the Daughter of the Count of Flanders his Kinswoman which was granted upon Condition that the Duke and his Lady would build a Monastery The Duke gave Orders for the building the Monastery of S. Stephen of Caen of which Lanfrank was made Abbot in the Year 1063. He was so highly in the Duke's esteem that this Prince after he had conquer'd England could find none more proper than him to send to Rome to Pope Alexander II. to treat with him about the Reforming the Churches of that Kingdom After the Death of Maurillus Arch-bishop of Roan Lanfrank was pitch'd upon to be his Successor But he refus'd it And upon his Refusal the Bishop of Auranches having obtain'd that Arch-bishoprick Lanfrank went a fourth time to Rome to get this Translation to be approv'd of and to desire the Pall for that Arch-bishop He obtain'd his Request from the Pope who sent two Legats to crown William King of England and to reform the Churches These Legats held a Council at Windsor wherein they depos'd several Bishops who were convicted of Crimes or of gross Ignorance and among the rest Stigand Arch-bishop of The Council of Windsor Canterbury who had possess'd himself of that See by Intrigues and Violence Lanfrank was oblig'd against his Will by the express Command of Abbot Herluin to take upon him this Arch-bishoprick in the Year 1070. He govern'd that Church for Nineteen Years together with a great deal of Wisdom and Authority He still kept up his Credit with King William in whose Absence he was Regent of the Kingdom He dy'd a little after that Prince in May 1089. The largest Treatise of Lanfrank is his Commentary upon the Epistles of S. Paul He gives us the Text with some Illustrations in a Parenthesis and adds to this some Notes of Lanfranks Commentary on S. Paul's Epistles Explanation taken out of S. Augustin or out of the Commentary attributed to S. Ambrose or such as himself compos'd Those out of S. Augustin are to be met with in that Father but a great part of those which are cited under the Name of S. Ambrose are not to be met with in the Commentary which goes at present under the Name of that Saint And there are likewise some others which are S. Augustin's and are ascribed to S. Ambrose These Notes are short and sententious and the Author keeps close to the Literal Meaning and the Morality of the Epistles Peter Lombard cites several Passages out of this Commentary upon S. Paul which are not exactly in the same manner expressed by Lanfrank Lanfrank's Treatise of the Body and Blood of JESUS CHRIST is a Refutation of Lanfranks Treatise of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. a Piece which Berenger had made against the real presence of the Body of JESUS CHRIST in the Eucharist He tells him that he could wish that he might have a Conference with him being persuaded that it would be very advantageous either to reclaim him from his Error or at least to rectify his followers But that since he took upon him to maintain it in his
Fact are apparent from the Relation of cotemporary Authors and from the Letter which Gregory wrote immediately after to the Princes of Germany which is the Twelfth of the fourth Book Henry repented of this Action as soon as he had done it for the Italians of Lombardy perceiving The Complaints which the Lombards made of Henry's Conduct how disadvantageous the Agreement would be to them ridicul'd him for what he had done and cast reproaches upon him for it telling him That for their parts they did not value the Excommunication of a Man who had himself been very justly Excommunicated by the Bishops of Italy who was possess'd of the Holy See by Simony who had stain'd it by several Murders and polluted it by his Adulteries That his Majesty had receiv'd a Treatment unworthy of himself and cast such a Blot upon his Honour as could never be wip'd off by submitting to an Heretick and to an infamous Person That they were very unfortunate in having made choice of one for the Protector of the Justice and Laws of the Church who had by this dishonorable Submission betray'd the Catholick Faith the Authority of the Church and the Dignity of the State These and such like were the common Discourses of the Princes and Grandees of Italy and which they ventur'd to speak publickly This render'd Henry so odious that they propos'd to make his Son their King and to carry him to Rome with an Army there to have him Crown'd by a Pope of their own choosing Henry to clear himself represented to them that he was necessitated to do what he did that he had not done it but only for the good of the Publick and because he could not otherwise satisfie the Pope and the German Lords who had declar'd against him That at present being in a place of safety he would make use of all his strength to revenge the Affront which had been offer'd him He had much ado after all to pacifie them and perceiv'd himself abandon'd by many and despis'd by others This put him upon resolving to break entirely with the Pope by not observing the Articles agreed upon betwixt them He re-call'd the Excommunicated Bishops and declar'd publickly that Gregory had betray'd him and that he would be reveng'd of the Affront which had been offer'd him On the other side the Arch-bishop of Mayence and the Bishops of Wirtzburg and Mets the Duke Radulphus and a great many other Princes and Grandees of Germany appointed a The Convention at Forcheim where Radulphus is Elected King Convention to be held at Forcheim the 13th of March and invited the Pope thither who was still at Canossa where he was detain'd three Months by the Princess Matilda Having receiv'd this Intelligence he sent Cardinal Gregory to King Henry to give him notice that the time was come for the performing of what he had promis'd That the German Princes were to meet March the 13th at Forcheim to regulate the Affairs of the Empire That he ought to be there to clear himself of the Accusations preferr'd against him The King return'd him this answer That since this was the first time of his coming to Italy he had too much business upon his hands to think of returning so suddenly and in so short a time The Pope having receiv'd this Answer immediately dispatch'd away his Legats to Forcheim to declare to the Convention that he could not safely go into Germany or return back to Rome because Henry had caus'd all the Passes to be block'd up And that therefore they should in his Absence consult the Necessities both of Church and State and do what they thought most proper for the welfare of both This Convention was held at the place and time appointed Radulphus Duke of Suabia caus'd himself to be Elected King and was Consecrated by Sigefroy at Mayence He immediately sent one to the Pope to acquaint him of his Election and to assure him of his obedience Henry for his part pray'd the Pope to assist him against Radulphus to declare his Election Null and to Excommunicate him Some Authors report that Gregory approv'd of the Election of Radulphus and acknowledg'd him for King But he himself assures us of the contrary in the Eight and twentieth Letter of the ninth Book where he calls God to witness that this Election was carry'd on without his Consent and Knowledge and that the Answer which he had return'd to Henry was to this effect That he would do him Justice after he had heard the Arguments on both sides to know which had the most Right on his side Upon this he resolv'd to go to Germany and for this end wrote the last of May in the Year 1077. two Letters the one directed to the Legats which he had in that Country and the other to the Princes of Germany wherein he acquaints them of his Intention of coming to Germany to decide the difference That they ought to take all necessary security of the two contending Parties for his free passage thither and that if either of the two Parties should oppose his coming they should esteem him as an excommunicated Person and acknowledge him as lawful King who should submit to the Holy See and was willing to refer himself to its determination These two Letters are the Three and Four and twentieth of the fourth Book Henry foreseeing that if the Pope went into Germany he would not fail of passing a Sentence contrary to his Interests resolv'd to stop his Journey and to engage in a War against Radulphus and the other Rebels The Pope having caus'd several Bishops of King Henry's Party to be apprehended that Prince by way of reprisal order'd Cardinal Gerard Bishop of Ostia who was Legat in Lombardy and Bernard Abbot of Marseilles one of the Pope's Legats in Germany to be apprehended Gregory being concern'd that the Affairs of Germany did not go according to his desires complain'd of it to Udo Arch-bishop of Treves and his Suffragans and exhorts them to do all they could to divert the Storm which was comming upon Germany The Letter which he wrote to them upon this Subject bears date the last of September in the Year 1077. and is the Seventh of the fifth Book The beginning of the next Year the Pope cited Guilbert Arch-bishop of Ravenna and his Suffragans with the Bishops and Abbots of la Marche Fermo and Camerine of Pentapolis of The Council of Rome in the Year 1078. Emilia and Lombardy to the Council which was to be held at Rome according to Custom the first Week in Lent and assures them by his Letter which is the Thirteenth of the fifth Book dated January 28. That he would do them no harm and that he would be as indulgent towards them as in Conscience he could be These Bishops did not think it proper to appear at this Synod which consisted of almost One hundred Bishops The Pope did therein renew his Anathema issu'd out already against Tedald
but that he cannot be oblig'd to serve there and that he cannot be promoted to a superior Order by any other Bishop 16. That no general Council ought to be held without his Order 17. That no Book can be Canonical without his Authority 18. That his Judgment ought to be corrected by none and that he can correct the Judgments of all other Persons 19. That no Person ought to Judge him 20. That no Person whatsoever dare to Condemn him who appeals to the Holy See 21. That the Cognizance of the most material Causes of all Churches belongs to him 22. That the Church of Rome has always been and will always be Infallible according to the Testimony of the Scriptures 23. That the Pope of Rome ordain'd Canonically becomes unquestionably HOLY by the Merits of S. Peter according to the Testimony of Ennodius Bishop of Pavia approv'd of by several Saints and as it is recorded in the Decretals of Pope Symmachus 24. That by his permission 't is lawful for Inferiours to accuse Superiors 25. That he can depose and re-establish Bishops without calling a Synod 26. That he who does not agree with the Church of Rome is no true Catholick 27. That he can declare the Subjects of wicked Princes absolv'd from the Oath of Alliegance which they have taken to them This Piece has no relation to the Letter which preceeds it nor to that which follows it and we have not the least proof that it was made in the Council of Rome in the Year 1076. as Baronius pretends Nor is it probable that it belongs to Gregory VII For tho' there be in this Collection several Propositions which have relation to what he wrote in his Letters yet there are a great many which he never advanc'd nor approv'd of There are likewise some of them that are equivocal others express'd in odious Terms and others Intolerable They are almost all of them drawn up so ill that one cannot say Gregory VII who had a good Genius was the Author of them This is what inclines me to believe that 't is the Work of one who was an Enemy to Gregory who was minded to render his Doctrin odious by comprehending it in these Seven and twenty Propositions drawn up at random which bear some resemblance to the Genius and Manners of that Pope If this Conjecture be not agreeable to some we may say that 't is the Work of some Roman bigotted to the Maxims of the Court of Rome who suppos'd he might deduce these Propositions from the Letters of Gregory VII and made this Collection of them which has been since inserted in the Register of that Pope Let the Case be how it will one cannot say without injustice to Gregory that 't is his Piece nor maintain all these Propositions without doing injury to the Holy See 'T is to be observ'd that the Commentary upon the Seven Penitential Psalms ascrib'd to Gregory the Great was compos'd in the Time of Gregory VII because the Author of this Commentary speaks in three places viz. in Psal. 5. v. 9 26. and in Psal. 27. against an Emperor of his Days whom he accuses of renewing Simony in the Church of having disturb'd it by a dangerous Schism of having a Mind to make it his Slave of having seiz'd upon what belong'd to it of making himself Master of the Church of Rome and of having Other Writings of Gregory VII begun to exercise his Power against it This has inclin'd many to believe that 't is the Work of Gregory VII which his Name made others think that it belong'd to Gregory the Great But the Style of this Piece does not seem so elegant as the Style of that Pope However perhaps he might be more remiss in a Work of this Nature There is in England a Commentary upon S. Mathew in Manuscript which is ascribed to Gregory VII and which they say he compos'd whilst he was only a simple Religious But it has never yet been Publish'd CHAP. VI. An Account of the Church of Rome and of the Popes who Succeeded Gregory VII to the end of this Century AFTER the Death of Gregory VII the Cardinals and the Clergy of Rome had their Victor III. Eyes upon Didier Abbot of Mount Cassin to advance him to the Popedom Some Authors say that Gregory VII had recommended him to them before he Died. He was descended from a noble Family of Benevento and had spent all his Life in the Monastery of Mount Cassin He at first refus'd the Dignity which was offer'd him so that the Holy See remain'd Vacant for almost a whole Year In the mean time Guilbert the Anti-pope became Master of one part of the Churches of Rome and would fain have been acknowledg'd for lawful Pope The Cardinals and Bishops who acknowledg'd Gregory to prevent Guilbert's design came to Rome about Easter in the Year 1086. with the Prince of Salerno and Duke Roger to proceed to the Election of a Pope When they were there they renew'd their Importunities to Didier to engage him to accept of the Popedom but he would never expresly consent to it However they Elected him and having taken him by force carry'd him to the Church of S. Lucia to proclaim him Pope under the Name of VICTOR III. But when they were about to put on him the Pontifical Robes he made so great a Resistance that they could not put his Albe on him but only cast a red Chappe about his Body Four Days after he left Rome and when he came to Terracina threw off all the Ensigns of the Pontificate and retir'd to Mount Cassin where he liv'd privately and could by no means be prevail'd upon to be Ordain'd But the Year after in a Council held at Capua during Lent he yielded to the Intreaties of Duke Roger of the Prince of Capua and of the Bishops reassum'd the Purple and the Pontifical Cross and after he had spent the Easter Holidays in his Monastery was Conducted to Rome by the Princes of Salerno and Capua who having taken the Church of S. Peter by force from Guilbert caus'd Victor to be Ordain'd by the Bishops of Ostia Frescati Pavia and Albania and plac'd him on the Papal Chair May the 9th in the same Year This Election was not only oppos'd by the Favourers of Guilbert but also by Hugh who from the Bishoprick of Dia was translated to the Arch-bishoprick of Lions and pretended to the Popedom by the Arch-bishop of Aix and by Cardinal Richard Abbot of Marseilles who were underhand supported by the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia who had himself likewise some Votes on his side The Arch-bishop of Lions was the greatest opposet of Victor's Ordination and wrote The Letters of Hugh Arch-bishop of Lions against him two Letters to the Princess Matilda to hinder her from acknowledging and assisting him Accusing him of holding correspondence with the Emperor Henry But these Letters made no impression on the Mind of that Princess on the contrary she came
Penance inflicted upon them for their Faults The Thirty third is amongst his Opuscula of which it makes the Fifty fourth The Thirty fourth is likewise directed to several Hermits of his Congregation whom he reprov'd for being too severe and too long in the exercise of their Discipline He would not have any one every day be Disciplin'd any longer than during the reading of Forty Psalms and in Advent and Lent only whilst Sixty Psalms were reading The Thirty fifth is amongst his Opuscula of which it makes the Twenty fifth In the last he exhorts his Monks to live peaceably after his Death and requires that all the Possessions belonging to another Monastery which he permitted them to enjoy during his Life-time should be restored after his Decease The seventh Book contains the Letters written to Princes and Princesses the Two first of which are directed to the Emperor Henry III. In one of them he desires that Count Gisler may be set at liberty and in the other he commends that Prince for having dispossess'd Wiquier of the Arch-bishoprick of Ravenna who had obtain'd it by sinister practices The Third is directed to the young Prince Henry the Son of the former whom he earnestly exhorts to defend the Church and to oppose Cadalous's Schism The next are directed to the Empress Agnes the Wife of Henry III. and writte nabout different Affairs In one of them he gives that Princess to understand that the Pope could not send the Pall to the Arch-bishop of Mentz till he himself came to desire it or till he were examin'd by his Legates In the two others he comforts and exhorts the same Princess to beg assistance of Jesus Christ and in the last he invites her to Italy The Ninth is written in the Name of Pope Nicolas II. to the Queen of France whom he exhorts to continue her Bounty and pious Actions advising her at the same time to inspire the King her Husband with the same Principles and to cause her Children to be educated in the same manner In the Tenth directed to Godfrey Duke of Tuscany he expresses himself how much he was concern'd that that Prince had given entertainment to Cadalous and admonishes him to make amends for that Fault The Two next directed to the same Duke are compris'd in the Fifty seventh Opusculum In the Thirteenth he entreats that Prince to remit a certain Sum of Mony to the Abby of St. John Baptist to pay for a Library which he had bought In the Fourteenth directed to Beatrice Dutchess of Tuscany he approves of the Resolution that she and her Husband had taken to live in perpetual Continency and proposes many Examples of Vertue for her imitation In the Fifteenth he exhorts a certain Prince to contemn all Worldly Possessions and to seek after the Heavenly The Sixteenth is comprehended in the eighteenth Opusculum In the Seventeenth he exhorts the Marquess Renier who had been enjoin'd by way of Penance for his Offences to go in pilgrimage to Rome to set forward on his Journey as soon as possible and produces divers Examples of the Protection that God has afforded to Pilgrims In the Eighteenth he admonishes the Countess Gille newly marry'd to the Marquess Renier not to retain the Spoils of the Widows and Orphans but to restore every thing that her Husband had got by rapine and advises her in order to prevent him from committing those outrages for the future to cause the Lands to be well cultivated and to give Alms to the Poor The Nineteenth is among the Opuscula of which it makes the Fiftieth The last Book of Peter Damien's Letters contains those that were written by him to divers particular Persons In the First directed to Cinthius Prefect of Rome he commends him for the Exhortation that he made to the Twelfth-day and advises him to persevere in administring Justice in the City and in maintaining the Rights of the Church In the Second he admonishes the same Cinthius that he should not so much give himself up to praying as to neglect doing Justice In the Third he exhorts the Person to whom he writes to shew due Respect to his Mother and enlarges on the Duties of Children to their Parents The Fourth is a Consolatory Letter to a Father upon the Death of his Son He maintains that the Death of Children is a peculiar Favour of God and that we ought to rejoyce rather than to be troubled at it In the Fiâ—th he exhorts a Senator of the City of Rome to compleat the building of a Church that he had begun shewing by many Examples that it is an Action which deserves Reward In the Sixth he comforts a sick Person giving him to understand that Sufferings are a mark of Predestination and that a Christian ought to bear them with Patience and Cheerfulness The Seventh is compris'd in the Forty second Opusculum In the Eighth he exhorts a Judge to meditate on the future State and on the Day of Judgment and produces a great number of Sentences of Scripture on that Subject to the end that he might take the matter into serious Consideration The Ninth is amongst the Opuscula of which it makes the Fifty eighth In the Tenth he exhorts a certain Person who was apt to forswear himself to abstain altogether from Swearing and advises him to give Alms. The Eleventh makes the Thirtieth Opusculum The Twelfth is an Invective against Pride The Thirteenth is contain'd in the Fifty ninth Opusculum The Fourteenth is directed to his two Sisters to whom he gives a great deal of Advice about the Religious Life The Fifteenth is a Prayer made by Peter Damien on behalf of a Man who was at the point of Death and it is one of those that are now us'd in the Church i. e. of Rome for Persons in such a Condition From the Letters pass we to the Opuscula or small Tracts which constitute the third Volume of Peter Damien's Works reserving the Account of the Second which contains his Sermons till we have made the Extract of his Opuscula The First bears this Title Of the Catholick Faith and is dedicated to Ambrose He explains therein the Mysteries of the Trinity and Incarnation and more especially establishes the Procession of the Holy Ghost from the Persons of the Father and of the Son In the Second call'd Antilogus against the Jews he makes it appear by several Proofs taken out of the Old Testament That JESUS CHRIST is the true Messiah the Son of God The Third is on the same Subject in which he answers divers Questions proposed in the name of the Jews concerning JESUS CHRIST The Fourth is a Dialogue between the Emperor Henry's Attorny General and an Advocate of the Church of Rome concerning the Right that the Emperors of Germany have to the Election of a Pope After the Death of Nicolas II. the Romans chose Alexander II. without the Emperor Henry's Knowledge whereupon that Prince being highly displeased that the Election was carried on without
