great_o belove_v both_o by_o his_o father_n and_o the_o people_n and_o cause_v d._n agnes_n de_fw-fr castro_n a_o very_a beautiful_a lady_n who_o be_v without_o his_o consent_n marry_v to_o his_o son_n pieter_n barbarous_o to_o be_v murder_v which_o so_o exasperate_v pieter_n that_o he_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o the_o father_n do_v considerable_a mischief_n till_o at_o last_o the_o business_n be_v compose_v pieter_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1357._o his_o son_n pieter_n be_v common_o call_v the_o cruel_a though_o some_o will_v have_v this_o rather_o to_o have_v be_v speak_v to_o his_o praise_n as_o have_v be_v a_o exact_a observer_n of_o justice_n never_o spare_v any_o offender_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1368._o his_o son_n ferdinand_n contend_v with_o henry_n the_o bastard_n ferdinand_n who_o have_v murder_v his_o brother_n pieter_n surname_v the_o cruel_a king_n of_o castille_n about_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n because_o his_o mother_n beatrice_n have_v be_v daughter_n of_o sanctius_n iv._o king_n of_o castille_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o some_o city_n of_o that_o kingdom_n declare_v for_o he_o he_o wage_v war_n against_o the_o forementioned_a henry_n but_o he_o be_v too_o strong_a for_o he_o he_o can_v not_o maintain_v his_o pretension_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o make_v peace_n 1373._o however_o the_o war_n break_v out_o afresh_o again_o betwixt_o they_o because_o ferdinand_n have_v protect_v some_o who_o be_v banish_v out_o of_o castille_n for_o high_a treason_n neither_o will_v upon_o demand_n surrender_v they_o to_o revenge_v this_o henry_n make_v a_o inroad_n into_o portugal_n and_o find_v no_o resistance_n overran_a the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n after_o the_o death_n of_o henry_n ferdinand_n make_v a_o peace_n with_o his_o son_n john_n but_o the_o same_o be_v soon_o violate_v again_o by_o the_o portuguese_n who_o encourage_v the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n that_o marry_v constantia_n daughter_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o castille_n to_o pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o castille_n he_o come_v with_o a_o good_a army_n into_o portugal_n but_o the_o english_a be_v quick_o grow_v weary_a of_o the_o war_n in_o spain_n and_o live_v very_o disorderly_a in_o portugal_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v on_o both_o side_n at_o last_o ferdinand_n marry_v his_o daughter_n beatrice_n to_o john_n of_o castille_n under_o condition_n that_o such_o child_n as_o be_v bear_v of_o their_o body_n shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n which_o be_v afterward_o the_o occasion_n of_o bloody_a war_n this_o ferdinand_n who_o by_o his_o frequent_a war_n have_v prove_v very_o pernicious_a to_o portugal_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1383_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o true_a race_n of_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n §_o 3._o after_o the_o death_n of_o ferdinand_n great_a trouble_n arise_v in_o portugal_n interregnum_fw-la most_o of_o the_o portuguese_n not_o be_v able_a to_o brook_v live_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o castilian_n who_o they_o mortal_o hate_v it_o be_v it_o be_v true_a agree_v on_o in_o the_o article_n of_o marriage_n make_v betwixt_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o beatrice_n daughter_n of_o ferdinand_n that_o her_o mother_n eleonora_n shall_v have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n in_o portugal_n till_o such_o child_n as_o shall_v be_v bear_v of_o this_o marriage_n shall_v be_v of_o age_n but_o this_o eleonora_n leave_v all_o to_o the_o management_n of_o the_o count_n of_o ancira_n her_o much_o suspect_a favourite_n she_o draw_v upon_o herself_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o portuguese_n john_n therefore_o natural_a son_n of_o pieter_n king_n of_o portugal_n private_o murder_v he_o whereby_o he_o get_v both_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n and_o increase_v the_o hatred_n against_o the_o queen_n dowager_n but_o some_o of_o the_o portuguese_n be_v much_o dissatisfy_v at_o these_o proceed_n beg_v the_o king_n of_o castille_n castille_n to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n which_o he_o may_v in_o all_o likelihood_n have_v obtain_v if_o he_o have_v be_v quick_a enough_o either_o by_o fair_a mean_n or_o by_o force_n to_o have_v put_v himself_o into_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o same_o but_o he_o be_v uncertain_a in_o his_o resolution_n give_v by_o his_o delay_n time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o the_o adverse_a party_n to_o strengthen_v itself_o wherefore_o he_o come_v without_o a_o army_n into_o portugal_n his_o mother-in-law_n resign_v to_o he_o the_o government_n but_o he_o find_v but_o a_o indifferent_a reception_n among_o the_o portuguese_n they_o be_v very_o averse_a to_o he_o because_o he_o use_v very_o rare_o to_o speak_v or_o converse_v with_o they_o nevertheless_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o some_o city_n do_v side_n with_o he_o but_o most_o out_o of_o a_o hatred_n to_o the_o castilian_n choose_v for_o their_o leader_n john_n the_o bastard_n a_o wise_a and_o brave_a man_n and_o much_o belove_v by_o the_o people_n the_o castilian_n thereupon_o besiege_v lisbon_n but_o their_o army_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n destroy_v by_o the_o plague_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o leave_v it_o without_o have_v get_v any_o advantage_n 1385._o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o portuguese_n declare_v this_o john_n their_o king_n bastard_n who_o very_o courageous_o attack_v those_o place_n which_o have_v declare_v for_o the_o castilian_n and_o subdue_v the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o the_o castilian_n then_o enter_v with_o a_o army_n into_o portugal_n but_o be_v entire_o rout_v by_o this_o new_a king_n near_a aliubarotta_fw-it which_o victory_n be_v yearly_o celebrate_v to_o this_o day_n among_o the_o portuguese_n after_o this_o battle_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n do_v without_o more_o ado_n surrender_v themselves_o to_o the_o new_a king_n the_o portuguese_n also_o call_v unto_o their_o aid_n the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n unto_o who_o they_o have_v promise_v the_o crown_n of_o castille_n they_o enter_v into_o that_o kingdom_n with_o a_o army_n but_o the_o english_a have_v suffer_v extreme_o by_o sickness_n the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n think_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o castilian_n whereupon_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o son_n of_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n shall_v marry_v his_o only_a daughter_n catharine_n which_o he_o have_v by_o constantia_n daughter_n to_o pieter_n king_n of_o castille_n a_o truce_n be_v also_o make_v betwixt_o portugal_n and_o castille_n at_o that_o time_n but_o the_o war_n soon_o break_v out_o again_o 1399._o at_o last_o a_o everlasting_a peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o both_o kingdom_n so_o that_o john_n have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o maintain_v himself_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n and_o reign_v with_o great_a applause_n after_o he_o be_v quiet_o settle_v in_o the_o throne_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n into_o africa_n and_o take_v the_o city_n ceuta_n who_o son_n also_o first_o find_v out_o the_o isle_n of_o madera_n 1415._o this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1433_o 1420._o and_o leave_v a_o memory_n that_o be_v to_o this_o day_n dear_a to_o the_o portuguese_n §_o 4._o edward_n his_o son_n edward_n be_v a_o very_a virtuous_a prince_n but_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o for_o at_o that_o time_n portugal_n be_v overrun_v with_o the_o plague_n he_o get_v the_o infection_n by_o a_o letter_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1438._o during_o his_o reign_n his_o brother_n undertake_v a_o most_o unfortunate_a expedition_n into_o africa_n where_o be_v themselves_o take_v prisoner_n before_o tangier_n they_o promise_v to_o restore_v to_o the_o moor_n ceuta_n for_o a_o ransom_n leave_v don_n ferdinand_n as_o a_o hostage_n behind_o they_o but_o the_o state_n of_o portugal_n refuse_v to_o stand_v to_o the_o contract_n the_o hostage_n be_v force_v to_o end_v his_o day_n in_o prison_n v._n alfonsus_n son_n to_o this_o 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quarrel_n wherefore_o she_o be_v very_o careful_a to_o uphold_v these_o jealousy_n betwixt_o they_o to_o find_v a_o opportunity_n to_o set_v up_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n and_o his_o party_n thereby_o to_o balance_v those_o of_o guise_n she_o pretend_v to_o be_v no_o enemy_n to_o the_o protestant_a religion_n under_o which_o pretence_n the_o same_o be_v much_o in_o request_n at_o court._n to_o suppress_v the_o reform_a religion_n montmorency_n the_o house_n of_o guise_n and_o the_o mareschaal_n of_o st._n andrew_n join_v in_o a_o confederacy_n who_o call_v themselves_o the_o triumvirate_n draw_v also_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n in_o to_o their_o party_n poissy_n after_o this_o a_o conference_n and_o disputation_n be_v hold_v betwixt_o some_o divine_n of_o both_o religion_n at_o poissy_n after_o which_o the_o royal_a protection_n be_v by_o a_o public_a edict_n promise_v to_o the_o protestant_a religion_n 1562._o which_o from_o the_o month_n be_v call_v the_o edict_n of_o january_n this_o extreme_o exasperate_v the_o triumvirate_n so_o that_o in_o the_o very_a same_o year_n the_o war_n commence_v war_n the_o first_o occasion_n of_o it_o be_v give_v by_o some_o belong_v to_o those_o of_o guise_n who_o in_o a_o small_a town_n call_v vassy_a disturb_v the_o protestant_n in_o the_o exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n and_o a_o quarrel_n arise_v thereupon_o kill_v near_o threescore_o of_o they_o which_o be_v the_o first_o blood_n shed_v in_o this_o civil_a war_n and_o from_o this_o time_n thing_n go_v very_o strange_o in_o france_n it_o be_v not_o our_o purpose_n to_o enumerate_v all_o the_o city_n that_o be_v take_v neither_o to_o speak_v of_o all_o the_o small_a skirmish_n which_o be_v innumerable_a nor_o the_o cruelty_n commit_v on_o both_o side_n and_o the_o barbarity_n of_o the_o rabble_n it_o will_v be_v sufficient_a for_o we_o to_o touch_v upon_o some_o of_o the_o main_a point_n in_o this_o first_o war_n the_o king_n of_o navarre_n die_v of_o a_o wound_n which_o he_o receive_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o rouen_n near_a dreux_n a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v where_o conde_n at_o first_o have_v the_o advantage_n but_o his_o soldier_n fall_v to_o plunder_v he_o be_v beat_v back_o again_o he_o himself_o be_v make_v a_o prisoner_n and_o the_o marshal_n st._n andrew_n be_v kill_v by_o a_o shot_n 8000_o man_n be_v slay_v upon_o the_o spot_n and_o the_o loss_n near_o equal_a on_o both_o side_n the_o duke_n of_o guise_n keep_v the_o field_n but_o be_v afterward_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o orleans_n treacherous_o murder_v by_o one_o poltrot_n with_o a_o pistol-shot_n who_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v commit_v the_o fact_n by_o instigation_n of_o coligny_n soon_o after_o a_o peace_n be_v make_v it_o be_v relate_v 1563._o that_o above_o 50000_o huguenot_n be_v slay_v in_o this_o war_n on_o the_o other_o side_n they_o take_v the_o church-plate_n and_o ornament_n which_o they_o have_v turn_v into_o money_n silver_n be_v after_o this_o war_n more_o currant_n in_o france_n than_o before_o but_o catharine_n have_v persuade_v herself_o that_o both_o party_n be_v reduce_v to_o that_o condition_n that_o she_o can_v now_o handle_v they_o at_o pleasure_n after_o the_o peace_n be_v conclude_v the_o english_a be_v again_o beat_v out_o of_o haure_n the_o grace_n which_o the_o huguenot_n have_v give_v they_o as_o a_o acknowledgement_n for_o their_o assistance_n this_o peace_n last_v no_o long_o than_o till_o the_o year_n 1576_o when_o the_o huguenot_n be_v persuade_v that_o at_o the_o interview_n betwixt_o catharine_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o alba_n at_o bayonne_n a_o league_n be_v set_v on_o foot_n for_o root_a out_o the_o heretic_n and_o in_o effect_n they_o be_v immediate_o after_o more_o severe_o deal_v with_o and_o as_o it_o be_v report_v the_o prince_n of_o conde_n and_o coligny_n be_v to_o be_v secure_v war._n the_o huguenot_n therefore_o begin_v the_o second_o war_n during_o which_o the_o constable_n annas_n montmorency_n be_v mortal_o wound_v in_o a_o engagement_n he_o tell_v a_o monk_n who_o at_o his_o last_o hour_n