with his King 402 Benedette da Leggi Proveditor in Istria outlawed by the Count Petazzo 54 55 Benefices Ecclesiastical prohibited to the Sons of the Dukes 180 Bergen Opzoom besieged described and relieved 192 193 Bernard Duke of Wiemar after the King of Swedes death assumes the Command of the Army 375 378. takes Ratisbon 385. beaten at Nortlinghen 393. closes with the French 413. defeats the Imperialists in Alsace and takes many places there 433. and Brisach 442. dyes 471 Bethelem Gabor makes War in Hungary 137. makes a Truce ibid. breaks it 157. makes peace again 177. seeks assistance from the Venetians but obtains it not 203 Bohemians rebel 125. what were the occasions 127. the effects ibid. form a Government 129. offer the Crown to several Princes 136 confer it on the Palatine ibid. have recourse to the Turks ibid. other Princes interest themselves 138. are beaten at Prague 156 Boisleduke besieged by Orange 307. is taken 308 Bormio important for the situation recovered by the Grisons and left 160 Breda besieged and taken by Spinola 222. recovered by Orange 430 Brem a Fort built by Savoy 409. taken by Leganes 437 Borgia Cardinal protests against the Pope 369 C. CArdinal Pasman demands assistance of the Pope 369 Charles Duke of Lorrain leans to the Austrians and receives Orleans in his Country 361. humbles himself to the King of France 362. reunites with the Austrians 380. is attacqued by the French 381. gives over his Country to his Brother ib. is forced to put Nancy into the Kings hands ibid. makes new Treaties with the King and breaks them 496 Carlo Duke of Nevers goes into Casal 13. his designs against the Turks without effect 30 protected by the King of France 272. succeeds into the Dutchy of Mantua 271. sends Ambassadours to the Emperour without effect 274. defends himself against the Emperors Commissary and hath recourse to the Venetians 284. raises Troops in France with his own money 286. sends his Son to the Emperour and to pacifie him attempts other means 288. complains of the Treaty of Susa but presses the execution of it 302. tempted to a Composure by the Austrians 312. consents to a cessation of Arms without effect 318. environed with domestick Treacheries 326. incouraged by the French and Venetians 334 retires into Porto renders himself and goes to Melara and there supplied by the Republick 336. is restored to his Country 353. the Pope denies him a Dispensation to marry with his Daughter-in-law 370. enters into a League with France 402. dyos 435 Carlo Duke of Rhetel comes to Mantua marries the Princess secures the Succession 271 goes to Vienna brings back severe answers 288. dyes 354 Charles the Second Duke of Mantua 354 Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy his designs to enlarge his State the occasion offered by the death of his Son-in-law the Duke of Mantua 6. holds a Council about the enterprise on Monferrat and resolves it 10. surprises several places 11. with a general disturbance and the dislike of the Venetians 12. justifies himself to the Spaniards ibid. confides in the Governour of Milan 15. displeased with the Venetians ibid. sends his eldest Son into Spain 16. attacques Nizza della Paglia 23 but is hindred by the Spaniards 24. they press him to restore and he endeavours to avoid it 26. but yields to it with reserves 27 is constrained to disarm 29. complains of the conditions imposed upon him by Spain his courage 31. avoids seeing the French Ambassadour ibid. arms against Spain 33. sends an Ambassadour to Venice 34 39. opposes the Spaniards with their opinion of it 38. not satisfied with the offers of France for the peace 40. exhorts the Venetians to joyn in a League with him 41. seeks assistance elsewhere in vain 42 46. signs a Treaty of Peace without effect 43. clears himself of the Imperial Ban 45. justifies his intentions and accuses those of Spain 46. denies to consent to the conditions that Crown would impose upon him ibid. defends Bistagno and Asti 47. with great courage 48. demands the Republick caution for the peace 49. signs it 50. offers himself to the Republick 57. disarms with caution ib. seeks to know Toledo's intentions discovers Treachery and Arms 65. demands assistance from the Princes and Venetians of whom he obtains it 70. consents to a suspension of Arms 78. discovers the designs of Nemours 79. breaks out into a War with Spain invading the Milanese 80. gives battel 81. constant in his Vnion with the Venetians 83. strengthens himself 84. makes progress into Monferrat 99. his magnanimity when betrayed 100. attempts to relieve Vercelli 103. vexed at the loss of it falls into the Milanese 104 offers himself to the Venetians 112. with whom he unites 119. renders what had been taken to the Spaniards 120. adheres to France 124. assists the Bohemians 131. refuses that Crown 136. his ends on the emergencies of the Valteline 162. does not make the Levies promised the Republick 172. undertakes the surprising Geneva 172. stirs up France against the Spaniards 210. and against Genoua 211. is angry not to be seconded by the Venetians 214. tempted by the Spaniards 215. marches towards the Genouese 228. displeased with Desdiguieres 231 232 forced to retire 233. succours Verrua 235 is succoured by the French 236. angry at Richelieu for the peace of Monzon flatters the English and malecontents of the Kingdom 250. suspends Hostility against Genouse 252 applies himself to the affairs of Mantua and joyns with the Spaniards 269. despises the offers of France 270 273. complains of the Marriage of his Niece with Rhetel 273. possesses part of Monferrat 282. is stirred up against Genoua ibid. denies passage to the French 286. endeavours to sow jealousie betwixt France and the Republick 292. refuses conditions offered by that Crown 299. is succoured by the Governour of Milan ibid. indeavours to stop that Kings march 300. and make peace with him on any conditions 301 avoids executing the Treaty of Susa 303. leans to the Emperour 311. endeavours again to stop the French 319. disgusts increase betwixt him and Richelieu 323. flies from Rivoli 324. discharges the Ambassadour of Venice ibid. flings himself into the arms of the Austrians 325. and is succoured by them 325 angry with Spinola 339. dyes and judgment upon his life 340 Carlo Emanuel the Second Duke of Savoy dyes judgment of his death 434 Charles Lodowick Palatine goes towards Alface arrested Prisoner and set at liberty 471 Charles Prince of Wales goes into Spain to demand the Infanta in Marriage 195. not granted by the Spaniards marries a Sister of the King of France 207. succeeds into the Crown of England to his Father endeavours the restitution of the Palatine and to relieve Breda 220. is disgusted with France 221 255. is displeased with the Austrians 240 sends a Fleet against Spain ibid. his ingaging with other Princes against France 251 endeavours the relief of Rochel in vain 289 jealous of the designs of France upon Flanders 399 100.
Valentino The City was guarded by above three thousand Souldiers with Prince Thomaso besides a good number of Inhabitants well trained to Arms. The Undertaking therefore was held impossible to be effected and so it would have been if the constancy and valour of Harcourt had not with equal glory undertook and finished it notwithstanding that he was several times rather in the condition of one besieged than of a besieger and that he was believed overcome at the same time that he appeared triumphant The Siege lasting several months in that while was quieted in France a dangerous Insurrection in Normandy which though composed of the common sort of people yet received incouragement both from the cause which was the impositions and from the Parliament which gave a reputation no less than authority to it The people exclaimed that Richelieu making advantage of the publick evils was Author of the War and Inventor of the Imposts with the wonted destiny of Favourites who being considered burdensom in War and offensive in Peace are in either fortune either of prosperity or adversity with detestation abhorred But he sending Monsieur de Gassion with Souldiers and the Chancellor with authority dissipated the revolt many being punished all defeated and the Parliament interdicted for a time The intestine Peace of the Kingdom facilitated the progress of Arms elsewhere for Arras was besieged by the Mareschals Chaune Chastillon and la Mailleray with a very puissant Army The Town was found in a manner unprovided the French by feigned marches having not only misled the Enemy to other places but induced the Governour who was the Count of Isemberg to go out of it to provide for places elsewhere Arras is the Metropolis of Artois a populous and great City well fortified and so situate that two Cities seem invironed by one inclosure The French plant their Camp there and intrench themselves with a strong circumvallation foreseeing that the weaker the defence within was the greater effort would be made by the Spaniards for its relief Accordingly Philippo di Silva with part of the Army draws near to it and a while after the Cardinal Infante joins with him notwithstanding that Orange threatning many places kept a body of the Spanish Army in a perpetual distraction The Infante succeeded in hindring Victuals from the French Camp so that King Lewis who with the Cardinal was at Amiens was forced to break through with great store of Provisions under a Convoy of ten or twelve thousand men hastily assembled part the Militia of the Country and of the Kings Guards part of the Nobless who from the Neighbouring Provinces to please the King and the Minister flocked thither in great numbers It was concerted by the French that at the same time that the Convoy approached Chaune and la Mailleray should be out of the Camp to secure its passage On the other side among the Spanish Commanders there was difference in opinion some judging to go and meet the Convoy to be the best way to hinder it others that they should assault the Trenches when they were weakned and this counsel as most specious prevailed Whereupon when the two Mareshals were gone at a good distance the Camp was assaulted the Spaniards entring into it in several parts and possessing some Posts But la Mailleray having with great expedition brought the Convoy into safety returns so seasonably that the Fight yet lasting he constrained the Spaniards to retire and abandon all they had gotten The surrender of the place followed a while after the French Colours entring into it the tenth of August to the exceeding glory of their Arms and as much consternation to the Country round about King Lewis thinking to have reaped an abundant Harvest from this Compagnia returns to Paris where with increase of felicity he was enriched in the Month of December with another Son who was named Philip with title of Duke of Anjou Good fortune carrying always its sting with it so many prosperities to France begat in some envy in others jealousie in the English particularly through neighbourhood and emulation About this time the King of Denmark looked with no less suspicions upon the progress of the Swedes whereupon the Austrians believing the occasion proper to strengthen their party the Emperour sent the Count Curtius into Denmark to propound Leagues and Concerts and the Spaniards dispatched the Marquesses of Vellada and Malvezzi to London to insinuate marriages of King Charles his eldest Daughter with the Prince of Spain and reciprocally of the Infanta with the Prince of Wales But the Senate of that Kingdom opposed the King of Denmark's inclination and that of the English was diverted by a general revolt of the Scotch to whom the King had attempted to propose a certain form of Ceremonies and Prayers which were rejected by all sorts of persons in an open tumult It was believed that Richelieu secretly fomented those stirs either because he truly intended it to break those so jealous Negotiations with Spain or because it was thought that he being in this Age so to call it the Intelligence of the world had an influence in all great businesses either by assistance or counsel Sure it is that it seemed as if Fortune applied her self to nothing else but to promote his advantages and very often anticipate his very designs and on the other side to confound and disturb those of the Conde Duke as if from the antipathy of these two great Ministers proceeded the discord of Europe and the disparity of accidents was also occasioned Not long after the rendring of Arras happens that of Turin where the Siege remained a long time by various accidents and by the event was ennobled above any other whatsoever Harcourt had no sooner intrenched himself in the view of Turin but he was forced to repulse many sallies and one in particular which made a deep impression into his Quarters After that Leganes shews himself behind him with twelve thousand Foot and five thousand Horse threatning to assault his Posts and the Bridge but having taken a view of the situation and infested the Camp with some Cannon-shot he turns to Moncalieri to pass the Po upon a Wooden Bridge which was there But the French having broken it he commands Carlo della Gatta to repair it though he might with much ease have attempted a little higher to wade it The French disputed it till at last Monsieur de Turain that commanded being hurt and the skirmish slackning certain little Islands a little lower were fortified by Gatta under the covert whereof he lays over the Bridge The Governour now passes over to the Purpurata and sends Gatta to Cologno to cut off the ways and hinder the French Army of succours and victuals from the Mountains Harcourt also to incommodate Turin took away the use of the Mills by diverting the Dora but the besieged restored it to its old course and he at last beats them to pieces with his Cannon But in the Town they