Sums of Mony within the Precincts of the Churches 5. That nothing shall be exacted for Burying the Dead or for administring the Sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper 6. That Clergy-men shall not bear Arms nor go on Warfare 7. That no Clerk nor Lay-man shall lend Mony upon use 8. That the Monks and Clerks shall not quit their Profession 9. That none shall offer violence to Clergy-men as they are Travelling 10. That there shall not be suffer'd any manner of oppression of the Poor 11. That no Man shall take to Wife any of his near Relations 12. That it should be prohibited to leave a lawful Wife in order to marry another Lastly all those Persons were excommunicated who should protect or hold correspondence with the new Hereticks of France the Sodomites and certain Lords who had contracted forbidden Marriages and assaulted some Bishops and other Clergy-men The Council of Tours held in the Year 1060. THE Custom being now introduc'd that the Councils for the reformation of Church-discipline The Council of Tours in 1060. should be held in the presence or by the authority of the Legats of the See of Rome Stephen Cardinal and Legat of Pope Nicolas II. call'd one A. D. 1060. at Tours in which it was ordain'd 1. That all those Persons who give Mony for any Ecclesiastical Dignity shall be depriv'd of it for ever 2. That if any Bishop or Patron confer Benefices for Mony the Clerks shall be allow'd to oppose their Proceedings and to have recourse to the Arbitration of the neighbouring Bishops nay even to Appeal from them to the See of Rome 3. That no new Benefice can be sold nor any Church-Revenues alienated 4. That none shall purchase any Spiritual Livings of Lay-men 5. That the same Person cannot enjoy two Benefices in different Churches 6. That the Bishops Priests and Deacons who knowing the Prohibition made by Pope Nicolas do not forbear the Exercise of their Ministerial Functions when they have been engag'd in a scandalous Conversation with Women or who shall refuse to desist for the future after having receiv'd information of that Prohibition shall be depos'd without a possibility of restauration 7. That Clergy-men who bear Arms shall be depriv'd of their Benefices and Dignities 8. That Laicks who presume to sell or dispose of the Church-Revenues shall be excommunicated 9. That those Men who marry their Kinswomen or those Women who keep an unchast Correspondence with their Kinsmen and refuse to leave them or to do Pennance shall be excluded from the Communion of the Faithful and turn'd out of the Church 10. That those Monks who quit the Monastick State shall likewise be separated from the Communion of the Church as Apostats The Council of Soissons held in the Year 1092. ROSCELIN a Clerk of the Church of Compiegne and a very able Logician gave it out The Council of Soissons in 1092. in the end of the Eleventh Century That the three Divine Persons of the Holy Trinity were three Things This Opinion was condemn'd in a Council held at Soissons A. D. 1092. under Raynold Arch-bishop of Rheims and confuted by St. Anselm by Ives of Chartres and even Roscelin Clerk of Church of Compiegne Theobald a Clerk of the Church of Etampes by Abaelard who is reputed to have been his Pupil Roscelin was oblig'd to make an abjuration of his Error in that Council but afterward he did not forbear to maintain it obstinately and for that reason was banish'd from France and England THEOBALD a Clerk of the Church of Etampes likewise wrote a Letter against him on another Subject viz. to shew That the Sons of Priests may be admitted into the Clergy Divers Councils held in Normandy The Council of Rouen conven'd A. D. 1050. MAUGIER Arch-bishop of Rouen held a Council in that City A. D. 1050. with Hugh Bishop of Eureux and Robert of Coutances in which he drew up a Letter directed The Council of Rouen in 1050. to the Bishops and Faithful of his Province containing the following Constitutions viz. 1. That the Articles of Faith compris'd in the Creed of the Catholick and Apostolick Church ought to be firmly adher'd to 2. That no Presents shall be made to Princes nor to their Officers for the obtaining of Bishopricks 3. That the Bishops shall not covet to be translated from one See to another out of a Principle of Ambition 4. That the Monks shall not cause themselves to be made Abbots for Mony 5. That one Bishop shall not dispossess another nor one Abbot another 6. That the Bishops shall not exact any thing for Ordinations 7. That their Officers that is to say their Arch-deacons or Secretaries shall not in like manner demand any thing upon that account 8. That no Person shall be ordain'd who is not of a competent Age and who has not made a sufficient progress in Learning 9. That a Bishop shall not ordain a Clerk of another Diocess without the permission of his Diocesan 10. That the Bishops shall not bestow the Revenues Lands and Benefices of the Clergy on Laicks 11 12 and 13. That Clergy-men shall not endeavour to supplant one another 14 15 and 16. That nothing shall be exacted for the Holy Chrism nor for the Consecration of Churches nor for the Administration of Baptism 17. That on the eight days during which new Baptized Persons wear the †A sort of Vestments worn by Popish Priests Albe they shall be obliged only to offer their Wax-Tapers and the Linnen with which their Heads were cover'd by reason of the Holy Chrism 18. That the Pennance impos'd on Offenders shall neither be augmented nor diminish'd for Money 19. That the new Baptized Persons shall spend eight days in wearing the Albes and holding lighted Tapers in the Church where they were baptized The Council of Lisieux held A. D. 1055. and that of Rouen in 1063. THE Arch-bishop of Rouen under whom the preceding Council was held was depos'd A. D. 1055. in another Council conven'd at Lisieux in the presence of Stephen Bishop of The Council of Lisieux in 1055. Sion in Switzerland the Pope's Legat which consisted of the Bishops of that Province He was accus'd of having robb'd his Church of consuming its Revenues in unprofitable Expenses and of dissipating part of them to Largesses only to satisfie his Ambition He was also suspected to be guilty of infamous Crimes and was censur'd for not shewing a due Respect to the See of Rome He was apparently culpable but that which chiefly brought upon him this Condemnation was the Displeasure of Duke William his Nephew who was incens'd against him because he had excommunicated that Prince upon account of his Marriage with the Princess Mathilda his Kinswoman the Daughter of Baldwin Count of Flanders and favour'd the Party of Duke Arques his Brother Therefore the Duke banish'd him immediately after his Condemnation to the Isle of Guernsey and caus'd Maurillus a Monk of Fecamp to be substituted in
conspires with the Bishops of Lombardy against the See of Rome ibid. He is protected by the Emperor who still holds Communion with him ibid. His Successor settled in that Arch-bishoprick notwithstanding the Pope's Opposition 37. Godfrey Marquess of Toscany Peter Damian's Re-monstrances to that Prince 91 and 98. The Errors of two of his Chaplains confuted by the latter 84 85 and 89. A Favour which Peter Damian begg'd of the same Prince 90. The time of his Death 39. Grada of the Dignity of that Church 80. That Dignity contested by Peter of Antioch ibid. His Metropolitical Right established in a Council 25. Greek Church the Reproaches that the Greeks put upon the Latins 76 77 78 and 81. Their Answer to those Censures 76 77 and 82. The Accusations brought by the Latins against the Greeks 77 and sequ Greeks driven out of Part of Italy by the Normans 23. And lose their Territories and Estates in that Country 52. Gregory VI. aspires to the Papal Dignity by the means of Simoniacal Practices 24. He is depos'd and banish'd ibid. Gregory VII made Pope by the People of Rome without consulting the Cardinals Clergy and Emperor 32. A pleasant Repartee made by Desiderius Abbot of Mount Caffin upon occasion of his precipitate Election ibid. His great Undertakings during his Popedom 33. His Contests with the Emperor Henry IV. ibid. and sequ The Opposition that his Decree against Simoniacal and Incontinent Clergy men met with 36. A cruel Outrage to hinder the Effect of that Decree ibid. His Constancy in causing it to be put in Execution ibid. The first Project he made of a Crusade 54. Confederacies made against him 38. He is depos'd in a Council ibid. The Cause of those Proceedings against him ibid. He deposes and excommunicates the Emperor Henry as well as those who assisted in that Council 39. He proposes the Election of another Emperor of Germany 40. The Conditions upon which he is willing to grant Absolution to Henry 41. He contributes to the chusing of Radulphus Duke of Suabia in his place 42. The Measures taken by him in order to compose the Differences between the two Contenders ibid. and sequ He denounces another Sentence of Excommunication against Henry and his Adherents 45. He himself is depos'd again in a Council and Guilbert Archbishop of Ravenna is substituted in his room ibid. He is reconcil'd with the Duke of Apulia ibid. and obtains Succours of him 46. His Contests with Philip King of France 48. The Reproaches and Threats he put upon that Prince ibid. He endeavours to get a Tribute from the Kingdom of France and from divers other Estates of Europe 49 50 and sequ He grants a Protection to Berenger Arch-Deacon of Anger 's 11. He is accus'd to be a Favourer of his Opinions ibid. The time when this Pope died 47. See Hild-brand Gregory the Antipope expell'd by the Emperor 23. Guizilon Archbishop of Mentz why depos'd and excommunicated 71. Guilbert the Antipope when ordain'd Arbishop of Ravenna 29. He creates much trouble to Gregory VII and is excommunicated by that Pope 37 and 38. He is advanc'd to the Popedom under the Name of Clement III. after the deposing of Gregory in a Council 45. When ordain'd 46. He crowns the Emperor Henry ibid. Ecommunications publish'd and often re-itered against him and his Adherents 47 69 and 72. He sometimes becomes Master of the City of Rome and is sometimes expell'd from thence 69 and 70. Guiscard Robert Duke of Apulia His Conquests in Italy 53. He is excommunicated in a Council by Pope Gregory VII 35 and 53. The Reasons that induc'd Gregory to be reconcil'd with him 45 46. The Conditions of that Agreement ibid. The Advantages which the Duke obtain'd by that meanâ— bid The Succours he sent to the Pope 46 and 53. His Exploits in Greece 54. Guy Archbishop of Vienna the sending him in Quality of Legat into England look'd upon as an unheard of Innovation 56. Guy Archbishop of Milan A Constitution made by that Archbishop by the Advice of Peter Damian for the Reforming of the Clergy of Milan 93. H HAbits Sacerdotal those of Priests and Deacons during the Celebration of the Mass 123 and 124. Hair An Ordinance against the wearing of long Hair 76. Another for cutting the Hair short 123. Hallelujah A Censure pass'd by the Greeks upon the Latins because they do not sing Hallelujah in Lent 76. A Reply to that Censure 77. Hanno Archbishop of Colen See Anno. Happiness That there is no perfect Happiness in this World 98. Harold King of Norway An Admonition given him by Pope Alexander 29. Henry II. Emperor of Germany crown'd at Rome with the Empress his Wife 23. The time of his Death ibid. Henry III. Emperor when he succeeded Conrad his Father 24. He causes three Popes to be depos'd in divers Synods ibid. He is crown'd by Clement II. ibid. The time of his Death 26. Henry IV. Emperor chosen at the Age of five Years and put under the Protection of the See of Rome 26 and 33. His Demeanour during his Minority ibid. His Conduct when grown up to Man's Estate ibid. A Proposal made that he should be diverc'd from his Wife 121. The Cause and Effects of the Revolt of the Saxons against that Prince 33. His Quarrels with Pope Gregory VII ibid. and sequ The Original of those Feuds ibid. and 34. His Enterprizes against the Pope 37 and 38. He is depos'd and excommunicated by the Pope 39. He is very submissive to the Assembly of Oppenheim 40. His Endeavours to procure Absolution from the Pope ibid. and 41. On what Conditions he obtains it 41. He repents of having taken such Measures and falls out with the Pope ibid. and 42. He makes War with Radulphus his Competitor 42. The hazard he run of losing his Life 43. The Advantages he gain'd in Germany ibid. 44 and 46. He is excommunicated and depos'd a second time by Gregory VII 45. He causes that Pope to be depos'd in a Council and Guibert Arch-bishop of Ravenna to be chosen in his Place 45. His Letter upon that Occasion ibid. He defeats Radulphus in a Battel who dies a little while after 46. He besieges Rome several times and at last having taken that City causes himself to be crown'd therein ibid. and 53 He is oblig'd to depart thence and to return to Germany to make head against a new Competitor ibid. He takes Augsburg and punishes the Rebels 46 47. He causes an Accommodation to be set on foot with Robert Guiscard Duke of Apulia 53. His Son Conrad revolts against him 70. The Sentence of Excommunication denounc'd against that Emperor renew'd in divers Councils 71 73 and 74. Henry I. King of England his Contest with the Pope and St. Anselm about the Right of Investitures 93. Henry Bishop of Spire accused of Simony and cited to Rome 35 36. He is suspended 36. Herbert Bishop of Norwich for what Reason reproved by Lanfrank 16. Hereticks Certain new Hereticks discover'd at Orleans
who were ordain'd during the Schism 70. A Prohibition to receive several Orders on the same Day 118. The Age requisite for Admission into Orders 72 119. A Punishment inflicted on those who procure Ordination for Money 119. A Constitution enjoining Abbots Deans and Arch-Priests to enter into Priests Orders 58. P PAle a sort of Linen Covering for the Chalice the Reason of its Use 94 95. Pall the Metropolitans oblig'd to desire it of the See of Rome 66 and 126. The Archbishops and Bishops to whom it was granted in the Eleventh Century 12 15 23 29 61 70 and 92. Allow'd only to those who went to Rome to fetch it 15 65 and 91. Deny'd to an Archbishop of Tours 5. Paschasius Robertus his Sentiments concerning the Eucharist approv'd 7 8 and 9. Those of Joan. Scotus his Adversary condemned ibid. Pax Vobis That the Bishops were wont to say Pax Vobis in the time of Peter Damian 95. Penance Constitutions about it 44 58 73 and 74. Declared false unless it be proportion'd to the Quality of the Crimes 44. Abbots forbidden to impose Penance without the Consent of their Bishops 58. And Monks without that of their Abbots 123. Of those that are undergone to expiate the Offences of others 90. Causes of the Relaxation of Penance 126. Pentecost See Whiâ—sontide St. Peter and St. Paul why the Images of the latter are set on the right Hand and those of St. Peter on the left 97. St. Peter's Abbey at Chartres a Contest about an irregular Grant made to that Monastery 3. Peter Archbishop of Narboâ—ne excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII 43. Peter the Hermit the Effect of his Remonstrances for a Crusade 74. Peter pence exacted by the Pope of William II. King of England 30. A Constitution about the Payment of them 122. Philip I. King of France his Contests with Pope Gregory VII 48. The Threats and Reproaches put upon that Prince by the same Pope ibid. Philip is divorc'd from Bertha and marries Bertrade 73. Pope Urban II. reproves the Bishops of France about that Marriage 72. The King is excommunicated on that account in the Councils of Auâ—un and Clermonâ— 73 His Absolution reserv'd to the Pope 72. He is absolv'd in the Council of Wismes 75. Pilgrimages their Use approv'd by Peter Damian 91. Poland the Advice given by Pope Gregory VII to the Dukes of Poland 51. Pontius Bishop of Beziers for what Reason depos'd 56. Popes of their Spiritual and Temporal Authority 25. What Pope caus'd the changing of their Names at their Ordination to be authoriz'd by an express Law 23. Different Opinions about the time when their Names were ras'd out of the Diyptichs or Registers of the Greek Church 81 and 82. The unjust Pretensions of the Popes 126. The Infringements made by the Court of Rome of the Authority of the Ordinaries and of the Liberties and Immunities of the Churches ibid. That they are liable to be surpriz'd â—13 That they ought not to be obey'd when they forbid the doing of Good 101. The manner how they ought to proceed in granting Absolution to Offenders excommunicated by the Bishops 113. The Election of Popes reserv'd to the Cardinals 27 and 126. A Constitution about that Affair 27. Of the Right of the Emperors in their Elections 92 93. What may occasion the Shortness of their Life 96 A Prohibition to pillage the Revenues and Estates of the Popes after their Death 27. The Establishment of their Temporal Sovereignty in the City of Rome 126. Power a Distinction between the Regal and the Sacerdotal Power 87. Praxeda Empress her Declaration against the Emperor Henry III. her Husband 73. Presenâ—s That they are not to be receiv'd indifferently from all manner of Person 87. Priesthood of the Dignity and Duties of that Function 96. Priests what Punishments is incurr'd by those who celebrate Mass without communicating 5 and 6. They cannot be admitted into nor turn'd out of a Church without the Bishop's Consent 76. Nor become Vassals to Laicks ibid. Disputes between the Greeks and Latins about the Marriage of Priests 77 and 78. See Clergy-men and Clerks Primate the Title of Universal Primate forbidden to be attributed to any but the Bishop of Rome 114. Procession of the Holy Ghost of his Procession from the Father and the Son 92. Maintain'd by Peter Damian 97. And St. Anselm in a Council 92. A Treatise written by that Saint on the same Subject 94. Pudicus Bishop of Naâ—â—es depos'd in a Council for succeeding his Father in that Bishoprick 115. Q QUietists the Errors of that Sect observable in Simeon the Younger 107. R RAdâ—lphus Duke of Suabia See Rodolphus Rainier Bishop of Orleans a Contest between him and his Chapter 64. The Pâ—pe's Threats denounc'd against him ibid. Saâ—zon chosen in his place ibid. Râ—inier a Priest a Vision seen by him 87. Ravishers Punishments to be inflicted on them 75. Reginald Bishop of Cumae receives a Letter from Pope Gregory VII 34. Relicks the Latins accus'd of not shewing due Respect to them 81. Testimonies to the contrary 82. Those of St. Matthew found by a Bishop 6â— St. Remy the Dedication of his Church at Rheims and the Translation of his Body 114. Repentance Constitutions about it 44 58. 73 and 74. Declar'd Counterfeit unless proportion'd to the Quality of the Offences 44. See Penance Restitution that of other Mens Goods ordain'd in a Council 74. Revenge condemned in Clergy-men by Peter Daâ—iaâ— 87. Reveâ—ues of the Church of their Original 88. The Alienation of them forbidden ibid. Of their Use 6 75 88. Constitutions against Laicks who seâ—ze on them 28 and 29. Those who usurp them liable to Excommunication 3 30 43 and 75. A Custom that was us'd for the preserving of them condemn'd by Peter Damian 87. Church-Revenues cannot be recover'd by the Donors 75 and 76. An Ordinance about the Possession of them by Abbots 44. Richard Duke of Capua an Oath of Allegiance exacted of that Prince by Pope Gregory VII 54. Richerus Archbishop of Sens how he oppos'd an Attempt made by the Pope's Legate 58. A Penalty impos'd on the Archbishop for refusing to acknowledge the Primacy of the Metropolitan of Lyons 59. Rituals of the Difference between those of Clergy-men and those of Monks 94. Robert Abbot of Rebais a Contest about his Election and Ordination 58. He is excommunicated and another is substituted in his room ibid. Robert Count of Flanders the Restitution of the Church-Revenues made by that Prince 71. His Absolution reserv'd to Hugh Bishop of Die 58. The time of his Death 71. Rodolphus Duke of Suevia imploy'd by Pope Gregory VII to negotiate a Reconciliation with the Emperor Henry III. 34. He himself is chosen and crown'd Emperor of Germany 42. He besieges and takes Wurtzburg but loses that City a little after 43. The ill Success of his Arms in the War that he maintain'd against Henry 44. The Pope confers on him the Empire of Germany 45. He is defeated in Battel and dies of his