be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o he_o he_o shall_v let_v he_o be_v at_o quiet_a since_o during_o the_o time_n of_o 80_o year_n that_o he_o have_v live_v he_o have_v learn_v how_o to_o employ_v one_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n in_o die_v the_o huguenot_n get_v great_a reputation_n for_o valour_n in_o this_o engagement_n they_o be_v much_o inferior_a to_o the_o other_o in_o number_n about_o the_o same_o time_n the_o city_n of_o rochel_n declare_v for_o the_o huguenot_n which_o afterward_o for_o 60_o year_n together_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o secure_a retreat_n 1568._o then_o a_o second_o peace_n be_v conclude_v not_o with_o a_o intention_n to_o keep_v it_o but_o that_o each_o party_n may_v find_v a_o better_a opportunity_n to_o take_v advantage_n of_o one_o another_o nor_o be_v the_o condition_n ever_o fulfil_v the_o war_n therefore_o be_v renew_v in_o the_o same_o year_n war_n during_o which_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n be_v kill_v by_o a_o shot_n 1569._o in_o a_o battle_n near_o jarnack_n huguenot_n after_o his_o death_n the_o huguenot_n declare_v henry_n king_n of_o navarre_n the_o son_n of_o anthony_n who_o afterward_o be_v king_n of_o france_n their_o head_n though_o in_o effect_n coligny_n have_v the_o chief_a management_n of_o affair_n he_o in_o vain_a besiege_a poitiers_n in_o the_o defence_n of_o which_o place_v the_o young_a duke_n of_o guise_n give_v the_o first_o proof_n of_o his_o valour_n he_o be_v also_o sound_o beat_v near_o moncontour_n where_o he_o lose_v 9000_o foot_n he_o lose_v nevertheless_o nothing_o of_o his_o former_a reputation_n for_o he_o quick_o recollect_v his_o break_a troop_n and_o get_v together_o a_o great_a army_n be_v assist_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n with_o money_n and_o by_o the_o paltzgrave_n with_o soldier_n 1570._o he_o direct_v his_o march_n towards_o paris_n whereupon_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v to_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o the_o huguenot_n the_o four_o strong_a city_n of_o rochel_n montauban_n cagnac_n and_o charité_fw-fr being_n give_v they_o for_o their_o security_n but_o the_o main_a design_n of_o this_o peace_n be_v that_o the_o king_n perceive_v that_o the_o huguenot_n can_v not_o be_v suppress_v by_o force_n hope_v he_o may_v win_v they_o by_o policy_n therefore_o endeavour_v by_o fair_a word_n and_o great_a promise_n to_o make_v they_o secure_v the_o admiral_n be_v caress_v at_o court_n he_o be_v consult_v withal_o concern_v a_o expedition_n to_o be_v undertake_v against_o the_o spaniard_n in_o the_o netherlands_o a_o marriage_n also_o be_v conclude_v betwixt_o henry_n king_n of_o navarre_n and_o margaret_n the_o king_n sister_n to_o which_o wedding_n they_o invite_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o huguenot_n massacre_n with_o a_o design_n to_o cut_v their_o throat_n in_o paris_n and_o first_o of_o all_o the_o admiral_n coligny_n as_o he_o be_v go_v home_o from_o court_n be_v by_o sorne_a villain_n who_o be_v suborn_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o guise_n shoot_v with_o two_o bullet_n through_o the_o arm._n then_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1571_o on_o the_o 24_o day_n of_o august_n early_o in_o the_o morning_n when_o the_o bell_n be_v ring_v to_o prayer_n all_o the_o huguenot_n shall_v be_v massacre_v except_o the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o the_o young_a prince_n of_o conde_n the_o execution_n of_o this_o enterprise_n the_o duke_n of_o guise_n have_v take_v upon_o himself_o the_o beginning_n of_o who_o massacre_n be_v make_v with_o coligny_n who_o be_v ill_o of_o his_o wound_n than_o it_o fall_v promiscuous_o upon_o the_o rest_n the_o fury_n of_o the_o mob_n not_o cease_v till_o after_o seven_o day_n slaughter_n a_o great_a many_o other_o city_n of_o france_n follow_v the_o example_n of_o paris_n so_o that_o within_o few_o day_n near_o 30000_o be_v miserable_o massacre_v the_o king_n of_o navarre_n and_o prince_n of_o conde_n be_v force_v to_o abjure_v the_o reform_a religion_n this_o be_v the_o so_o much_o celebrate_v parisian_a wedding_n which_o gabriel_n naude_fw-fr will_v fain_o represent_v we_o a_o state_n be_v trick_n but_o this_o be_v in_o my_o opinion_n war._n a_o very_a gross_a way_n of_o argue_v nevertheless_o the_o huguenot_n do_v quick_o recollect_v themselves_o after_o the_o first_o consternation_n be_v over_o renew_v the_o war_n with_o great_a animosity_n and_o revenge_n during_o this_o war_n the_o king_n army_n besiege_v rochel_n near_o eight_o month_n together_o and_o have_v lose_v 12000_o man_n before_o it_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o the_o duke_n d'_fw-fr anjou_n be_v elect_v king_n of_o poland_n hence_o a_o opportunity_n be_v take_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n with_o some_o reputation_n and_o to_o make_v a_o peace_n the_o four_o time_n with_o the_o huguenot_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o 1573._o the_o city_n of_o rochel_n montauban_n and_o nismes_n be_v
whether_o this_o have_v be_v do_v by_o his_o authority_n and_o the_o king_n have_v answer_v no_o but_o that_o it_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o nobility_n to_o take_v revenge_n of_o the_o cosack_n these_o join_v with_o the_o tartar_n and_o fall_v into_o poland_n against_o these_o the_o king_n go_v in_o person_n into_o the_o field_n at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o defeat_v they_o in_o a_o battle_n but_o the_o king_n have_v afterward_o make_v a_o agreement_n with_o they_o the_o nobility_n be_v great_o discontent_v with_o the_o king_n proceed_n allege_v that_o the_o king_n have_v grant_v too_o much_o to_o the_o cosack_n whilst_o the_o jealousy_n reign_v in_o poland_n câ—sacks_n the_o muscovite_n fall_v into_o poland_n and_o have_v bring_v the_o cosack_n over_o to_o their_o party_n besiege_v smolensko_n which_o they_o take_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v and_o have_v ravage_v every_o where_o in_o lithuania_n 1653._o they_o take_v wilea_n and_o some_o other_o city_n where_o they_o commit_v great_a barbarity_n in_o the_o year_n 1655._o poland_n another_o storm_n threaten_v the_o pole_n for_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o swedeland_n have_v with_o a_o army_n of_o choose_a man_n enter_v that_o kingdom_n first_o conquer_a great_a poland_n and_o masovia_n and_o afterward_o the_o lesser_a poland_n with_o the_o capital_a city_n cracovia_n from_o whence_o he_o march_v into_o prussia_n where_o almost_o all_o the_o city_n surrender_v themselves_o except_o dantzick_n where_o be_v at_o first_o a_o great_a many_o citizen_n that_o favour_v the_o swede_n but_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o minister_n be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n to_o poland_n the_o resistance_n which_o be_v make_v by_o this_o one_o city_n be_v the_o main_a reason_n why_o all_o the_o advantage_n get_v by_o the_o swede_n prove_v fruitless_a at_o last_o and_o that_o they_o can_v not_o maintain_v themselves_o in_o prussia_n notwithstanding_o that_o not_o only_o the_o whole_a militia_n of_o poland_n and_o that_o part_n of_o lithuania_n which_o be_v not_o under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n have_v submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o swedish_n protection_n but_o also_o that_o king_n john_n casimir_n himself_o flee_v into_o silesia_n for_o the_o pole_n have_v recollect_v themselves_o after_o the_o first_o constemation_n be_v over_o and_o be_v join_v by_o the_o tartar_n fall_v upon_o such_o of_o the_o swedish_n force_v as_o be_v disperse_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n the_o lithuanian_n also_o revolt_v and_o kill_v all_o the_o swede_n that_o be_v in_o winter_n quarter_n with_o they_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n also_o have_v great_o weaken_v his_o army_n not_o only_o by_o the_o great_a march_n towards_o jeroslavia_n but_o also_o czarneski_n the_o polish_v general_n do_v often_o with_o his_o light-horse_n fall_v upon_o on_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o army_n and_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o pole_n also_o have_v retake_v warsovia_n where_o they_o have_v make_v the_o swedish_n governor_n wittenbergh_n and_o some_o other_o great_a officer_n prisoner_n contrary_a to_o the_o article_n make_v at_o the_o surrendry_a of_o the_o place_n and_o though_o king_n charles_n gustavus_n have_v be_v join_v before_o by_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n force_n do_v vanquish_v the_o pole_n and_o tartar_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n which_o last_v three_o day_n and_o be_v fight_v near_o warsovia_n warsaw_n yet_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n begin_v to_o look_v about_o they_o and_o to_o consult_v about_o a_o diversion_n to_o be_v make_v sweden_n the_o muscovite_n fall_v into_o livonia_n where_o they_o besiege_v riga_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n the_o hollander_n do_v give_v plain_o to_o understand_v that_o they_o be_v not_o willing_a that_o prussia_n shall_v come_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o swedeland_n and_o the_o dane_n also_o begin_v to_o be_v in_o motion_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n poland_n ragozi_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n enter_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n to_o try_v whether_o perhaps_o he_o can_v obtain_v that_o crown_n for_o himself_o but_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v oblige_v to_o march_v out_o of_o poland_n against_o the_o dane_n ragozi_n make_v a_o bad_a market_n of_o it_o for_o before_o he_o can_v reach_v his_o own_o country_n he_o be_v total_o rout_v and_o olige_v to_o make_v a_o shameful_a accord_n with_o the_o pole_n which_o misfortune_n however_o he_o may_v have_v avoid_v if_o he_o according_a to_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o promise_v to_o keep_v the_o pole_n so_o long_o in_o play_n till_o he_o be_v out_o of_o danger_n will_v have_v take_v his_o march_n direct_o over_o brescie_a pinsk_n and_o so_o further_o towards_o his_o own_o frontier_n but_o ragozi_n will_v by_o all_o mean_n take_v his_o way_n near_o cracaw_n then_o the_o pole_n retake_v cracaw_n and_o thorn_n and_o chase_v the_o swede_n out_o of_o curland_n who_o have_v before_o take_v the_o duke_n of_o that_o name_n prisoner_n the_o pole_n also_o besiege_v riga_n but_o be_v beat_v from_o thence_o by_o the_o swedish_n general_n helmfeld_n 1606._o and_o though_o the_o pole_n by_o the_o peace_n make_v at_o oliva_n recover_v all_o prussia_n again_o yet_o be_v they_o oblige_v to_o renounce_v all_o their_o pretension_n upon_o livonia_n and_o to_o leave_v the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o smolensko_n severia_n and_o kiovia_n neither_o can_v they_o appease_v the_o cosack_n some_o of_o they_o have_v put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n some_o under_o the_o turk_n whereby_o they_o show_v the_o way_n to_o the_o turk_n into_o poland_n neither_o can_v the_o king_n put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o intestine_a division_n and_o jealousy_n wherefore_o at_o last_o tire_v with_o these_o trouble_v john_n casimir_n resign_v the_o crown_n and_o live_v a_o retire_a life_n in_o france_n in_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n german_a he_o there_o die_v a_o few_o year_n after_o §_o 13._o there_o be_v now_o leave_v none_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n in_o poland_n several_a foreigner_n pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n but_o at_o last_o a_o piastus_n who_o name_n be_v michael_n witsnowizki_n witsnowizki_n be_v declare_v king_n chief_o by_o the_o vote_n of_o the_o lesser_a nobility_n his_o short_a reign_n be_v full_a of_o intestine_a commotion_n 1670._o and_o the_o turk_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o do_v not_o cease_v to_o do_v considerable_a mischief_n in_o poland_n have_v in_o the_o year_n 1672._o take_v caminieck_n in_o podolia_n which_o fortress_n have_v be_v former_o think_v impregnable_a serve_v they_o now_o for_o a_o door_n through_o which_o they_o may_v enter_v poland_n at_o pleasure_n a_o peace_n be_v then_o conclude_v with_o the_o turk_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o say_a fortress_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o pole_n also_o have_v promise_v to_o pay_v to_o the_o turk_n a_o yearly_a tribute_n this_o king_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1673._o in_o who_o stead_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o polish_v general_n john_n sobieski_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n sobieski_n he_o have_v in_o the_o year_n before_o attack_v the_o turk_n in_o their_o camp_n with_o such_o success_n that_o of_o 32000_o man_n scarce_o 1500_o escape_v alive_a he_o renew_v the_o war_n with_o the_o turk_n but_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o in_o the_o year_n 1676._o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n keep_v the_o fortress_n of_o caminieck_n but_o remit_v the_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o pole_n he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a capacity_n it_o be_v hope_v that_o he_o may_v prove_v a_o good_a king_n of_o poland_n §_o 14._o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v concern_v the_o polish_v nation_n nation_n that_o whosoever_o be_v not_o a_o nobleman_n in_o poland_n be_v esteem_v a_o boor._n for_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n be_v very_o little_o regard_v and_o the_o tradesman_n be_v most_o foreigner_n but_o the_o boor_n be_v esteem_v nor_o use_v no_o better_o than_o slave_n be_v also_o very_o raw_a and_o barbarous_a both_o in_o their_o life_n and_o conversation_n wherefore_o when_o we_o talk_v of_o the_o pole_n thereby_o ought_v only_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o nobility_n they_o be_v therefore_o common_o downright_a and_o honest_a very_o seldom_o give_v to_o the_o art_n of_o dissemble_v they_o be_v of_o a_o very_a generous_a spirit_n and_o expect_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o respect_n and_o if_o you_o give_v they_o as_o much_o respect_n as_o they_o pretend_v to_o they_o be_v no_o less_o courteous_a and_o will_v willing_o pay_v a_o respect_n again_o to_o you_o and_o their_o word_n and_o behaviour_n be_v full_a of_o pomp_n and_o ceremony_n they_o be_v very_o liberal_a or_o rather_o profuse_a and_o not_o give_v to_o be_v parsimonious_a though_o they_o shall_v want_v the_o next_o day_n this_o nation_n also_o be_v very_o fierce_a