as a spectacle of humane misery dyes at Collen in a poor and hired house driven by the Parliament from London rejected by the Hollanders and forsaken by the Spaniards This accident also was by the Cardinal as a despiser of Fame numbred amongst his felicities risen to say truth in the eye of the World to the highest point but in himself contaminated by unquietness of mind and infirmities of body He had discovered many of the Kings Guards participants in the contrivances of St. Mars and in particular Monsieur de Treville Captain of the Musquetiers For the last proof of his Authority and of the Kings patience he desires that he would discharge him and moreover that he would come out of St. Germans to speak with him and give way that his Guards might mingle with the Kings for his greater security The King was truly troubled at it as loving Treville and comprehending how insolent the demand was yet after certain days reluctancy the Cardinal otherwise protesting he would retire he complies with him out of a belief that the War promoted by his ambition and the affairs imbroiled by his Arts could not be supported and dis-intangled but by his abilities But when the Cardinal thought himself in a manner delivered from the changeableness of Fortune Nature would exercise her rights for wasted with many diseases death took him away upon the 4. of December in the fifty eighth year of his age Armand Cardinal and Duke of Richelieu of noble but ordinary Parents and as it happens that the beginnings of our lives buried in the deepest darkness give no discerning whither the Laws of Destiny will be extended he applies himself in his Youth to Studies and afterwards to the life of a Church-man Aspiring always to the greatest things he made it visible that from every corner of Fortune the highest degrees are to be attained to provided a man have the confidence to promote and believe himself worthy of them Insinuating himself into the Court he intrudes himself into the Factions and succeeds either in sowing discords or composing them so excellent that Art never failed him and was seldom abandoned by Fortune If he introduced himself into favour if he enjoyed it it was always against the inclination of the Prince that raised him He sets the King at enmity with his Mother with his Brother and it may be said with his own self constraining him to give up his Authority to him though he denied him his affection He ballanced favour against envy supported by the King but always hated by the Princes execrated by the people and sought to be intrapped by Strangers He never grew remiss in prosperity nor despaired in the crosness of affairs in which either chance furnished him with accidents or his wit suggested counsels Having disarmed the Huguenots in France laid low the Great Ones weakned the people and the Parliaments he established the vigour of the Kingly Government On the other side usurping all power to himself fearing the security of Peace and thinking himself more secure amidst the revolutions of Arms he was the Author of Wars and of long and grievous calamities with so much shedding of blood and tears within and without the Kingdom that it is no wonder that many have published him for a man fallacious in his word cruel in his hatred and inflexible in revenge But certainly leaving to God the more exact judgment of his intentions and deeds those gifts cannot be denied him which the World is accustomed to attribute to great Personages his Enemies agreeing in a confession with his Friends that he possessed such and so many that whithersoever he had directed affairs he had reaped success and power This may be said that having united France succoured Italy confounded the Empire divided England and weakned Spain he was the Instrument chosen by Divine Providence for the ruine of Europe The King honouring his death with tears and his memory with praises fluctuated amidst many thoughts in the choice of another Minister doubting lest after one so great and so accredited every one else would be despised by his Subjects and not esteemed by the Princes his Friends Yet he now tasted the liberty of Government without the shadow of a troublesom Favourite But being rather accustomed to leave execution to others than to set forth his own counsels he proved timid and irresolute Richelieu disposing also as he was dying of the Kings Will had left Mazarine Heir to the Post he possessed beseeching the King to establish him in it and to maintain him for the important Service of the Crown whilst instructed by him in the Affairs Interests and Designs he had in all found him of so excellent an ingenuity that he seemed born for that alone in which he had according to occurrences been variously imployed The King perswaded by his Wife inclined not to leave the direction of things to a Confident of the deceased by reason of the hatred which he saw universally of his name Many others therefore aspired to the favour and thereto imployed the Arts of Court which is as much as to say An. Dom. 1643 Frauds and Intrigues which the King abhorring or fearing that with the change and novelty of Ministers the Train of Affairs and the felicity of his Arms would be interrupted confirms those of the Council and confers on Mazarine the primacy and the favour His Ancestors being of Sicily he was born at Rome with noble but slender beginnings of Fortune but scorning his first foundation from the Militia in which he commanded a Company of Foot in the Valteline passing to the Treaty of Piedmont from that to Prelacy and the Nuntiature of France and from thence to the strict confidence of that Crown by the nomination thereof to the Cardinalat he seemed arrived whither not so much as his own hopes had pointed him out the way Seeing Richelieu falling at Perpignan he thought of withdrawing from the thunder stroak and got himself to be sent into Italy under pretext to adjust the differences of Parma with the Pope but the Duke rejecting him as distrusted by him or for old distasts by reason of the dependency which Mazarine had upon the Cardinal Antonio this hinderance served as a rebound to his Fortune for by Richelieu's surmounting the snares laid for him continuing at the Court he was also in a capacity to succeed him in his station He though a stranger and without support nay rather with the hatred which from the very ashes of Richelieu rose up against those which had been his Confidents knew how to exercise a precarious authority Therefore governed himself in such sort that leaving to Lewis the pleasure of the Government and easing him of the burden he seemed rather a Minister than director of the Royal intentions Then towards others he endeavoured that that which is so envious should in him be rendred acceptable from his modesty So with obsequiousness to the Prince with liberality to the Courtiers to all
of France passes into that Kingdom to her Marriage 58. is Partaker of the designs against Richelieu 249. obtains of the King to remain at Paris with her Sons 532. her Regency limited by her Husband 551. she gets it at large from the Parliament 555. is about introducing new Ministers ib. Antonio Antelmi Resident with the Switzers swears to the League 131. sent to Mirandola to adjust those Princesses 416 Antonio Barbaro General in Istria falls sick 78. returns to that Command 89. Proveditor General for the Sea 150. General of the Terra firma 217 Antonio Barberino Cardinal Legate for the Peace of Italy 300. returns to Rome successless 325. accepts the protection of France 382 commands the Army against the Prince of Parma 523 525. provokes the Venetians with jealousie 542. opposes the Duke of Parma and Confederates 544. invades the Modonese 547 558 559. by the surprise of Lago Scuro defeats the designs of the Confederates 560 counsels Peace ibid. Antonio Baron de Rabbata Ambassadour from the Emperour to Venice 425 Antonio Capello called Terzo Captain of the Galliasses defends the French Ships in the Part of Alesandrette 296. Proveditor of the Fleet pursues the Pirates of Barbery 447. besieges them in the Port of Vallona ibid. carries away their Gallies 448. chosen a Counsellor 449 Antonio Donato punished for Peculat 140 Antonio Foscarini put to death and afterwards found innocent 180 Antonio Giorgio betrayed and killed by the Uscocchi 52 Antonio Lando General in Friuli besieges Gradisca 88 89. thinks of going up to Carso 89 does it 91. is attacqued in his Quarter 107 being sick retires from the Camp 107 Antonio Pisani brings the Gallies of Candia safe to the Fleet 146. made Proveditor of the Sea chases some Pirates chastises others 215 convoys the Queen of Hungary from Ancona to Trieste 338. Captain of the Galliasses 452 Antonio Priuli General at Land 16. Generalissimo 72. deputed for the execution of the Peace with King Ferdinand 115. dyes 202 Antonio Trivisano killed in a Tumult of the Souldiers 73 Armando de Richelieu named by the King for a Cardinals Cap 151. enters into favour and the chief Ministry 205. his Jars with the Duke of Buckingham 221. blamed for the Peace of Monzon 253. his excuses 253 his parts and arts 249 250. discovers the designs against France 262. makes division amongst the Huguenots 263. undertakes the Siege of Rochel 264. loses the favour of Queen-Mother and the Kings Brother 280. strengthens the Princes of Italy in the interests of Mantua 281. exalted by the taking Rochel perswades the King to go into Italy 291. having concluded the Treaty of Susa returns into France to overcome the Huguenots 304. hated by the Queen-Mother and the Kings Brother 310. is appointed to relieve Mantua 315. suffers himself not to be deluded by the Savoyards 319 forces them to declare themselves 323. his disgusts with the Dukes increase 323. attempts to take him Prisoner 324. gets Pignarol ibid. vexed with the faction at Court 326 345. endeavours to repair the discredit by the peace at Ratisbone 345. is pleased with the possession of Pignerol 356. created Duke and Peer of France and Patrician of Venice 262. the death of the Mareshal of Maivilliac imputed to him 370. revenges himself of the Spaniards 373. pinhes the Lorrainers 381. speaks with Oxenstern 412. troubled at the invasion of the Austrians orders the defence of the Kingdom 422. endeavours to make advantage of the misfortunes of the House of Savoy 463 counsels the King to make War in Spain 472 hated universally in the Kingdom 494. whence arises a great storm of the discontented Princes he defends himself and weathers it 497 becomes troublesom to the King himself 534 perswades the King to the enterprise of Perpignan and aspires to the Regency 531. St. Mars with Orleans and the Spaniards conspire against him 534. discovers the Kings kindness towards him cooled 536. defeats the conspiracy 536. dyes his Elogium 538 539 The Army of France by Sea prey of money belonging to the Genouese 232. infests the Coast of Spain 472. the English Fleet attempts in vain to take Cadiz and the Fleet there 255 Army Naval of Spain attempts in vain Susa 146. avoids an encounter with Turks ibid. give jealousie to the Venetians 170 312. pretends to convoy the espoused Queen of Hungary through the Adriatick 338. prepares for an enterprise on France 395. surprises the Islands of Ere 's 411. is beaten by the Hollanders 472 Army Naval of the Turks scoures the Sea and pillages the Coast of Puglia 96 146 150 Army Naval of the Venetians opposes the invasions of the Spaniards in the Adriatick 95. defends it self in the Port of Lessina ibid. reinforced with a new supply of armed Ships 96. go forth but slowly out of the Port of Curzola against the Spaniards 97. with which he fights 113. ranges the Sea and takes many Vessels 118 145. is re-inforced with the Gallies of Candia 245. thence chases the Pirates 446. takes their Gallies out of the Port of Vallona 448 Armies Naval of France and Spain meet to the loss of Spain 440 Arras besieged by the French not being relieved renders 480 Asti described 47. attacqued by the Spaniards and defended by the Duke of Savoy 48. is rendred to the Princes of Savoy 462 Avo Ambassadour of France stirs up the Republick to assist the Duke of Mantua 285 Austria superiour rebels 134. is punished by Bavaria 153. rises in commotion again and is subdued 256 Axel Oxenstern governs the Swedes affairs in the Empire 378. hath a Conference with Richelieu 412. sends Count Gualdo to Venice ibid. B. BAbylon besieged by the Turks 453. taken by assault 454 Baltasar Maradas with Spanish Souldiers comes to assist the Archduke in Friuli 72. attempts to surprise the Venetian Quarters 89. reassures the people of Istria ibid. assumes the chief Command of the Army 92. succours Gradisca and attempts the Quarters of the Venetians 107 108 Barbery Pirates called by the Turks to help keep the Sea 446. enter into the Adriatick ibid. retire to Vallona ibid. their Gallies taken by the Venetians 448. the Turks incensed 449 Battel of Prague 154. at over Ersheim where Dourlach beaten 186. at Hochst Alverstat defeated 187. at Burgsteinfort defeated again 203. at Leipzich the Imperialists defeated 359. at Lutzen the King of Swedes death 376. at Nordlingen the Swedes beaten and consequences of advantage for the Empire 393. at Sedan with the death of Soissons and defeat of the Kings Army 496 at Leipzich the Imperial Army beaten 531 at Rocroy the French victorious 553 Battista Nani maintains the Authority of the Council of Ten 295. Commissioner for the Borders of Loreo 366. deputed to treat with the French Ministers 386 414. deputed to treat the League with the Princes of Italy 519 Battista Nani Ambassadour gives the King of France thanks for his Mediation of Peace 573 Bellievre Ambassadour of France to the Princes of Italy 401. exhorts the Republick to unite