between Pope Calixtus and Henry was a great deal more Advantageous Remarks upon the Treaty concluded between Calixtus II. and Henry V. to the Princes than the Ecclesiasticks For the Princes pretended to these three things 1. That no Election of Bishops or Abbots ought to be made without their Consent 2. That the Person Elected ought to receive Investiture with the Pastoral Rod and Ring before he was Consecrated 3. That he was oblig'd to take an Oath of Fealty to them and do them Homage for the Fiefs and Royalties which were dependent on them Now by this Treaty it was granted to them 1. That the Elections of Bishops and Abbots should be made in their Presence and Consequently with their Consent 2. That in Germany the Bishop Elect shall be invested with the Royalties that is all the Estates which he holds of the Crown by the Sceptre before his Consecration and in the other States within six Months after his Consecration 3. It preserves to them all the Dues and Services to which the Bishops were oblig'd by Virtue of their Fiefs and Royalties So that all the Alteration it made to the ancient Custom of the Emperors consisted 1. In that it took away the Ceremony of Investiture by the Pastoral Rod and Ring and order'd that it should be done with the Sceptre 2. That it restrain'd this Ceremony precisely to the Royalties that is to such Fiefs and other Estates which the Bishops held of the Crown 3. In that it permitted the Consecration of Bishops out of Germany before they had receiv'd Investiture yet upon condition that they should receive it within six Months after The Treaty made between Pope Calixtus II. and the Emperor Henry V. was executed on both sides The Execution of the Treaty made with Henry But Lotharius Henry's Successor in the time of the Schism which was between Pope Innocent II. and his Adversary Peter de Leon thought he had a favourable opportunity of re-entring upon the Right of Investiture He made this Proposal in the Conference which he had with Pope Innocent at Liege letting him know that he would not acknowledge him but upon this Condition This very much startled the Roman Prelates but Saint Bernard perswaded that Prince not to insist on this Pretension and things remain'd in the same state wherein they were before This is what relates to the Empire As to France the Kings had never any Contest with the Popes The Custom of France with respect to Investitures about Investitures They enjoy'd them quietly even in the time of Gregory VII who was not indeed pleas'd at it but durst not fall out with France upon that Subject Under the succeeding Popes the Kings of France left off giving Investiture by the Pastoral Rod and Ring and were pleas'd to confer it by a Writing or by Word of Mouth so that the Popes whose chief design was to abolish that External Ceremony left them in the quiet enjoyment of their Prerogative This Affair made a greater Noise in England than in France For S. Anselm willing to be conformable The Custom of England with respect to the same to the Decrees of the Popes against Investitures refus'd to pay Homage and Fealty to the Kings This Contest lasted a great many years and neither the Popes nor the Kings of Englahd would yield the point But at last they both conform'd themselves to the Regulation of Calixtus II. The Right of Investitures was not the Peculiar Prerogative of Emperors and Kings but Dukes Investitures granted to Petty Princes Counts and other Lords who had Bishopricks or Abbeys in their States possessing Fiefs or Revenues in their Dominions did likewise enjoy the same Right Thus it appears by a Letter wrote by Gregory VII to Radulphus Arch-Bishop of Tours that the Counts of Bretagne had been in possession of the Right of granting Investitures to Bishops since that Pope commends them for having receded from that Custom which they had so long enjoy'd in compliance to the Holy See Saint Anselm tells us likewise that Robert Count of Flanders had been us'd to invest the Abbots after their Election Ivo of Chartres in several places takes notice that Robert Duke of Normandy granted Investiture to the Bishops and Abbots of that Province The Counts of Champagne Anjou and Savoy had the same Custom and even the petty Lords assum'd this Privilege to themselves As the Lord of Rotrou whom we find in the Chartulary of St. Denys of Nogent to have granted to Hubert the Investiture of that Abbey with the Crosier so that when Gregory VII and the other Popes condemn'd Investitures this did not only Extend to Emperors and Kings but likewise to Dukes Marquises Counts and in general to every Lay Person whether Man or Woman The Lateran Council which approv'd of the Treaty about Investitures made between Pope Calixtus The first general Lateran Council in the year 1123. and the Emperor Henry is that which is call'd the first general Lateran Council It was held in March A. D. 1123. and compos'd of three hundred Prelates or thereabouts according to the Testimony of Sugerus Abbot of Saint Denys who was present at the Council a more creditable Witness than the Abbot of Usperge who reckons four hundred Twenty Six and than Pandulphus who tells us of almost a Thousand There were two and Twenty Canons made in this Council The First renews the Canons made against the Simoniacal and ordains that all those who shall have obtain'd any Ecclesiastical Dignity for Money shall be turn'd out of it The Second forbids the bestowing the Dignities of a Provost Arch-Priest or Dean on any but Priests or that of Arch-deacon on any other but Deacons The Third renews the Prohibitions made by the Laws of the Church against Clerks having Wives or Concubines or to live with Women excepting such as are exempted in the Canon of the Council of Nice The Fourth Imports that the Laicks how pious soever they may be shall not have the Disposal of the Revenues of the Church and that this shall be Peculiar to Bishops and declares those Princes and Laicks who shall attribute it to themselves Sacrilegious The Fifth renews the Prohibition of Marriages among Relations The Sixth declares the Ordinations made by the Arch-Heretick Burdin after his Condemnation and those that had been made by the false Bishops whom he had ordain'd to be Null and Void The Seventh Prohibits Arch-deacons Arch-Priests Provosts and Deans from giving any Benefices having the Charge of Souls or Prebends without the Consent and Approbation of the Bishop The Eighth pronounces an Anathema against any Person whatsoever who shall sieze upon the Town of Benevento The Ninth renews the Prohibitions made in the Canons against admitting those who had been Excommunicated by their Bishop to the Communion The Tenth prohibits the Consecrating of a Bishop who has not been Elected Canonically The Eleventh grants remission of Sins to those who go to Jerusalem to aid the
the Emperor from insisting on such a Demand At the breaking up of this Conference the Pope held a Council at Rheims at which he Crown'd King Lewis the Younger in the Room of his Brother Philip then lately dead After this Council was over he made some short stay at Auxerre and thence return'd into Italy having first comply'd with Lotharius who thereupon promis'd to march to Rome and Re-Establish him in the Papal Chair Upon this Lotharius kept punctually to his word came to Rome put Innocent in possession of the Palace of Lateran and in recompence was Crown'd Emperor by this Pope in the Year 1133. But notwithstanding all this Peter of Leon and his Party being become Masters of all the Strong Holds in and about Rome and Lotharius likewise being Oblig'd to Return home Innocent was constrain'd to retire a Second time to Pisa where he call'd a Council in the Year 1134. The Church of Milan soon came under the Obedience of Innocent II thro' the perswasion of St. Bernard and the Legates which this Pope had sent thither But the Province of Guienne declar'd for Peter of Leon thro' the Subtilty of Gerard Bishop of Angoulesme who had perswaded William Duke of this Province that this was the Rightful Pope and who for recompence was made Legate in conjunction with Giles Cardinal Bishop of Frescati These condemn'd William Bishop of Poictiers caus'd him to be driven out of his Diocess and placed another in his Room They likewise dispossess'd the Bishop of Limoges and instated Ranulphus of Duras in his See Hereupon St. Bernard and Geofrey Bishop of Charters went to Guienne and conferring with the Duke at Pontigni easily enclin'd him to own Innocent for Pope But whereas he would by no means consent to the Re-establishment of the Bishops that had been suspended St. Bernard to surmount his Obstinacy took the blessed Sacrament and carrying it to the Place where the Duke was conjur'd him in the Name of Jesus and with such terrible words that the frightned Duke fell â—…at upon the Ground and was forc'd to be reconcil'd to the Bishop of Poictiers The Bishop of Angoulesme who had also possess'd himself of the Arch-Bishoprick of Bourdeaux dy'd some small time after whereby the Schism was entirely suppress'd in Guienne Roger Duke of Sicily was now the only Prince that continu'd in the Interest of Peter of Leon and this by reason that he had receiv'd the Title of King from him and moreover was in possession of that part of the Patrimony of St. Peter which lay in the Province of Benevento which he had no mind to restore to the Holy See Yet Duke Ranulphus having defeated him in a signal Battle prevented his attempting any thing against Pope Innocent Peter of Leon dy'd in the Year 1138. A little while after his death those of his Party plac'd in his stead the Cardinal Gregory to whom they gave the name of Victor but this Person finding his side too weak to hold out against Innocent came and publickly surrender'd his Pretensions to him in the Year 1139. Afterwards Innocent held a Council at Lateran in which the Favourers of Peter of Leon were solemnly condemn'd and the Ordinations made by this Pope declar'd Null and Void Some time after Innocent was taken by Duke Roger which occasion'd the Agreement afterwards made between them This Pope dy'd the 24 of September in the Year 1143. The same day Guy a Priest and Cardinal of St Mark was chosen Pope by the Cardinals and proclaim'd under the name of Celestine II. He had no Competitors in his Election but his Pontificate was of no long continuance for Celestine II. he dy'd 5 Months and a few days after on the Eighth of March in the Year 1144. He was succeeded by Gerard Cardinal of the Holy-Cross who took the name of Lucius II whose Pontificate Lucius II. was very much molested by the War with Roger Duke of Sicily with whom nevertheless he at length made a Truce and by the Revolt of some Italians who had a mind to Assert the Authority of their Senators that were Assembled in the Capitol This Pope dy'd of Grief as some will have it but as others say he was kill'd by the fall of a Stone about the End of the first Year of his Pontificate the 26th of February in the Year 1145. Bernard Native of Pisa Abbot of St. Anastasius and Disciple of St. Bernard was chosen in his place Eugenius III. by the Cardinals under the Name of Eugenius III. This Pope the People would have Oblig'd before his Consecration to have confirm'd the Soveraignty of the Senators to avoid doing which he retir'd to the Monastery of Forfu where he was proclaim'd and Consecrated Pope Some time after his Consecration he retir'd to Rome where he liv'd for a while in a strong hold but at length not thinking himself in sufficient Security he retir'd to Viterbe He was no sooner gone but Jordanes who had taken upon him the Quality of a Patrician made himself master of Rome Pillag'd all the Cardinals and Great Mens House that would not submit to his Government Built divers Citadels in the City and also made one of the Church of St. Peter Against him Eugenius pronounc'd the severest Anathema's and by the Assistance of the Militia of Tivoli forc'd the Italians to make Peace to abolish the Dignity of Patricius and to receive a Praefect and Senators which he should depute to govern them in his Absence This Agreement being Concluded he return'd to Rome and kept the Feast of Christmas there but the Romans being unmindful of the Articles of the Peace and given to Rebel Eugenius was forc'd to get away secretly to Tivoli whence he retir'd to Pisa and from thence into France in the Year 1147. He was there kindly receiv'd by King Lewis and had several Councils in favour of the Croisade and continu'd above a Year in that Country He return'd into Italy towards the End of the Year 1148. where after having undergon divers fatigues of War he at length became Master of the Church of St. Peter in the Year 1150. He dy'd at Tivoli the Ninth of July in the Year 1153. His Body was carry'd to Rome and Interr'd in St. Peter's Church The Letters of these Popes contain nothing very remarkable Honorius II. has writ but very few His first was upon occasion of the Death of Pontius a Monk of Cluny who dy'd out of his Abbey The Letterâ— of Honorius II. He gives Peter the Venerable Abbot of Cluny to Understand that he had bury'd him in holy Ground out of respect to that Abbey whereof he had formerly been Monk The Second and Third are writ concerning the Pall which he Grants to William Elected Arch-Bishop of Tyr and Consecrated by the Patriarch of Jerusalem In the Fourth he recommends to the King of Denmark the Legat which he had sent into his Kingdom By the Fifth he receives Henry Son of Lewis VI. of France
and bring back all that were stray'd from the Church of Rome St. Bernard took also along with him Geofrey Bishop of Chartres to Advise with upon occasion The Milaneze who had long desir'd St. Bernard should come among them met him before he came to the City and receiv'd him with all imaginable Respect and Honour so that by his means the Church of Milan was soon brought over to the Obedience of the See of Rome After this St. Bernard return'd into France but he was no sooner got there but he was forc'd to leave his Monastery to go to Guienne with the Pope's Legate to reduce the Duke of that Province to the Obedience of the Holy See and to re-establish the Bishops of Poictiers and Limoges who had been Expuls'd He Overcame the Obstinacy of this Prince by an Action of surprizing Boldness for when he saw the Dukes resolution not to restore the Bishop of Poictiers was inflexible he went to perform the Divine Office and as soon as the Consecration was over he plac'd the Wafer upon the Chalice walk'd out of the Church and with Eyes full of fury and a terrible Meen he accosted the Duke after this manner Hitherto Quoth He We have Pray'd and Pray'd and you have still slighted us Several Servants of God who were present at the Assembly have Join'd their Prayers with ours yet you have never minded them Now therefore the Son of God who is the Lord and Head of that Church which you persecute is come in Person to See if you will Repent Here is your Judge at whose name every Knee bends both in Heaven Earth and Hell Here is the Just revenger of your Crimes into whose hands this Obstinate Spirit of yours shall one day fall Will you despise and flout at him Will you be able think you to slight him as you have done us his Servants Will you Here the Duke not being able to hear any more fell down in a Swoun whereupon St. Bernard took him up and commanded him forthwith to be reconcil'd to the Bishop of Poictiers which the poor Astonish'd Prince immediately condescended to so that the Bishop was quickly after restor'd and all Schism abolish'd in that Province In the year 1137. he was recall'd into Italy by the Pope to quell the remaining Party of Peter of Leon. He went thither and after having brought over several to Pope Innocent's side he was deputed to Roger Duke of Sicily who was then the only Prince that continu'd to support Peter of Leon there to Defend his Master Innocent against Cardinal Peter of Pisa who was to Oppose him He enter'd into a Conference with this Cardinal and soon made him change his Opinion and Party After Peter of Leon's Death the Person that was intended to succeed him in his Attempt came to beg of St. Bernard that he would Intercede to Pope Innocent for his Pardon Peace by these means being restor'd to the Church of Rome and Schism entirely extirpated St. Bernard return'd to his Monastery of Clairvaux and after his arrival sent the Pope some of his Monks to Inhabit the Monastery of St. Anastasius newly re-built One of these call'd Bernard formerly Official of the Church of Pisa was chosen for their Abbot who afterwards came to be Pope under the name of Eugenius III. after the Death of Celestine and Lucius successors to Innocent II. botâ— who liv'd no long time It was about this time that St. Bernard disputed with Abaëlard a Famous Philosopher of the University of Paris at the Council of Sens in the year 1140. He had often sent to him privately to correct his Errors maintain'd in his Books but this Obstinate Author neglecting so to do and Appealing to the Arch-Bishop of Sens St. Bernard was sent to the Council held there whither he went though against his will Abaëlard not daring to support his Errors Appeal'd to the Pope but his Doctrine being condemn'd by this Council he retir'd to Cluny where after having renounc'd his sentiments he Dy'd in the Communion of the Church of Rome Under the Pontificate of Eugenius III. St. Bernard was desir'd to Preach up the Croisade at the Request of Lewis the Younger who had thoughts in his Head to undertake a Voyage into the Holy-Land St. Bernard acquitted himself in his Duty with so much zeal that great numbers of people resolv'd to accompany Lewis in that Expedition He was present at three Councils held in the Year 1147. at Etampes Auxerre and Paris The same Year he was sent into Aquitaine by Alberic Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia to Combat the Heresies which Henry had promulg'd there He quickly confounded them as well by his Preaching as a great many Miracles which he perform'd In the Year 1148. Gillebert of la Porrée Bishop of Poictiers being Convinced by St. Bernard at the Council held at Rheims retracted his Errors and came over to the Church At length St. Bernard having been chosen towards the end of his days to be Mediator between the people of Mentz and some Neighbouring Princes after having happily and Prudently concluded all differences between them on his return he fell Sick of a weakness in his Stomach and Dy'd the 20th of August in the Year 1153. He left near 160 Monasteries of his Order Founded by his Care Divers Churches desir'd to have him for their Bishop Those of Langres and Chalons Courted him excessively and those of Genoa and Milan offered him their Arch-Bishopricks And lastly Rheims earnestly requested him for its Pastor but notwithstanding all these Solicitations he persevered in his Resolutions never to be Advanc'd to the Episcopacy St. Bernard did not oâ—ly render himself worthy of Esteem by the Piety of his Life and his many Illustrious Actions His Works also speak high in his behalf in which he discovers as much Wit and Elegancy as Knowledge and Piety We shall proceed to give an exact History and Abridgment of them as we find them rank'd in the last Edition Publish'd not long since by Father Mabillon The First Volume Contains all his true Works and begins with the Letters which Compose the first Tome The First Letter was written to his Son Robert to exhort him to return to the Monastery of Clairvaux The Letters of St. Bernard which he had left for that of Cluny The Author of St. Bernard's Life says that this Letter was dictated to William who was afterwards Abbot of Riévaux in the middle of a Field while it Rain'd hard yet the Paper was never wet This Letter is full of Professions of Love and Charity towards his Son which shews how extreamly St. Bernard was griev'd at his Absence I have long and impatiently expected says he My Dear Son Robert That God in his Mercy would please to touch thy Heart and mine at the same time inspiring thee with a hearty Compunction and giving me the Pleasure of seeing thy Conversion But having hitherto been all along frustrated in my hopes I can no longer conceal my Grief contain my