provide_v with_o all_o necessary_n be_v lose_v by_o the_o unskilfulness_n and_o cowardice_n of_o the_o governor_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o tunis_n to_o the_o great_a prejudice_n of_o the_o christian_n fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n at_o home_n philip_n have_v a_o war_n with_o the_o marans_n of_o granada_n who_o rebel_a against_o he_o be_v support_v by_o the_o algerines_n and_o can_v not_o be_v subdue_v but_o with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o if_o the_o turk_n have_v be_v quick_a enough_o in_o give_v they_o timely_a assistance_n it_o may_v have_v prove_v very_o dangerous_a to_o spain_n this_o rebellion_n do_v not_o end_v till_o the_o year_n 1570_o after_o it_o have_v continue_v for_o three_o year_n 1592._o there_o be_v also_o some_o commotion_n among_o the_o arragonian_n who_o pretend_v to_o take_v part_n with_o anthony_n perez_n who_o stand_v upon_o his_o privilege_n against_o the_o process_n that_o be_v make_v he_o for_o have_v upon_o the_o king_n order_n murder_v escovedo_n a_o intimate_a friend_n of_o don_n john_n of_o austria_n philip_n by_o this_o intend_a to_o purge_v himself_o of_o the_o infamy_n of_o the_o fact_n and_o at_o once_o to_o revenge_v himself_o upon_o perez_n who_o have_v be_v unfaithful_a to_o he_o in_o some_o love_n intrigue_n aim_v at_o that_o himself_n which_o he_o have_v undertake_v to_o procure_v for_o the_o king_n and_o though_o this_o do_v not_o much_o redound_v to_o the_o honour_n of_o philip_n yet_o by_o this_o he_o take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o retrench_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o arragonian_n in_o the_o year_n 1568_o philip_n cause_v his_o son_n charles_n to_o be_v kill_v under_o pretence_n that_o he_o have_v endeavour_v to_o kill_v his_o father_n and_o not_o long_o after_o the_o queen_n isabel_n also_o charles_n stepmother_n die_v not_o without_o suspicion_n of_o have_v be_v poison_v but_o a_o great_a many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o some_o love_n intrigue_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o death_n which_o be_v the_o more_o probable_a because_o the_o say_v isabel_n be_v intend_v for_o the_o bride_n of_o charles_n have_v be_v take_v by_o the_o father_n in_o spite_n of_o his_o son_n spain_n henry_n king_n of_o portugal_n die_v there_o be_v several_a pretender_n to_o that_o crown_n among_o who_o be_v philip_n 1579._o as_o be_v bear_v of_o isabel_n emanuel_n king_n of_o portugal_n daughter_n who_o maintain_v his_o right_n by_o the_o sword_n and_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n conquer_v the_o kingdom_n force_v anthony_n the_o bastard_n who_o have_v cause_v himself_o to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n to_o fly_v into_o england_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o france_n 1595._o where_o he_o die_v a_o exile_n in_o paris_n only_o the_o island_n of_o tercera_n hold_v out_o for_o some_o time_n long_o which_o the_o french_a intend_v to_o relieve_v be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o spaniard_n and_o thus_o philip_n become_v master_n both_o of_o the_o east_n and_o west_n indies_n the_o two_o great_a mine_n of_o riches_n in_o the_o world_n nevertheless_o the_o french_a english_a and_o hollander_n have_v find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o ease_v he_o of_o these_o prodigious_a revenue_n for_o philip_n just_a before_o his_o death_n do_v confess_v that_o the_o war_n with_o the_o netherlands_o only_o have_v cost_v he_o 564_o million_o of_o ducat_n and_o true_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o trust_v to_o his_o vast_a riches_n he_o be_v thereby_o prompt_v to_o his_o ambitious_a design_n and_o to_o undertake_v more_o than_o prove_v beneficial_a to_o he_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1598._o §_o 12._o iii_o philip_n the_o iiid_n father_n have_v leave_v he_o the_o kingdom_n in_o peace_n with_o france_n but_o the_o dutch_a war_n grow_v every_o day_n the_o heavy_a upon_o the_o spaniard_n the_o spaniard_n do_v hope_v that_o after_o philip_n ii_o in_o his_o latter_a day_n have_v marry_v his_o daughter_n clara_n eugenia_n to_o albert_n archduke_n of_o austria_n giving_z her_z the_o netherlands_o for_o a_o dowry_n the_o dutch_a will_v become_v more_o pliable_a and_o reunite_v themselves_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n in_o the_o netherlands_o as_o have_v now_o a_o prince_n of_o their_o own_o and_o not_o liable_a to_o the_o spanish_a government_n but_o because_o the_o hollander_n do_v by_o no_o mean_n like_o this_o bait_n and_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o ostend_n give_v a_o taste_n to_o the_o spaniard_n both_o of_o their_o strength_n and_o firm_a resolution_n that_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o stand_v it_o out_o with_o they_o the_o spaniard_n resolve_v to_o make_v peace_n with_o they_o especial_o since_o the_o hollander_n have_v find_v out_o the_o way_n to_o the_o east_n indies_n where_o they_o make_v great_a progress_n france_n also_o enjoy_v a_o peaceable_a government_n under_o henry_n iu._n and_o increase_a in_o power_n it_o be_v fear_v that_o if_o the_o french_a shall_v fall_v upon_o spain_n with_o fresh_a force_n which_o have_v be_v tire_v out_o by_o this_o tedious_a war_n it_o may_v prove_v fatal_a to_o spain_n they_o be_v also_o in_o hope_n that_o the_o fear_n of_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n cease_v the_o hollander_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n may_v fall_v into_o division_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o that_o peace_n and_o plenty_n may_v abate_v their_o courage_n the_o spaniard_n do_v sufficient_o show_v their_o eagerness_n for_o a_o peace_n with_o holland_n by_o set_v the_o treaty_n on_o foot_n in_o the_o hague_n by_o send_v ambrose_n spinola_n himself_o among_o other_o thither_o as_o ambassador_n and_o by_o grant_v and_o allow_v they_o the_o east_n india_n trade_n whereas_o the_o hollander_n carry_v it_o very_o high_a and_o will_v not_o abate_v a_o ace_n of_o their_o proposal_n holland_n at_o last_o a_o truce_n for_o twelve_o year_n be_v conclude_v with_o holland_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v 1609._o philip_z banish_v 900000_o marans_n the_o offspring_n of_o the_o ancient_a moor_n who_o have_v profess_v themselves_o christians_o only_o for_o a_o show_n out_o of_o spain_n because_o they_o intend_v to_o raise_v a_o rebellion_n and_o have_v underhand_o crave_v assistance_n from_o henry_n iv._o in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o spaniard_n take_v the_o fortress_n of_o aâ—acâ—e_a situate_v on_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n as_o they_o have_v likewise_o possess_v themselves_o before_o of_o the_o harbour_n of_o final_a 1602._o near_a genova_n in_o the_o year_n 1619._o those_o of_o the_o valtelin_n do_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o grison_n the_o spaniard_n side_v with_o the_o former_a in_o hope_n to_o unite_v they_o with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o milan_n but_o france_n take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n the_o business_n be_v protract_v for_o a_o great_a many_o year_n till_o at_o last_o matter_n be_v restore_v to_o their_o former_a state_n this_o difference_n do_v rouse_v up_o all_o italy_n and_o the_o pope_n himself_o take_v part_n with_o the_o grison_n though_o protestant_n assist_v they_o in_o the_o recovery_n of_o the_o valtelin_n the_o war_n be_v break_v out_o in_o germany_n the_o spaniard_n send_v ambrose_n spinola_n out_o of_o the_o netherlands_o into_o the_o palatinate_n part_n of_o which_o be_v subdue_v by_o they_o philip_n iii_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1621._o §_o 13._o iu._n his_o son_n philip_n iv._o at_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v great_a alteration_n in_o the_o court_n send_v away_o the_o creature_n of_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr lerma_n the_o favourite_n of_o his_o father_n he_o himself_o foresee_v what_o be_v likely_a to_o befall_v he_o do_v timely_o obtain_v a_o cardinal_n cap_n fear_v the_o king_n shall_v aim_v at_o his_o head_n with_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o truce_n with_o holland_n be_v expire_v the_o war_n be_v rekindle_v in_o which_o spinola_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o bergen_n open_fw-mi zoom_n because_o christian_a duke_n of_o brunswick_n and_o general_n mansfeld_n 1622._o have_v before_o rout_v the_o spaniard_n near_o fleury_n come_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o hollander_n pieter_n heyn_n surprise_v the_o spanish_a silver_n fleet_n with_o a_o booty_n of_o 12_o million_o of_o gilder_n 1628._o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o hollander_n do_v settle_v themselves_o in_o brasile_n take_v the_o city_n of_o olinda_n in_o the_o year_n 1629_o the_o spaniard_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o make_v a_o considerable_a diversion_n and_o to_o put_v the_o dutch_a hard_a to_o it_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o the_o velaw_n and_o take_v amersfort_n whilst_o the_o hollander_n be_v busy_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o hertogenbusk_n bois_n le_fw-fr duc_n but_o the_o hollander_n take_v wesel_n by_o surprise_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o retreat_v with_o all_o speed_n over_o the_o river_n yssel_n for_o fear_n that_o their_o retreat_n shall_v be_v cut_v off_o by_o the_o dutch._n in_o the_o year_n 1639_o
thereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o hatred_n which_o the_o spaniard_n natural_o bear_v against_o the_o french_a and_o such_o be_v the_o spanish_a pride_n that_o though_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o to_o meddle_v with_o those_o trifle_n yet_o they_o do_v not_o think_v much_o to_o be_v a_o poor_a centinel_n in_o some_o fort_n or_o another_o all_o their_o life_n time_n the_o honour_n of_o the_o sword_n and_o hope_n of_o become_v in_o time_n a_o officer_n make_v they_o amends_o for_o what_o hardship_n they_o endure_v their_o pride_n covetousness_n and_o rigorous_a proceed_n make_v they_o hateful_a to_o all_o such_o as_o be_v under_o their_o command_n which_o be_v very_o unfit_a qualification_n for_o the_o maintain_n of_o great_a conquest_n for_o no_o body_n be_v willing_a to_o be_v despise_v by_o foreign_a governor_n spain_n be_v mighty_o exhaust_v of_o man_n and_o therefore_o incapable_a of_o raise_v great_a army_n within_o itself_o be_v very_o unfit_a to_o maintain_v vast_a country_n for_o which_o several_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v for_o the_o woman_n here_o be_v not_o so_o fruitful_a as_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n which_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o spare_a body_n those_o part_n also_o which_o be_v remote_a from_o the_o seashore_n be_v not_o well_o people_v some_o of_o these_o ground_n be_v very_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o mankind_n whore_v also_o be_v public_o allow_v of_o here_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o will_v rather_o make_v shift_n with_o a_o whore_n than_o to_o maintain_v a_o wife_n and_o child_n these_o also_o who_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o holy_a order_n of_o who_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n be_v oblige_v not_o to_o marry_v the_o war_n which_o they_o have_v wage_v against_o so_o many_o nation_n but_o especial_o in_o italy_n and_o the_o netherlands_o have_v devour_v a_o great_a many_o spaniard_n a_o vast_a number_n have_v transplant_v themselves_o into_o america_n be_v glad_a to_o go_v to_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v with_o a_o small_a beginning_n come_v to_o live_v very_o plentiful_o before_o the_o discovery_n be_v make_v of_o america_n ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n have_v at_o once_o before_o the_o city_n of_o granada_n a_o army_n of_o 50000_o foot_n and_o 20000_o horse_n though_o arragon_n do_v not_o concern_v itself_o in_o that_o war_n and_o portugal_n and_o navarre_n be_v at_o that_o time_n not_o unite_v with_o castille_n at_o last_o this_o country_n be_v mighty_o dispeople_v when_o ferdinand_n after_o the_o take_n of_o granada_n and_o philip_n iii_o banish_v a_o great_a many_o thousand_o of_o jew_n and_o marans_n who_o can_v not_o be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n in_o spain_n these_o settle_v themselves_o in_o africa_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n their_o hatred_n against_o the_o christian_n rob_v their_o ship_n in_o those_o sea_n but_o this_o be_v evident_a enough_o that_o the_o spaniard_n can_v never_o have_v make_v a_o conquest_n of_o those_o vast_a country_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n if_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v not_o fall_v into_o their_o hand_n by_o easy_a way_n §_o 16._o country_n concern_v those_o country_n which_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o this_o nation_n spain_n be_v large_a enough_o in_o extent_n for_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n but_o it_o be_v not_o fertile_a alike_o in_o all_o place_n for_o the_o most_o remote_a part_n from_o the_o seacoast_n be_v many_o of_o they_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n near_o to_o the_o seaside_n it_o be_v very_o fine_a and_o fruitful_a there_o be_v abundance_n of_o sheep_n here_o they_o have_v also_o very_o fine_a horse_n but_o not_o in_o very_o great_a quantity_n have_v scarce_o enough_o for_o their_o own_o use_n this_o kingdom_n be_v very_o well_o situate_a for_o trade_n have_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o ocean_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v almost_o surround_v by_o the_o mediterranean_a where_o they_o have_v most_o excellent_a harbour_n the_o product_n of_o their_o ground_n and_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n be_v especial_o wool_n silk_n wine_n oil_n raisin_n almond_n fig_n citron_n rice_n soap_n iron_n salt_n and_o such_o like_a in_o former_a time_n the_o spanish_a gold-mine_n be_v most_o famous_a but_o nowadays_o neither_o gold_n nor_o silver_n as_o far_o as_o i_o know_v be_v dig_v out_o in_o spain_n some_o will_v allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v forbid_v under_o severe_a penalty_n to_o keep_v it_o as_o a_o reserve_n in_o case_n of_o a_o great_a extremity_n but_o i_o be_o rather_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o those_o gold-mine_n have_v be_v long_o ago_a quite_o exhaust_v by_o the_o avarice_n of_o the_o spaniard_n §_o 17._o indies_n the_o great_a revenue_n of_o spain_n come_v from_o the_o east_n indies_n from_o whence_o gold_n and_o silver_n like_o rivulet_n be_v convey_v into_o spain_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n at_o what_o time_n and_o by_o who_o this_o country_n which_o have_v be_v so_o long_o unknown_a to_o the_o european_n be_v first_o discover_v we_o have_v already_o mention_v though_o there_o be_v that_o pretend_v that_o america_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o year_n 1190_o by_o one_o madoe_n son_n to_o owen_n gesn_v a_o prince_n in_o wales_n who_o they_o say_v make_v two_o voyage_n thither_o and_o have_v build_v a_o fort_n in_o florida_n or_o virginia_n or_o as_o some_o say_v in_o mexico_n die_v in_o america_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o the_o mexican_n tongue_n abundance_n of_o british_a word_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o and_o that_o the_o spaniard_n at_o their_o first_o come_v into_o america_n do_v find_v the_o remnant_n of_o some_o christian_a custom_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n from_o whence_o some_o infer_v that_o if_o the_o first_o discovery_n of_o a_o country_n give_v a_o good_a title_n of_o propriety_n to_o the_o discoverer_n england_n will_v have_v as_o good_a if_o not_o a_o better_a title_n to_o america_n than_o spain_n but_o this_o we_o will_v leave_v to_o be_v decide_v by_o other_o but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a from_o whence_o spain_n can_v claim_v a_o right_n of_o subdue_a that_o country_n by_o force_n of_o arms._n for_o what_o be_v allege_v among_o other_o pretence_n concern_v the_o bull_n of_o alexander_n vi_o wherein_o he_o do_v grant_v those_o country_n to_o spain_n this_o do_v not_o only_o seem_v ridiculous_a to_o we_o but_o also_o to_o those_o barbarian_n themselves_o who_o have_v ridicule_v it_o say_v the_o pope_n must_v be_v a_o strange_a sort_n of_o a_o man_n who_o pretend_v to_o give_v away_o that_o which_o be_v none_o of_o his_o own_o but_o let_v this_o be_v as_o it_o will_v the_o spaniard_n think_v it_o sufficient_a that_o they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o and_o if_o a_o exact_a scrutiny_n shall_v be_v make_v into_o other_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n it_o will_v appear_v that_o the_o title_n to_o most_o conquer_a country_n be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a but_o some_o of_o the_o most_o conscientious_a spaniard_n do_v not_o justify_v what_o cruelty_n their_o countryman_n commit_v in_o the_o begin_n against_o those_o poor_a people_n of_o who_o they_o kill_v without_o any_o provocation_n give_v a_o great_a many_o hundred_o thousand_o or_o destroy_v they_o by_o force_v they_o to_o undergo_v intolerable_a hardship_n and_o make_v the_o rest_n their_o slave_n though_o afterward_o charles_n v._o be_v inform_v of_o their_o miserable_a condition_n order_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o american_n to_o be_v set_v at_o liberty_n but_o the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o master_n of_o all_o america_n but_o only_o of_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o it_o viz._n the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n and_o mexico_n and_o those_o vast_a island_n of_o hispaniola_n cuba_n and_o porto_n ricco_fw-it jamaica_n have_v be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o english_a these_o part_n of_o america_n be_v nowadays_o inhabit_v by_o five_o several_a sort_n of_o people_n indies_n the_o first_o be_v the_o spaniard_n who_o come_v thither_o out_o of_o europe_n these_o be_v put_v in_o all_o office_n the_o second_o be_v call_v criolien_n who_o be_v bear_v in_o america_n of_o spanish_a parent_n these_o be_v never_o employ_v in_o any_o office_n as_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o spanish_a affair_n and_o too_o much_o addict_v to_o love_v their_o native_a country_n of_o america_n wherefore_o the_o king_n be_v cautious_a in_o give_v they_o any_o command_n fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o obedience_n of_o spain_n and_o set_v up_o a_o government_n of_o their_o own_o especial_o because_o these_o crioliens_n bear_v a_o great_a hatred_n against_o the_o european_a spaniard_n for_o
among_o they_o for_o it_o be_v a_o custom_n that_o each_o family_n use_v to_o select_v one_o for_o the_o head_n of_o the_o family_n unto_o who_o they_o almost_o pay_v more_o respect_n than_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o if_o any_o one_o of_o the_o family_n have_v receive_v a_o injury_n he_o make_v complaint_n thereof_o to_o the_o head_n of_o his_o family_n and_o if_o the_o head_n of_o the_o same_o family_n do_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v the_o injury_n the_o whole_a family_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o head_n fall_v upon_o the_o family_n of_o the_o aggressour_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n which_o abominable_a custom_n king_n james_n vi._n do_v endeavour_v to_o abolish_v beside_o this_o they_o be_v easy_o stir_v up_o to_o rebellion_n very_o obstinate_a in_o defend_v their_o opinion_n to_o the_o utmost_a their_o fruitfulness_n in_o child_n make_v they_o seek_v other_o country_n since_o their_o country_n can_v scarce_o maintain_v they_o all_o at_o home_n there_o be_v another_o reason_n also_o to_o be_v give_v for_o this_o which_o be_v the_o right_n of_o the_o first-born_a whereby_o the_o elder_a son_n be_v heir_n of_o all_o the_o real_a estate_n of_o his_o father_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o brother_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v satisfy_v with_o their_o share_n in_o the_o personal_a estate_n these_o then_o be_v oblige_v to_o advance_v themselves_o as_o well_o as_o they_o can_v apply_v themselves_o either_o to_o the_o war_n or_o study_n wherefore_o most_o minister_n in_o scotland_n be_v say_v to_o be_v young_a brother_n of_o good_a family_n but_o in_o england_n it_o be_v no_o shame_n for_o the_o young_a brother_n of_o such_o family_n to_o be_v merchant_n in_o former_a time_n before_o scotland_n and_o england_n be_v unite_v under_o one_o king_n the_o scottish_a soldier_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n because_o the_o french_a make_v constant_o use_v of_o they_o in_o their_o war_n and_o at_o home_o they_o be_v always_o picquering_a with_o the_o english_a but_o afterward_o they_o grow_v careless_a of_o warlike_a exercise_n and_o especial_o when_o cromwell_n subdue_v they_o their_o ancient_a glory_n be_v quite_o obscure_v the_o scot_n be_v also_o often_o very_o ingenious_a and_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n and_o at_o that_o time_n when_o all_o liberal_a science_n be_v suppress_v in_o europe_n by_o a_o long_a barbarism_n the_o same_o be_v keep_v up_o in_o scotland_n which_o do_v furnish_v several_a other_o nation_n with_o learned_a man_n who_o instruct_v they_o in_o these_o science_n but_o as_o the_o scot_n which_o live_v in_o the_o low_a country_n on_o the_o southside_n be_v well_o civilise_v so_o those_o who_o inhabit_v the_o mountain_n who_o be_v call_v highlander_n as_o also_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o orkney_n and_o western_a island_n be_v very_o raw_a and_o uncivilise_v §_o 33._o irish_a the_o irish_a be_v common_o esteem_v to_o be_v a_o foolhardy_a and_o ill_a sort_n of_o people_n very_o lazy_a yet_o pretty_a hard_a in_o undergo_a the_o fatigue_n of_o war._n they_o be_v very_o obstinate_a and_o never_o to_o be_v bend_v from_o their_o opinion_n after_o ireland_n be_v conquer_v by_o king_n henry_n ii_o abundance_n of_o english_a settle_v themselves_o in_o that_o kingdom_n who_o number_n increase_v from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o scarce_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o island_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n and_o because_o most_o of_o the_o irish_a adhere_v to_o the_o popish_a religion_n they_o do_v not_o only_o rebel_v under_o queen_n elizabeth_n but_o also_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n i._o enter_v into_o a_o most_o horrid_a conspiracy_n against_o the_o english_a live_v among_o they_o of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v they_o murder_v 200000_o within_o the_o space_n of_o six_o month_n but_o when_o the_o english_a have_v recollect_v themselves_o they_o again_o kill_v about_o 100000_o of_o they_o cromwell_n have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o have_v root_v out_o the_o whole_a nation_n as_o be_v quite_o incorrigible_a and_o past_a hope_n of_o any_o amendment_n wherefore_o he_o send_v some_o thousand_o to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n under_o condition_n that_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v return_v into_o the_o english_a dominion_n he_o use_v also_o to_o plague_v they_o every_o way_n so_o that_o they_o be_v become_v a_o miserable_a nation_n §_o 34._o brittainy_a concern_v those_o country_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n be_v a_o rich_a and_o fertile_a country_n abound_v in_o every_o thing_n either_o for_o the_o necessity_n or_o pleasure_n of_o mankind_n except_o oil_n and_o wine_n and_o such_o other_o commodity_n as_o do_v not_o grow_v in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n be_v of_o the_o growth_n of_o that_o country_n but_o else_o they_o have_v great_a number_n of_o very_o fine_a horse_n and_o good_a cattle_n especial_o the_o best_a