for many Years disturb it she notwithstanding observed a constant neutrality The whole Country setling afterward into a most Happy Peace kept not without jealousy by the Foreigners themselves the Venetians made it their business to preserve that present tranquillity sometime diverting the storm at the first appearance and sometimes according to the occasion opposing themselves with Declarations and Treaties The War which hapned betwixt France and Spain in the beginning of this present Age did not penetrate into Italy Some stirs occasioned by the Interest of the Grisons were quieted The differences risen with Pope Paul the Fifth were terminated with increase of reputation and advantage for the Republick and that thunder of War which was threatned by Henry the Fourth vanished with his death All things thus contributing to the Peace of Italy Wisemen nevertheless were not free from fear lest many disgusts lurking secretly in the hearts and several designs in the minds of Princes there would be a new Rupture so soon as any occasion or pretext for it did appear And in that thought they were not long deceived for in the brightest Serenity of this Peace the blow hapned at unawares with so much slaughter and so many mischiefs that defiling Italy it hath put Europe into confusion This shall be the subject and first part of this work of mine because as the Interests of the Republick refer principally to those two great powers of Austria and the Turks with whom it borders so the Narrative shall be divided And I will describe in this the most notable events which have troubled Italy and in which the Republick hath assisted with their Counsels Arms and Treasures And for the other part shall be reserved the Memorials of its long and generous defence against the Ottoman Empire And because Italy being the heart of Europe cannot suffer a shaking but the rest must be moved and have a feeling of it you shall read herein connexed the Affairs and Actions of the chief Princes of the World the Conduct and Maxims of their chief Ministers with the Revolutions of States and so many other accidents as make the Age no less Unhappy than Famous and the Relation equally important For the better knowledge of the things to follow it is needful to look a little back Princes though Mortal are the Genii of the World The effects of their Counsels out-live their Lives and are like the Stars whose influences remain long though they disappear from our sight When Arragon in the Person of Ferdinand the Catholick was joined to Castile and all the Kingdoms within the compass of Spain were in a manner united together comprehending also the Islands of the Mediterranean and both the Sicilies there was laid the Foundation of a vast Monarchy Fortune to second the design with vast Riches about this time discovered a new World The Provinces of Flanders fell afterwards in changing only the Line of Blood but without the least alteration in the series of their Maxims and Interests In Charles the Fifth the Crowns of the Empire and Spain and their great power were conjoined together He neither wanted Wisedom nor Fortune to establish an Universal Hereditary Monarchy but as all ages are for the most part barren of Princes of consideration so his seemed as fruitful having Francis the first King of France and Solyman Emperour of Turky to oppose him The first his Peer in courage the other equal if not Superiour in Power Charles therefore thought it best to leave the hopes and means to his Successors Italy by reason of its scituation Nobleness Strength Riches and a certain fatality which destines her to bear Rule hath always been the first Object of great Conquerours and Charles failed not to increase his Dominion thus joining the Milanese to Spain and putting a foot into Tuscany But he quickly found that every foot of ground cost a Battel That the Princes were impatient of the yoke and Strangers were ready to assist He therefore thinking the Counsel most safe to encompass her without that so at last she might fall insensibly into his hand attempted to cajole Germany and leave the Empire to his Son The design failing him and he from a religious consideration a satiety of Fortune or from domestick Interests betaking himself to a private life and the repentance of having been so great leaves to Philip the Second the hereditary Kingdoms of Spain with their vast appurtenances The Peace of Italy passed as in a mystery and by tradition from Father to Son who no less wise than great applied his Ax to the root of that which might most disturb the design of his Monarchy He employs therefore all his power against England and France but having consumed Armies and Treasure in vain while he was distracted by the revolt in Holland and although he had added Portugal to Castile and with it the increase of a vast power yet at the end of a few years he found sufficiently his Credit Money and Strength weakned He then makes trial of peaceable means giving to the Provinces of Flanders remaining in their obedience to the end to re-unite the rest a Prince of their own He left France to the destiny of its domestick revolts and Italy charmed with the deliciousness of Peace and the opinion of their present felicity Philip the third succeeded him a young Prince of singular Piety but wholly unacquainted with Government and contenting himself with the Royal dignity left the power to his Council Favourites and Ministers These judged it necessary to go on in the same Maxims of Peace because in France they found Henry the Fourth a formidable and vigilant King who having gloriously made his passage through the jaws of an adverse fortune suffered not himself to be gulled by prosperity but would be ready to disturb and prevent whatever designs they should have against him Truce was therefore concluded with the United Provinces of the Low-Countries and to divert the scourge of the French Arms from Italy procuring the Duke of Savoy to make Peace upon disadvantageous terms they thought it a great conquest that they had shut out the French beyond the Alps. And now fixing their thoughts on those advantages which time and occasion uses to offer to those in Power silently extending themselves by little and little they got their limits inlarged and their Kingdoms and Territories better united and last of all under the title of Honour and Protection holding dependent and in a manner subject divers Princes of Italy who being not able to resist and believing themselves abandoned by the French yielded to what they thought their advantage or rather to necessity And so besides the places in Mount Argentaro in Tuscany and Porto Longone in Elba the Forte Fuentes built in the entrance of the Valtelline and Garrisons put into Final Monaco Piombino Correggio and other little Fiefs of the Empire the Net was spread and the design made publick These things going thus on one by one some by
to be given so vigorous that the effect was to see himself lodged upon the breach The place then capitulates agreeing under honourable conditions to deliver the Town and Cittadel The Siege lasted two months during which were discharged 67000 shot of Artillery The Enemy lost 6000 Souldiers and 67 Captains besides some persons of Quality Giovanni Bravo with a strong Garrison enters into it as Governour The Marquess of Caluso who came out of it notwithstanding the Fathers favour was forced for a while to forbear the Dukes angry presence but being guilty of nothing but ill fortune was quickly restored to his former favour The Duke with this loss felt himself touched to the quick and apprehended consequences yet worse fearing lest Toledo should besiege Asti whereupon to divert that thought and to shew courage in his ill fortune finding his Army strong 18000 Foot and 3000 Horse and not a little heartned with Dediguieres presence who by the Kings consent being newly come again into Italy had brought with him some men under the Dukes pay and some Troops that carried the Colours he resolves to enter into the Milanese Leaving Annona la Rocca and Rocchetta behind him he invests Felisano where the French forcing the Barricadoes and entring the Trenches fifteen hundred Germans together with the Inhabitants were cut to pieces the Officers made Prisoners and nine Colours taken Going thence to Quattordici an open place where were lodged 300 men leaving their Arms they were obliged to ingage not to serve any more against Carlo Out of Renfracore which rendred it self 200 Switzers were permitted to march out with their Arms and Colours in respect to the Nation with whom the Duke was in alliance Toledo who in the Siege of Vercelli had harrassed and diminished his Forces had now separated them into several Quarters to refresh but moved with the Dukes bold attempt assembles his Army at Soleri Nevertheless suffers Annona to be taken in his sight a weak place but garrisoned with 2000 men who after a short battery of six Pieces marched out life and Arms saved La Rocca d' Arasso also and la Rocchetta with the spoil of 500 Souldiers yielded These successes contributed to the heightning of Carlo's reputation who always appeared above all misfortunes but in effect the advantage was much less than the noise because they did not recompense the loss of Vercelli whereof not only the Duke but the Venetians were very sensible Nevertheless to uphold a gravity in the Negotiation equal to the constancy of their minds the Senate with the consent of the Duke after the Invasions of Ossuna the taking of the Gallies and the rendring of Vercelli recals the powers give their Ambassadour Gritti to treat a Peace in Spain For the dispatch to Madrid of necessary powers concerning this Negotiation the Archduke was carried to the Court of the Emperour Matthias and there had pretended that the Ambassadour of the Republick should not appear in the Churches or on any other occasion when he was present But the Emperour not willing to pass beyond the Mediation to a partiality remained resolute to oppose it The Archduke had other greater concerns pressing upon his mind for all the Line of Maximilian the Second though numerous coming to fail without posterity the Fortune of the Empire was to devolve into his House And for that cause he was tyed to the Spaniards in the bonds of greater confidence and they expresly promoted it with certain hopes to cast the Empire according to their arbitrement when it should fall upon Ferdinand The Archdukes Albert and Maximilian Brothers to the Emperour wanting issue easily yielded their pretensions and hopes but it was a hard matter to bring Matthias to it who heard not willingly the discourse of celebrating in his life time the Funerals of his Authority and Government He nevertheless insinuates to him the cession of the Title only of King of Bohemia for prevention of those accidents which to Religion and the Family in case of his death might in the Interregnum be feared because it being not certain whether it be Elective or Hereditary the minds of the people sufficiently prepared for it might be moved and if it should fall into other hands or to a Protestant Prince the Election it self of the Emperour would run a great hazard in the parity of six other Electors equally divided into Catholicks and Hereticks themselves Upon such effectual motives the Emperour at last lets himself be perswaded but the Spaniards although with all earnest they inclined to the advancement of Ferdinand yet would not quit their advantages in view and therefore the consent of King Philip the Son of Anna Daughter of Maximilian the Second seeming necessary they required a vast compensation for it Upon this score it was divulged that the Towns of Istria should be yielded to them with the County of Goritia and with all that more which the Archduke possessed in Italy but that tended only to give jealousie to the Venetians although in truth all the Country was moved at the report doubting to be bound up both by Sea and by Land with such Fetters as were not to be shaken off An agreement was afterwards privately stipulated betwixt the Archduke and the Count d'Ognate which contained Philips cession of his Rights to the hereditary Provinces in Germany in favour of Ferdinand and his Brothers and of their descendants masculine but that failing they to return to the House of Spain of which the Females were to be preferred before those born in Germany In recompence it was promised to give up Alsatia to the Spaniards and to maintain them in the possession they bound themselves to grant reciprocal Levies and that the one should not confer benefits or favours on the Vassals of the other but by the approbation of his own Prince or his Ministers That part nevertheless which concerned Alsatia was never executed for fear of making too great a commotion amongst the Princes of the Empire and indeed of all Europe The design notwithstanding of uniting the two Houses and extending their limits coming to be known such was the jealousie of many Princes that that Treaty may justly be called the foundation-stone of the calamities of Germany and the Original of the great accidents that ensued But for the Treaty with the Republick the Count d'Ognate having protested to Ferdinand that the management thereof would not be suffered to pass through other hands than those of Philip himself the Count Francisco Chefniller was dispatched into Spain as Ambassadour Extraordinary from Matthias and the Archduke who shall henceforth be called King of Bohemia and he carried the resolute intentions of Matthias and Gleselio his chief Minister that by all means a Peace was to be made But at Madrid blocks in the way were not wanting for the Spanish Ministers pretended that the Venetians should first restore what they had taken and then Ferdinand should fulfil the agreement but without burning the Barks or banishing
but some few of the Vscocchi and for the affairs of Piedmont they insisted upon the Dukes disarming after which things they offered a restitution of all yet without any prescription of time or obligation on their side to lay down Arms. But Gritti foreseeing that they joyntly aimed at the predominancy in Italy and to weary out the Princes in jealousies sustained that for common quiet and security the disarming of the Milanese ought also to be concerted and as to the interests of the Vscocchi insists that those three sorts should be banished which the Republick had already declared and for the rest that the agreement in Vienna should be precisely executed For some kind of temperament it was proposed by Lerma that the Venetians should first render the places in Istria Ferdinand then to perform the promises on his side and after that the Republick should withdraw their Arms out of Friuli the word of his King remaining security for the due execution of the Treaty But in this present state of affairs the news arriving that the Hollanders were safely landed in Italy Lerma in anger protests to Gritti that if the Treaty were not concluded within one day he would hold it for broken The Ambassadour complaining that the means of necessary defence should be converted into the pretexts of a most unjust War shewed himself very indifferent whether the Negotiation were continued or broken Chefniller gave out that the Negotiation coming to dissolve in Spain the Emperour should re-assume it elsewhere and the Ambassadours of France and England seeming to wonder that Lerma should proceed with such passion the Secretary Arostighi comes to Gritti to excuse the Dukes heat and to signifie to him in the Name of the King that he held not the Treaty otherwise broken than that he reserved wholly to himself the power to approve the Articles treated on when he should know they were accepted by the Senate The Ambassadour thereupon equally disapproves the things proposed and the form Lerma then at last calls together the Nuntio the Ambassadour of France and him of Venice offering to the two first that as to Savoy the Capitulation of Asti should not be altered and as to the Venetians they restoring the half of the places possessed and afterwards the rest at twice Ferdinand should also go on alternatively in the execution of that which some years past had already been agreed upon at Vienna Gritti not at all satisfied with this requires that Ferdinand should first settle in Segna the