Year as also the Honour and Dignity that he had conferr'd upon him in setting the Imperial Crown on his Head He declares at the same time That he does not repent of having given him Satisfaction and that he should be very glad to find an opportunity to bestow on him greater Favours if it were possible This Letter being deliver'd to Frederick by Bernard Cardinal of St. Clement and by Roland Cardinal Priest of St. Mark whom the Pope had sent on purpose to bear it That Prince at first entertain'd them very honourably but at the second Audience having read that Passage of the Letter in which it was express'd That the Pope had conferr'd on him the notable Benefit of the Crown he fell into so great a Passion that he could not forbear reviling the two Legates who had brought it ordering them immediately to retire out of his Dominions After their departure he prohibited all his Subjects to go to Rome and set Guards on the Frontiers to stop those who were about to travel thither Adrian having heard this News wrote the Third Letter to the Bishops of France and Germany in which after having related the Matter as it happen'd he entreats them to use their utmost endeavours to oblige Frederick to return to his Duty At the same time he wrote to him in the Fourth Letter That it was not his meaning that the Word Beneficium should be taken for a Fee but for a good Action that in that sense it might well be said That he had done him a Favour in conferring on him the Imperial Crown because he perform'd an Act of Kindness in so doing and that when he wrote that he gave him the Imperial Crown Giving denotes no more than that he set it upon his Head That they who had otherwise interpreted those Terms were spiteful Persons that only sought for an opportunity to disturb the Peace of the Church and of the Empire Lastly if that Expression were offensive to him he ought not nevertheless to have acted as he had done nor to forbid all his Subjects in general to go to Rome but he might have given him notice of it by his Ambassadors He gives him to understand that he sent two other Cardinals by the advice of Henry Duke of Bavaria and entreats him to receive them favourably to the end that the Business might be accommodated through the Mediation of that Duke The Letter in which Frederick desires the confirmation of Guy the Son of the Count of Blandrata chosen Arch-bishop of Ravenna follows the former It is written in very respectful and submissive Terms The Pope denies him that favour in the Fifth Letter under pretence that he was unwilling to remove Guy from the City of Rome and in the Sixth complains of Frederick's Letter because he set his own Name before that of the Pope exacted Homage and Fidelity of the Bishops refus'd to admit his Legates to Audience and hinder'd his Subjects from going to Rome The Seventh is written to the Arch-bishop of Thessalonica whom he exhorts to be reconcil'd with the Church of Rome and to procure the Re-union of the Greek Church The Eighth is a Confirmation of the Treaty made with William King of Sicily The Fifteen following are taken out of the fourth Tome of the Historians of France by Du-Chesne The Ten first and the Twenty Fourth are written in favour of Hugh Chancellor of that Kingdom to whom he grants an Arch-deaconry of Arras and the Revenues of a Prebend in the Cathedral of Paris He likewise wrote to the Bishops of Arras and Paris and to some other Persons on the same Subject The Three other Letters are directed to King Lewis and in the Twenty first he advises him to bring the Inhabitants of Veze'ay under subjection to the Abbots of that place and to oblige them to restore what they had taken from him The Twenty fifth twenty sixth Twenty seventh and Twenty eighth relate in like manner to the Abbey of Vezelay By the Twenty ninth he renders the Abbey of Baune in the Diocess of Besanson subject to the Jurisdiction of that of Cluny as a Priory that ought to depend on it The Six following relate to the Primacy of Toledo and the Affairs of Spain The Thirty sixth Thirty seventh Thirty eighth Thirty ninth and Fortieth treat of Matters concerning the Primacy Patriarchate and Rights of the Arch-bishop of Grado In the Forty seventh and last publish'd by M. Baluzius and directed to Berenger Metropolitan of Narbonne he confirms the Declaration made by Ermengarda Lady of the Mannor of Narbonne by which she prohibitted the Alienation of the Revenues and Estates of the Arch-bishop of that Province after his decease and denounces an Anathema against those who should presume to do it Father Dachery has inserted in the first Tome of his Spicilegium a Privilege granted by Pope Adrian IV. to the Monastery of Casaure The First Letter of Alexander III. is written to the Canons of Bononia about his Election Alexander III's Letters The Second to Arnulphus Bishop of Lisieux on the same Subject and about the Assembly of Pavia The Third is the Bull for the Canonization of Edward I. King of England The following relate to the Affair of Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury except the Thirty second which is an Instruction to the Sulâ—â—n of Iconium who was desirous to embrace the Christian Religion The Forty fifth Forty sixth and Forty seventh are the Letters which were written by him concerning the Treaty of Peace that he made at Venice with the Emperor Frederick In the Forty eighth he recommends to a certain Indian King commonly call'd Prester John the Legate whom he sent into his Country In the Forty ninth he returns thanks to Hugh for a Book which he had sent to him and entreats him to endeavour to procure the Reconciliation of the Emperor of Constantinople with the Church of Rome The Fiftieth is the Letter for the calling of the General Council at Lateran The Fifty first is a Letter about the Opinion of Peter Lombard who maintain'd That Jesus Christ quatenus Man is not a Thing The Fifty second is a Confirmation of the Rights and Privileges of the Arch-bishop of Colen The Two following relate to the Erection of the Bishoprick of Alexandria della Paglia a City newly built in the Milanese Territory He nominated the first Bishop but to the end that that Nomination might not be prejudicial to the Inhabitants he left them the liberty of proceeding to an Election for the future The Fifty fifth Fifty sixth and Fifty seventh contain the Confirmation of the promotion of John to the Bishoprick of St. Andrew in Scotland against Hugh who was nominated by the King By the Fifty eighth directed to Casimir Duke of Poland he ratifies certain Constitutions made by that Prince for the preservation of Church Revenues The Fifty ninth is a circular Letter directed to all the Christian Princes in which he exhorts them to afford succours
possession os Benevento and Capua that belong'd to the See of Rome XI Henry I. K. of England dies without Male Issue by reason that his Three Sons were drown'd A. 1120. Stephen Count of Boulogne the Son of Adelae his Sister seizes on the Kingdom of England and disputes Normandy with Mathilda or Maud the Daughter of that Prince and Wife of Geffrey Plantagenet Count of Anjou XVII St. Bernard returning from Italy to France is sent into Guyenne with the Legate of the Holy See where he obliges the Duke of that Province to own Pope Innocent II. and to re-establish the Bishops of Poitiers and Limoges whom he had expell'd Alexander Bishop of Liege is depos'd and Albero IV. of that Name Primate of the Church of Mets substituted in his place William Abbot of St. Thierry leaves his Abbey and becomes a Monk in that of Segni of the Cistercian Order  〈◊〉 St. Bernard composes this Year his Treatise of the Commendation of the new Militia Dedicated to Hugh Grand Master of the Knights Templars Odo Abbot of Remy at Rheims writes his Letter concerning a Miracle of St. Thomas the Apostle Rupert Abbot of Duyts dies March 3d. 1136 VII XII XVIII Helias Abbot of St. Sulpitius of Bourges is chosen Bishop of Orleans and Consecrated in the Month of April in the Year following Drogo or Dreux Abbot of St. John at Laon is sent for to Rome by Pope Innocent who Creates him Cardinal and Bishop of Ostia Odo Abbot of St. Remigius at Rheims gives the Revenues of the House of Mont-Dieu to the Carthusians  Geffrey the Gross Monk of Tiron Rodulphus Abbot St. Tron William Abbot of St. Thierry oâ— Theodoric Peter the Venerable Abbot of Cluny 1137 VIII XIII The Death of Lewes VI. sir-nam'd the Gross King of France August 1. Lewes the Young succeeds him XIX St. Bernard is recall'd to Italy by the Pope who afterwards sends him to Roger Duke of Sicily to oblige him to abandon the Anti-pope Anacletus's Party This Saint enters into Conference with Peter Cardinal of Pisa who was about to maintain the Anti-pope's Cause and persuades him to change his Opinion and Party  The Death of Guigue Prior of the La Grande Chartreuse 1138 IX The Death of the Anti-pope Anacletus The Schismaticks Substitute in his place Gregory Cardinal who takes the Name of Victor but this last soon abdicates the Pontificate and puts an end to the Schism XIV The Death of the Emperor Lotharius Decemb. 3. The King of France gives Normandy to Eustache the Son of Stephen King of England XX. William Bishop of Langres dying this Year a Contest arises for that Bishoprick Peter Arch-bishop of Lyons and Hugh Son of the Duke of Burgundy cause a Monk of Cluny to be chosen Bishop of that Diocess But the Chapter of Langres opposes this Election and appeals to the See of Rome However the Monk does not forbear to cause himself to be ordain'd by the Archbishop of Lyons and the Bishops of Autun and Mascon The Pope condemns this Ordination and requires 'em to proceed to a new Election conformably to the Advice of St. Bernard Godfrey Prior of Clairvaux and the Kinsman of this Saint is Elected Bishop of Langres the Year next ensuing Theobald Abbot of Bec is chosen Archbishop of Canterbury in the Council of London Otho the Son of Leopold Marquess of Austria is made Bishop of Frisinghen Ulric Bishop of Constance leaves his Bishoprick and returns to the Monastery of Saint Blaise Guerric is constituted Abbot of Igni this Year in the place of Humbert who had retir'd from thence Arnold of Bresâ—â—a divulges his Opinions in Italy A Council at London held Decemb. 13th in which 't is debated about means to conclude a Treaty of Peace between the Kings of France and England Gueric Abbot of Igni The Death of Drogo or Dreux Cardinal Bishop of Ostia 1139 X. Pope Innocent waging War with Roger Duke of Sicily who seiz'd upon the Dutchy of Apulia is taken Prisoner by that Prince and oblig'd by an Agreement to confirm the Donation that Honorius II. had made to him of the Kingdom of Scicily the Dutchy of Apulia and the Principality of Capua with the Title of King I. CONRAD Duke of Franconia is proclaim'd King of Germany Geffrey Count of Anjou recovers part of Normandy XXI Philip Bishop of Taranto a favourer of the Anti-pope Anacletus is depos'd upon that account in the General Council of Lateran William Abbot of St. Thierry sends to Geffrey Bishop of Chartres Legate of the Holy See and to St. Bernard 13 Propositions which he had taken out of the Theological Writings of Petrus Abaelardus Alberic Elected to the Bishoprick of Châlons in 1126 but not having been Ordain'd nor put in Possession of that Bishoprick is advanc'd to the Archbishoprick of Bourges St. Malachy Primate of Ireland takes a Journey to Rome Gillebert or Gilbert Legate of the See of Rome in Ireland resigns his Office into the Pope's Hands The Death of St. Otho the Apostle of Pomerania The Death of Rainoldus Archbishop of Rheims Jan. 13. Samson is chosen in his place The Death of Peter Archbishop of Lyons who has for his Successor Falco Dean of that Church The II. General Council at Lateran held in the Month of April against the Followers of the Anti-pope Anacletus and Arnold of Brescia who is expell'd Italy  1140 XI II. XXII St. Bernard sends to Italy some of his Monks to inhabit the Monastery of St. Anastasius newly re-built and Bernard afterward Pope under the Name of Eugenius III. is made Abbot of it Turstin Archbishop of York being dead this Metropolitan See is contended for between William the Nephew of King Stephen and Henry of Murdach Abbot of Fontaines William causes himself to be Consecrated by Henry Bishop of Winchester but the Pope denies him the Pall and grants it to Henry confirming his Election However the King did not acknowledge Henry till three Years after Geffrey de Loroux Arch-bishop of Bourdeaux incurs the displeasure of King Lewes the Young for having ordain'd Grimâ—ard Bishop of Poitiers Canonically Elected The Pope confirms the Sentence of the Council of Sens against Petrus Abaelardus Hereticks discover'd in the Diocess of Colen this Year The Church of Rheims having remain'd near two Years destitute of an Archbishop and St. Bernard having refus'd to accept of this Dignity Samson Provost of the Church of Chartres is ordain'd Archbishop of that Diocess in the end of the Year A Council at Sens begun on the Octave of the Feast of Pentecost in which St. Bernard confutes the Errors of Petrus Abaelardus who appleas to the See of Rome but afterwards desists from that Appeal by the Advice of Peter the Venerable Abbot of Cluny into whose Monastery he had retir'd St. Bernard writes his Sermons 65 and 66 against the Hereticks of Colen He likewise writes to the Canons of Lyons his faâ—â—us Letter concerning the Festival of the Conception of the Virgin
should be given in Marriage to Richard his Nephew In hopes to make this design succeed he sends three Legates into Germany who were present at an Assembly held at Northuse upon the Christmass-Holydays where the two Kings concluded a Peace Otho giving up the Empire to Philip on condition of marrying his Daughter and being his Heir Adolphus was in this Assembly absolved by the Legates and Bruno set at liberty by the Emperor Philip did not enjoy the Peace long for he was the next year kill'd at Bamberg by Otho Count Palatine of Witilspach who was incens'd against him for engaging himself to give that Daughter to another which he had before promised him in marriage Philip being dead without any consideration of the right that Frederick King of Sicily had to the Imperial Crown Otho was by universal consent of the Princes of Germany chosen Emperor No sooner was Otho rais'd to this Dignity but his old Adherents got the upper hand again Otho acknowledg'd Emperor and routed those that had been for Philip. Bruno reenter'd upon his Archbishoprick of Cologn and Adolphus was depos'd Sifroy took possession of the Archbishoprick of Mentz and drove out Lupold only Conrade Bishop of Spire who had been Philip's Chancellor retiring into a very strong Castle would not make his Peace with Otho nor pay him Allegiance but upon condition of continuing in his former Charge which Otho was forc'd to allow him Pope Innocent having notice of Otho's Election sent his Legates into Germany to invite Otho goes into Italy and there makes War him to Rome there to receive the Imperial Crown from his hands His Legates were receiv'd in an Assembly held at Wirtzburg in 1209 where they gave their Approbation of the Marriage that had been agreed upon between Otho and the Daughter of Philip. The same year Otho took a Journey into Italy and came to Rome where he was receiv'd by Pope Innocent III. and crown'd in St. Peters the 4th of October The Pope obliged him to take an Oath to defend the Patrimony of St. Peter and the Romans demanding of him what was customary for Emperors to give in this Ceremony there arose a Disturbance in which the Romans coming to blows with the Germans there were many kill'd on both sides which made Otho remove instantly from Rome and ravage all the Church-Lands as well to revenge the Affront as to mortify the Pope whom he began now to be jealous of Upon this the anger and hatred of the Pope broke out against Otho to that degree that he threatned to excommunicate and depose him if he did not cease those Hostilities but Otho was so far from regarding it that he took a resolution to seize upon Romagna and make himself Master of Sicily and Apuleia which belong'd to Frederick and whereof the Pope had had the Government ever since the death of Constantia the Mother of that Prince The Pope willing to put a stop to such designs as these excommunicated the Emperor and afterwards call'd a Council at Rome wherein he declared the Sentence of Excommunication out against Otho Empire void and all the Subjects of it free from their Oath of Fidelity to Otho forbidding them any more to acknowledg him for Emperor He made this Sentence be publish'd in Germany in the year 1211 by Sifroy Archbishop of Mentz who quickly repented of having done it for the Count Palatine the Duke of Brabant and some other Princes of the Empire entred the Territories of his Archbishoprick with an Army where they laid all waste forcing him to retire for safety into Thuringen The Disturbances that the Publication of this Sentence had made in Germany hastned Otho's return home He call'd an Assembly at Nuremburg about Whitsontide the same year wherein he declared War against Herman Count of Thuringen for protecting Sifroy Archbishop of Mentz and for refusing any longer to acknowledg him Emperor Straight he gathered his Troops entered Thuringen took two of the strongest Towns and put all the Country to Fire and Sword Being return'd to Northuse he celebrated his Marriage with the Daughter of Philip who died within few days after the Ceremony In the mean while Sifroy Archbishop of Mentz the King of Hungary the Archbishop of Frederick chosen Emperor goes into German 〈◊〉 Treves and the Count of Thuringen with some other Princes of the Empire resolve to revive the old Election of Frederick and to make him Emperor in the stead of Otho They brought their Resolution into practice and having made a solemn Election of him anew they sent two Deputies to carry him the Decree of his Election and to invite him to come and take possession of the Empire Frederick made no scruples but what he thought necessary to satisfy himself of their fidelity and being assur'd of that he parted for Germany He took Rome in his way and there desired Pope Innocent to crown him but was put off by him with an excuse that he would send a Cardinal into Germany with him in the Quality of a Legate to order the Princes of the Empire to relinquish Otho and acknowledg him Frederick went on his Journy till he arrived at Constance where a number of the German Princes especially those of Suabia came to meet him with their Troops Otho would fain have come and set upon him with his Army but his Troops by little and little dropping away from him he was forc'd to shift for himself Frederick on the contrary was kindly received every where and in a little time made himself Master of Mentz Cologn and Aix la Chapelle where he was crown'd Emperor in the year 1214. Afterward he enter'd into an Alliance with Philip Augustus King of France Otho who on his part was in league with John King of England Renaud Earl of Bologn and Ferdinand Earl of Flanders having raised a numerous Army against the King of France join'd Battel with him at Pont de Bowines in Flanders the 15th of July in the year 1214. King Philip's Person was there in great danger but the Confederate Army was entirely routed and Otho after having lost his whole Army forc'd to fly He with much ado got into Saxony where he died some say in the year 1216 others in 1218 never caring to meddle in State Affairs after this Defeat Otho by his death left Frederick in peaceable possession of the Empire This Prince made himself be crown'd a second time by the hands of Sifroy Archbishop of Mentz and again a third time by the Pope's Legate At this last Coronation he made a Vow to go to the assistance of the Holy Land and gave to the Holy See the Earldom of Fondi in the Kingdom of Naples Upon this Pope Innocent wrote to the Princes of Germany in his behalf and engaged Theodorick Archbishop of Treves to get that City to acknowledg him so that in 1215 Frederick saw himself in a peaceable possession of the whole Empire In the year 1220 he was crown'd Emperor
Bishops of Spire Strasburg and Wormes to command a German Lord to set the Archbishop of Salerno whom he kept Prisoner at liberty and if he would not to suspend the Diocess wherein he was detained In the five and twentieth he orders the Bishop of Sutri and the Abbot of St. Anastasius to absolve Philip Duke of Suabia provided he set the Archbishop of Salerno at liberty In the twenty sixth which is superscribed to the same Persons he orders them to charge the German Princes to set all the Sicilians at liberty that they had prisoners and upon their refusal to excommunicate them and interdict their Estates In the seven and twentieth he recommends the assistance of his Legates which he had sent into the Exarchate to the Archbishop of Ravenna and his Suffragans In the twenty eighth he desires the Archbishop of Sens and the Bishop of Meaux to comfort the Countess of Champagne about the death of her Son and to make use of Ecclesiastical Censures for the prevention of any ones doing her any injury The twenty ninth is to the Bishop of Ferentino and contains a decision of the following Case A Man had promised another by Oath to marry his Daughter and there was nothing to hinder the performance of it but the Daughter's unwillingness to comply Two or three years after another man espoused her per verba de praesenti The Pope's Judgment is That the second Contract ought to stand if it were certainly made per verba de praesenti but if it was enter'd into like the other per verba de futuro then the former should take place The thirtieth he writes to the Chapter of Strasburg to certify them that for the preservation of the peace of their Chapter the Provost of St. Thomas in consequence of the Grant that he had made him of it by his Legate the Cardinal of St. Cecilia had given up into his hands the right that he claimed to one of their Prebends and had thereby put an end to the Suit that was between them and that Provost In the one and thirtieth written to the Archbishop of Tarragon and the Sacrist of Wie he entrusts them with the Judgment of a Difference about the Election of an Abbot of St. Bennet of Bage The thirty second is an Act by which he confirms the Settlement that the Archbishop of Colocza had made of some Churches upon the Provost of that Church The thirty third is addressed to two Canons of Pisa ordering them to take care that a certain Man's Goods which he had mortgaged for a sum of Mony should be restored him he paying the Principal of that Sum for which his Estate was mortgaged In the thirty fourth he warns the Sovereign Magistrate and the Counsellors of Viterbo not to go on in that Treaty which they and those of Pisa had began to make with the Governors of Tuscany without the Consent of the Holy See He gives order in the following Letter to his Legates to interdict the Pisans if they did not obey this Command In the six and thirtieth he gives judgment that a Priest who at the point of death has received a Monachal Habit from the hands of a simple Monk and has thereupon been carried into a Monastry but afterwards upon his recovery has quitted the Habit and left the Monastry with the leave of the Abbot is not afterwards thereby obliged to lead a Monastical Life The seven and thirtieth is the decision of a Suit that was between the Archbishop of Milan and the Monastry of St. Donatus of Scozula In the thirty eighth he confirms the Excommunication of Marcovald by his Legates for having seized upon the goods of the Church and forbids all his Subjects to obey him freeing them all from any Oath of Allegiance that they might have taken to him The thirty ninth is a Decree ordering the Bishop of Lodi to settle a Clerk named James in the Prebend of the Church of Novara which had been given him by his Predecessor except it could be proved that the two Persons who were in possession of the vacant Prebends were chosen before his Predecessor forbad the choosing any other but James The next Letter is but the same over again in respect of the other that had been chosen by the Holy See for the other Prebend By the forty first and forty second he puts a Monastry that depended before immediately upon the Holy See under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Luni In the forty third he gives order to the Archbishop of Gnesn and his Suffragans to make use of their Ecclesiastical Censures upon the Princes of Poland that troubled the Duke of that Country In the forty fourth he gives the Bishop of Worms notice to take care of the celebration of the Feast of St. Paul's Conversion in his Diocess The forty fifth is the confirmation of a Privilege granted by the Bishop of Chartres to the Curates of the Deanery of Espâ—rnon and to the other Archdeaconries and Deaneries in his Diocess In the six and fortieth addressed to the Archpriest and Canons of Perusa he confirms the Rules they had made for the government of their Church which were that there should be eight regular Canons and professed Monks in their Chapter two other Clerks Subdeacons or Acolites that among the Canons there should be three Offices an Archpriest an Ordinary and a Chamberlain that the Archpriest should be the chief and should have the care of the Society that the Ordinary should be entrusted with the care of the Cloister of the Divine Office and of the Reading and should be President in the absence of the Archpriest and that it should be the Chamberlain's business to take care of the temporal Affairs for the Election of an Archpriest three persons should be chosen out of their Canons who should take the Votes of all the others that the Ordinary and the Chamberlain should be appointed by the Archpriest but with the consent of the Society and many other Rules doth this Letter contain for the Settlement of this House The forty seventh is a Letter written to the Pope by the Consuls and Inhabitants of the Castle of Monâ—â—-Bello whereby they give themselves up to the Church of Rome In the forty eighth to the Bishop of Marsi he decides the following Case A Man married a Woman with whom he had before been carnally acquainted and after that married another of whom he had had Children the first Woman demands either that he may live with her or else she may have leave to marry another The Pope's Answer is that if this Man married the former per verba de praesenti he then ought to return her but if per verba de futuro they must then both have a Penance enjoined them and the Woman be at liberty to marry whom she would In the forty ninth to the Abbot and Religious of the Monastery of St. Prosper of Riom he declares null the Alienation of the Possessions of this