sheep_n of_o all_o europe_n which_o make_v the_o best_a part_n of_o the_o native_a riches_n of_o england_n bear_v so_o good_a a_o sort_n of_o wool_n that_o a_o incredible_a quantity_n of_o the_o best_a cloth_n be_v make_v in_o england_n and_o from_o thence_o every_o year_n transport_v into_o foreign_a part_n these_o sheep_n feed_v in_o great_a flock_n in_o the_o country_n without_o as_o much_o as_o a_o shepherd_n there_o be_v no_o wolf_n to_o be_v meet_v withal_o in_o england_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o as_o it_o be_v report_v be_v that_o king_n edgar_n about_o the_o year_n 940_o do_v order_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o wolf_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o wales_n to_o he_o as_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o wolf_n be_v quite_o destroy_v in_o england_n though_o it_o be_v also_o very_o probable_a that_o the_o great_a english_a mastiff_n have_v be_v very_o instrumental_a in_o this_o point_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o for_o fierceness_n and_o strength_n they_o surpass_v all_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o world_n a_o great_a quantity_n also_o of_o lead_n but_o especial_o of_o the_o fine_a tin_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o england_n which_o surpass_v in_o goodness_n all_o other_o in_o that_o kind_n the_o sea_n also_o be_v very_o profitable_a to_o the_o english_a since_o it_o produce_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n which_o be_v daily_o catch_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n though_o by_o the_o negligence_n and_o laziness_n of_o the_o ancient_a english_a who_o do_v not_o apply_v themselves_o industrious_o to_o fish_v they_o have_v lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o that_o advantage_n but_o the_o netherlander_n from_o ancient_a time_n have_v make_v use_n of_o this_o advantage_n and_o get_v vast_a riches_n by_o the_o fishery_n of_o herring_n and_o cod_n give_v only_o a_o small_a gratuity_n to_o the_o english_a in_o case_n they_o have_v occasion_n to_o dry_v their_o net_n on_o their_o shore_n though_o oftentimes_o the_o english_a envy_v the_o netherlander_n will_v force_v they_o to_o pay_v more_o 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father_n proclamation_n and_o that_o with_o more_o severity_n against_o these_o heretic_n and_o to_o put_v they_o in_o execution_n he_o be_v for_o set_v up_o a_o court_n of_o judicature_n inquisition_n according_a to_o the_o model_n of_o the_o spanish_a inquisition_n the_o very_a name_n of_o which_o be_v terrible_a to_o every_o body_n and_o in_o effect_n this_o inquisition_n be_v a_o very_a cruel_a constitution_n whereby_o the_o life_n estate_n and_o good_a name_n of_o every_o subject_a be_v put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o unmerciful_a priest_n who_o chief_a glory_n be_v to_o be_v inhuman_a and_o rigorous_a in_o their_o proceed_n and_o who_o have_v a_o power_n to_o take_v up_o and_o punish_v any_o person_n upon_o suspicion_n only_o and_o though_o a_o man_n be_v wrongful_o accuse_v he_o be_v not_o to_o know_v either_o his_o accuser_n or_o crime_n and_o though_o he_o make_v his_o innocence_n appear_v yet_o he_o seldom_o escape_v without_o some_o punishment_n the_o netherlander_n be_v 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they_o may_v convenient_o attack_v france_n england_n and_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n yet_o it_o be_v also_o most_o certain_a that_o some_o foreign_a prince_n do_v administer_v fuel_n to_o nourish_v and_o augment_v the_o flame_n especial_o elizabeth_n queen_n of_o england_n who_o intention_n be_v revolt_n by_o this_o mean_n to_o cut_v out_o so_o much_o work_n for_o the_o spaniard_n that_o he_o may_v not_o be_v at_o leisure_n to_o think_v of_o conquer_a other_o his_o great_a power_n be_v at_o that_o time_n become_v terrible_a to_o all_o europe_n §_o 3._o thus_o the_o seed_n of_o civil_a commotion_n be_v sow_v in_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o netherlander_n about_o which_o time_n philip_n ii_o 1559._o go_v into_o spain_n have_v so_o constitute_v the_o government_n that_o the_o supreme_a administration_n of_o affair_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o regent_n and_o the_o council_n of_o state_n of_o which_o council_n beside_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n be_v the_o earl_n of_o 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he_o be_v not_o remove_v it_o will_v be_v impossible_a to_o preserve_v the_o peace_n of_o the_o netherlands_o neither_o do_v they_o rest_v stisfy_v till_o philip_n do_v consent_n to_o their_o demand_n but_o because_o the_o regent_n be_v 1564._o after_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o cardinal_n sway_v by_o the_o precedent_n vigilius_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o barlemont_n who_o in_o every_o respect_n follow_v the_o footstep_n of_o the_o cardinal_n this_o joy_n do_v not_o last_v long_o but_o the_o old_a discontent_n be_v renew_v it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o cardinal_n be_v remove_v from_o the_o council_n but_o his_o spirit_n remain_v in_o it_o thus_o the_o division_n continue_v in_o the_o council_n of_o state_n nor_o can_v the_o proclamation_n against_o the_o new_a religion_n be_v put_v in_o execution_n because_o the_o people_n begin_v more_o and_o more_o to_o oppose_v they_o spain_n it_o be_v therefore_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o regent_n and_o senate_n agree_v upon_o to_o 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easy_o have_v dissolve_v this_o union_n and_o because_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlands_o grow_v worse_a and_o worse_o every_o day_n the_o spaniard_n have_v take_v one_o after_o another_o the_o city_n of_o bois_n le_fw-fr duc_n breda_n tournay_n valenciennes_n malines_n and_o other_o and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o great_a man_n be_v go_v over_o to_o the_o spanish_a party_n the_o prince_n of_o orange_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v well_o assure_v that_o the_o spaniard_n one_o time_n or_o another_o will_v revenge_v themselves_o upon_o he_o and_o his_o friend_n and_o find_v himself_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o maintain_v the_o cause_n against_o they_o he_o persuade_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o netherlands_o that_o they_o shall_v renounce_v all_o obedience_n to_o philip_n who_o have_v violate_v their_o privilege_n confirm_v to_o they_o by_o oath_n and_o make_v the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n their_o sovereign_n with_o who_o he_o have_v underhand_o make_v a_o agreement_n that_o the_o unite_a province_n shall_v fall_v to_o his_o share_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o holland_n zealand_n and_o vtrecht_n be_v then_o for_o make_v he_o their_o sovereign_n except_o the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o gouda_n and_o questionless_a it_o will_v have_v be_v do_v afterward_o if_o his_o unexpected_a death_n have_v not_o prevent_v it_o §_o 8._o alenson_n the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n have_v obtain_v the_o sovereignty_n raise_v the_o siege_n of_o cambray_n which_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o spaniard_n and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v be_v at_o antwerp_n proclaim_v duke_n of_o brabant_n and_o at_o ghent_n earl_n of_o flanders_n but_o his_o power_n be_v confine_v within_o very_o narrow_a bound_n by_o the_o estate_n he_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o friend_n resolve_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a he_o propose_v to_o the_o estate_n that_o if_o he_o shall_v die_v without_o issue_n these_o country_n may_v be_v unite_v with_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n which_o be_v deny_v he_o he_o take_v a_o strange_a resolution_n viz._n by_o surprise_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o antwerp_n and_o some_o other_o city_n for_o this_o purpose_n several_a thousand_o of_o french_a be_v already_o get_v private_o into_o antwerp_n which_o be_v beat_v out_o by_o the_o citizen_n with_o considerable_a loss_n they_o make_v the_o like_a attempt_n upon_o several_a other_o place_n on_o the_o same_o day_n which_o everywhere_o miscarry_v except_o at_o dendermond_n dunkirk_n and_o dixmuide_v and_o thus_o the_o french_a have_v lose_v at_o once_o all_o their_o credit_n and_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o netherlander_n the_o duke_n of_o alenson_n full_a of_o shame_n and_o confusion_n return_v into_o france_n where_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o the_o french_a intermeddle_v with_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlands_o have_v draw_v with_o it_o another_o evil_n which_o be_v that_o foreign_a soldier_n be_v again_o bring_v into_o the_o netherlands_o which_o be_v against_o the_o agreement_n make_v with_o the_o walloon_n then_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n retook_a dunkirk_n 1583._o newport_n winoxbergen_n menin_n alost_n and_o some_o other_o place_n in_o flanders_n 1584._o ypres_n and_o bruges_n do_v also_o submit_v and_o in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o affair_n of_o the_o estate_n receive_v a_o great_a blow_n by_o the_o death_n of_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n who_o be_v stab_v in_o his_o palace_n at_o delft_n by_o a_o burgundian_n who_o name_n be_v balthasar_n gerhard_n murder_v by_o who_o death_n the_o netherlands_o be_v without_o a_o head_n be_v leave_v in_o great_a confusion_n §_o 9_o after_o the_o death_n of_o prince_n william_n the_o estate_n do_v make_v maurice_n stadtholider_n son_n of_o the_o decease_a stadtholder_n of_o holland_n zealand_n and_o vtrecht_n and_o he_o be_v but_o eighteen_o year_n of_o age_n they_o constitute_v the_o earl_n of_o hohenloe_n his_o lieutenant_n but_o the_o sovereignty_n they_o proffer_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n distract_v with_o intestine_a war_n be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o accept_v of_o it_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n take_v advantage_n of_o this_o juncture_n of_o affair_n reduce_v antwerp_n by_o famine_n within_o a_o twelve_o month_n time_n as_o also_o dendermond_n ghent_n brussels_n malines_n and_o nimeguen_n by_o force_n after_o the_o loss_n of_o antwerp_n the_o estate_n who_o be_v for_o submit_v themselves_o to_o any_o body_n but_o the_o spaniard_n confederacy_n offer_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o they_o to_o queen_n elizabeth_n which_o she_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o yet_o she_o enter_v with_o they_o into_o a_o more_o strict_a alliance_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o she_o oblige_v herself_o to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o soldier_n at_o her_o own_o charge_n in_o the_o netherlands_o which_o with_o all_o the_o other_o force_n of_o the_o estate_n be_v to_o be_v command_v by_o a_o english_a general_n and_o the_o estate_n do_v surrender_v to_o the_o queen_n as_o a_o security_n for_o the_o charge_n she_o be_v to_o be_v at_o the_o city_n of_o flushing_n briel_n and_o rammaken_v or_o sceburgh_n upon_o walchorn_n which_o be_v afterward_o restore_v to_o the_o estate_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o one_o million_o of_o crown_n 1616._o the_o queen_n send_v robert_n dudley_n 1586._o earl_n of_o leicester_n as_o general_n into_o holland_n leicester_n who_o be_v arrive_v there_o be_v make_v by_o the_o estate_n their_o governor-general_n and_o that_o with_o a_o great_a power_n than_o be_v acceptable_a to_o the_o queen_n but_o he_o do_v no_o great_a feat_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n not_o only_o take_v grave_a and_o venlo_n and_o force_v he_o from_o before_o zutphen_n but_o he_o also_o administer_v the_o public_a affair_n at_o a_o strange_a rate_n to_o the_o great_a dissatisfaction_n of_o the_o estate_n to_o who_o he_o have_v render_v himself_o suspect_v their_o discontent_n be_v much_o augment_v after_o william_n stanley_n who_o be_v by_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n make_v commander_n in_o chief_a in_o deventer_n have_v betray_v that_o city_n to_o the_o spaniard_n the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n attempt_v the_o relief_n of_o sluice_n in_o flanders_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n and_o be_v return_v into_o holland_n where_o he_o by_o several_a suspicious_a undertake_n augment_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o estate_n he_o return_v very_o ill_o satisfy_v into_o england_n where_o by_o command_n of_o the_o queen_n he_o resign_v his_o office_n of_o governor_n §_o 10._o mend_v hitherto_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o unite_a netherlands_o who_o henceforward_o we_o will_v call_v