Garrison agreed upon that then the Republick should quit one place in Istria and that all the rest afterwards being executed Arms should be every where withdrawn Hereupon Lerma not dissenting certain Articles were drawn but in the affair of Carlo the Ambassadour sustaining that by reason of new accidents it was necessary there should be some explication and addition to the Treaty of Asti the whole business thereupon was at a stand Things standing in this posture at Madrid Gritti receives the revocation of his powers for the Venetians and the Duke being exasperated to extremity against the Spanish Ministers thought it better to have the Treaty transported to the Court of France where the change of Government opened a way to hopes of a better minding of the affairs of Italy Gritti then had no other Commission but to ratifie and see that worded which should be concluded at Paris by the Ambassadours Bon and Gussoni and King Lewis was assured that Carlo being satisfied in the point of disarming the Senate dissented not from the substance of that which had been in Proposition at Madrid about the Vscocchi adding only in consideration of late emergencies the restitution of Ships and the Merchandize stayed and made prize of by Ossuna and the rather because the reprisals could not be called just whilst Spain declared not to be in enmity or rupture with the Republick Gradisca in the mean time being brought to the last gasp the Austrian Commanders imployed all their power to make it subsist Several reliefs having not succeeded to get in by stealth they resolved passing on this side the Lisonzo with 600 Horse and 400 experienced Foot to attempt the Line to make way for the succours but being repulsed by the Guards of Horse upon them the action proved very bloody Of the Venetians were killed Marc Anthonio Manzano Pietro Avogadro and Leonoro Gualdo persons of Noble birth and all their Captains of Horse The loss in other respects appeared not unequal The night following the Austrians having a mind to make another attempt the breaking of some of the floats upon which they were to pass over suspended the effect But on the other side a while after they assaulted those Batteries which incommoded Rubia and driving out of the Redoubt which was most advanced four Companies of Switzers surprised in their negligence and killing some Cannoniers who would have made resistance they entred into the Quarter even to the lodging of del Lando where they were opposed by some Corsi till Don Giovanni coming with some succours forced them to retire The Battery was presently recovered and some Cannon being unnailed and turned upon the Enemy made a great slaughter amongst them Marradas and D'Ampierre still applying their minds to new attempts laying a Bridge over the Plain of Mainizza passed the River and convoying some provisions with a great body of men finding the Line ill guarded and having had the encounter only of a few Horse brings them happily into Gradisca Nassau was commanded by the Bridge of Fara with 600 Musquetiers to charge them in the flank but doing it out of time and the Germans under the favour of the Town fording the Lisonzo by the Hills of the Carso got safe into their Quarter Marradas encouraged by this with 800 Horse and 500 Musquetiers assaults some Quarters upon the same Hills forcing certain Trenches and although at that time repulsed yet upon a second attempt he was able to bring powder and meat by the way of Dobredo into the Fort Stella from whence it was afterwards carried into Gradisca The Camp of the Venetians was found weakened by its suffering and the Hollanders in particular not accustomed to the Climate were afflicted with several diseases of which Nassau himself dies in Monfalcone and Lando falls desperately sick It was therefore resolved to reduce the Quarters into a lesser compass and to abandon St. Michaele whence Marradas arguing a greater weakness took heart to assault them but was vigorously repulsed with the death of 300 of his own Discovering afterwards preparations to hazard anew succours the Venetians resolved to encounter it near to St. Martino with 300 Foot under Oratio Baglione The Enemy being discovered to be more than had been supposed which through by-ways conveyed a certain quantity of meal the Prince of Este returned to the Camp in the place of Medici who was indisposed gave Baglione advertisement that without ingagement he should preserve himself till He might arrive with
kept them on foot With this incouragement la Cadé and the Directorships took Arms pretending by forcible remedies to keep the Grisa in the ancient Union Pompeo Pianta the supposed chief Contriver of the disagreements was killed and Visconti with many of the Faction of Spain were forced to retire in great haste out of the Country because to the first fury of that inraged people nothing being able to resist the Catholick Switzers also with their Colonel Betlinger retired leaving Cannon and Baggage behind La Lega Grisa then joyned themselves to the other but Feria in hopes which quickly vanished to keep the Torrent of these armed people far from the Valley did not only strengthen the Forts but to facilitate the gaining of Chiavena caused an Invasion to be made into the Valley of Musocco which alone of the three Leagues is situate on this side the Mountains The Inhabitants though Catholicks yet for all that not inclined to the Spaniards having cold and ice for the defence of their situation hid themselves behind a great Trench of Snow whence sallying without being observed they so unexpectedly charged the Spanish Troops that leaving five hundred dead upon the place they retired dispersed by several ways into the Milanese Thus every day were their minds as well as Troops more and more imbrued in blood and the Venetians finding in the Princes of Italy more apprehension of the evil than resolution for the remedy had recourse again to the King of England by the means of Girolamo Lando ordinary Ambassadour representing to him the state of things to be in a condition of great contingency James with wonted magnificence of words answers That he took to heart the security and safety of Europe That the Interests of Italy were always in his eye and in his cares That he held the Republick above all in a choice confidence and constant friendship And did therefore declare that if his Son-in-law were despoiled of his Patrimonial Countries he would send a powerful Army into Germany to uphold him If the Hollanders should be invaded he would not spare his assistance and if the Venetians should suffer any molestation he would succour them with the Forces of all his Kingdoms and for an earnest offered a present Levy in England of ten thousand Souldiers The Senate by Letters express renders him thanks in abundance esteeming those magnificat offers for a grace if not an assistance It was now no secret that at this time the Spaniards themselves kept the King in hope of the Marriage of Mary second Daughter of Philip with the Prince of Wales to the end to make him suspected by all and beget a belief in himself that the restitution of the Palatinate should be one of the chief Articles in that agreement He nevertheless at Madrid presses also effectually for the restitution of the Valteline and Bassompiere arriving thereupon pursues the same the Popes Nuntio also and the Ambassadour of the Venetians contributing thereto their endeavours But the death of Philip the Third leaves for some days the business in suspence The face of the Court was a little before this much changed for although Lerma with the Purple of a Cardinal had thought to cover himself from changes and accidents yet it being difficult by honest means to maintain the ascendant over the Genius of Princes he escaped not the accustomed malignant influence of Envy and of Fortune Publick discourses ran abroad that he had with poyson procured the death of the Queen Margaret by the cooperation of Roderigo Calderone who had a power over her mind equal to that which he exercised over the will of the King The disorders in the Government being over and above imputed to him and in many things calumny envy and the interest of a few being joyned to what was true his disgrace from the hatred of all was fiercely promoted Having for some time since wrestled with many in this narrow path of the ambition of Court he met with no more fierce Competitor than the Duke D'Vceda his own Son closely oyned up with Father Luigio Aliaga he Kings Confessor so that there was not a corner that was not cunningly beset even to the inward retirement of Conscience and the most secret Colloquies of the Soul The King at last yields to the general desire of the Court and Kingdoms and in honour of the Purple silencing his accusations commands him to retire It remained a doubt whether in an age proclaimed by the wrath of Heaven to the mocquery of Favourites the King would not have taken upon himself the Government when death in the forty third year of his age takes him away from the troubles which Empire carries with it His years would surely have been more memorable if he had been born a private man rather than a King because being better adorned with the ornaments of life than endowed with the skill to command as goodness piety and continuance placed him in a degree higher than ordinary Subjects so the disapplication to Government rendred him lower than was fit or necessary By publick defects private vertues being corrupted and in particular keeping his mind in idleness it was believed that he had reserved nothing for himself to do but to consent to all that which the Favourite had a mind to Thus the Government of the World recommended to Princes as to the true Shepherds falls into mercenary hands making themselves not understood but by the sound voice of interest and the authority of ambition the people suffer ruine and calamity and the Princes themselves render account to God of that Talent which they have suffered their Ministers to make merchandize of It is certain that Philip in the agony of death was not so much comforted with the calling to mind his innocent life as he was troubled with the sting of conscience for his omissions in Government The report was that the Maxims of Interest yielding in that instant to the Law of God the restitution of the Valteline was precisely ordered The Son Philip the Fourth comes to the Kingdom in an age so young being but sixteen years old that the World had cause heedfully to observe whether ambition the common disease of Princes would sooner move or satiate him But it quickly appeared that the Ascendant of Favourites was not yet set for dispatches being brought to the King he delivers them to Gasparo di Gusman Conde d'Olivares and he shewing himself backward though he desired it commanded they should be given to whom the Count would appoint He feigning modesty assigns them to Balthasar di Zuniga an old Minister and of great credit but yet by concert for Zuniga being his Uncle they had agreed to support one another whereupon taking off the Mask the Power fell to the Count who quickly honoured besides with the Title of Duke will be found with this double attribute in the following relation to be more famous than fortunate From the Republick according to custom were appointed an
than the favour it self nevertheless he had the great Art how to fix the mutable and suspicious Genius of the King and the inconstant nature of the people governing as with a supreme Dictatorship the one and the other even to his death But as to the Affairs of Italy by the disgrace of Pisieux the Minister being changed there was a change also at Rome in the proceeding of the Treaty and Sillery being recalled all that was disavowed which he had negotiated and consented to Monsieur de Bethune a Minister formerly well known in Italy being come to Rome in his place assures the Pope that all that which his Predecessor had approved concerning the Passes was wholly against the Kings mâ—nd and in the name of the Confederates expressing to the holy See unalterable duty and ready consent to that which might secure Religion in the Valley as to the rest refuses any expedient which did not deliver the Grisons from the present oppression restore them to their Country and Soveraignty and did not exclude the Spaniards from the Passes They published this change of Ministers to be a shift but the Pope who had made them deliver to him Riva also and Chiavena endeavoured to gain time perceiving that to which soever of the Parties he should give the possession of the Forts it would serve but for a pretext to kindle a most dangerous War which flaming out betwixt the two Crowns by Auxiliary Forces would quickly extend it self throughout all Europe Nor did the Spaniards now fail as they had succeeded in the gaining of the Cardinal Lodovisio with Rewards and Marriages to try every way to insnare the Barberins also giving hopes to Vrbans Nephews of the Princess Stigliana who being an Inheritrix of vast Territories in the Kingdom of Naples brought also in Dowry the Soveraignty of the strong Fortress of Sabioneda Some also suggested to the Pope and to his House hopes that amidst the jealousies and dissensions of the Princes he might have the hap to get himself glory by uniting the Valley to the Church or obtain advantages by investing his Kindred in it But the one and the other equally displeased the Confederates because no less suspicious was the temporal greatness of the Popes who protected by the Cloak of Religion cannot make War themselves without danger nor overcome without blame then the inclination of the Nephews doubtful it being not possible for him that possesses the Valley but to depend upon the protection and assistance of the Governour of Milan Nothing then remained but the closing in a War France before ingaging out of the Kingdom strengthens it self with two great and important Treaties The first with the Provinces of Holland to whom were promised three millions and two hundred thousand Livres Tournois to be paid in three years upon condition not to make Peace or Truce with Spain without their knowledge and if it should so fall out that France it self should have need of assistance they were to retribute it either by restoring the half of the foresaid sum or by furnishing Ships in proportion The other was the Marriage of Henrietta Sister of King Lewis with Charles Prince of Wales from which was derived a report that the English would break into a War with Spain and the Palatine be restored into his Country by Arms. Charles to say truth from his Voyage into Spain had brought back discontent hatred