115 Councils Observations on the Councils held this Century 89. Reasons of holding the second General Council of Lions 123. The Tartâ—â— Ambassador Baptiz'd in this Council ibid. The Obligation of holding Provincial Councils every Year 97 Crimes Of the Punishment of Enormous Crimes 136 Croisade A 〈◊〉 for the Croisade resolved upon in the Fourth Lateran Council 102. Privileges and Indulgences granted to the Croisado Men ibid. The Croisade order'd in the First general Council of Lions 115. The Croisade against the Albigenses 150. Letters of Innocent III. in favour of the Croisade and Croisado Men 23 25 29 31 32. That their Vow of going to the Holy Land may be commuted 14. Depriv'd of their Privileges when they commit Crimes 108 111 Curacies Of the Age required for to Possess them 124 134. Forbidden to receive them from the Hands of Laicks 126 and from having Pluralities of them 134. They may not be held by Monks 113 114. That the Bishops may not apply the Revenues of them to their own use 116. Prohibited from being given in Commendam for above Six Months 124. See Benefices Curates A Canon concerning the Institution of Curates into Churches 108. Depriv'd of the Revenue of their Cures till they be Priests 133. Competent Allowances granted to Curates and Vicars 100 104 106 113 119 125. A particular House for each Curate 119. Of their Duties 100 104 126 129 130. 131 132 133. Oblig'd to Residence 120 D DEans Rural Of their Duties 115 128. That they cannot have Vicars 113 Dâ—creâ—als A Collection of the Decretals of Popes 49 Dedication Of the Celebration of that of Churches 111 Degrees in the Schools How Establish'd and of the Right of Conferting them 155 The Abbey of St. Denis The Confirmation of its Privileges 18 Didacus Bishop of Osma His Remonstrances in a Council for the more speedy and easie Converting of Hereticks 150. An Example of Humility which he gives upon that Occasion Ibid Dieppe This City yielded by way of Exchange to the Arch-Bishoprick of Roan 16 Dispensations Whether those of the Pope's for enjoying Pluralities be Valid 65 Divines Of their Establishment in the Churches 98 Divorce That a Process against a Marriage of along standing ought not to be easily admitted 43 Dol. This Church subjected to the Arch-Bishoprick of Tours 36 St. Dominick Made use of to Preach to the Albigenses 150 151. Institutes the Order of Preaching Friars 157 St. Domnin An Exemption granted to that Church 25 Donation That a Donation is Null when he who gives it is not Compos Mentis 21 Dormitory That the Monks ought to lye alone 93 Drunkenness Forbidden to Ecclesiasticks 98 105. E ECclesiasticks Of their Habits 91 94 98 105 112 116 118 119 120 c. Of their Manners Conduct and Duties 23 90 91 92 c. Ought to be well skill'd in the Vulgar Tongue 108. That the Priests of one Diocess may not Celebrate in another Diocess without their Bishop's Letter 113 117. Exempted from Civil Trusts and Charges 91 134. That they ought not to appear nor bring any Processes before Lay Judges 113 114 117 120 122 129. That they ought not to keep any suspicious Women in their Houses 90 117 122 129 133. Canons against Incontinent Clerks 98 105 108 117 120. Their Natural Children declared Slaves of the Church 129. Punishment of those who Rebel against their Bishop 122 126. Punishments of Excommunicated Clerks 127. The Reasons why the Pope reserves to himself the Absolution of those who have abus'd Ecclesiasticks 23. Exempt from Taxes and Imposts 100 106 107 108 Easter That there are three sorts of Easter a Corporeal a Spiritual and an Eternal 95. Ecolampadus Proposals which he made to the Waldenses for their Union with those of his Sect 149 Elections Forms prescrib'd for them 99. Of the Freedom of them 91 121 127. Of Elections and of the power of the Elected 123 155. That Hereticks have no Right to Elect 23. That the Election is null if the Person Elected be interdicted 39. Or if made by the Secular Power 12 15. That it ought to be confirm'd before Possession be taken 38. The Age prescrib'd for to be capable of being Elected Bishop 40. The Election of a Bishop to another Church null without the permission of the Holy See 24. The Incapacity of a Person Elected to the Bishoprick of Cambray 36. Of Conventual Elections 92. The Election of an Abbot of Gemblours declar'd valid tho' Money were given for the Confirming of it 37 Abbey of S. Eloy at Noyon A Convention for the Election of an Abbot of that Abbey condemn'd by Innocent III. 19 Empire of the East The Division of that Empire 81. A Supply granted in the General Council of Lyons for the Empire of Constantinople 114 Empire of the West Contested between Philip Duke of Suabia and Otho Duke of Saxony 1 2 45 c. The Popes Pretensions upon this Contest 42 46. This Pretension contested 47. At last the Empire is granted to Philip who declares Otho his Successor 2. This Empire bestow'd on several Princes by the Holy See 8 9 Engelbert Archbishop of Cologne The Statutes of this Archbishop 120 Eucharist Questions touching the Form which I. C. made use of to Transubstantiate the Bread and Wine into his Body and Blood 44. Order'd to renew the Eucharist every Fifteen Days 50. and every Sunday 131. How it ought to be carryed to the Sick and Indulgences for those who attend it 96 134. Of the Respect due to this Sacrament 131. An Abuse in Administring the Eucharist redress'd 117. It ought to be kept under Lock and Key 99 129. The Error of Reginald Abbot of St. Martin of Nevers about the Eucharist 89 Evora This Church subjected to that of Compostella 36 Examination A Comparison between the Examination of Conscience and that of Students who stand for Degrees 73 Excommunication Forbidden to be Issued frequently 108 or lightly 114. Constitutioâ—â— about the Form of Excommunication 101. That it ought to be preceded by an Admonition 105 110. Rules prescrib'd for the Excommunication or Interdiction of Lords and their Vassals 113. That they ought not to be Universal 128. Order'd to be Publish'd every Sunday against Hereticks 110. When they may be Issu'd against Priviledg'd and Exempt Persons 129. That every Parish-Priest is oblig'd to pay a Deference to the Excommunications Issu'd out by the Bishop 21. Of the obligation of getting one's self speedily Absolv'd 21. That the Priests who contemn the Excommunication of their Bishop ought to be Depos'd 86. A Case wherein Excommunication is incurr'd 12â— Excommunicated Persons Canons against them 91 92 95 100 101 104 105 108 110 113 114 117 c. Whether one Excommunicated for two Faults is sufficiently Absolv'd in acknowledging only one 24. Whether one may Communicate with an Excommunicated Person who has given Security to be Obedient to the Church tho' he has not yet receiv'd Absolution 27. Who are the Persons that may Communicate with the Excommunicated and what Punishment
Archbishop of Otranto from The beginning of the Papacy of Urban VI. whence he was newly translated to that of Bari by Gregory XI who also gave him charge of the Apostolick Court of Chancery in the absence of Cardinal de Pampelune who remain'd at Avignon He passed for an able Doctor of the Canon Law and had the repute of an Humble Devout Honest Man an Enemy to Simony Regular in his Morals Studious a Lover of Justice The Cardinals cast an eye upon him fancying that he would not make an Advantage of this Election thus carried on by force nevertheless it is apparent that he had labour'd underhand for this Dignity and the News of his Election was no sooner brought him but he looked on himself as Pope and gave Order to the Magistrates of Rome to oblige the Cardinals to come together to the end he might be Acknowledged and placed on the Throne The next day after his Coronation the Cardinals who were at Rome wrote to those of Avignon that they had chosen for Pope the Archbishop of Bari We have their Letter in the Tenth Tome of the Spicilegium but at the same time the Cardinal d' Aigrefeüille and some others sent private notice to the King of France and other Christian Princes that this Election was not valid and they design'd not that Urban should be owned as Pope Nevertheless whether out of The Cardinals withdraw to make another Election Fear or Dissimulation they owned him at Rome and obeyed him in appearance Perhaps likewise they would have practised nothing against him and had left him in quiet Possession of the Holy See if he had treated them with Mildness but Urban who was naturally severe would oblige the Prelates to reside at their Benefices reproved sharply the Behaviour of the Cardinals in a Speech he made in the Consistory a Fortnight after Easter upbraided some in particular with their carriage which disobliged them and put them upon a Resolution of choosing a new Pope Urban further drew upon himself the Anger of Otho Duke of Brumswick who had Married Jane Queen of Sicily after the Death of the Prince of Tarentum This Queen at the first rejoiced very much at the Election of Urban Born her Subject but Urban treated the Duke of Brumswick with Disdain and refusing to accept the Conditions of the Peace which that Prince had negotiated by order of Gregory XI with the People of Tuscany and Liguria he lost a Defender which he had need of considering the Posture of his Affairs He committed also another Fault in taking from the Rostaings the Government of the Castle of St. Angelo of which they were in Possession and which they refused to Surrender to him but on the contrary declared against him The Thirteen Ultramontane Cardinals being dissatisfied withdrew from Rome one after another in the Month of May under pretence of avoiding the excessive heat of the Summer and resorted to Anagni Urban then seeing himself deserted and plainly foreseeing their Design did all he could to oblige them to return and that he might deal more kindly with them he went as far as Tivoli where the Italian and Ultramontane Cardinals held divers Conferences and proposed the calling of a Council to prevent the Schism which was then hatching but not being able to agree on the Place nor the Conditions things remained in the same posture The Duke of Brumswick was willing to interest himself in bringing Matters to an Agreement and had effected it if Urban would have consented to the Marriage of Mary the Heiress of the Kingdom of Sicily beyond the Pharos to the Marques of Monferrat his Kinsman but this Pope who had a Design this Kingdom should fall to his Nephew Francis Pregnano would not hearken to that Proposition and this made a perfect Quarrel between him and Otho who no longer would interest himself in his Affairs but forsook him though without withdrawing from his Obedience The Cardinals at Anagni before the doing any thing to provide for their Safety caused the Lord Bernard de la Salle with his Troops to approach unto Viterbo for to Guard the Sacred College The Romans attempting to Way-lay them as they marched by near Rome were defeated and the Troops arrived at Anagni When the Cardinals saw they were secure they began to intimate unto Urban that he had not been lawfully chosen but by force as he himself very well knew and by consequence he was an Intruder and obliged to resign the Popedom Urban made Protestations to the contrary and wrote a Letter to the Cardinals in the Name of all Christians wherein he asserts his Election to be Canonical and exhorts the Earl of Fondi not to afford his Protection to those revolted Cardinals Wherefore the Cardinals seeing no likelihood of his voluntary relinquishing the Papacy on the Second day of Angust made a Declaration in which they recite after what manner the Archbishop of Bari was chosen set forth That he ought not to be acknowledged as lawful Pope and Protest against whatever they have done and written about this Election On the 9th of the same Month after having celebrated One Mass of the Holy Ghost they made an Award wherein they declare That the Archbishop of Bari ought to be looked on as Excommunicate an Usurper and a Tyrant They made known this Sentence to the Kings to the University of Paris and to all Christians Urban perceiving there was no hopes of an Accommodation return'd to Rome where he made Nine and twenty Cardinals The old French Cardinals withdrew to Fondi to proceed to the Choice of a new Pope But that it might be less liable to Dispute they believed they ought to call thither the three Italian Cardinals which remain'd for the Cardinal of St. Peter was dead some days before These three Cardinals who had stood as Neuters were retired to a Castle belonging to Cardinal Ursini The Ultramontanes assured each of them in particular That if he would come to them at Fondi they would order it so that he should be chosen Pope With these hopes they all departed and came to Fondi Upon their Arrival the Cardinals entred the Conclave on the 20th of September and proceeded to the Election of a Pope The Cardinal of Limoges gave his Voice first because the Cardinal of Florence who was Dean of the Sacred College had excused himself from giving the first Vote he said That since the French were for a French Pope and the Italians for an Italian he judged it convenient to nominate one which was neither French nor Italian and thereupon he gave his Vote for Robert Cardinal of Geneva by Nation a German and would choose him for Supreme Bishop All the Cardinals except the three Italians gave him their Votes He took the Name of Clement The Election of Clement VII VII and was Crown'd on the 21st of the same Month He was Brother to Amidéus Earl of Geneva had been Bishop of Teroüane and afterwards of Cambray and
Attempts of Urban made a Gift of her Estates to Lewis Duke of Anjou and exhorted him to come speedily to her Relief Nevertheless Charles of Duras with some Troops entred the Kingdom of Naples made himself Master of that City surprized Otho the Husband of Jane by Treachery and took him Prisoner and at last having Storm'd Chasteau neuf whither the Queen was retired with her Sister Mary he made her Prisoner of War and some time after order'd her to be Strangled Clement on his part importun'd the Duke of Anjou to pass into Italy the which at length he resolved and parted from France with a considerable Army in the Year 1382. to Conquer the Kingdom of Sicily he marched cross Lombardy and instead of going directly to Rome to seize the Person of Urban he passed into the Kingdom of Naples and with the assistance of two German Commanders whom he found in this Country he made himself Master of several Towns in Apulia whilst that Charles who tarried at Naples fortified the Places that were left him and lengthned out the War that he might waste the Duke of Anjou's Army He succeeded in that Design This Prince's Troops were so weaken'd by Scarcity and Sickness that they could Undertake Nothing His Money fell short and at last he died either by a Disease or by Poison on the 20th of September in the Year 1384 at Bari Urban some time before had passed into the Kingdom of Naples either to prevent an Agreement Urban Arrested by Charles de Duras and forced to retire to Genoa between Charles and the Duke of Anjou or to put his Nephew in Possession of the Dutchies of Capua and Melphi Charles went to receive him near Aversa and a while after caused him to be Arrested and brought to Naples into the New Castle where he permitted him to give Audiences and kept him under Confinement But the Cardinals being imployed to make up this Breach Charles asked the Pope's Pardon and allowed him Liberty to go forth of the Castle and to abide near the Cathedral Church Sometime after the wantonness of Urban's Nephew who deflower'd a Nun led him to renew the Quarrel Charles had with the Pope because Charles was obliged to bring him to Punishment for this Crime But the Pope upheld his Nephew stopt the Execution of the Sentence and obliged Charles to give his Nephew Seventy Thousand Florins for the Revenue of his Dutchies together with the Castle of Luceria whither he retired with part of his Court resolving there to pass the Winter in hopes that he should soon make himself Master of Naples for he designed to revenge himself for the Injury Charles had done him and to deprive him of his Kingdom trusting to the Correspondence he had with some Neapolitans On the other side Cardinal Reatino and some others in Naples combined against him and put out a Manifesto importing That if the Pope neglected the Government or were not fit for it or adhered too much to his own sense and would rule Absolutely without advising with the Cardinals they had right to nominate Overseers by whose Counsel all things should be managed Urban having had notice of this Project order'd Six of these Cardinals to be arrested and created hereupon divers others either Germans or Neapolitans These Six Cardinals were put into Dungeons loaded with Chains and often examined by the Rack Charles incensed with these Attempts of Urban who had begun to proceed against him besieged the Castle of Luceria but Urban escaped with his Followers carrying along with him the Cardinals Prisoners and having reached to a Sea-Port Embarked in the Gallies of Genoa he sailed to Palermo and from thence to Genoa where he put to Death Five of the arrested Cardinals having granted the Cardinal of St. Cecily his Life at the Request of Richard King of England after degrading him and depriving him of all his Benefices and Dignities These Cruelties alienated the Minds of many from the Affection they had to Urban two of his Cardinals the one named Pileus de Prato Archbishop of Ravenna and the other Galeo de Petra-mala withdrew to Clement who received them and confirmed them in their Dignities While these things passed in Italy Clement made himself to be owned by the Kings of Castile Clement owned by the Kings of Castile and Arragon attempts to raise money in France and Arragon who having at the instance of the King of France made inquiry at Avignon concerning the Elections of the two Competitors understood that of Urban to be void because made by force and on the contrary that of Clement to be Legitimate and Canonical but because he wanted Money to support his Dignity and could raise it no where but in France he sent the Abbot of St. Nicasius of Rheims to Levy half the Revenues of the Benefices The Clergy could not bear this Exaction the University of Paris complained thereof to the King who sent for the Abbot of St. Nicasius order'd him to depart the Kingdom stopped all the Revenues of the Benefices to be employed one Third upon Reparations another Third to defray incident Charges and the Remainder for the Subsistence of the Clergy He likewise deputed Arnold of Corbie first President of Paris to go to Avignon there to lay open the Injustice of this Demand so that Clement and his Cardinals were forced to be content without this Supply In the Year 1385. Charles of Duras being gone into Hungary to be Proclaimed King as next The Death of Charles Duras and Urban VI. Heir to the Crown he was there Murther'd in the Month of January in the Year following At the same time Otho escaped out of Prison and came to Sicily from whence he passed into Apulia and made himself Master of Naples having driven out Margaret the Relict of Charles Duras who made her escape with her two Children to Cajeta Urban went from Genoa to Perusia where he tarried a full Year The Germans proposed to him an Agreement with Clement but he would not hearken thereto some time after he took up a Resolution to return into Sicily and being on the Way thither his Mule fell down and wounded him desperately He caused himself to be carried to Tivoli with a Design to proceed on his Journey but being in no condition to do it he was conveyed to Rome where he died in the Month of October in the Year 1389. The Death of this Pope rendred the Peace of the Church more easie to be brought about The Election of Boniface IX by the Roman Cardinals if the Cardinals in Italy would have forborn to make another Election but on the contrary being met in the Conclave presently after the Death of Urban they chose on the Second of November Cardinal Peter de Thomacellis a Neapolitan who called himself Boniface IX and was acknowledged by those who had obeyed Urban Boniface augmented the Revenues considerably and the Temporal Authority of Popes and heaped together great Riches in the