hollander_n have_v be_v in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n but_o from_o this_o time_n forward_o they_o begin_v to_o mend_v apace_o and_o become_v more_o settle_v this_o be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o two_o province_n of_o brabant_n and_o flanders_n which_o be_v reconcile_v to_o the_o king_n upon_o condition_n that_o such_o as_o will_v not_o profess_v themselves_o roman_n catholic_n shall_v leave_v the_o country_n within_o a_o prefix_a time_n a_o great_a many_o of_o these_o flock_v into_o holland_n make_v its_o city_n very_o populous_a especial_o all_o the_o traffic_n of_o antwerp_n be_v transplant_v to_o amsterdam_n which_o render_v that_o city_n very_o rich_a and_o potent_a at_o sea_n beside_o this_o philip_n like_o those_o who_o will_v hunt_v two_o hare_n with_o one_o dog_n 1588._o do_v not_o only_o attempt_v to_o invade_v england_n with_o a_o great_a fleet_n but_o also_o send_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o duke_n of_o parma_n with_o a_o army_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o league_n in_o france_n both_o which_o prove_v fruitless_a the_o hollander_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n leisure_n give_v they_o to_o put_v themselves_o into_o a_o good_a posture_n whereas_o the_o duke_n of_o parma_n have_v wise_o advise_v the_o king_n that_o he_o shall_v with_o all_o his_o power_n first_o subdue_v the_o hollander_n before_o he_o engage_v in_o another_o war._n for_o maurice_n who_o they_o have_v after_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n make_v their_o generalissimo_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n have_v restore_v their_o lose_a reputation_n his_o first_o attempt_n be_v upon_o breda_n 1590._o which_o he_o take_v by_o a_o stratagem_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v he_o take_v zutphen_n deventer_n hulst_n and_o nimeguen_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1592._o steenwyck_n and_o coeverden_n in_o the_o same_o year_n the_o death_n of_o the_o brave_a duke_n of_o parma_n prove_v a_o great_a loss_n to_o the_o spaniard_n for_o the_o spanish_a soldier_n grow_v mutinous_a everywhere_o do_v not_o a_o little_a advance_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o hollander_n 1592._o gertrudenbergh_n be_v take_v in_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o spanish_a army_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v groningen_n be_v reduce_v whereby_o the_o
as_o france_n and_o spain_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war._n and_o the_o opinion_n be_v divide_v concern_v this_o business_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o majority_n of_o the_o states-general_n who_o be_v great_a friend_n of_o the_o prince_n that_o the_o prince_n shall_v visit_v in_o person_n these_o city_n to_o try_v whether_o he_o can_v convince_v the_o magistrate_n in_o this_o point_n against_o this_o petition_v some_o of_o the_o city_n in_o holland_n and_o especial_o amsterdam_n fear_v that_o if_o the_o prince_n shall_v come_v in_o person_n to_o they_o he_o may_v by_o change_v the_o magistrate_n and_o other_o alteration_n do_v something_o which_o may_v prove_v prejudicial_a to_o their_o liberty_n the_o prince_n be_v dissatisfy_v at_o these_o proceed_n reply_v that_o this_o be_v do_v to_o affront_v he_o and_o his_o office_n and_o therefore_o desire_v that_o reparation_n shall_v be_v make_v he_o but_o the_o city_n insist_v upon_o their_o former_a resolution_n allege_v that_o it_o be_v according_a to_o their_o privilege_n prince_n then_o the_o prince_n take_v into_o custody_n six_o of_o the_o state_n of_o holland_n who_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v chief_o against_o he_o among_o who_o the_o chief_a be_v the_o sieur_n the_o wit_n burghermaster_n of_o dort_n who_o he_o send_v all_o together_o prisoner_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o louvesteyn_n he_o also_o private_o order_v some_o troop_n to_o march_v towards_o amsterdam_n to_o surprise_v that_o city_n but_o some_o of_o these_o troop_n have_v lose_v their_o way_n in_o the_o nighttime_n the_o design_n be_v discover_v by_o the_o hamburgher_n post-boy_n and_o the_o amsterdamer_n perceive_v that_o the_o prince_n intend_v to_o force_v they_o to_o a_o compliance_n open_v their_o sluice_n and_o put_v the_o country_n round_o about_o it_o under_o water_n at_o last_o the_o business_n be_v agree_v and_o the_o prince_n have_v this_o satisfaction_n give_v he_o that_o the_o sieur_n bicker_n burghermaster_n of_o amsterdam_n be_v depose_v and_o the_o prisoner_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o louvestein_n be_v set_v at_o liberty_n under_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v discharge_v from_o their_o place_n but_o this_o business_n be_v likely_a to_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o more_o trouble_n if_o the_o prince_n have_v not_o die_v soon_o after_o iii_o soon_o after_o his_o death_n viz._n in_o the_o year_n 1650_o on_o the_o 13_o day_n of_o november_n his_o princess_n be_v bring_v to_o bed_n of_o william_n iii_o the_o present_a prince_n of_o orange_n in_o the_o year_n 1651_o the_o unite_a province_n hold_v a_o grand_a assembly_n where_o they_o renew_v the_o union_n be_v now_o destitute_a of_o a_o governor_n §_o parliament_n 16._o not_o long_o after_o the_o hollander_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o heavy_a war_n with_o the_o english_a parliament_n which_o at_o the_o beginning_n be_v very_o ambitious_a of_o their_o friendship_n send_v one_o dorislaw_n to_o the_o hague_n who_o before_o he_o have_v his_o public_a audience_n be_v murder_v by_o some_o scot_n who_o be_v all_o mask_v and_o the_o parliament_n have_v receive_v no_o satisfaction_n upon_o this_o account_n begin_v to_o look_v with_o a_o ill_a eye_n upon_o they_o which_o they_o little_o regard_v till_o cromwell_n have_v reduce_v the_o scot_n and_o though_o the_o parliament_n send_v other_o ambassador_n to_o the_o hague_n yet_o the_o dutch_a be_v not_o very_o forward_o but_o be_v for_o protract_v the_o treaty_n till_o the_o ambassador_n have_v be_v affront_v by_o the_o rabble_n depart_v dissatisfy_v whereupon_o the_o parliament_n give_v out_o reprisal_n against_o they_o declare_v withal_o that_o no_o merchandise_n shall_v be_v transport_v into_o england_n except_o in_o english_a bottom_n and_o the_o english_a privateer_n begin_v to_o fall_v every_o where_o upon_o the_o dutch_a merchant-ship_n the_o hollander_n who_o be_v not_o very_o unanimous_a among_o themselves_o do_v resolve_v at_o last_o to_o try_v first_o whether_o the_o business_n may_v be_v compound_v by_o fair_a mean_n and_o if_o that_o do_v not_o succeed_v to_o begin_v the_o war_n in_o good_a earnest_n and_o for_o this_o purpose_n ambassador_n be_v send_v into_o england_n tromp_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o be_v send_v out_o with_o a_o fleet_n to_o secure_v their_o commerce_n and_o meet_v with_o the_o english_a admiral_n blake_n and_o refuse_v to_o strike_v a_o bloody_a engagement_n ensue_v which_o end_v with_o equal_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n the_o hollander_n pretend_v that_o this_o have_v happen_v by_o accident_n both_o party_n however_o make_v great_a preparation_n for_o war_n and_o fight_v twice_o the_o advantage_n remain_v on_o the_o english_a side_n notwithstanding_o they_o be_v beat_v near_o lâ—ghorn_n but_o in_o the_o last_o engagement_n the_o hollander_n have_v lose_v their_o admiral_n tromp_n and_o seven_o and_o twenty_o man_n of_o war_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o cromwell_n 1654._o which_o be_v very_o advantageous_a and_o glorious_a on_o his_o side_n they_o be_v among_o other_o article_n oblige_v for_o the_o future_a never_o to_o make_v any_o one_o of_o the_o house_n of_o orange_n their_o stadtholder_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o dutch_a ship_n be_v not_o large_a enough_o which_o error_n the_o hollander_n correct_v afterward_o swedeland_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o hollander_n be_v grow_v jealous_a of_o the_o great_a success_n of_o the_o swede_n against_o poland_n and_o be_v desirous_a to_o prevent_v the_o swede_n from_o become_v master_n of_o prussia_n they_o stir_v up_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n against_o they_o but_o the_o dane_n have_v be_v worsted_n in_o this_o war_n the_o hollander_n send_v a_o fleet_n to_o relieve_v copenhagen_n which_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o swede_n a_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v in_o the_o oresound_v betwixt_o the_o swedish_n and_o dutch_a fleet_n wherein_o the_o hollander_n lose_v two_o admiral_n but_o nevertheless_o gain_v their_o point_n in_o relieve_v of_o copenhagen_n and_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v they_o also_o bear_v their_o share_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o funen_n 1660._o till_o at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v before_o copenhagen_n to_o the_o small_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o dane_n who_o accuse_v the_o hollander_n that_o they_o have_v not_o be_v zealous_a enough_o in_o their_o assistance_n against_o the_o swede_n but_o the_o hollander_n be_v afraid_a that_o england_n and_o france_n may_v declare_v for_o sweden_n and_o under_o that_o pretence_n fall_v upon_o they_o beside_o that_o they_o think_v it_o their_o interest_n not_o to_o let_v denmark_n grow_v too_o powerful_a §_o 16â—5_n 17._o holland_n be_v then_o for_o a_o few_o year_n at_o peace_n till_o a_o bloody_a war_n break_v out_o betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o english_a who_o can_v not_o but_o think_v the_o flourish_a trade_n and_o great_a power_n of_o the_o hollander_n at_o sea_n to_o be_v very_o prejudicial_a to_o they_o france_n blow_v up_o the_o coal_n be_v desirous_a to_o see_v these_o two_o mighty_a state_n weaken_v one_o another_o power_n in_o this_o war_n the_o english_a have_v the_o advantage_n in_o the_o first_o and_o three_o engagement_n but_o the_o hollander_n in_o the_o second_o but_o the_o english_a at_o last_o be_v willing_a to_o save_v charge_n do_v resolve_v only_o to_o infest_v the_o hollander_n by_o their_o privateer_n and_o not_o to_o equipp_v a_o fleet_n which_o the_o hollander_n take_v a_o advantage_n of_o venture_v to_o enter_v the_o river_n of_o thames_n and_o have_v land_v near_o chattam_n they_o burn_v several_a ship_n in_o the_o harbour_n this_o oblige_a england_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o which_o be_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n conclude_v at_o breda_n in_o this_o war_n holland_n recover_v its_o reputation_n which_o it_o have_v lose_v in_o cromwell_n time_n and_o show_v itself_o not_o to_o be_v inferior_a in_o strength_n at_o sea_n to_o england_n but_o they_o discover_v their_o weakness_n on_o land_n the_o bishop_n of_o munster_n have_v be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o they_o §_o holland_n 18._o at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1672_o a_o prodigious_a storm_n fall_v upon_o holland_n which_o at_o first_o threaten_v its_o ruin_n france_n attacking_z it_o by_o land_n and_o england_n by_o sea_n it_o be_v surprise_v to_o see_v how_o the_o french_a in_o a_o few_o day_n time_n take_v the_o province_n of_o gueldres_n overyssel_a and_o vtrecht_n which_o occasion_v so_o general_a a_o consternation_n that_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n they_o may_v have_v take_v amsterdam_n itself_o if_o they_o have_v immediate_o go_v towards_o it_o whilst_o the_o first_o consternation_n last_v some_o lie_v the_o fault_n upon_o rochfort_n who_o have_v receive_v order_n to_o make_v a_o attempt_n upon_o that_o city_n tarry_v two_o day_n at_o vtrecht_n which_o he_o bestow_v in_o receive_v of_o compliment_n the_o amsterdamer_n get_v thereby_o time_n to_o take_v a_o resolution_n for_o