and desire of revenge against that Crown for though he were received at Madrid with all possible honours he nevertheless penetrated the intention not to restore his Country to Frederick nor conclude the Marriage for which the King the Princess her self Olivares and all the Kingdoms had in their hearts a particular aversion Being for some months amused with several proportions and a difficulty which they feigned came to them from the Court of Rome though to remove it he was induced to write himself to the Pope and tempted at last if he would have a Wife to change his Religion he parted in great haste returning to London by Sea It is not possible to express what disdain vexed the heart of that young Prince and King James with no less vehemency published his revenge having a mind in his old age to adorn his Sepulchre with those resentments which in the course of his Reign having been blunted by idleness seemed to have blemished the glory of his life For this purpose he calls a Parliament in which Buckingham having justified with a zeal to common good and a desire of Peace the Kings intentions concerning the Marriage with Spain and rendred an account of the Princes Voyage it was resolved that the Kings Son-in-law should be restored into his Country by Arms and that the Son should marry with a Princess of the Blood Royal of France But it being usual in England that Parliaments have an equal suspicion of their Kings when they are armed as Kings have of Parliaments when they are united it was presently desolved many jealousies being spread abroad which were believed fomented at least if not raised by the Ambassadour of Spain as if the Parliament adhering to the youthful age of Charles and with applause flattering that Generosity which he shewed to revenge himself would condemn the cooler proceedings and past actions of the King in whose life time they were disposing the spoils and Funerals of his Authority and Command But withal the means were not ripened nor the contributions consented which might raise and keep on foot an Army So that as the Marriage with Henrietta was easily concluded with a dispence from the Pope and many Articles of favour to the consciences of the Catholicks so the moving of Arms quickly vanished It is notwithstanding true that Mansfelt beaten in Germany and in Holland not willingly suffered by Orange through emulation of military glory and the applause of the people was called into England by the King where being received with great honour making him his General for the recovery of the Palatinate he ordains him an Army of ten thousand Foot and three thousand Horse with six pieces of Cannon if France would concur with a Force proportionable Sending him with this Proposition to King Lewis who professed himself disgusted with the Count because he had taken the Title of the Kings General without his knowledge and therefore when he went to London had forbid him coming into France he obtains to be admitted to treat with his Ministers denying him his own presence He was supplied with some money by the French with promises of more though in effect they had little fervency in the interest of the Palatine But for Italy having secured all behind him by the friendship of the English and the flank by the War of Flanders they applied themselves with more warmth to the Affairs of the Valteline The Venetians imployed all care with the Princes of Italy to unite them in the common Interest But succeeded no further but to induce the Dukes of Savoy and
of six thousand Foot and two thousand Horse sent thither from Tilly they resolved to keep the field stop up the ways hinder the relief or the diversion which Orange or Mansfelt might attempt But all this was more than needed for the Hollanders and Mansfelt not finding themselves strong enough to attempt any thing of moment it was of necessity to give way and let the place be taken Another sudden accident which retarded and discomposed any further attempt by the States was the death of Prince Maurice of Orange a person of the highest Renown who after his Father being while yet a Youth opposed in the Command of those Armies to Alexander Farnese Prince of Parma the most excellent Captain of Europe became in the Arts both of offending and defence with equal valour and wisdom the most famous Commander of his Age. Frederick Henry his Brother succeeds into all his Charges a Prince who in his skill in military affairs hath held an eminent place and perhaps superiour to his Brother if the quality of his undertakings be considered but certainly inferiour in merit because he had to do in the prosperous times of the Common-wealth and when its Fortune was in its prime But whatever the effect was the change was certainly prejudicial in that Conjuncture wherein Breda after more than nine months Siege languishing and no succours appearing was the 9. of June rendred upon honourable conditions During which time many and various were the successes of the War in Italy and the Negotiations of Peace The Valteline was wholly reduced by the Arms of the League except the two Appendixes of Bormio and Chiavena to which in the beginning of the year the Confederates applied themselves Towards which the Signor della Lande advances first and Coevre and Valaresso follow possessing the Fort of Chioppina which was abandoned and the Town it self of Bormio But Giovanni Baptista Canti of Ascoli who commanded there for the Pope being retired into the Fort knowing that for want of water he could not make it subsist renders it upon the sight and some shot of the Cannon There marched out three hundred and forty Souldiers obliged by oath not to bear Arms for the space of six months against the Confederates and some of the Valesians were put into Garrison there under Command of the same della Lande who had contributed much to the enterprise The Spaniards in Chiavena retiring into the Castle with some of the Popes Souldiers abandoned the Town to the Signor de Harcourt in hopes by the sharpness of the season and situation to hold it out for some time but contrary to their expectation seeing two pieces of Cannon appear brought over the Mountain called Bernine with infinite labour they also rendred Together with this prosperity of Arms went equally on the facility of the Treaty in the Grisons for the Commonalty being called together in Coira the Agents of the Austrians being dispersed or frighted the Treaties of Lindo and of Milan were abolished and the ancient Alliances with France and the Switzers restored to its first splendour The Pope endeavouring by all means to stop proceedings by Arms had sent into France Bernardino Nari Knight that together with Monsignor Spada Nuntio in Ordinary they might make in that Court effectual complaints for the Invasion of the Valteline contrary to the respect due to his Colours require the restitution of the Forts and in conclusion finding it not easie to be obtained open the way to a Treaty Upon bringing to remembrance things past France failed not to justifie the War and withal to countermine those advantages which Spain to captivate the Popes mind offered to his Relations proposed the Marriage of Madamoiselle de Rieux who carried with her one of the richest Dowries in France with one of his Nephews together with all the force of that Crown by means whereof the Fief of Vrbino by reason of the great age of that Duke being ready to revolve to the Church he might invest one of them with it and maintain him in the possession By reason of the youth of the said Nephews the burden of the affairs lay at that time upon the Cardinal Magalotti their very near Kinsman to whom both Crowns directed their propositions and invitations not without offers of great advantages also to himself There was no doubt but that the Barberins inclined rather to those of Spain and particularly to the Marriage with Stigliana as believed more contributing to their Fortune whilst for the State of Vrbin so many Bulls and Censures of Predecessors lay in the way which prohibit to alienate Fiefs devolved to the Church and which they apprehended when Vrban went about to use force would bring upon them the envy of many and the implacable hatred of those that should succeed into the Romish See The Pope made some Levies letting it be divulged that he would raise to the number of ten thousand men four thousand under the name of Taddeo his Nephew and the rest under the Command of Frederick Duke Savelli and one of the Princes of Palestrina which was then of the House Colonna He sent besides some Souldiers to Ferrara obliging thereby the Venetians to keep a small body in Polesene By this means he was perswaded to prunk up the management of the Treaty and his Mediation for which he made choice of his own Nephew Francesco Cardinal Barberino declaring him Legat à Latere though of unripe years yet with the assistance of notable and experienced Prelates Neither was it sufficient to divert him that the business was yet crude and the Treaty undigested and the having it prognosticated to him by many that the success would be unequal to the Dignity of his Nephew and his own desires because the passion the Cardinal had prevailed to shew himself in the most conspicuous Courts of Europe and imploy himself in affairs of so great importance To prepare the way for it Vrban insinuates to the Confederates a suspension of Arms but they refused it by experience of the prejudices in former delays and by the prosperity they had in the War there remaining no more to conquer but la Riva a Post believed of no consideration but became famous because being unadvisedly lest for the last enterprise it was the first that put a stop to going forward The Adda where it rises making a Meer closes with some moorish grounds to the entrance into the Lago de Como in such sort that it separates from it another little one and of very narrow circuit which is called by the name of Chiavena As the Valley terminates at the first and at the right side of the River within the Jurisdiction of Milan stands the Fort Fuentes in a situation something elevated so to this other the County of Chiavena faces it self with a Plain where runs the Mera Over against it extends it self the Territory of Como and Mountains with steep cliffs raise themselves on all sides To joyn the County to
taken what else would it be but to wound Italy again in the scar scarce healed to make it incurable and more painful The King charged himself with Casal nay with the universal care of Italy promising on any danger of that Country any attempts of its Enemies any notice from the Confederates to descend again the Alps with puissant Forces He that was the Author of the Peace would be the Guardian of it intreated the Republick to cooperate with him in so generous intentions and if she had been his Companion in the War she would have the satisfaction besides with him to maintain the Peace The Venetians after so long disturbances infinitely desirous of quiet were in a doubt lest upon new emergencies and the news of introducing Garrison the Spaniards taking Jealousie might disturb the Peace They were besides perswaded that the Duke drawing some relief from his Estate in France might supply his present necessity with which they hoped at last that the Councils of Spain being moderated by events Italy was to enjoy a long and secure tranquillity For this cause they excuse themselves from lending the Duke new assistance nevertheless promising if other disturbances should arise to concur with the vigilance and readiness usual in their ancient Customs together with the Crown for the relief of him and the common Liberty of Italy But the Dukes necessities not at all yielding to these considerations nor the Kings instances slackning but the Mareshal Thoiras being sent Ambassadour Extraordinary to give weight to the business by the quality of a person so famous he repeats with great urgency that the Republick having even in his utmost calamity assisted Carlo with a careful liberality would also compleat the kindness by giving him means to enjoy his present better Fortune The Senate resolved for that time only to disband upon the Borders certain Foot that the Duke taking them into pay might be accommodated with them but in conclusion Feria not disbanding and it being discovered that by the means of the Commander Collredo he perswaded the Duke rejecting the French and Venetian Garrisons to admit into Mantua those of Spain with offers of vast recompences and there happening in Goito just at the time it was to be restored to the State the death of the Eldest Prince without leaving other Issue than a Son in Swadling-clouts and one Daughter the Venetians determined to prevent every troublesom accident to send to the Duke under the Command of Francesco Martinengo a thousand Foot and two Companies of Horse with Ammunition and all that was else needful Jealousies afterwards increasing more and more they brought in four hundred other Souldiers Monsieur de Tavanes assisting by the Duke to give him the better appearance and reputation by the protection of that Crown Nor were the suspicions ill grounded for Feria having not succeeded to bring the Duke by Treaty to his ends attempted more secret contrivances and had sent to Mantua the Infanta Margaret under pretext to console the Widdowhood of the young Princess her Daughter but in effect to sow Discord suggest Marriages form Parties that by dividing the House and the Government a way miht be opened to some disorder Moreover the Duke of Main being dead in Casal in the so tender age of the little Prince new jealousies designs and hopes were perceived to arise for the Succession But Feria by more compelling apprehensions was forced to lead his thoughts elsewhere for when he thought the French gone out of Italy he discovered a Garrison in Pignarol and the Colours of that Crown displayed All followed in order to the fore-related Treaties for pledge whereof was the Cardinal of Savoy gone to Paris under the shew of fulfilling them But the French making shew of a suspicion that the Governour had no intention sincerely to observe the agreement complained that he did not disarm and that he kept some Germans of Schomberg in his pay notwithstanding that it was alledged by the Spaniards that that Regiment in particular belonged to the Crown under whose Colours it had long before born Arms and that in the process of the past Negotiations having made mention of it to the Popes Ministers they had obtained of the French in express terms that that was not understood to be comprehended amongst those Troops which were to go out of Italy But they who