into such a harsh Prison that one of them died there and the other after having Suffered very much was forced to pay a great Ransom Though the King had ordered his Troops to withdraw Benedict was under a continual distrust of the Cardinals and the Inhabitants of Avignon which made him resolve to Promise the King's Ambassadors that in case the Usurper Boniface should resign die or be expell'd he would resign that they might proceed to the Choice of a Third Person on condition the King would put a stop to the Actions of those of Avignon and the Cardinals promising he would disarm his Party He further engaged to be present at the Assembly to be held for the Union of the Church in case the King would grant him his Protection for an Hundred Persons of his Retinue and furnish them with Necessaries not hereby at all to prejudice the Substraction which he had Published When Benedict had Sworn to observe these Articles the Ambassadors of the King delivered to him the Patent by which he took him under his Protection and put him into the Custody of the Archbishop of Narbonne the Presidents of Beauvais and Provence and two other Lords and obliged the Cardinals and People of Avignon to Promise that they would make no manner of Attempt upon either the Person or Goods of Benedict upon condition he would Disarm and order the Garison that was in the City to march out Benedict not thinking those named for his Guard strong enough to defend him demanded That the King would consent to give him the Duke of Orleans But his Majesty judged it not fit to send his Brother so far off and permitted him only to Name the Guards under his Authority to defend the Person of Benedict The King foreseeing that the Year following which was the Year 1400. the Jubilee might draw many of his Subjects to Rome who would carry Money thither forbad them to go and confirmed the Decree of Substraction and the voiding all Grants of Benefices in Reversion The Princes of Germany and the King of Arragon Agreed not to the Substraction nor to The Substraction taken off on certain Conditions the way of Cession and in France it self the Duke of Orleans disapproved it and maintain'd strongly against the Dukes of Berry and Burgundy that the Schism was more tolerable than to have no Pope at all and that it was great Injustice to keep Benedict in Confinement The University of Paris preached up the contrary but that of Tholouse was of the same Opinion with the Duke of Orleans and declared themselves to the King against the Substraction The Ambassadors of Castile complain'd of the Restraint of Benedict and the Substraction and the Bishop of S. Pons spake of it to the King with freedom The Cardinals alter'd their Judgment about the Substraction and bethought themselves of being reconciled to Benedict Lewis of Anjou King of Sicily declared likewise for him Swore Obedience to him and promised him his Assistance In fine Benedict found means to escape from the Castle of Avignon and set himself at Liberty after which he reconciled himself to the Cardinals reduced the People of Avignon to Obedience and at last sent to the King of France the Cardinals of Poictiers and Saluces to put him upon revoking the Substraction They had Audience of the King on the 15th of May 1403. in which the Cardinal of Poictiers being Spokesman represented to the King That the Substraction had brought no good to the Church That the Cardinals had closed with it only for Peace sake and having found it of no use they were re-united to their Head That his Majesty ought to do the same upon the assurance that Benedict gives way for all things to be done which the King and his Council should judge fit The King made Answer That he was about calling the Bishops of his Kingdom to conclude what is to be done The Agents of the Universities of Orleans Anger 's Montpellier and Tholouse were of the Cardinals Mind and said That they never had approved of the Substraction That of Paris was divided by the Contentions of the great Lords who were of different Parties Cardinal Turi Cramault Patriarch of Alexandria and some Bishops who took part with the Dukes of Berry and Burgundy opposed the disannulling of the Substraction The others siding with the Duke of Orleans pursued with heat the restitution of Obedience This Prince to effect it assembled on the 28th of May the Prelates and the University in the Hospital of St. Paul where the King resided and having collected their Votes in the absence of the Dukes of Berry and Burgundy he found that those who were for the restitution of Obedience were the major part went forthwith together with some Prelates to inform the King thereof and engaged him to declare himself of this Opinion and to Swear an intire restitution of Obedience to Benedict The Dukes of Berry and Burgundy were at first dissatisfied with what had passed but the former of the two next day came over having seen the Articles which the Duke of Orleans promised the Pope should perform To effect this restitution of Obedience with some kind of order on the 30th of the same Month he contrived an Assembly of the Prelates and other Clergymen in the Mansion-House of the Duke of Berry where the Chancellor in presence of the Dukes of Berry and Burgundy lay'd open what had passed the Resolution which the King had taken and the Articles which Monsieur the Duke of Orleans had undertaken to oblige Benedict to comply with which were 1. To consent to a Cession in case his Adversary did the same happen'd to Die or were Expelled 2. To revoke all he had done against the way of Cession and the Processes made upon occasion of the Substraction 3. To confirm all the Grants and Promotions made during the Substraction 4. To call a General Council for the Peace of the Church and the moderating the Impositions which the Court of Rome Levies upon the Gallican Church according to the Judgment of Persons whom the King shall send thither for that purpose The Chancellor demanded of the Assembly if there were any thing else to be added The greater part declared they were ready to obey what the King had determined Some few said They would first consult with the Bishops of their Provinces Thereupon the King sent to the Princes to come to him and enjoined them to follow him to the Church of Our Lady whither he went accompanied with the Princes and a great Number of Prelates and Deputies He there heard Mass said by the Bishop of Praeneste and a Sermon preached by Peter d'Ailly Bishop of Cambray who published by his Order the restitution of Obedience to Benedict and the Articles which the Duke of Orleans promised he should perform The King the same day Sign'd certain Letters Patents by which he enjoined all his Subjects to obey Benedict the XIIth as they were wont to do
written for the Pope against Lewis of Bavaria and the Augustins at Rome have a Treatise of his in MS. against the Errors discovered in the time of Lewis Duke of Bavaria He also Composed some Spiritual Treatises as a Writing upon the Four Gifts Two Books of the Spiritual War An Explication upon the Gospels of Lent and an Abridgment of the Book of Aegidius Romanus about the Government of Princes We must distinguish him also from Bartholomew Albicius a Native of Pisa also a Grey-Friar who flourished about 1380. and Bartholomew Albicius wrote a Work of the Conformity of S. Frances with our Lord Jesus Christ printed at Milan in 1510. and Six Books of the Life and Praises of the Virgin Mary or the Conformity of the Virgin with Jesus Christ printed at Venice in 1596. Several Sermons upon Lent are also attributed unto him printed in several places This last died Decemb. 10. 1401. WILLIAM de BALDENSEL or BOLDESELE or de BOLDENSLEVE a German Knight wrote an William Baldensel History of his Voyage into the Holy Land at the intreaty of Cardinal Taleran who caused it to be made upon the Occasion of the Crusado which was made that Year This Work is in the Fifth Tome of the Antiquities of Canisius ARNOLDUS CESCOMES Archbishop of Tarragon wrote about the same time viz. in 1337. Arnoldus Cescomes Two Letters the one to Pope Benedict XII and the other to John Bishop of Porto to desire Assistance against the Sarazens of Spain which are published by Mr. Baluzius in the Second Tome of his Miscellanies DANIEL de TRIVISI a Grey-Friar after he had made several Voyages and stayed some time Daniel de Trivisi in the Kingdom of Armenia was sent by Leo King of that Country to Benedict XII in 1338. and Composed for the Justification of the Armenians a Treatise intituled The Answer of Daniel de Trivisi of the Order of Grey-Friars and Ambassador of Leo King of the Armenians in the time of Benedict XII which is in MS. in Mr. Colbert's Library Cod. 1653. HENRY de URIMARIA a Native of Thuringia of the Order of the Hermits of S. Augustine Henry de Urimaria flourished about 1340. He joined a most Devout Piety with a continual Study and Composed several Works of Science and Piety the Commentaries or Additions to the Books of the Sentences printed at Cologne in 1513. are of the first sort The Treatise upon the Four Instincts printed at Venice in 1498. under the Name of another Author is of the second sort as also his Sermons upon the Passion of Jesus Christ and the Saints printed at Haguenau in 1513. and at Paris with the former Treatise in 1514. There are several other Works of Piety of that Author which have not yet been published ROBERT COWTON an Englishman and a Grey-Friar flourished about the same time and Robert Cowton Composed a Commentary and an Abridgment upon the Four Books of the Sentences which are in some Libraries in England DURANDUS de CHAMPAGNE a Grey-Friar Confessor of the Queen of France and Navarre Durandus de Champagne flourished also about the same time and Composed a Summ of Confessions or a Directory for Confessors divided into Four Parts which is in the Library of Mr. Colbert Cod. 451. CLEMENT de FLORENCE of the Order of Servites a Divine of Paris which flourished about Clement de Florence the Year 1340. wrote upon the Psalms and Composed a Golden-Chain upon all the Epistles of S. Paul which are in MS. in the Library of the Great Duke of Tuscany and Concordances dedicated to Annebald Cardinal the Protector of his Order which are in the Library of the Servites at Florence He died in the 78th Year of his Age after he had gone through divers Offices in his Order LUPOLDUS de BAMBERG a Lawyer the Scholar of John Andreas de Bologne has Composed Lupoldus de Bamberg two Works full of Learning the one dedicated to Rodulphus Duke of Saxony concerning the Zeal and Fervour of the Ancient German Emperors towards the Religion of Jesus Christ and the Ministers of the Church in which he produces abundance of Examples of French Kings and German Emperors upon that Subject The other is a Treatise of the Rights of the Empire dedicated to Baldwin Archbishop of Treves printed at Strasburg in 1508. These two Treatises have been printed at Paris in 1540. at Cologne in 1564. at Basil in 1497 and 1566. and at Strasburg in 1603. and 1609. This Author flourished about the Year 1340. WALTER BURLEY an Englishman whom some assure us to have been a Grey-Friar and others Walter Burley a Secular Priest studied under Scotus at Oxford and at Paris but followed not his Doctrines He was the Master of Edw. III. King of England and died about 1340. His Commentary upon the Books of the Sentences was never printed but only several Commentaries upon the Books of Aristotle which have been printed alone in several places and a Book of the Lives of the Philosophers printed in 1472. but very full of Faults as Vossius has observed JOHN CANON an Englishman and a Grey-Friar after he had finished the first course of his John Canon Studies at Oxford came to Paris to hear the Lectures of Scotus where having received a Drs. Cap he returned to Oxford where he taught till he died which was in about 1340. He Composed a Comment upon the Mr. of the Sentences Some Lectures and Questions and a Treatise upon the Eight Books of Aristotle's Physicks printed at Venice in 1492. PETER de PALUDE or PALUDANUS the Son of Gerhard Varembonius a Lord in Bresse of the Peter de Palude Order of the Friars-Preachers a Licentiate in 1314. in the University of Paris flourished in that University and was nominated Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1330. He made a Voyage into the East in 1331. and being returned preached a Crusade He died at Paris Jan. ult 1341. He Composed a large Commentary upon the Four Books of the Sentences of which that Part which is upon the Third and Fourth Books was printed at Paris in 1514 and 1517. and since in 1530. Sermons for all the Year printed at Antwerp in 1571. at Venice in 1584. and at Colen in 1608. A Treatise of the Immediate Cause of the Ecclesiastical Power printed at Paris in 1506. in which he Treats of the Power of S. Peter the Apostles Disciples Popes Bishops and Curates His MS. Commentary upon the First and Second Book of the Sentences was faln into the hands of Damianus Zenarius a Printer at Venice who had a Design to publish it but never brought it to pass There are in the Covent of Jacobins in Paris some Comments of this Author upon all the Books of Scripture and in the Library of Mr. Colbert Cod. 566. A Treatise upon the Poverty of Jesus Christ and his Apostles against Michael de Caesena It is said also That there is a Treatise printed by
May and protest against the Election of Urban They came to Fondi Aug. 27 enter the Conclave and chose Sept. 20th the Cardinal of Geneva who took the Name of Clement VII which caused a Schism in the Church XXXII Charles IV. the Emperor died Nov. 29 and Wenceslaus his Son succeeded him I. XXII   Albert of Strasburg finished his Chronicon Bonaventure of Padua chosen General of the Augustines in the foregoing Year is made Cardinal in Sept. of this Year by Urban VI. Leonard de Giffon is made Cardinal by Clement VII 1379 Clement VII flyes to Naples and from thence goes to Avignon where he arrived June 10. The Competitors for the Papacy condemn one another II. The Death of John King of Castile who leâ—ves his Son John the Heir of his Kingdom XXIII   Cardinal Giffon stayed at Naples after the departure of Clement the VIIth and is put into Prison there 1380 Urban VI. declares Joanna Queen of Hungary faln from her Kingdom and gives it to Charles Duras Queen Joan gives it to Lewis Duke of Anâ—ou Charles Duras makes himself Master of Naples and takes Queen Joan Prisoner III. Charles V. K. of Frâ—nce dyed Sept. 16. Charles VI succeeded him under the Tuition of the Duke of Anjou and is Crowned Nov. 24 at Rheiâ—s    Gerard Groot or the Great Philip de Leydis William of Wallingford Conradus Altzey Bertamus flourished S. Catherine of Sienna died Apr. 30. The Death of Jornus Saxo about this Year 1381  IV. XXV   Michael Aigrianus ' or Agrinanus is chosen General of the Carmelites The Death of John Rusbrokius December 2. 1382  V. XXVI The Condemnation of the Doctrins of Wickliff in a Council at London The Council at London Peter de Natalibus finishes his Catalogue of Saints Joannes Braniardus disputes against Wickliff in the Council of London The Death of Cardinal Philip Cabassolas Aug. 27. 1383 Lewis Duke of Anjou goes into Italy and gets the Kingdom of Naples Charles Duras causes Queen Joan to be Strangled VI. The Death of Ferdinand of Portugal without Children John his Brother succeeds him XXVII    1384 Lewis of Anjou dies at Barâ— Sept. 20. Urban VI. quarrels with Charles Duras who causes him to be Arâ—ested but after lets him go again VII XXVIII Manuel III. the Son of John Palaeologus is admitted to the Empire by his Father The Death of Wickliff  The Death of Gerhard Groot Aug. 2. 1385 Urban flies to the Castle of Luceria and resolves to revenge himself of Charles Duras who Besieges him in it Urban escapes to Genoua where he put five Cardinals to Death for Conspiring against him VIII XXIX   John de Burg composed his Treatise called Pupilla Gruli for Curates Peter de Harentalis finished his Chronicle Conradus Canon of Ratiâ—bone flourish'd 1386 Charles Duras is Slain in Hungary in Jan. and Otho Duke of Brunswick the last Husband of Queen Joan being delivered out of Prison re-enters Naples and drives out Margaret the Widow of Charles Duras and her Children IX XXX Androniais the eldest Son of John Palaeologus takes Constantinople and puts his Father Brother into Prison  The Council Saltzburg held in January Joannes Tanbachus finishes his Mirrour of Wisdom The Death of Phâ—… lip de Leydis Junâ— 8. Cardinal Boâ—aâ—â—â—ture of Padua is Assassinated at Rome 1387  X. The Death of Peter King of Arragon His Son John succeeds him XXXI The Recantation of John Monson a Friar Preacher His Appeal to Pope Clement VII Embassadors of the University of Paris sent to Avignon  The Death of Bertamus 1388  XI XXXII John and Manuel Palaeoiogus getting out of Prison recover the Empire and deliver Andronicus to the Turks Bajazet the Son of Amurath succeeds his Father William de Wallo Bishop of Eureux is forced to recant what he had said in defence of John Monson The Council of Palenza Octob. 4. Robâ—rt Gervais wrote his Treatise of Schism 1389 Urban VI died in October and the Cardinals of his Party chose Peter de Thomasselles who took the Name of Boniface IX Ladislaus Son of Charles Duras was Crowned King of Naples by Boniface XII XXXIII   John Grossus is chosen General of the Carmelites 1390 Lewis the younger Duke of Anjou is Crowned K. of Naples by Clement VII This Prince went into Italy and Conquered several Places but at his return Ladislaus regained them XIII The Death of John King of Castile his Son Henry III succeeded him XXXIV Bajazet Besieges Constantinople but retreated when he had made a League with the Greek Emperor   Jacobus de Teramis and Guy d'Eureux wrote Nicholas Eymericus composes his Treatise of the Eucharist Augustinus Ascoli Henry Boich Simon de Cremonâ Bartholomew Albicius Peter Quesnel Marsilius d'Inghen flourish 1391 The University of Paris desire to compose the Schism and propound the Means XIV XXXV The Canonization of S. Bridget by Boniface IX The Council of London Matthew d'Eureux Nicholas Gorham Walter Disse Ralph de Rivo Raimundus Jordanus flourished The Death of Philip Ribott 1392  XV. XXXVI The Death of John Palaeologus after whom Manuel Reigned alone I.   Francis Ximenius Lucius Colatius Antonius Batrio Henry de Beaume or de Palmâ Bertrandus Trille Francis Martin flourished 1393  XVI II.    1394 The University of Paris write to Clement VII about the means of ceasing the Schism and he dies with Grief Sept. 16. The Cardinals of his Party chose on the 26th of the same Month Peter de la Luna who took the Name of Benedict XIII The way of Cession is resolved on in France and propounded to the Contending Popes and to the Princes of Europe XVII III.   Cardinal Leonard Giffon is present at the Election of Benedict XIII The Death of Marsilius d'Inghen Aug. 20. 1395  XVIII The Death of John King of Arragon without Heirs Martin his Brother succeeded him IV.  Henry Knighton Gerhard Zutphen Stephen Petringon Thomas Lombe Nicholas Ritzon Henry de Kalekar Richard de Maydescon John de Castel John de Schonehove flourished finishes his Chronicle 1396  XIX V. The Condemnation of the Doctrin of Wickliff in a Council at London A Council at London William de Wilford is chosen in the Council of London to confute by Writing the Doctrins of Wickliff delivered in his Book called Trialogus Philip de Ferrara John de Hesdin William de Oppenbach John Gluel Henry Euta or Oyta flourished The Death of Michael Angrianus or as others say in 1416. 1397  XX. VI. Bajazet the Emperour of the Turks is defeated and taken by Tamerlain the Cham of the Tartars and kept Prisoner in an Iron Cage He dyed in that Captivity in 1405 leaving five Children Isa Zelebis governed   John Trevisi translated the Polycronicon of Ralph Higden into English William Thorn finished his History of the Abbots of St. Augustine in Canterbury The