emperor_n justinian_n and_o rome_n and_o italy_n make_v a_o province_n of_o the_o grecian_a empire_n than_o it_o be_v that_o the_o pope_n take_v their_o opportunity_n to_o exempt_v themselves_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o these_o emperor_n who_o authority_n be_v mighty_o decay_v in_o italy_n partly_o by_o the_o ill_a management_n of_o their_o governor_n at_o ravenna_n partly_o by_o their_o own_o weakness_n and_o want_n of_o strength_n for_o the_o lombard_n be_v master_n in_o italy_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o justinian_n ii_o one_o emperor_n be_v for_o ruine_v the_o other_o beside_o this_o some_o of_o these_o emperor_n be_v against_o the_o adore_a of_o image_n and_o leo_n isaurus_n quite_o eject_v they_o out_o of_o the_o church_n because_o this_o adoration_n be_v whole_o degenerate_v into_o idolatry_n and_o as_o to_o the_o outward_a appearance_n the_o saint_n be_v more_o regard_v than_o god_n himself_o this_o undertake_n be_v very_o vehement_o oppose_v by_o pope_n gregory_n ii_o who_o stand_v up_o for_o the_o image_n partly_o because_o the_o roman_a chair_n find_v this_o superstition_n very_o advantageous_a partly_o because_o the_o pope_n take_v it_o very_o ill_o that_o the_o emperor_n shall_v undertake_v a_o reformation_n in_o matter_n of_o religion_n without_o his_o knowledge_n and_o consent_n and_o that_o at_o that_o time_n when_o he_o be_v busy_a to_o introduce_v the_o ecclesiastical_a monarchy_n in_o the_o western_a part_n partly_o also_o because_o he_o think_v to_o have_v meet_v with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o withdraw_v himself_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o grecian_a emperor_n the_o better_a to_o obtain_v his_o aim_n he_o stir_v up_o the_o roman_n and_o italian_n who_o hitherto_o have_v be_v under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o emperor_n to_o refuse_v to_o pay_v they_o tribute_n and_o the_o governor_n reside_v at_o ravenna_n endeavour_v to_o maintain_v the_o emperor_n right_a be_v slay_v in_o a_o tumult_n whereby_o the_o jurisdiction_n and_o power_n of_o the_o grecian_a emperor_n be_v abolish_v in_o those_o part_n of_o italy_n and_o these_o country_n begin_v to_o be_v free_a and_o independent_a on_o any_o foreign_a jurisdiction_n §_o 20._o france_n by_o these_o mean_v the_o pope_n have_v free_v himself_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o constantinople_n but_o not_o long_o after_o he_o be_v threaten_v by_o another_o enemy_n who_o be_v near_o at_o hand_n be_v likely_a to_o prove_v more_o troublesome_a to_o he_o than_o former_o the_o emperor_n who_o live_v at_o so_o considerable_a a_o distance_n for_o the_o king_n of_o the_o longobard_n endeavour_v first_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o those_o part_n which_o be_v fall_v off_o from_o the_o emperor_n and_o afterward_o of_o all_o italy_n they_o have_v already_o take_v raâ—enna_n and_o there_o be_v none_o leave_v in_o italy_n who_o be_v able_a to_o stop_v their_o victory_n the_o pope_n be_v then_o hard_o put_v to_o it_o and_o know_v not_o where_o to_o seek_v for_o protection_n except_o of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o at_o first_o endeavour_v to_o finish_v these_o difference_n by_o a_o amicable_a composition_n but_o the_o longobard_n not_o be_v willing_a to_o rest_v satisfy_v therewith_o they_o resolve_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n to_o maintain_v the_o italian_a affair_n they_o be_v easy_o prevail_v upon_o to_o undertake_v this_o business_n not_o only_o because_o pope_n zachary_n have_v approve_v of_o the_o proceed_n of_o pepin_n who_o have_v abdicate_v the_o lawful_a king_n be_v from_o a_o grand-marshal_n become_v king_n of_o france_n but_o also_o they_o have_v thereby_o a_o opportunity_n offer_v they_o to_o make_v conquest_n in_o italy_n whereof_o the_o french_a nation_n have_v be_v always_o very_o ambitious_a pepin_n and_o afterward_o charles_n the_o great_a have_v be_v so_o fortunate_a in_o their_o war_n against_o the_o longobard_n as_o to_o conquer_v their_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o give_v to_o the_o papal_a chair_n all_o that_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o have_v be_v former_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o grecian_a governor_n there_o be_v some_o who_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o to_o obtain_v this_o gift_n the_o pope_n make_v use_v of_o the_o fictitious_a donation_n of_o constantine_n the_o great_a which_o in_o those_o barbarous_a time_n be_v easy_o impose_v upon_o the_o ignorant_a world_n beside_o this_o the_o french_a king_n have_v great_a obligation_n to_o the_o pope_n for_o the_o abovementioned_a reason_n and_o be_v also_o fond_a of_o acquire_v the_o name_n of_o pious_a prince_n by_o bestow_v liberal_a present_n out_o of_o other_o man_n possession_n for_o it_o be_v in_o those_o day_n a_o common_a custom_n that_o man_n of_o all_o degree_n make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o outdo_v one_o another_o in_o liberality_n towards_o the_o clergy_n nay_o the_o prince_n use_v to_o grant_v they_o these_o possession_n without_o any_o encumbrance_n that_o thereby_o the_o ecclesiastic_n may_v be_v sure_a to_o enjoy_v free_a possession_n of_o what_o they_o have_v bestow_v upon_o they_o these_o extravagant_a donation_n be_v none_o of_o the_o least_o cause_n why_o the_o clergy_n afterward_o do_v labour_n with_o so_o much_o vehemency_n to_o withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n as_o fear_v that_o these_o extravagant_a donation_n and_o grant_n may_v be_v recall_v and_o declare_v void_a by_o their_o successor_n wherefore_o it_o have_v be_v always_o a_o maxim_n of_o wise_a men._n that_o prince_n by_o grant_v extravagant_a privilege_n and_o gift_n make_v their_o subject_n rather_o jealous_a than_o friend_n since_o those_o who_o have_v obtain_v they_o live_v always_o in_o fear_n that_o the_o same_o either_o in_o part_n or_o whole_o may_v be_v take_v away_o again_o employ_v all_o mean_n so_o to_o establish_v themselves_o as_o to_o be_v in_o a_o capacity_n to_o maintain_v themselves_o therein_o in_o spite_n of_o the_o prince_n those_o learned_a man_n who_o be_v of_o a_o impartial_a judgement_n take_v it_o for_o grant_v that_o the_o pope_n do_v pretend_v to_o exercise_v a_o sovereign_a power_n over_o these_o country_n grant_v to_o he_o by_o the_o french_a king_n but_o that_o the_o people_n refuse_v the_o same_o as_o be_v for_o maintain_v their_o liberty_n and_o think_v it_o very_o odd_a that_o the_o pope_n who_o be_v a_o ecclesiastical_a person_n shall_v pretend_v to_o be_v also_o a_o worldly_a prince_n when_o therefore_o the_o roman_n mutinied_a against_o pope_n leo_n iii_o he_o be_v force_v to_o seek_v for_o assistance_n from_o charles_n the_o great_a who_o restore_v the_o pope_n but_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o pope_n and_o people_n of_o rome_n proclaim_v charles_n emperor_n whereby_o he_o be_v put_v into_o possession_n of_o the_o sovereignty_n over_o that_o part_n of_o italy_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o governor_n at_o ravenna_n and_o the_o other_o remnant_n of_o the_o western_a 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germany_n sometime_o in_o italy_n thereby_o to_o diminish_v their_o power_n and_o authority_n the_o bishop_n especial_o in_o germany_n be_v always_o very_o busy_a as_o be_v dissatisfy_v that_o they_o be_v dependent_a on_o the_o emperor_n who_o nominate_v the_o bishop_n and_o therefore_o join_v with_o the_o pope_n to_o assist_v he_o in_o set_v up_o the_o ecclesiastical_a sovereignty_n the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv._o furnish_v they_o with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o put_v in_o execution_n their_o design_n this_o emperor_n by_o his_o debauchery_n and_o ill_a management_n of_o affair_n live_v in_o discontent_n and_o continual_a broil_n with_o the_o estate_n of_o germany_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o gregory_n vii_o who_o be_v before_o call_v hildebrand_n a_o proud_a resolute_a and_o obstinate_a man_n get_v into_o the_o chair_n he_o begin_v to_o exclaim_v against_o the_o emperor_n that_o the_o grant_n of_o church-benefice_n do_v not_o belong_v to_o he_o since_o he_o make_v a_o traffic_n with_o they_o and_o sell_v
a_o opportunity_n to_o possess_v themselves_o of_o of_o these_o ample_a revenue_n nevertheless_o the_o same_o keep_v a_o great_a many_o prelate_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o roman_a chair_n who_o if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v afraid_a of_o lose_v their_o rich_a benefice_n will_v not_o have_v be_v so_o backward_o to_o side_n with_o luther_n party_n this_o be_v manifest_o to_o be_v see_v in_o france_n where_o both_o the_o prelate_n and_o common_a people_n have_v make_v no_o great_a account_n of_o the_o pope_n authority_n before_o the_o reformation_n but_o when_o they_o see_v that_o those_o of_o the_o reform_a religion_n be_v for_o break_v into_o their_o quarter_n they_o agree_v better_a afterward_o with_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o commonalty_n be_v very_o zealous_a against_o the_o reform_a religion_n §_o recover_v 28._o but_o beside_o this_o the_o pope_n as_o soon_o as_o his_o adherent_n have_v recover_v themselves_o from_o their_o first_o consternation_n and_o his_o enemy_n be_v fall_v out_o among_o themselves_o have_v since_o settle_v his_o affair_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o protestant_n in_o all_o likelihood_n will_v not_o only_o not_o be_v able_a to_o hurt_v he_o for_o the_o future_a but_o he_o also_o by_o degree_n get_v ground_n of_o they_o for_o those_o thing_n wherewith_o luther_n do_v upbraid_v they_o and_o do_v the_o most_o mischief_n to_o they_o they_o have_v either_o quite_o abolish_v or_o at_o least_o they_o be_v transact_v in_o a_o more_o decent_a manner_n si_fw-mi non_fw-fr castè_fw-fr tamen_fw-la cautè_fw-la they_o have_v also_o make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o weapon_n wherewith_o luther_n do_v attack_v they_o for_o the_o pope_n now_o a_o day_n do_v not_o insult_v with_o so_o much_o haughtiness_n over_o prince_n but_o treat_v they_o with_o more_o civility_n and_o lenity_n it_o be_v true_a in_o the_o last_o age_n paul_n iv._o behave_v himself_o very_o impudent_o towards_o spain_n and_o in_o our_o age_n paul_n v._o do_v the_o same_o with_o venice_n but_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o wise_a head_n these_o difference_n be_v compose_v before_o they_o can_v draw_v after_o they_o any_o further_a ill_a consequence_n and_o the_o pope_n ever_o since_o have_v be_v sufficient_o convince_v that_o these_o hotheaded_a proceed_n be_v in_o no_o way_n suitable_a to_o their_o present_a condition_n for_o paul_n v._o do_v quick_o give_v fair_a word_n when_o the_o french_a ambassador_n make_v he_o believe_v that_o the_o venetian_n have_v send_v for_o some_o minister_n from_o geneva_n to_o be_v instruct_v in_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n neither_o have_v of_o late_a year_n sit_v such_o debauchee_n in_o the_o papal_a chair_n as_o alexander_n vi_o or_o such_o martial_a pope_n as_o julius_n ii_o be_v but_o of_o late_o they_o have_v endeavour_v to_o carry_v on_o their_o intrigue_n under_o hand_n whilst_o they_o in_o outward_a appearance_n pretend_v to_o be_v the_o promoter_n and_o mediator_n of_o peace_n that_o most_o scandalous_a trade_n of_o indulgence_n and_o that_o gross_a sort_n of_o simony_n they_o have_v set_v aside_o whilst_o they_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o cajole_v the_o people_n out_o of_o their_o money_n in_o a_o more_o handsome_a manner_n the_o bishop_n be_v now_o of_o another_o stamp_n heretofore_o and_o carry_v it_o on_o with_o much_o more_o gravity_n than_o before_o the_o time_n of_o luther_n nay_o there_o be_v now_o among_o the_o prelate_n eccellent_a and_o well_o qualify_v men._n the_o ordinary_a priest_n and_o monk_n also_o have_v be_v much_o reform_v in_o their_o manner_n and_o be_v oblige_v to_o lay_v aside_o their_o former_a brutish_a ignorance_n luther_n and_o his_o adherent_n do_v at_o first_o gain_n mighty_o upon_o the_o people_n by_o their_o most_o excellent_a and_o learned_a sermon_n and_o by_o their_o book_n which_o they_o publish_v thereby_o to_o excite_v the_o people_n to_o piety_n prayer_n godly_a meditation_n and_o exercise_n both_o which_o the_o papist_n have_v imitate_v since_o for_o among_o they_o now_o adays_o be_v to_o be_v find_v most_o excellent_a preacher_n and_o very_o good_a prayer-book_n so_o that_o the_o protestant_a clergy_n have_v now_o not_o much_o to_o object_v against_o they_o as_o to_o their_o ability_n or_o outward_a behaviour_n they_o have_v also_o get_v a_o very_a good_a insight_n into_o all_o the_o controvert_v point_n and_o have_v a_o dozen_o or_o more_o distinction_n at_o hand_n against_o any_o objection_n for_o example_n whereas_o nothing_o seem_v more_o ridiculous_a than_o that_o the_o pope_n shall_v grant_v his_o indulgence_n for_o twenty_o or_o thirty_o thousand_o year_n to_o come_v they_o know_v how_o to_o give_v this_o a_o fine_a colour_n by_o these_o distinction_n of_o intensive_a and_o extensive_a potentialiter_fw-la and_o actualiter_fw-la which_o relish_v strange_o with_o young_a student_n and_o the_o ignorant_a suppose_v they_o to_o be_v term_n full_a of_o mystery_n and_o because_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o the_o hatred_n conceive_v against_o learning_n and_o learned_a man_n have_v prove_v very_o prejudicial_a to_o the_o popish_a monarchy_n the_o popish_a clergy_n and_o especial_o the_o jesuit_n have_v since_o alter_v their_o course_n and_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o the_o education_n of_o youth_n have_v pretend_v to_o the_o monopoly_n of_o learning_n among_o the_o roman_a catholic_n so_o that_o since_o that_o time_n learning_n have_v not_o only_o not_o be_v prejudicial_a but_o very_o profitable_a to_o they_o last_o convert_v