sought for excuses and pretexts shewing themselves not at all satisfied feigned to demand for the keeping of a secure passage open for their return into Italy a place of the Duke Vittorio And he dissembling what had been agreed in a mocquery to Feria communicates to him the request and at the same time though it obliged him to deny it demands of him assistance but in such a number and within a time so short that he could not be able to give it him The Governour defending himself partly with great complaints and partly with various and ambiguous answers the Duke taking pretext from the delays and denial publishes that he had consented to yield to pressing instances and deliver Pignarol for six months to the French But a little while after a new Treaty was divulged in which it appeared that that Town with the Vallies adjacent was sold to the Crown in perpetuity and that the price of it was that money which amounted to five hundred thousand Crowns which Vittorio for the satisfying of Mantua being to deposite in Lyons the King now charging himself with that debt took it upon himself Whether the French Garrison really at the executing of the Treaty did go out of Pignarol and afterwards went in again after that the Savoyards for the freeing of the Hostages gave assurance that the place was delivered or whether a part did not remain in the Cellars or in subterranean places hidden was then much and doubtfully talked of but time hath at last discovered that the French not trusting the quitting of the place entirely one part only went out and another remained secretly within and the Count de la Rocca the Spanish Ambassador at Turin who would have gone thither to see the effectual delivery was diverted by Mazarine by the fear of the Plague making him believe that it raged much and mortally in that place This action moved on a sudden the minds of all Europe and chiefly in Italy many at so great a novelty standing amazed others in suspence others contented according to affections and interests because those who for want of power had till now kept in their hatred against Spain breathed again desires and hopes of alterations and changes On the other side he that in the present state of things found himself at quiet equally fearing a yoke and assistance presaged new and more lasting calamities if it should remain in the power of the unquiet and head-long Genius of the French Nation unseasonably to disturb Italy but others that desired to see it in an equal state of liberty and security highly rejoycing that that Crown also was come
Citizens rather than by her own strength or the assistances of Strangers With these better times began the Principality of Francesco Erizzo assumed to be Duke after the death of Nicholo Contarini with great applause for having through the course of many years assisted the Country with counsel and joyntly defended it by Arms. And because he held the Generalship of the Terra firma there was put into that Charge as his Successor Luigi Giorgio at that time Proveditor in the Army But States being like the Sea where it fluctuates though there be no storm there arose at this time several diversities in opinion and unkindnesses with the Pope which though they molested not Italy with Arms distracted nevertheless mens minds with troublesom business Vrban after the death of Francesco Maria della Rovere the last Duke of Vrbin had united to the Church that most noble Fief And because during the life of the Duke who was now grown very old he kept a Prelate in that Country which assisted in all affairs he had after his death so little trouble to possess himself of it that Taddeo Barberino Prince of Palestrina entring into it with Souldiers to take quietly possession of it it looked as if the old Dominion was rather continued than another new one introduced The Pope under the pretext of the Commotions of Italy was already in Arms expecting this accident to the end that if in so great a confusion of affairs any body should go about to disturb him he might be able to maintain his right with a puissant Force But the Princes rather offered him to strives their assistance and exhorted him to invest his Nephews with it some believing to oblige him others by dismembring that State desiring that the Church should not so much increase its temporal Dominion The Pope having regard to the severe Bulls of his Predecessors and apprehending to leave to his House a Patrimony of unquietness and trouble rather than a peaceable Dominion made shew to think his Kinsmen more worthy of the Principality by refusing it than by retaining it He only confers as the Spoils of so noble a Conquest upon his Nephew Taddeo the Government of Rome a long time enjoyed by the Family of Rovere This dignity retains a certain ancient and venerable memory of the Praetor Praetorii in the times of the Caesars of so much esteem and authority though at present there remained nothing of it but the dress and the name From hence brake forth a great distaste with the Princes because the Prefect or Governour pretending precedency of Ambassadours who in the most solemn Functions assisting at the Popes Chair of State representing the members of all Christendom united to their head did all dissent from it The Barberins attempted to gain the Emperour because from his example other great Princes would certainly depend and they omitted not any means offering him great succours and powerful assistances But in vain for the Emperour resolving not to depart from what was fit and complaining that Merchandize for private respects was made of his necessity pulled upon him by maintaining of a cause in which Religion had the chief part orders his Ambassadour to abstain from the Churches and the other Ministers of the Crown followed him considering the Pope in his own house and in the cause of his Kindred Uncle and Party no less than a Prince From this common distaste of the Princes rose afterwards a particular one of the Venetians for Giovanni Pesari Cavalier Ambassadour of the Republick meeting casually in a street with the Prefect who stopping his Coach and the other not observing it by reason of the obscurity it being now late though he civilly caused an excuse to be made for it yet the Prefect taking offence at it meets him another time on purpose having corrupted the Ambassadours Coach-man who feigning that his Hat was fallen off staid the Horses and run his way Pesary was no sooner got home to his house but the Coach-mans flight was backed by some armed men to rescue him from the punishment he deserved The Court of Rome always talking and always greedy of occasions for it measuring things by appearances and shadows judges such Formalities to be of no less account than bloody Battels and important Conquests use to be esteemed elsewhere An. Dom. 1632 It being on this occasion in some disorder and the other Ambassadors taking it for their common interest offer themselves to the Venetian to do him right The Senate knowing that by the support of the Uncle the party of the Barberins would be too strong in Rome order Pesary that for a publick resentment he should immediately leave the City without taking leave of the Pope or his Nephews and at Venice they suspend giving audience to the Nuntio With this another disgust was interwoven upon occasion that Vrban at a time which was judged very unseasonable while Christendom was in a flame and Italy destroyed betwixt War and Plague had in the year past by his Bull decreed to the Cardinals the Ecclesiastical Electors and the great Master of Malta the Title of Eminence forbidding them to receive any other except from Kings The Republick notwithstanding continued to write in the stile accustomed but some of the Cardinals taking occasion from the affliction which they saw it would be to the Pope and his Kindred refused the Letters to the great resentment of the Senate There were added sharp contests betwixt those of Loreo subjects to the Venetians and those of Arriano which belong to those of Ferrara where the Cardinal Palotta the Legate disturbing the undoubted Confines of the Venetians by imprisonings and other mischiefs shewed an intention to attempt greater novelties by erecting new high-ways making the Po useless and changing the course of the Waters Nor were the Venetians wanting by equal mischiefs to repair themselves but Luca Pesaro Captain of the Gulph entring into the Sacca di Goro with certain Gallies and armed Barques stopped the Ships which with Victuals and Merchandise contrary to the Decrees of the Republick passed by Sea towards Ferrara He destroyed also in the River the works newly made to divert its course whereupon spirits imbittering it looked as if things would have proceeded further because Troops increasing on both sides the Ecclesiasticks on their Confines raised a Fort called delle Bocchette and the Venetians opposed another calling it della Donzella ANNO MDCXXXII To the end this first heat of Arms might not proceed to greater ingagements the French Ministers interposed proposing a suspension of offences and that the Souldiers should be withdrawn from those Borders where just at that time the Agreement was ready to be concluded it hapned that in an occasion some of those of the Popes were killed and thirty three taken Prisoners with hurt on the Venetians side But the Pope and the Republick giving their promise to King Lewis not to offend one another by Arms and to remove the souldiery there remained a larger field
the evening hindred them and the darkness of the night after ten hours separated this cruel fight Ten with the title of Generals were killed in both the Armies Wallestain was rather threatned than hurt with the shot of a Musket which favourably passed betwixt the seat and the buttock though at the blow not without a mark of excessive fear he let the bridle fall out of his hand and his Horse ran away with him The Imperialists by night retired towards Leipzich leaving their Cannon in the field because in the confusion of the Battel the Draught-horses were run away But in the Triumph of the Swedes the General was wanting which filling the Army that infinitely loved him with sorrow and lamentation some deplored the flower of his age others the vigour of his mind and all together the quality of a great Prince and no less Souldier He was found amongst the dead bodies mangled with wounds bruised with the trampling of Horses stript totally that not so much as his shirt remained as a Trophy of so many Conquests and so great an Empire A King certainly saving the errour of his Religion endowed with those qualities which have rendred the Conquerours of the World famous Possessing in an equal degree courage and prudence and if in conquering he seemed fierce and violent he was as wise and circumspect in preserving His vertues being solid and all of a piece it could not be discerned to which in his knowledge of the Military or Civil Affairs the prize was to be given Yet all his life having been in a continual exercise of Arms it seemed that he himself gave it the preference And indeed Fortune in these so far favoured him that having fought many Battels and always conquered in this very instant of death he dyed victorious after death and a long course of prosperity hath crowned in such sort his Sepulchre that his very ashes may be called Triumphant This was the issue of the Battel of Lutzen both Parties judged fatal the one having lost the field and the other their King but if these got the Victory the others saved themselves Wallestain staying but a few moments at Leipzich retires afterwards into Bohemia and the Swedes conducting the Body to Weissenfelt solemnized his Funeral with Revenge and Arms. Leipzich was rendred to Saxony to Weimar Chemnits to Kniphausen Pleiffenberg and Zuiccan to Horn and to the Rhingrave after the defeat of the Imperial Cavalry in Alsace Rheinfelt Colmar Haghenau and other places Frederick Prince Palatine under the countenance of this the Swedes Fortune regains Frankendale but taking the death of Gustavus to heart An. Dom. 1633 dyes himself within a while after Baudissen having taken Andernach troubled the Elector of Colen and the Dukedom of Berg. In this year also were in mourning through unhappy Fate almost all the Royal Families of Europe for in Spain whilst King Philip kept his Court in Catalogna dyes Charles his Brother in the flower of his Age a Prince of a haughty mind and impatient of being idle to such a degree that being designed to temper with more quiet imployments the heat of his nature to the Government of Portugal while the Infante Cardinal his other Brother was going to that of Flanders he raging with anger within a while dyes either from the weariness of his condition or by disorders having in a manner dissolved his mind in idleness and wasted his natural strength in pleasures Fame nevertheless accused the Conde Duke as if fearing the opposition of his hot spirit against his Authority he should have procured his death by poyson But it is not becoming without more certain proofs to give credit to so hainous a wickedness In Germany Leopold Archduke of Inspruch weary of the blows of Fortune prejudicial to his House and Country dyes leaving little Sons under the Tutelage of Claudia de Medici his Wife In Poland King Sigismond departs this life and in the Diet of the Kingdom was substituted Vladislaus his Eldest Son The Republick to congratulate his coming to the Crown made choice of Giovanni Pisari Cavalier for Ambassadour Extraordinary who afterwards appointed elsewhere leaves Giorgio Giorgio Cavalier to perform it and it was answered in the Name of the King by the Duke of Ossolinschi after he had been to present obedience to the Pope ANNO M.DC.XXXIII By the death of Gustavus all the World believed notwithstanding the posthumous Victory and the advantages of Arms that as great and weighty bodies when they fall are split into small pieces so Fortune would be shaken and such a breach made into that Power that the Armies should disband Princes disunite Conquests be lost and after a short flash there would remain of this great Thunder-stroke no more but the memory and the ashes But quite contrary for after having setled in Swede the Succession of the Crown in Christina the only Daughter of the King deceased and placed the Tutelage of her that was not above seven years old in the hands of the principal Ministers the Chiefs of the Army calling a Council in Germany resolved to continue the War so much the more earnestly by how much they hoped that Honour and Booty will in future accrue to their advantage To Axel Oxenstern great Chancellor a man of a notable Talent they yielded the direction of the ordinary Counsels and to Weimar they committed the chief management of the Armies not without distasting the Elector of Saxony who by reason of his dignity thought it due to him So the War under divers Chiefs and with several Armies was presently spread into many Provinces to the so much ruine of places and people that if it ordinarily be nourished with cruelty and blood at present it seemed that the alone desolating of Germany was the aim of the Armies Amongst infinite successes which changing felicity and fortune hapned in several places it shall suffice to make choice of the most signal that serve most for the reflection of Princes and the alteration of States Whilst the Swedish Chiefs were dividing designs and charges Fridtland not only goes far from Leipzich but out of the Countries of the Elector of Saxony though with the fright of his Arms he might easily have perswaded him to an agreement and leaving but a few Troops in Bohemia goes into Silesia under pretext to oppose the Saxons who indeed made less disturbance there than elsewhere The Austrians joyful for the death of the King Gustavus stormed nevertheless against their own General accusing him that neglecting so great a conjuncture to end the War with advantage he had not made use of the arts proper to a Conquerour nor his wonted ones of a great Captain Wherefore the confidence Ferdinand had in him did henceforward degenerate into suspicion that he was pleased with War and the Command whereupon to satiate his ambition or rather to found his intention a great sum of money in the name of the Spaniards was offered him that by his reputation and conduct an