a Profession of Faith and declar'd to the Council that he believ'd it In the third Session which was held the 21st a Report was made to the Assembly of all that Benedict had done since his advancement to the Papal Dignity and the Progress he had made towards obtaining the Peace of the Church The Council was then made up of the Bishops of Castile Arragon and Navar and some Prelats of France Gascony and Savoy being in all about 120 besides the 4 Arch-bishops honour'd with the Titles of Patriarchs and the Archbishops of Toledo Sarragosa and Tarragona They spent 5 Sessions in examining the Account of what had been done by Benedict for restoring Peace and the extirpation of the Schism In fine in the Session held the 5th of December Benedict desir'd their Advice as to the Means which were most proper to obtain Union and to remove the Scandal Errors and Schisms It was not easy for them to decide this Question in their present Circumstances and the Bishops of the Council were perplex'd and divided into several Opinionâ— about it Some were of Opinion That Benedict should immediately grant Power to his Legats to renounce the Papal Dignity others thought that it were better to delay it for some time longer a third sort proposed other Expedients After thâ—s Difference arose which lasted a long while the greatest part of the Bishops withdrew from Perpignan and the Council was reduc'd to the number of 18 but at last the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Prelats that remained gave him their Opinion on February the first of the following Year viz. That the Council did hold and acknowledge him for the true Pope the Catholick and lawful Vicar of Jesus Christ That they did believe him to be very far from being a Heretick or Schismatick or a Favourer of Hereticks or Schismaticks That they thank'd him for the Offers his Holiness had made towards an Union and prâ—y'd Gâ—… to direct him and make the Design successful for his own Glory But withal they huâ—bly besâ—…h'd his Holiness and â—…is'd hiâ— 1. To pursue effectually in spâ—te of all manner of Hâ—…drance â—or Persecutions the Design of â—niting the Church by the way of Renunciation which they preferr'd to all other ways yet without excluding any 2. To enlarge the Offer he had made of Renouncing if the Intruder should renounce or happen to die to this Case further If the Intruder should be really and actually depos'd with the consent of those of his own Obedience 3. To send Nuncio's in his Name to the Intruder to the Anti-Cardinals and the Cardinals at Pisa with full Power to treat and agree upon the Place where his Holiness himself may be present in Person to execute what shall be agreed upon or to send some Persons tâ—…ther authoriz'd by Deputation from him to dâ— iâ— and even to resign the Papal Dignity if there shall be occasion 4. To draw up this Instrument of Deputation in the largest and best Form that can be contriv'd 5. To make Provision in case he should happen to die that no stop be put to the Design of Union nor any new Schism be suffered to arise 6. To make Constitutions forbidding all Persons under certain Penalties to raise a new Schism This Writing sign'd by the Prelats who were still at Perpignan was presented by the Patriarch of Constantinople to Pope Benedict who agreed to it and accepâ—ed the Conditions contain'd in it and promis'd to make choice of fit Persons for execuâ—ing this Agreement in a solemn Session helâ— February 12th And accordingly he nam'd sâ—veh Lâ—gats on the 9th of March whom he sent to Pisâ— to see on what Conditions a Peace might be concluded While these Things were transacted in Arragon the Cardinals of the two Colleges being assembled Prepaâ—atives of the Council of Pisa. at Pisa were labouring earnestly to persuade all Christian Princes to acknowledge their Council and approve what they should do The King of France of his own accord was very well affected towards them and had already congratulated them by Letters in the Design they had in hand a He had withdrawn his Obedience from Benedictus by a Decree of the Parliament of Paris forbidden all the Pope's Servants to gather any First-Fruits and when two of them brought Bulls which thunder'd Excommunication against the King and his Princes they were crown'd with Mitres of Paper and disgracefully dragg'd about the City in a Dung Cart. Carol. Molin de Monarch Franc. n. 140 141 c. and exhorted them to choose a Pope for all Christendom assuring them that he should be acknowledg'd by all Christian Princes and that for his own part he would not only acknowledge him and cause him to be acknowledg'd in his Kingdom but that he would employ his whole Power and Authority to support him England also was very much inclin'd to own the Pope that should be chosen by the Council of Pisa and the Cardinal of Bourdeaux who was sent thither by the Cardinals found no Enemies there b Henry IV. of England had withdrawn his Obedience from Gregory XII after his Cardinals were forc'd to fly to Pisa for promoting the Union who wrote into England that the vast Sums of Mony which were yearly brought thence was the greaâ— cause why the Cardinals were so ambitious of the Papal Dignity and so â—eâ—acious of it when once they were advanc'd to it whereupon by the King's Command it was decreed in a Synod-held this year 1408. at London That no Mony should be raised out of Bishopricks or Benefices to be paid into the Exchequer of Rome Spelman's Councils Vol. 2d There remain'd only Germany where Gregory was supported by Robert Duke of Bavaria King of the Romans and thither the Cardinals sent in the beginning of the Year 1409 Landolph Cardinal of Bar who came to Frankfort to hold there an Assembly of the Prelats and Princes of Germany that he might persuade them to come or send Deputies to the Council of Pisa and his Cardinal was kindly received by the Princes Gregory also sent the Cardinal Anthony his Nephew who being present with the Cardinal of Bar at the Assembly of Frankfort endeavour'd to justify his Uncle and made bitter Invectives against the Cardinal of Bar which displeas'd the greater part of the Princes But the King of the Romans who favour'd Gregory would suffer no other Resolve to be taken hereupon but the Ambassador should be sent into Italy to labour after an Union Robert chose for this Embassy the Arch-bishop of Riga and the Bishop of Worms then newly elected to the Bishoprick of Ferden Gregory persuaded this latter to go to Pisa in the Name of his Master for there were already a great number of Prelats assembled and to present unto them some Articles which contain'd among other Things That if the Cardinals would make choice of another place that was secure for Gregory and themselves Gregory himself would come thither and whether Peter de Lima should come
Quality they were Twenty Articles were made ready this Session and the rest in the next which was held the Day after After which the Advocate of the Council mounted into a Pulpit and required in the pain of the Proctors and Managers of the Council That all the Facts alledg'd might be declar'd notorious manifest and well prov'd and that now they might proceed further The Council deferr'd the Consultation about this Demand until the 25th of the Month which was appointed for the next Session in which they agreed with the Conclusions of the Advocate the Sentence about them was publish'd and the Power of the Commissioners was recall'd The next Session was put off to the 29th of May at which they were to declare the Day when they should give a Definitive Sentence The Council was then made up of 140 partly Cardinals partly Archbishops Bishops and Mitred Abbots of 26 Doctors of Divinity of 300 Doctors of Civil and Canon Law and of Ambassadors from the Kings of France England Jerusalem Cicily Cyprus Poland from the Dukes of Brabant Austria Bavaria from the Count of Cleves the Marquiss of Brandenburgh and Moravia from the Arch-bishops of Collen Mayence and Saltzburgh from the Bishop of Utrecht the Master of the Order of Prussia from the Patriarch of Aquileia and many Princes of Italy There were also Deputies present from the University of Paris On the 29th of May the 12th Session was held in which Peter Pluen Dr. of Divinity of the Faculty of Paris mounted into the Pulpit and made a Discourse wherein he proved by many Reasons That the Church was superior to the Pope and made it appear That Peter de Luna was an obstinate Schismatick and even a Heretick that he had fal'n from the Right of the Pontifical Dignity of which the Council should immediately deprive him He said That this was the Opinion not only of the University of Paris but also of the Universities of Angiers Orleans and Tholouse An Italian Bishop Ascended after him into the Pulpit and read the Opinion of 300 Doctors of the University of Bononia which agreed with that of the University of Paris In fine the Advocate of the Council demanded That a Day might be appointed for passing the Definitive Sentence against the two Competitors and required that it might be Wednesday next being the 5th of June and that in the mean time a Congregation should be held on Saturday next to hear new Depositions against the two Competitors This was granted him and on the 1st Day of June an Assembly was held wherein the Archbishop of Pisa repeated all the Articles and upon each of them he declar'd the number and Quality of the Witnesses that depos'd it and gave publick notice That all those who would see the Depositions entire might do it on Monday or Tuesday next in the Convent of the Carmelites where they should find Carmelites that would show them to any one that desir'd it In fine at the 14th Session which was held on Wednesday being the 5th of June the Advocate of the Council demanded That they would proceed to a Definitive Sentence against the two Competitors They were call'd for again several times at the Church-gate and seeing neither of them appear'd nor any Person for them the Council order'd That the Patriarch of Alexandria should publish the Definitive Sentence against them and in pursuance of this Order this Patriarch assisted by the Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem pronounc'd with a loud Voice in the presence of the Assembly and the People who were now suffer'd to come into the Church the Definitive Sentence which was to this effect That this Holy General Council representing the whole Church to whom belong'd the Cognizance and Decision of this Cause having examin'd all Matters relating to the Union of the Church and the Schism between Peter de Luna call'd Benedict the 13th and Angelus Corarius otherwise call'd Gregory the 12th upon mature Deliberation have declar'd with an unanimous consent That all the Facts alledg'd against them by the Proctors of the Council are true and notorious and that the two Competitors are manifestly Schismaticks Favourers of Schism Hereticks guilty of Perjury and of the Violation of their Oaths that they give a Scandal to the whole Church by their manifest Obstinateness and Contumacy that they are unworthy of all Honour and Dignity and particularly of the Pontifical and that they are fal'n from it depriv'd of it and separate from the Church ipso facto That nevertheless the Church does now deprive them by this Definitive Sentence and forbids them to use the Title of Sovereign Pontiffs declares That the Church of Rome is vacant absolves all Christians from the Obedience which they may have promis'd them and forbids any Person to obey them to help or conceal them for the future Ordains That those who shall not obey this Sentence shall be punish'd by the Secular Powers declares all the Judgments or Sentences which they have given or shall give to be Null and Void as well as the Nominations of Cardinals which have been made by them some time ago viz. those of Angelus Corarius since the 3d of May and those of Peter de Luna since the 15th of June in the Year 1408. And lastly to the end That the Decrees made by the Competitors to the prejudice of Union may be Null'd and what concerns the Promotions they have made may be Regulated the Council appointed a Session on Monday next being the 10th of June On this Day the Archbishop of Pisa read an Instrument in Writing by which the Cardinals promis'd That whoever among them should be chosen Pope should continue the Council and not dissolve it nor suffer it to be dispers'd until it had made a Reformation of the Universal Church and of its present State both in the Head and the Members and that in case any one of the Cardinals that was absent should be chosen they should bind them by a Promise of sufficient Force and Validity to execute what they had before and did now at present approve viz. the Continuation of the Council during the vacancy of the See Nothing else was done in this Session and the Council was adjourn'd to Thursday the 13th of June In this a Writing was read by which the Council consented and ordain'd That the two Colleges of Cardinals should proceed according to the usual Forms to the Election of a Pope The next Day the Ambassadors from the King of Arragon and those of Peter de Luna presented themselves to the Council The former were heard and desir'd to be inform'd of what had pass'd in the Council and tho' they protested that they did not hear with a Design to approve their Actions yet Answer was made That Deputies should be nam'd to inform them But as to the Ambassadors of Peter de Luna they were answer'd that they came too late and that they were not to be heard Nevertheless out of respect to the King of Arragon it
there falling into the Acquaintance of John Galeas he was made by his Interest Bishop of Vicenza and afterwards Archbishop of Milan then Cardinal and at last Pope He was of a generous and liberal Disposition and lov'd to make good Entertainments at his Election he was Seventy Years Old Balthazar Cossa the Cardinal Deacon who held the City and Country of Bononia in the quality of Legat from the Holy See had a greater share than any Man in all the Transactions at the Council of Pisa by his Interest he procur'd him to be chosen Pope but did himself really in effect govern during his Pontificat He made no Reformation but on the contrary he granted extraordinary Favours to all sorts of Persons created new Officers in his Court gave Dispensations contrary to Order united and disunited a great many Benefices and permitted some to possess a great many of them tho' they were incompatible Theodorick de Niem who gives us this Testimony of him adds That he was not a fit Man for Business or managing Affairs and upon that account he scarce ever heard the Advocates plead in the publick Consistories as the Popes had usully done That he had such a fondness for the Clergy that were about him that instead of distributing the Petitions among the ordinary Officers of Chancery to make an Abridgment of them he gave them to these Clergy-men that they might have the profit of them and because they understood nothing of these Matters many Errors were committed during his Pontificate which threw the Dataries Office into great Confusion The same Author observes also That this Pope favour'd the Friars Minors after an extraordinary manner by giving them publick and gainful Offices and bestowing upon them vacant Bishopricks and Benefices as much as he could He renew'd in their Favours the Priviledges of Preaching and Confessing granted to the Mendicant Orders by Boniface the 8th and John the 22d and condemn'd some Propositions that prejudic'd and diminish'd their Power by his Bull dated October the 10th 1409. which made a great noise in the University of Paris who threatned to cut off the Mendicant Orders from their Body unless they would renounce this Bull against which Gerson made a publick Discourse at a General Procession Alexander V. was acknowledg'd for Pope by all Christendom except Apulia and some part of Italy which had not yet abandon'd Gregory and the Kingdoms of Arragon Castile and Scotland and the States of Count Armagnac who acknowledg'd Benedict Germany was divided for Robert King of the Romans oppos'd the owning of Alexander for Pope because in many of his Letters he gave the Title of King of the Romans to Wenceslaus King of Bohemia tho' he himself had Possession of the Estate But Alexander V. found a means to gain the Archbishop of Mayence by making him Legatus Natus * i. e. One whose Legantine Power was annex'd to his Office of Archbishop to the Holy See in his own Province and the other Prelates of Germany he gain'd to his side by granting them all the Favours and Benefices they desir'd of him as also the German Lords by granting them any Dispensations for Marriage that they had a mind to As to Italy Rome was still under the Power of Laodislaus when Alexander V. was chosen but Balthazar Cossa having sat down before it with an Army in September 1409. strengthned the Party of Paul of Ursini gain'd the Governor of the Castle of St. Angelo and so order'd Matters That the Officers of Laodislaus were driven away and the City of Rome in appearance was reduc'd to the Obedience of Alexander but in effect was under the Government of Paul of Ursins The Court of Pope Alexander was then at Pistoya and he thought himself oblig'd to go to Rome where the Romans expected him But Balthazar Cossa would carry him to Bohemia under pretence that he was oblig'd to bring him thither but really upon Design as 't is thought that himself might be chosen Pope after his Death which he foresaw would quickly happen the Cardinals being then in a City whereof he was Master Howsoever this was 't is certain the thing happen'd after this manner for Alexander V. dying at Bohemia May the 3d 1410. Balthazar Cossa who besides his own Interest had a Recommendation from John the 23d Pope Louis of Anjou King of Sicily was chosen Pope a few Days after and took upon him the Name of John XXIII This Pope was of a considerable Family in Naples he had been Cardinal and was appointed Legate of the Holy See at Bohemia by Boniface the 9th He amass'd together great Riches in this Employment by the Exactions and Tyrannies which he exercis'd in the City and Country of Bohemia which he govern'd as an absolute Sovereign He contributed very much to the Meeting of the Council of Pisa and the Election of Alexander V. and govern'd in his Name during his Pontificate The first Design which John XXIII undertook after he was advanc'd to the Holy See was War between Laodislaus and John the 2â—d to deprive Laodislaus of the Kingdom of Naples which he had had a great mind to do for a long time because Laodislaus had been the cause of condemning his Brethren to Death and to put Louis Duke of Anjou in Possession of that Kingdom For this end he rais'd an Army and having join'd it with the Troops of this Prince he march'd towards Capua Laodislaus met them with an Army and gave them Battle in May 1411. The Forces of Laodislaus were beaten but the Conquerors being diverted with gathering the Spoil and Booty gave an opportunity to Laodislaus to escape into a Castle and to the remainder of his Forces to make a Retreat In the mean time John XXIII returning Triumphantly into Rome and to show his Contempt of his Enemies he caus'd their Ensigns which he had taken to be dragg'd thro' the Dirt after a Solemn Procession which he made But Louis of Anjou was no sooner return'd into France than Laodislaus repair'd his Losses and strengthned his Interest by gaining to his Party the principal Commanders of the Pope's Army and then he sent an Army in the time of Harvest to the very Gates of Rome which was beat back at the first Onset But John XXIII despairing of reducing Laodislaus by force resolv'd to gain him by Money And therefore he entred upon a secret Treaty with him which being concluded Laodislaus gave Order to Angelus Corarius to depart out of his Dominions He was forc'd to obey and therefore he fled to Marca Ancona to shelter himself under the protection of Charles Malatesta who was the only Person that continued faithful to him The War being quickly kindled again between Laodislaus and John XXIII the former John the 23d driven from Rome came with an Army to the Gates of Rome in May 1413. which meeting with no Resistance entred into the City for the Romans hated the Pope who had drawn great sums of Money
endeavour'd to excuse him An Abbot of Scotland and Thomas of Curcellis maintain'd what the Archbishop of Lyons had advanc'd and defended the Conclusions The Grand Almoner of the King of Arragon oppos'd to them divers Difficulties At last after many Deliberations the eight Conclusions were approv'd by the three first Deputations The 4th would receive only the three first and to hinder the matter from passing by plurality of Voices they delay'd to give their Opinion On the day of the General Congregation the Contests were renew'd the Italians and Spaniards opposed stoutly the reception of these Articles and made Protestations The Cardinal of Arles President of the Council was of opinion That the three first Articles should be receiv'd which concern the Doctrin and that the Publication of the last which concern the Person of Eugenius should be put off The Archbishop of Aquileia the Archbishop of Lyons and John of Segovia supported his Opinion At last notwithstanding the noise made by the Italians and Spaniards the Cardinal of Arles concluded for the reception of the three first Articles After these Transactions the Ambassadors return'd from the Assembly of Mayence and were to oppose this Conclusion The Cardinal of Arles caused it to be read in the Congregation before they entred upon it This reading rais'd new Complaints and Contests but the Cardinal of Arles being no ways terrified caused it to be read a second time at the end of the Assembly and appointed in the next Congregation the Session to be held on the 16th of May. This was the 33d Session of the Council of Basil wherein the three first Conclusions which The Council of Basil. establish'd the Doctrin of the Authority of the Council above the Pope as a matter of Faith were publish'd The Ambassadors of the Princes demanded That the Deposition of Eugenius should be put off for four Months which was granted them but when they demanded also that nothing should be Decreed but the first Conclusion this was refus'd upon which refusal they withdrew None of the Prelats of the Kingdom of Spain and Arragon were present at this Session and there were but two Bishops of Italy but the Doctors of these Nations were present with 20 Bishops from the Nations of France and Germany The Decree was read by the Bishop of Marseilles and the Bishop of Albenga read a Protestation against it At last the Ambassadors of the Princes and particularly those of Germany and France in the General Congregation May the 22d approv'd the Decree made in this Session All the Bishops almost came over also to the same Opinion and many more of them came to the Council chiefly from the Dominions of the Duke of Savoy The Ambassadors of the Princes demanded in the Congregation held May the 23d That they should delay to make any Process against Eugenius and that the Council should agree in the choice of a third Place Both the one and the other were refus'd by the Assembly which confirm'd the five other Conclusions and cited Eugenius to appear at the Session held the 26th of the same Month which the Ambassadors could not hinder In pursuance of this Citation which was affix'd upon the Gates of the Church the Council consisting of 39 Prelats and almost 300 Ecclesiasticks of the second Order pronounc'd in the 34th Session held the 26th of May the Deposition of Eugenius by declaring him notoriously Contumacious and Disobedient to the Commands of the Universal Church one that persists in his Rebellion a violator and contemner of the Holy Synodical Canons a Disturber of the Peace and Unity one that gives open Scandal to the whole Church Simoniacal Perjur'd Incorrigible The Deposition of Fugenius Schismatical Heretical Obstinate a Destroyer of the Rights and Revenues of the Church a bad Administrator of the Roman Papacy and Unworthy of all Title degree of Honour and Dignity They forbad him for the future to take upon him the Title of the Bishop of Rome or to execute the Functions belonging to it and prohibited all Christians of whatsoever Quality or Condition they were to obey him declaring all that he might have done or ordain'd contrary to this Decision to be Null and Void The Fathers of the Council resolv'd after this to send Deputies to all the Princes of Christendom to acquaint them with the Deposition of Eugenius and perswade them to execute this Decree Sometime after they received Letters from the King of France who complain'd that the Council had not delay'd upon his Request the Proceedings against Eugenius whereby they seem'd to refuse that Peace which the Princes so ardently desir'd They answer'd him That his Majesty should know by the Deputies of the Council the Reasons they had and that they doubted not but he would approve them and so much the rather because they could not give Peace to the Church to any good purpose but by restoring it to Liberty and that they would pray him to send the Prelats of his Kingdom to the Council to consult about the Ecclesiastical Affairs The Fathers of the Council deliberated for some time after this whether they should proceed immediately to the Election of a new Pope upon the account of the Pestilence which was then The Council of Basil. very violent â—n the City of Basil or whether they should wait 60 days longer as the Council it self had order'd It was thought to be more convenient to wait the ordinary time In the mean time a Session was held on the 13th of July wherein it was resolv'd That they should remain in the Council until the matters for which they were assembled should be finish'd and that the Council could not be Dissolv'd upon any pretence whatsoever but by the advice of two Thirds of those who had a Vote in it That in the mean time they should consider of the Election of a Pope which should be made 60 days after the Deposition of Eugenius That until that time all those who had adher'd to the Party of Eugenius and the Council of Ferrara might have liberty to come over and joyn with those at Basil. The Pestilence continuing carried off many Members of the Council and among the rest the Patriarch of Aquileia the Bishop of Lubeck the Apostolical Protonotary the grand Almoner of Arragon and many others of the first and second Order insomuch that the Cardinal of Arles propos'd on the 22d of August to Adjourn the Assemblies until the end of September and to put off the Election of a new Pope until the 1st of November When they had consulted about this Matter they were of Opinion to continue the Sessions without interruption This resolution being taken the Council chose Deputies to be sent to an Assembly which was to be held at Frankfurt on the 1st day of August and others for the Provincial Council which was to be held at Mayence on the 15th of the same Month and others for the Assembly appointed at Bourges by the King of France