they_o now_o adays_o do_v not_o make_v use_n of_o fire_n and_o sword_n to_o propagate_v the_o roman_n catholic_n religion_n but_o the_o chief_a man_n among_o the_o protestant_n be_v entice_v to_o come_v over_o to_o their_o party_n with_o fair_a word_n great_a promise_n and_o actual_a recompense_n if_o any_o one_o who_o be_v well_o qualify_v will_v go_v over_o to_o their_o party_n he_o may_v be_v sure_a to_o make_v his_o fortune_n since_o the_o wealth_n of_o their_o church_n furnish_v they_o with_o sufficient_a mean_n to_o maintain_v such_o a_o person_n though_o his_o merit_n be_v not_o extraordinary_a whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o any_o one_o go_v over_o from_o they_o to_o the_o protestant_n religion_n and_o either_o have_v not_o wherewithal_o to_o live_v or_o else_o be_v endow_v with_o extraordinary_a qualification_n he_o must_v expect_v nothing_o but_o want_n popery_n last_o of_o all_o those_o of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n have_v great_o promote_v the_o popish_a interest_n when_o they_o drive_v the_o protestant_n out_o of_o the_o hereditary_a country_n in_o germany_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n and_o the_o country_n belong_v thereunto_o and_o late_o have_v do_v the_o same_o to_o the_o protestant_n in_o hungary_n except_o to_o a_o very_a few_o or_o else_o have_v force_v they_o to_o profess_v themselves_o roman_n catholic_n §_o pope_n 29._o from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v understand_v in_o what_o manner_n this_o ecclesiastical_a sovereignty_n have_v extend_v her_o power_n over_o the_o western_a part_n of_o christendom_n but_o thorough_o to_o understand_v the_o whole_a structure_n and_o composure_n of_o this_o engine_n and_o by_o what_o mean_v it_o be_v sustain_v it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o consider_v the_o pope_n in_o two_o different_a way_n first_o as_o a_o prince_n in_o italy_n and_o second_o as_o the_o spiritual_a monarch_n over_o the_o western_a church_n as_o to_o the_o first_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o pope_n may_v be_v reckon_v a_o potent_a prince_n in_o italy_n but_o be_v in_o no_o way_n to_o be_v compare_v with_o the_o other_o prince_n in_o europe_n dominion_n the_o country_n under_o his_o jurisdiction_n be_v the_o city_n of_o rome_n with_o her_o territory_n situate_v on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o river_n tiber_n the_o dukedom_n of_o benevento_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n the_o dukedom_n of_o spoleto_n vrbino_n and_o ferrara_n the_o marquisate_n of_o ancona_n several_a place_n in_o tuscany_n romaniola_n or_o flaminia_n where_o be_v situate_v bologna_n and_o ravenna_n in_o france_n the_o country_n of_o avignon_n belong_v to_o he_o parma_n be_v a_o fief_n of_o the_o church_n which_o paul_n iii_o grant_v to_o his_o son_n lewis_n farnese_n but_o since_o that_o time_n a_o constitution_n have_v be_v make_v that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o any_o pope_n to_o alienate_v any_o fief_n or_o to_o grant_v any_o of_o the_o country_n belong_v to_o the_o church_n in_o fief_n to_o any_o person_n whatsoever_o to_o prevent_v the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ecclesiastic_a state_n and_o that_o in_o case_n the_o revenue_n from_o abroad_o shall_v fail_v the_o pope_n nevertheless_o may_v not_o want_v mean_n to_o maintain_v himself_o and_o his_o court._n the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n be_v also_o a_o fief_n of_o the_o church_n in_o acknowledgement_n of_o which_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n every_o
his_o mediation_n for_o the_o procure_n of_o a_o peace_n in_o germany_n and_o represent_v again_o to_o the_o estate_n of_o sweden_n the_o necessity_n of_o meet_v the_o imperialist_n with_o a_o army_n abroad_o he_o with_o all_o expedition_n prepare_v himself_o for_o the_o next_o campagne_n 1630._o and_o have_v send_v alexander_n lesley_n with_o some_o troop_n before_o to_o drive_v the_o imperialist_n out_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n which_o he_o effect_v and_o settle_v his_o affair_n at_o home_n he_o embark_v with_o 92_o company_n of_o foot_n and_o 16_o of_o horse_n which_o be_v however_o considerable_o augment_v afterward_o by_o some_o regiment_n raise_v in_o prussia_n and_o land_v the_o 24_o of_o june_n at_o vsedom_n germany_n upon_o his_o arrival_n the_o imperialist_n have_v leave_v their_o fort_n thereabouts_o and_o at_o wollin_n he_o re-embarked_n his_o soldier_n with_o a_o train_n of_o artillery_n in_o some_o small_a vessel_n and_o direct_o take_v his_o course_n towards_o stetin_n and_o have_v oblige_v the_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n to_o receive_v he_o and_o his_o force_n into_o that_o city_n he_o make_v a_o defensive_a alliance_n with_o he_o from_o hence_o he_o march_v to_o stargard_n anclam_n vckermund_n and_o wolgast_n all_o which_o place_n he_o take_v without_o much_o opposition_n and_o while_o king_n gustave_n act_v with_o such_o success_n against_o the_o imperialist_n in_o pomerania_n christian_n withelm_v administrator_n of_o magdeburgh_n who_o have_v be_v depose_v by_o the_o emperor_n have_v get_v into_o the_o possession_n again_o of_o the_o city_n and_o territory_n of_o magdeburgh_n whither_o king_n gustave_n send_v dâ—cterick_n of_o falekenbergh_n to_o be_v assist_v to_o the_o say_a administrator_n in_o settle_v his_o affair_n that_o be_v then_o in_o great_a confusion_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n several_a regiment_n of_o liflander_n and_o finlanders_n be_v arrive_v under_o the_o command_n of_o gustave_n horn_n these_o have_v be_v join_v by_o such_o troop_n as_o be_v late_o come_v out_o of_o prussia_n the_o king_n leave_v his_o camp_n near_o stetin_n he_o himself_o march_v with_o his_o army_n into_o mecklenburgh_n in_o his_o absence_n the_o imperialist_n have_v endeavour_v to_o force_v the_o swedish_n camp_n near_o stetin_n but_o be_v vigorous_o repulse_v and_o at_o his_o return_n he_o also_o beat_v they_o out_o of_o greiffenhagen_n and_o gartz_n nay_o even_o out_o of_o the_o furthermost_a part_n of_o pomerania_n and_o the_o new_a marck_n the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n duke_n george_n of_o lunenburgh_n and_o william_n landgrave_n of_o hesse_n then_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o the_o king_n and_o the_o protestant_a party_n in_o general_a be_v encourage_v at_o the_o success_n begin_v to_o consider_v of_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o rid_v themselves_o of_o the_o roman_n catholic_n yoke_n at_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o next_o ensue_a year_n 1631._o king_n gustave_n at_o last_o conclude_v the_o so_o long_o project_v alliance_n with_o france_n france_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o be_v to_o receive_v a_o yearly_a subsidy_n of_o 400000_o crown_n from_o the_o french_a king_n have_v thus_o strengthen_v himself_o he_o notwithstanding_o the_o winter_n season_n take_v lokenitz_n prentzlow_n new_a brâ—ndenburgh_n clempenow_n craptow_n and_o leitz_n without_o much_o opposition_n demmin_n also_o where_o the_o duke_n of_o lavelli_n be_v in_o garrison_n with_o two_o regiment_n be_v surrender_v after_o a_o siege_n of_o three_o day_n and_o colberg_n surrender_v after_o a_o blockade_n of_o five_o month_n the_o emperor_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n perceive_v that_o his_o general_n be_v not_o able_a to_o cope_v with_o king_n gustave_n adolph_n have_v give_v to_o tilly_n the_o bavarian_a general_n the_o supreme_a command_n over_o his_o force_n who_o be_v a_o ancient_a experience_a and_o renown_a captain_n march_v direct_o to_o the_o relief_n of_o demmin_n but_o have_v receive_v intelligence_n that_o the_o place_n be_v surrender_v before_o he_o fall_v with_o great_a fury_n upon_o kniphausen_n who_o lie_v with_o two_o regiment_n of_o swede_n at_o new_a brandenburg_n which_o be_v a_o place_n of_o no_o defence_n he_o force_v after_o a_o brave_a resistance_n kill_v most_o of_o the_o common_a soldier_n but_o perceive_v that_o king_n gustave_n be_v strong_o entrench_v be_v not_o to_o be_v force_v in_o his_o camp_n he_o direct_v his_o march_n upward_o to_o magdeburgh_n in_o hope_n to_o draw_v the_o king_n out_o of_o his_o advantageous_a post_n but_o king_n gustave_n march_v direct_o towards_o franckfort_n upon_o the_o oder_fw-ge where_o the_o earl_n of_o shaumburgh_n lie_v with_o a_o small_a army_n notwithstanding_o which_o he_o take_v the_o place_n by_o storm_n after_o a_o siege_n of_o three_o day_n slay_v 700_o of_o the_o enemy_n and_o take_v 800_o among_o who_o be_v a_o great_a many_o officer_n of_o note_n from_o hence_o he_o send_v a_o detachment_n to_o landsbergh_n to_o endeavour_v to_o drive_v also_o the_o imperialist_n from_o thence_o about_o the_o same_o time_n a_o general_a meeting_n of_o the_o protestant_n german_n prince_n be_v hold_v at_o leipzick_n where_o a_o league_n be_v propose_v to_o be_v make_v in_o opposition_n to_o the_o demand_v restitution_n of_o the_o church-land_n thither_o king_n gustave_n send_v some_o of_o his_o minister_n to_o exhort_v they_o to_o a_o mutual_a union_n against_o the_o emperor_n and_o to_o demand_v some_o assistance_n from_o they_o of_o man_n and_o money_n but_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v very_o backward_o in_o declare_v himself_o positive_o pretend_v several_a reason_n but_o in_o effect_n intend_v to_o make_v himself_o head_n of_o the_o protestant_a league_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o take_v this_o opportunity_n of_o put_v the_o protestant_n in_o a_o good_a posture_n and_o to_o keep_v the_o balance_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o swede_n king_n gustave_n therefore_o perceive_v that_o the_o protestant_n in_o germany_n be_v so_o very_o cunning_a and_o over-cautious_a think_v it_o his_o best_a not_o to_o venture_v his_o army_n at_o the_o discretion_n of_o other_o wherefore_o though_o he_o be_v very_o willing_a to_o have_v relieve_v the_o city_n of_o magdeburgh_n which_o be_v reduce_v to_o extremity_n yet_o do_v he_o not_o think_v it_o advisable_v to_o march_v thither_o before_o he_o have_v secure_v his_o retreat_n to_o render_v therefore_o his_o design_n effectual_a he_o march_v with_o his_o army_n straight_o to_o berlin_n and_o have_v oblige_v the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n partly_o by_o fair_a word_n partly_o by_o threat_n to_o put_v into_o his_o hand_n the_o fort_n of_o spandau_n and_o custrin_n for_o the_o security_n of_o a_o retreat_n over_o the_o two_o river_n of_o the_o havel_n and_o other_o he_o will_v have_v straghtways_o march_v to_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o city_n of_o magdeburgh_n if_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n will_v have_v join_v he_o but_o while_o the_o say_a elector_n make_v a_o great_a many_o tergiversation_n the_o say_a city_n be_v take_v by_o storm_n by_o general_n tilly_n may._n who_o miserable_o burn_v the_o city_n and_o kill_v most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n there_o have_v be_v but_o 400_o leave_v of_o a_o great_a many_o thousand_o after_o this_o disaster_n king_n gustave_n have_v publish_v his_o reason_n why_o he_o can_v not_o timely_a enough_o relieve_v that_o city_n and_o have_v clear_v the_o whole_a pomerania_n of_o the_o imperialist_n he_o divide_v his_o army_n and_o have_v send_v part_n of_o his_o force_n to_o the_o assistance_n the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburgh_n he_o march_v with_o the_o rest_n into_o marck_n and_o encamp_v at_o werben_fw-ge near_o the_o river_n elbe_n to_o observe_v tilly_n who_o have_v receive_v intelligence_n of_o the_o king_n arrival_n near_o that_o river_n be_v oblige_v to_o alter_v his_o march_n which_o he_o intend_v to_o have_v direct_v towards_o saxony_n in_o hope_n to_o force_v the_o king_n to_o a_o battle_n but_o the_o king_n surprise_v his_o avaint-guard_n near_o wolmerstadt_n where_o he_o total_o ruin_v three_o regiment_n of_o horse_n notwithstanding_o which_o tilly_n approach_v near_o the_o king_n camp_n at_o werben_fw-ge but_o the_o king_n refuse_v of_o fight_n and_o he_o not_o dare_v to_o attack_v he_o in_o his_o camp_n he_o be_v for_o want_v of_o forage_v oblige_v to_o march_v back_o to_o his_o former_a camp_n at_o wolmerstadt_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburgh_n have_v with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o swedish_n auxiliary_n drive_v the_o imperialist_n out_o of_o their_o territory_n except_o domitz_n wismar_n and_o rostock_n which_o place_n they_o also_o keep_v block_v up_o and_o about_o the_o same_o time_n james_n marquis_n of_o hamilton_n come_v with_o 6000_o english_a and_o scots_a into_o pomerania_n but_o stand_v the_o king_n in_o no_o great_a stead_n most_o of_o they_o die_v in_o the_o same_o year_n by_o several_a disease_n but_o tilly_n see_v that_o he_o can_v not_o attack_v the_o