intending to surprise Nizza della Paglia arrived there so late in the day that he was easily discovered And not thinking it honourable to retreat fortifies himself in a Convent obliging Leganes who by the weakness of the place hoped for a short conquest of it to repair thither with the whole Army Nor was he deceived for after four days the Governour renders it there going forth four hundred Monferrins two hundred forty French and some Horse Savoyards Thence passing into the Territory of Asti orders Philippo di Silva to take in Algiano which easily succeded With the Duke of Mantua who complained of the Invasion of Monferrat and with the Venetians who did not willingly hear of his prejudice the Governour of Milan justified himself alledging that he was not bound to use respect where he found Garrisons of that Nation which with molestations and jealousies afflicted the Frontiers of the Milanese But the progress of the Spanish Arms quickly terminated in this period for Crequi returned out of France where he had been to justifie his past conduct joyning with six thousand Foot and two thousand Horse Savoyards attempted la Rocca d'Arasso a little before taken by the Spaniards but Leganes coming near with all the Army he was constrained to retire This Campagnia afterwards ended with certain Incursions and some Encounters betwixt Brem and Vercelli which were of no small moment where Villa beat Arragona with the death of some Officers on the Spaniards side and among them Spadino the known Promoter of the first Siege of Casal and the same Chiefs not far from Monbaldone putting it to a new tryal Aragona went away with the worst who hardly saving himself by flight abandoned six Cannons and his Baggage After these the accidents of Nature promoted new and unthought of successes for Italy greatly afflicted by the death of two of its Princes opened the bosom to new strokes The Duke Vittorio in Vercelli upon the seventh of October in the one and fiftieth year of his Age ended his days with various judgments upon the nature of his sickness there wanting not some who imputed it to poyson given by Crequi either for private hatred or the publick distrusts of the Crown and they drew their argument from an invitation where were with the Duke the Count de Verrua his most confident Minister and the Marquess Villa the most faithful General of his Army of which falling sick together with the Duke the first dyed and the other hardly by the strength of his complexion overcame the accidents Others believed that the powder of Diamonds given him some time before had corroded his inward parts But besides that the French are abhorring such Arts it ought not to seem strange that the Duke macerated with many cares and tedious indispositions in the decline of his age should run the common Fate so that in such cases of doubt and concealment it is more beseeming to give credit to Nature than authorize falshood Let it be as it will he left with three Daughters two Sons both very young and to them War for an Inheritance and for a Patrimony the hatred of one of the Crowns and the distrust of the other without support of any sincere friendship Francesco Giacinto the eldest having scarce tasted the benefit of life but not of command was after a few months snatched away by death leaving the Title to Carlo Emanuel his Brother Vittorio dead the Tutelage and Regency were assumed by the Dutchess Christina alledging the Will of her Husband expressed in his Testament which committed it to her alone The Princes Maurice the Cardinal and Tomaso pretended to have a share in it and pressed it so much the more as believing the life of the little Duke doubtful by reason of his tender age and weak constitution and because by the Laws of the Country Women being excluded they were incouraged to conceive great hopes that the Succession might devolve to them For which cause the Cardinal who resided at Rome leaves the Court notwithstanding that the Pope doubtful of what happened endeavoured to stop him with offers of imployments and advantages He come to the Borders of Piedmont and finding an Order there from the Dutchess that he should retire further off with a promise if he did of satisfaction and an Appennage things being not yet in a condition to use force retired into the Genouese King Lewis freed from those suspicions in which the deep and wise Conduct of the Duke Vittorio held him was glad to see his Sister Regent who since she could not adhere to her Brothers-in-law nor put trust in them remained constrained to shelter her self under his protection On the other side the Spaniards by reason of this dependence and conjunction of Blood endeavoured to have her excluded or at least that she might govern with an Authority so limited and restrained that she might not be able to bring prejudice to their interests Expecting therefore accidents from time Leganes was not solicitous to make advantage in that Conjuncture with Arms save only that he took in the Castle of Pomar in Monferrat which he abandoned so soon as he saw Crequi joyned again with Villa These two Chiefs were joyned notwithstanding their disgusts grown even to publick distrust from the time that Crequi taking occasion from the death of the Duke had attempted to cast a Garrison of French into Vercelli and Villa had prevented him by bringing in a strong Renfort of Savoyards The other accident which gave no less apprehension to Italy was the death of Carlo Duke of Mantua upon the 21. of September in the sixty and one year of his age He whilst he lived privately had had several thoughts and designs of a great Prince but having attained the Principality with great hazard governed himself amidst great troubles with the spirit and manners of a private man The Succession fell to Carlo Nephew of the Duke deceased and Son of the Prince Carlo Duke of Rhetel yet in Minority and therefore recommended by Testament and by a Codicil of the Grandfather to the protection of the French and the Venetians and to the Regency of the Mother a Princess of a most prudent understanding who altering nothing of the present state of things requires the Oath in the name of the Son and sends to Venice the Senator Paraleoni to obtain the continuance of the assistance and the direction of the Senate The Republick doubling to the end to preserve that State their diligence passed immediately effectual offices with the Emperour to divert all thoughts of novelty and in Spain used remonstrances to the end the Infanta Maria should have no thoughts of returning to Mantua to sow unseasonable suspicions Nor was it difficult to obtain it for although the Spaniards were not pleased at the assistance of Monsieur de la Tour a French Commander in Mantua yet fancying to themselves greater advantages on the side of Piedmont An. Dom. 1638 they thought it best as yet not to
while after to supply the necessity of the Cardinal of Savoy part of the Garrison of Monaco was sent to his relief and more to weaken the rest the Prince took occasion of the refusal of Roccabruna a place of his to disburse certain money which was just to serve for the payment of the Souldiers and perswaded the Governour to send sixty more to quarter there for a chastisement Invited by this occasion he causes to be brought to him by night certain of his Subjects who for several offences he kept imprisoned and while the Governour and other Officers slept more soundly from the Jolity and the Wine of a Supper in which the Prince had nobly entertained them communicates to them the desire and intention to rid himself of the Spaniards now but few in number and at present sleeping in great security provided they would be assisting to deliver him from that oppression under which for so many years he had innocently groaned All for the liberty which he promised them consenting to the common safety shaking off their Fetters armed themselves and the Prince with those of the Court putting himself at the head of one Troop and his Son at that of the other they set forward to assault in several parts the Garrison who expecting nothing else were disarmed without defence and after the death of some the rest made Prisoners The Prince advertises presently to the Count d'Ales Governour of Provenza who having in a readiness a relief of Provisions and Souldiers sent it without delay by Sea The Prince then sends back to Sirvela the Souldiers that were Prisoners and the Order of the Fleece because he had secretly consented to receive from King Lodowick that of the Holy Ghost to keep in Monaco a Garrison of French and in recompence of that which he should lose in Naples and elsewhere to enjoy in Fief the Dutchy of Valence in Dauphiné with advantages and pensions for himself and his Son THE HISTORY OF THE REPUBLICK OF VENICE THE TWELFTH BOOK AS an Appendix to so many others which tore Christendom in pieces served the War newly started up in Italy if not great for the occasions for the effects and for the exploits famous at least for the contention of minds curious for the variety of interests and important for the quality of the managements The original was ascribed to certain disgusts of the Barbarins Nephews of Vrban against Edward Prince of Parma and they came to be fomented from grudgings already conceived by several Potentates against the Pope and his House for the Pontificate being governed in these last times by his Nephews with an absolute command Vrban being under the burden of his years weakned in his vigour and authority it seemed that with various injuries to the Princes they abused their power and fortune with an excess of license He that had most of the Popes affection and favour was the Cardinal Francisco deep in his designs often irresolute always a friend to his own Counsels easie to suspect and tenacious in what he affected On the other side the Duke Edward was of high and active spirits sensible of every displeasure prone to resentments otherwise dignified with the Arts Military and Civil Sciences to such a degree that nothing wanted to rank him amongst the most commendable and greatest Princes but that Fortune had either given him an Empire and power equal to his mind or Prudence equalled his mind to his fortune and power In the forementioned War undertaken by the Duke against Spain with boldness more than needed some seeds of discontent had already been scattered betwixt him and the Barbarins either because it seemed to the Duke that the Pope had with coldness interposed to divert the dangers or rather imminent ruine of his Countries or that he had discovered from the propositions which the Nephews had caused to be brought to him in that conjuncture to sell and alienate certain of his Lands for their advantage that the aim of that Family tended more to their private conveniency than to the interest of State Edward afterwards going to Rome in the year one thousand six hundred thirty nine disgusts brake forth more openly for not being treated with those Ceremonies which he affirmed were first promised him nor the Prince Francisco Maria his Brother promoted to the Cardinalat in the pursuit whereof with great hopes to effect it the Duke notwithstanding affirmed to have been engaged by the Barbarins he only obtained of Vrban power to lessen the Revenue of the Monti with a half per Cent upon the advance whereof grounding a new increase of the Capital all he got was to go thence with a not contemptible sum of money That is called at Rome mony de Monti which in Venice is called di Zecca deposited by private persons on the condition of an annual Rent which by the Farnese had been assigned upon the Revenues of Castro a Dukedom they held in Fief of the Church and which by the vicinity to Rome serving them for convenience and honours gave notwithstanding no jealousie to the Popes it having no places of strength in it The Barbarins secretly tempted as in recompense of the favour obtained the mind of Edward to cede to them certain places of that State contiguous to their Lands but the motion being rejected favours were changed into unkindness Whereupon though the Pope did not recall the grant it was yet crossed by the Nephews and with sundry delays and difficulties prolonged and diminished The Duke hereat irritated hastens his departure from Rome and vented his discontents publishing them to the Courts by not visiting the Barbarins nor the Pope by inveighing against the Cardinal Francisco and his Government so highly that Vrban was moved at it even to fears but they were quickly converted into wrath and sharp resentments For the Duke enjoying by concession of the Popes the draught of Corn out of his Country Vrban on a sudden forbids it and in that consisting the best Revenues of Castro the exportation failing the Siri Merchants to whom the Duke had farmed it for ninety 7000 Crowns per an renounce the agreement whereupon that sum being not able to be raised which sufficed to pay the Montists they had recourse to the Courts of Justice and obtained that the Duke should be juridically cited He imputes all to the Barbarins as if they designed to despoil him of that Country and seeing the person of the Judge not separate from that of his Enemies he believed he should be overborn and therefore not regarding the way of Judicature he resolves to fortifie himself against force not only with right but Arms also sending Delfino Angelieri a Gentleman of Monferrat Governour with a Garrison to Castro and causing half-moons and Redouts to be cast up about the place This being judged by the Barberins a crime as if he would resist his Soveraign a Monitory was published by the Auditor of the Chamber in which limiting to the Duke thirty days to