and others to be sent to the Emperor and the King of Spain On the last day of August the Council revok'd all the Grants of vacant Benefices and the Nominations to Benefices made by Eugenius On the same day a Physitian coming in the Habit of a Hermit to Basil brought thither some Propositions extracted from a Book Of the simple Soul accusing Eugenius of maintaining them and of hindring any person to oppose them The Deputies of the Council of Basil who went into Germany caused the Decree of the Deposition of Eugenius to be fix'd upon the Gates of the Churches of Strasburgh Spire and Worms but having done the same at Mayence the Decrees fix'd up were torn in pieces and they were forbidden to set up any more They could not after this cause the Decree of the Council against Eugenius to be receiv'd in the Assemblies of Frankfurt and Mayence and tho they spoke against the Neutrality yet they had no other Answer but that for the present nothing could be chang'd and those who made up this Assembly fearing lest they should make use of the Censures Enacted by the Council against them declar'd That they Appeal'd to a more General Council to Pope Eugenius to the Holy See or to those to whom of Right it belong'd On the 17th of September the 36th Session was held wherein it was declar'd That the Opinion of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary was a pious Opinion agreeable to the Worship of the Church to the Catholick Faith to Right Reason and to the Holy Scripture That all Catholicks ought to approve it That no Person shall be permitted to Teach or Preach the contrary and that the Feast of the Conception shall be Celebrated on the 8th of December While these things were a-doing at Basil the Pope who remain'd all this while with his Cardinals The Decrâ—â— of the Council of Florence against that of Basil. and some Prelats at Florence renew'd the Decree which he had published at Ferrara against the Assembly at Basil declar'd all those who had been present there after his Prohibition to be Depriv'd of all Dignities Honours and Benefices treated them as Schismaticks and Rebels and Null'd all that they had Ordain'd and defin'd in the two last Sessions The Fathers of Basil made an Apology against this Decree which they call an Invective wherein they shew That the Propositions which they have defin'd are true and that they had Reason to depose Eugenius It was also proposed That they should condemn his Decree as Heretical but this was put off to another time In the Month of October some Prelats came to Basil and the Emperor caused it to be demanded The Council of Basil. of the Council That the Election of a new Pope should be stop'd but notwithstanding his desire the Cardinal of Arles caused three Persons to be appointed on the 14th of October to make choice of those who should give their Votes in the Election of a Pope these three Persons were an Abbot of Scotland John of Segovia and Thomas of Curcellis and because the Germans had made a scruple of approving this choice these three Persons joyn'd to themselves a German Doctor according to the permission that was given them They took an Oath that they should choose no persons but such as were capable of making this Election and engaged themselves not to declare to any person whatsoever those that had been chosen until they were oblig'd to make publication of them in the Conclave and they made choice of 28 Persons who were to proceed to the Election together with themselves on condition That there must be two Thirds of the Voices to to make a Pope In the 37th Session held the 24th of October divers Orders were made about the future Election of a Pope In the 38th held the 30th of the same Month a Decree was made against the Invective of Eugenius forbidding to publish or approve it and in it the choice of the Electors of a future Pope appointed by the four Deputies was confirm'd The Cardinal of Arles was one by Law and was not comprehended in this number which consisted of 11 Bishops 7 Abbots and 14 Benefic'd men or Doctors drawn forth equally from the Nations besides the Officers of the Conclave the Nomination of which was also approv'd in this Session These Electors entred the same day into the Conclave on which it was built for them in the The Election of Felix V. City of Basil after they had taken the usual Oaths and chose for Pope 6 days after Amedaeus Duke of Savoy who had retir'd into the solitude of Ripaille in the Diocess of Geneva where he liv'd as an Hermit and had the Title of Dean of the Militia of St. Maurice The Fathers of the Council confirm'd their Election in the Thirty Ninth Session held the 17th of November and ordain'd That he should be acknowledg'd for Pope They sent to him a Deputation of Twenty five Persons and the Cardinal of Arles at the head of them to acquaint him with his Election and to pray him to consent to it They arriv'd at Ripaille the 20th of December and having laid open before him their Commission he made some scruple of taking the Oath that was requir'd of him of leaving off his Habit and changing his Name yet he did not long demurr upon it but took upon him the Name of Foelix V. receiv'd the Pontifical Robes and wrote about his Election to the Council of Basil and the Christian Princes In the mean time the Emperor Albertus of Austria dying on the 27th of October the Electors The Council of Basil. of the Empire promis'd their Protection to the Council but they would not approve of their Decrees against Eugenius and continu'd still in the Neutrality These assembling afterwards at Frankfurt chose for Emperor on the 2d of February Frederick Duke of Austria The Deputies of the Council of Basil who were present at that Assembly desir'd that they would acknowledge Foelix for Pope but the new Emperor and the Princes would alter nothing of their Resolution and said only that they would so manage Things as to procure the Peace of the Church Foelix that he might come to Basil with the greater State created four Cardinals who were approv'd by the Council and the consent which they had given to his Election was read and confirm'd in the Fortieth Session held on the 26th of February in the Year 1440. whereby all those were Excommunicated which would not acknowledge him for Lawful Pope the Decrees made against Eugenius were renew'd and all the Acts by him were declar'd Null It was propos'd in the Council That some Provision should be granted the Pope and the Court of Rome in lieu of Annates but the French oppos'd this Proposal The Letters wherein Foelix continu'd the Legatship and the Presidency of the Council to the Cardinal of Arles were read and because they did not please the Assembly others were drawn
of Eugenius and the Election of Foelix because many Persons of Probity and Authority doubted whether his Suspension and Deposition and the Election which follow'd upon it had been done justly canonically and lawfully and whether at such time as this was done the Congregation did sufficiently represent the Universal Church to do so considerable Acts as these which concern the whole Church therefore the King not being sufficiently inform'd about these things did still persevere and remain in the Obedience of Eugenius but if he should be inform'd of the Truth of this Cause by the Oecumenical Council or by another General Council or even by a more numerous Assembly of the Gallican Church with its Dukes Barons and other Lords or in an Assembly of all the Christian Princes that then having known and examin'd the Truth he would adhere to it and therefore he pray'd That Pope Eugenius would call together and celebrate a Council and that he would be there himself in Person Thirdly That he would consider what was to be done at a convenient time and place about the Embassy of Mayence Fourthly That as to the Pragmatick Sanction he would have it to be inviolably observ'd That if any thing in it appear'd too rigid to the Council of Basil it might be moderated He advis'd also the Ambassadors of the Council of Basil That they would endeavour the Celebration of another future Council This Answer was given in the Assembly of Bourges in the presence of the King assisted by Charles Duke of Anjou and the other Princes of the Blood on the 2d of September 1440. and accompanied with a Discourse which the Bishop of Clermont made wherein the King testifies his Displeasure against the Heats and Animosities which were between the Pope and the Council That he should have been glad if it were in his Power to favour the Duke of Savoy who was his Kinsman but that he could do nothing against Justice that How Christendom stood affected towards Eugenius and Foelix he exhorted the Fathers of the Council to seek after Peace and not to trouble his Subjects with Censures Lastly That he hop'd the Duke of Savoy would accommodate this Affair by his ordinary Prudence The Deputies of Basil were not well satisfy'd with this Answer which lower'd the Expectations of Foelix's Party but they were rais'd again by the Letter they receiv'd in October from the King of Arragon wherein he gave the Title of General Council to the Council of Basil by the Letter from the Queen of Hungary Sigismund's Widow to Pope Foelix and yet The Resolutions of divers Assemblies of States about the Difference between Foelix and Eugenius more by the acknowledgment of Albert Duke of Bavaria and Albert Duke of Austria Kinsmen to Frederick Foelix to make himself more Creatures depending upon him created Eight Cardinals in the Month of October and Six others that were French-Men in November among whom was John of Segovia and Nicolas Archbishop of Palerma The University of Paris the Universities of Germany and that of Cracovia wrote in Defence of the Authority of the Council above the Pope and acknowledg'd Foelix He was also own'd by the Carthusians and by a Party of the Order of Friars Minors Many Prelats and Princes of Germany favour'd also his Party but in the Assembly which was held at Mayence in April 1441. the Deputies on both sides being heard no other Resolution was taken but that a General Council should meet the next Year in the Month of August in another place than Basil and Florence and in a City of Germany or France and that the Emperor should invite the Competitors to be there present But this Proposal had no Effect for the Emperor referr'd the Affair to the Assembly of Frankfurt which was held in the Month of May the next Year where the Emperor was present in Person and having heard the Deputies of the Council and Eugenius confirm'd the Resolution that was taken to call a Council and in the mean time to remain in the Neutrality In pursuance of this he sent Ambassadors to Eugenius and the Council to persuade them to yield to the Celebration of a Council and he himself came to Basil. The Fathers of the Council agreed upon the Translation of the Council and to name many Cities whereof the Emperor should choose one But Eugenius after he had consulted a long time made answer in the Year 1445 That it was no ways necessary to call a New Council since there was one already call'd That in the mean time to satisfie the Emperor assoon as he should come to Rome he would call together in the Palace of the Lateran whither he had translated the Council a great number of Prelats with whom he would consult whether it were expedient to call another The Emperor Frederick seeing that neither the Fathers of Basil nor Eugenius would consent to what he desir'd wrote a Letter to all Christian Princes in June 1443. wherein he desires their Consent for a General Council which he would appoint and prays them to send their Ambassadors to the Diet which was to be held at Nuremburg at the St. Martin that they might there consult together of the Means for putting an end to the Schism This Assembly was not numerous Foelix sent thither his Legats but there was no treating about this Affair which was put off to another time In the mean time Alphonsus King of Arragon the Venetians the Florentines the Siennese and the other People of Italy sollicited the Emperor to consent That a General Council should be held in the Church of St. John of Lateran and some time after the Emperor also sent Aeneas Sylvius to Pope Eugenius to promise him to take off the Neutrality England had no great share in the Transactions at the Council of Basil there being no Prelats in the Council from that Nation The Council had sent Deputies into this Kingdom before the Election of Foelix to whom the English gave almost the same Answer with the French That they honoured the Council and approv'd its Decrees except those which had been made against Eugenius whom they acknowledg'd for lawful Pope The Fathers of the Council sent thither also other Deputies after the Election of Foelix to whom some hopes were given but they had no positive Answer Scotland except some Lords declar'd for Eugenius and the Prelats of this Kingdom being Assembled in a Provincial Council Excommunicated Foelix and the Fathers of the Council of Basil. Poland promis'd to acknowledge Foelix if he would give to their King the Title of King of Hungary and remit to the Lords the Mony which had been gather'd by Indulgences granted for the Union of the Greeks No Body thought that he had Power to grant these Desires yet this prov'd favourable to Foelix and the King of Poland forbad any to obey Eugenius Italy continu'd firm to Eugenius except Piemont and Savoy The Duke of Milan begun a Treaty with Foelix and seem'd to
of the Court of Rome concerning Collation of Benefices 'T is divided into three Parts in the first he treats of the Nature of Benefices of the Order which is among Prelats of the Canonical ways of Promotion to a Benefice of the Injustice of Reservations and Promises of vacant Benefices of the Simony that is committed for the obtaining of Benefices and the Enormity of the Crime of Simony of the Penalties which Simoniacks and those who have a hand in Simony do incur In the second he shews That the Pope may commit Simony by receiving Mony for the Collation of Benefices directly or indirectly In fine he alledges in the last That the Court of Rome and its Officers commit Simony by receiving Mony for the Dispatch of Bulls of Benefices and Graces That the Cardinals partake in this Simony That the Pope cannot be excus'd when he grants Exorbitant Graces and that the Plenitude of his Power does not give him Right to grant Dispensations without Cause and without Reason This Treatise is printed in the second Tome of the Monarchy of Goldastus Page 1527. About the same time flourish'd another English-man call'd John Lattebur of the Order John Lattebur a Friar Minor of Friars Minors who wrote a Moral Commentary upon the Lamentations of Jeremy printed in 1482. and some other Treatises in Manuscript viz. Theological Distinctions a Moral Alphabet and some other Pieces which are wholly lost as Commentaries upon Jeremy upon the Psalms upon the Acts of the Apostles some Lectures upon the Scripture and some Sermons Richard Ullerston Doctor and Professor of Divinity at Oxford flourish'd also at the beginning Richard Ullerston a Doctor of Oxford of this Century and wrote in the Year 1408. a Treatise of the Reformation of the Church at the desire of Robert a Halam Cardinal Bishop of Salisbury This Treatise is to be found in Manuscript in a Library at Cambridge b viz. in the Library of Trinity College and the Title of it is The Petitions of Richard for the Defence of the Church Militant It contains sixteen Articles the first is about the Election of a. Pope the second of Simony those that follow are against the Abuses of the Revenues of the Church against Dispensations Exemptions Plurality of Benefices Appeals Privileges about the Life and Manners of the benefic'd Clergy and the Celebration of Divine Service In this Piece he speaks boldly against the Disorders of the Court of Rome There is in the same Manuscript c Reformation as the Title is publish'd by Mr. Wharton Hist. Lit. App. p. 86. Boston a Benedictine Monk a Treatise of the Duty of a Souldier written by the same Author at the desire of Richard Courtnay his Master and dedicated to Henry Prince of Wales There is also mention made of some other Treatises of the same Author which are not to be found viz. a Defence of the Donation of Constantine Commentaries upon the Psalms and the Canticles of the Ordinary Lessons and a Treatise upon the Creed Some time after Boston a Benedictine Monk of the Monastery of St. Edmund d This Boston was of the Abby of St. Edmundsbury Whart Hist. Lit. App. p. 90. Theodorick of Niem Bishop of Ferden at Usk in the Province of Wales wrote a Catalogue of the Writers which he had found in the Libraries of England which is only in Manuscript There is also another Treatise attributed to him entituled The Mirror of the Monks and the Chronicle of his Monastery which Works are lost Theodorick of Niem a German Secretary to some Popes and according to some Bishop of Ferden and afterwards of Cambray wrote the History of the Schism of the Popes from the death of Gregory XI to the Election of Alexander V. in three Books to which he added another Work entituled Nemus Unionis which contains the Original Pieces written on both sides about this Schism and a third wherein he writes the Life of Pope John XXIII and the Transactions of the Council of Constance until the Deposing of this Pope The two former were printed at Basile in 1566. at Nuremberg in 1592. and at Strasburg in 1608. and in 1629. the latter was printed at Frankfurt in 1620. He wrote also a Treatise of the Privileges of the Empire as to the Investiture of Bishopricks and Abbies printed at Basil in 1557. and at Strasburg in 1609. and 1618. The Exhortation to Robert King of the Romans which is in Goldastus is one of the Chapters of his Book about Union The Style of this Author is harsh and unpleasant but he is full of Vigour faithful and exact in his Relations Jerom of St. Faith a Spanish converted Jew and Physician to Benedict XIII is the Author of Jerom of St. Faith a converted Jew two Treatises against the Jews whereof the one is entitled The mâ—â—ns of Refuting and Convincing the Jews and the other is against the Talmud Both of them have appear'd under the Title of Hebraeo-mastix and were printed at Frankfurt in 1602. and in the last Bibliotheque of the Fathers In the former he proves That the twenty four Conditions which the Jews acknowledge should happen at the coming of the Messias according to Scripture and their own Tradition are all accomplish'd in Jesus Christ. In the second he discovers the Errors and wild Conceits of the Talmud and shews that it contains things contrary to Charity to the Law of Nature to the Service of God to the Law of Moses and Blasphemies against Jesus Christ. These two Treatises were written by Jerom of St. Faith in the Year 1412. and many Jews were converted by reading them About the same time flourish'd another Spaniard who was also a converted Jew call'd Paul Paul Bishop of Carthagena of Carthagena a Native of Burgos who was Bishop of Carthagena and after that of Burgos Chancellor of the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile and at last Patriarch of Aquileia He had three Children before his Conversion Alphonsus Gonsalvus and Alvarus Garsias The first succeeded him in the Bishoprick of Burgos the second was Bishop of Pâ—aisance and the last continu'd in a Secular Life He died in the Year 1435. Aged 82 Years and in the preceding Year he finish'd a Work entituled The Scrutiny of the Bible printed at Mantua in 1474. and at Burgos in 1591. But his principal Work is an Addition to the Postils of Nicholas of Lyra upon the whole Bible printed with that Gloss. He wrote also a Treatise about the Name of God printed with the Notes of Drusius at Franeker in 1604. There is much Jewish Learning in this Work and they are very useful for the understanding of Scripture Peter of Ancharano of Bononia in Italy descended of the Family of the Farnese a Disciple Peter of Ancharano a Lawyer of Baldus and a famous Lawyer flourish'd from the Year 1410. until about the middle of this Century He wrote Commentaries upon the Decretals and Clementines printed at Lyons in 1549. and