restitution of those Passes 311. drive the French out of the Valteline and agree with the Spaniards 428 Gustavus King of Swede succours Strassond 229 sends an Ambassadour to several Princes concerning the affairs of the Empire 306. enters Germany with an Army 348. makes progress 358. beats the Imperialists at Leipzich 359. sends an Ambassadour to Venice 360. his progress in the Empire and against Bavaria 367 373. incamps near Nuremberg 374. killed in the battel of Lutzen 377. his Character ibid. H. HEnry Count of Harcourt recovers the Isles of Ere 's 430. retires from Chieri 474. raises the siege of Casal 478. besieges Turin 479. takes it 483. his other conquests in Piedmont 501 Henry Count de la Tour head of the Bohemian Rebellion 128. besieges Vienna 135. retires ibid. ingaged in the Service of the Republick 215. passes into that of Denmark 258. defeated by Wallestain 379 Henry Count of Berg commands the Spanish Army in Flanders 307. revolts and attempts to form another party 372 I. ISle of Rhé attacqued by the English 263. relieved by the French 264 Isles of Ere 's taken by the Spaniards 411. recovered by the French 430 Istria hostillity in that Province betwixt the Venetians and Archiducalians 53. a description of the Province 55 Italy the heart of Europe left in peace by the Spaniards 2. attempt to greaten themselves 4. imbrace the opportunity 5. the inclinations and interests of its Princes ib. is disturbed by the death of the Duke of Mantua ib. L. LEague of the Princes of Italy thought unseasonable 25. that of the Republick with the Grisons opposed by the French 35. with the Switzers contested by the Spaniards 36. concluded with two Cantons 45. sworn to 131. with the Grisons hindred by the Ministers of France and Spain 45. with the Princes of the North offered but not accepted 57 League Catholick in Germany declares for the Emperour 138 League betwixt the Republick and Duke of Savoy 119. betwixt the Republick and Holland 141 League betwixt France the Republick and Savoy projected in Lyons 185. the Spaniards vexed at it ib. concluded 197. the divers ends of the Confederates 209. betwixt France and Holland 206. 397. betwixt France and Savoy against the Genouese 214. betwixt Spain and Savoy to divide Monferrat 275. betwixt France the Republick and Mantua 300. betwixt France and the Republick to recover the passes of the Grisons but not executed 310. betwixt France and Swede 357. 380. 412. 424 League betwixt France Savoy Mantua and Parma 402. betwixt France and the Dutchess of Savoy 435 League proposed betwixt the Pope and the Republick treated and broken off 479. betwixt the Republick the great Duke and the Duke of Modena for defence 520. is treated also for offence 543. concluded 544 Leganes Governour of Milan takes Brem and Vercelli 437 438. besieges Casal and is beaten 478. Leucata besieged by the Spaniards and relieved with their defeat 431 Leopoldo Archduke dyes 378 Leopold Guglielmo Archduke provided with Church goods 260. commands the Imperial Armies 471 Lodowick XIII King of France jealous of the authority of the Mareshal d' Ancre 101. causes him to be killed ib. gives himself in prey to Luines ib. applies to the affairs of Italy 102. but quickly grows cold 103. presses the Spaniards to restore Vercelli 120. interposes in the affairs of Bohemia 151 152. restores Religion in Bern 122. applies to the affairs of the Valteline 163 184 206. makes War to the Huguenots and then Peace 176. cares not to succour Breda 220. disgusted with the King of England 221 255. procures his Confederates to approve the Treaty of Monzon 253. disorders in his Kingdom for the Marriage of his Brother 248. goes into Britany 250. for the succession of Nevers to the State of Mantua trys the way of Negotiation 268 272. having taken Rochel enters into it 289. opinions in Council concerning the relief of Mantua differ 290. resolves to go into Italy 291. comes to the foot of the Alps 298. forces the passage 301. returns into Languedoc against the Huguenots 304. and afterwards to Paris 309. quiets domestick divisions 310. sends the Cardinal into Italy 315. reconciles with his Brother enters into Savoy and comes back to Lions 306. sends Ambassadours to the Diet at Ratisbone 341. promises money to the King of Swede ibid. falls sick at Lions 343. pursues his Brother 361 362. his Arms in Germany 366. and in Lorrain 370. assists the Swedes 380. gets Philipsburg 394. invaded by the Austrians in his own Kingdom 422. speaks with his Sister at Grenoble 473. is sensible of the too great power of the Cardinal 496. forces the Princes male-contents to an accord 497. goes to the Siege of Perpignan 532. disgusted with Richelieu 536. who dying disposes of the Government in the power of the Favourites 439. dyes his Character 552 Lodowick XIV his Birth 444 Lorenzo Marcello Captain of the Galliasses hurt at Vallona 447. elected Censor 449 Lorenzo Veniero General in Dalmatia 55. takes Novi 53. animates the people of Istria and attempts Moschenizza ibid. Captain of the Ships defies those of Ossuna 95. Captain General 98 Lovain assieged by the French who there consume their Army 398 Lewis Contarini Ambassador in England 266. concludes Peace betwixt Crown and France 296. Ambassadour in France ibid. at Rome 366. Bailo at Constantinople justifies what happened at Vallona 450. arrested Prisoner 451. adjusts those differences 467. Ambassadour at the Meeting for Peace 558. obtains Levies for the Republick in Tirol 568 Luines stirs up Lewis XIII against the Mareshal d'Ancre 101. succeeds him in the favour 102. his designs against the Huguenots 175. made Constable dyes 176 M. MAgdenburg taken and ruined by the Imperialists 358 Mantua described 314. garrisoned and fortified by the Republick 315. besieged by the Germans ibid. relieved by the Republick 317 318. the Germans draw further off 318. is re-inforced by the Venetians 321 334. is betrayed 335. and sacked 336. restored to the Duke garrisoned by the Republick 354. reinforce it 440 Marco Anthonio Businello Resident for the Republick in Mantua Prisoner to the Germans and released 337 Marco Anthonio Corraro Ambassadour to the King of England 255 Marco Anthonio Manzano counsels the Siege of Goritia 56 Marco Anthonio Memo Doge dyes 59 Marco Anthonio Padavino Resident in Naples 338 Marco Giustiniano coasts upon the Army of the Germans and encamps at Sonato 334. attempts Caneto and the relief of Mantua 334. General in Terra Firma Marco Loredano General in Istria 55 Margaret Dutchess of Lorain pretends to the succession of Mantua 274 Margaret Infanta of Savoy wife of Francisco D. of Mantua 5. being a widow pretends to be with child 6. retires to her Father 9. returns to Mantua to her daughter 355. the French drive her thence 596. Vice Queen of Portugal is driven away by the rebellion of the people 491 Maria Princess of Mantua desired by the Duke of Savoy and Spaniards to be in their power 7. Ferdinand her Vncle refuses to
deliver her but the Spaniards insist upon it 7 8. Matthias the Emperour and the Queen Regent of France dissent from it 8 9. thoughts of marrying her to the Duke of Rhetel 272. and married to him 271. assumes the Regency 435. disgusted with France 489. in concert with the Spaniards procures the taking of Casal 417 Mary Queen of Hungary comes into Italy 338. the Republick deny her passage by Sea and at last conduct her with their own Fleet. 338 Mary Queen Regent of France against War in Italy imploys endeavours in favour of the Duke of Mantua 25. sends Ambassadours into Italy 66. imprisons Conde ibid. against Nevers 280. offended at Richelieu 280 309. attempts putting him out of the Government 326. under custody at Compiegne escapes to Brussels 362. dyes at Cologne Marcheville Ambassadour of France in the Empire stirs up the Princes against the Emperour 262 Martin Tromp Admiral of the Hollanders Fleet defeats that of Spain 472 Maximilian Archduke of Austria dyes 130 Maximilian Duke of Bavaria refuses the Imperial Crown 126. possesses the upper Austria 153. and Prague having defeated the Palatine 156. the Elector at conferred upon him 197. treats with France and England 197 198. jealous of the Emperours power not separate from him 261. exclaims against Wallestain 346. proposed General of the Armies 348. closes with the French 361 Maestricht besieged and taken by the Hollanders 373 Marriages reciprocal betwixt France and Spain much contested by the Princes malecontents 33. executed 58. that of the Prince of England with the Sister of the King of France causes disgusts betwixt those Crowns 221 Mattheo Cardinal Priuli refuses the Bishoprick of Bergamo 80 Matthias Galasso beats a body of Venetian Souldiers 327. re-inforces Goito 331. drives la Valette out of his Quarters in the Mantuan and pursues the Venetians 332. takes Valezzo 333. invades France 423. retires with little advantage ibid. Matthias the Emperour sends the Prince of Castiglion into Italy 15. does not assist the Archduke against the Republick 60. nominates Commissioners for the Peace 63. cedes the Crown of Bohemia to Ferdinand 105. endeavours to pacifie the Bohemians 129. jealous of Ferdinand ibid. moved at the imprisonment of Cardinal Gliselius 130. dies 134 Maurice Cardinal Prince of Savoy opposes the Spaniards in Piedmont 82. upon the death of his Brother the Duke comes to the Borders of Piedmont 435. returns thither with great applause 460. takes Nizza and Villa Franca 463. inclines to marry 475 Maurice Prince of Orange relieves Bergen Opzoom 193. succeeds not in the relief of Breda 219. nor in the surprise of the Castle of Antwerp 220. dyes 222 Melchior Cardinal Glisclius Favourite of the Emperour Matthias 8. arrested Prisoner 130. sent to Rome and there absolved 131 Meldole shakes off the yoke of the Prince of Castiglione 149. the neighbouring Princes stirring in it the business is adjusted ibid. Michael Priuli takes Ostia 331. Proveditor in Terra firma 436. incourages those of Rovigo 560. Proveditor in the field 561. dyes 562 Meilleray takes Hesdin and made Mareshal of France 471. takes the Town of Air 496. chosen for the Siege of Perpignan 532. takes Collivre 533 Monaco garrisoned by the Spaniards puts it self under the protection of the French 501 Monferrat pretended by the Duke of Savoy 5. described 10. an exchange proposed by the Spaniards 33. oppressed on all sides 80. several places possessed by the Savoyards 84 98. others garrisoned by the Spaniards 84. invaded the French and Savoyards 229. and by Leganes Governour of Milan 433 Mont Albano besieged by the King of France without success 176. taken by Richelieu 305. the Mountain of Pleurs falls 131 Montvesuvius casts fire 360. Moravians rebel 134. vexed by the Cassocks 153 Mustapha succeeds to Achmet in the Turkish Empire 98. deposed 117. put to death 466 N. NIchola Francesco Duke of Lorrain marries and flies out of Nancy 394 Niccolo Contarini perswades the Senate to assist the Duke of Savoy 69. Commissioner for executing of the Peace 115. Duke 321. dyes 363 Niccolo Delfino takes many places from the Pontificians 547 Niccolo Marquess of Bagni commands the Popes Troop in the Valteline 217 Niccolo Donato Doge 116 Nizza della Paglia besieged by the Savoyards 23. taken by the Spaniards 287 433 Novi surprised by the Venetians complaints of the Archduke their justification 53 Nuntio presents to the Republick a Letter from the Pope for the Victory of their Fleet over the Pirates of Barbery 456. exhorts to send Ambassadours to Rome 457. endeavours to take away jealousies at their raising Arms against the Duke of Parma 506. promised himself too much of the Venetians 509. endeavours to amuse them with flatteries 512. and invitations to send an Ambassadour to the Pope 462. sent away from Venice 554 O. O Edward Duke of Parma tempted by the Spaniards 383. joyns with France 401. invades the Milanese 407. attacqued by the Spaniards 418. inclines to peace and concludes it 426. his parts and distaste against the Barberins 503. fortifies Castro 505. hath recourse to the Republick 506. publishes a Manifest 513. excommunicated proceeds to secure his affairs 515. puts himself into the field demands assistance 517. marches against the State Ecclesiastick with a memorable Voyage 521. deluded after many Treaties returns into his own Country 527. makes new attempts by Sea 542. had a mind also to do it through Tuscany 543. inclines not to enter into the League ibid. marches and possesses Bondeno and the Stellata 544. confounds the designs of the Confederates by not seconding them 546 549. succours not the Republick 560. nor the Great Duke 564. after some difficulty consents to the peace 570 Olland levies in the Republicks pay 90. to the great disturbance of the Spaniards who complain of it to the Pope but are quieted by the Ambassadour of the Republick 139. confederate with the Venetians 145. assist the Palatine 153. do not succour Rochel 265. refuse a Truce offered by the Spaniards 308. beaten at the Scheld and at Ghelre 441 Oneglia besieged and taken by the Spaniards 41 Oratio Baglioni perswades to pursue advantages upon the Carso against the Austrians 92. endeavours to hinder succours to Gradisca is killed 108 Oration in the Senate to stir up moving Arms for the outrage of the Uscocchi 21. others of a contrary opinion 22. of the Duke of Savoy with invectives against Spain 31. and to exhort the Republick to joyn with them 41. of Carlo Scaglia his Ambassadour with the Republick to demand assistance 67. of Niccolo Contarini to perswade the Senate to assist the Duke of Savoy 69. of Simeon Contarini to the Pope 90. of Henry Count de la Tour to the Bohemians 128. of John Nani to disswade the Republick from a League with the Hollanders 141. of Sebastian Veniero perswading it 143. of Girolamo Priuli to the King of France 162. of Count Mansfelt to his Souldiers 292. of Giovanni Basadonna against the undertaking of Genoua 212. of Girolamo Trevisano to approve the