word without offence profaned The Degrees of ENGLAND AS to the division of our State it consists of a King or Monarch the Nobles Citizens Free-men which we call Yeomen and Tradesmen The KING The King stiled by our Ancestors Coning and Cyning e Either relating to cene which in Saxon signifies stout valiant c. or to cunnan which signifies to know or understand from whence a designing subtle man is called a Cunning man a name under which is coucht both power and wisdom by us contracted into King has in these Kingdoms the supreme power and a meer government nor holds he his Empire by vassalage neither does he receive Investiture from another nor own any superior Bracton l. 1. c. 8. but God And as that Oracle of Law has delivered it Every one is under him and himself under none but only God He has very many Rights of Majesty peculiar to himself which the learned in the law term The Holy of Holies and Individuals because they are inseparable but the common people The King's Prerogative and those they tell us are denoted by the flowers in the King's Crown Some of these the King enjoys by a written Law others by Right of custom which without a law is established by a tacit consent of the whole body and surely he deserves them Seneca since by his watchfulness every man's house by his labour every man's ease by his industry every one's pleasure and by his toil every one's recreation is secured to him But these things are too sublime to belong properly to my business Next the King is his eldest son and as he amongst the Romans that was designed for the Successor The Prince was first called Prince of the youth * Princeps juventutis and as flattery prevail'd afterwards Caesar Noble Caesar and the most noble Caesar so ours was by our Saxon Ancestors termed Aetheling Aetheling i.e. noble and in Latin Clyto Clyto from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 famous that age affecting the Greek tongue Upon which that saying concerning Eadgar the last heir male of the English Crown is still kept up Eadgar Eðeling Englands Searling i.e. Eadgar the noble England's darling And in the antient Latin Charters of the Kings we often read Ego E. vel AE Clyto the King's son But the name of Clyto I have observed to be given to the King's children in general After the Norman Conquest he had no standing honorary title nor any other that I know of but barely The King's Son or The King's eldest Son till Edward I. summoned to Parliament his son Edward under the title of Prince of Wales Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester to whom he granted also afterwards the Dukedom of Aquitain And this when he came to be King Edward II. summoned his son Edward to Parliament then scarce ten years old under the title of Earl of Chester and Flint But that Edward coming to the Crown created Edward his son a most accomplisht soldier Duke of Cornwal since which time the King 's eldest son f If he be eldest son but if the first dies the second is not born to the same Title See concerning this in the Notes upon Cornwall p. 15 is born Duke of Cornwall And a little after he honoured the same person with the title of Prince of Wales by a solemn Investiture The Principality of Wales was conferred upon him in these words to be held by him and his heirs Kings of England And as the heirs apparent of the Roman Empire were as I observed but just now called Caesars of the Grecian Despotae Lords those of the Kingdom of France Dauphins and of Spain Infantes so those of England have been since that time stiled Princes of Wales And that title continued till the time of Henry VIII when Wales was entirely united to the Kingdom of England But now the formerly divided Kingdoms of Britain being reduced into one under the government of the most potent King James his eldest son Henry the darling and delight of Britain is called Prince of Great Britain whom as nature has made capable of the greatest things so that God would bless him with the highest virtues and a lasting honour that his success may outdo both our hopes of him as also the atchievements and high character of his forefathers by a long and prosperous Reign is the constant and hearty prayer of all Britain Our Nobles are divided into Greater and Less The Greater Nobles we call Dukes Marquesses Earls and Barons who either enjoy these titles by an hereditary claim or have them conferred on them by the King as a reward of their merits A DUKE A Dukâ— is the next title of honour to the Prince At first this was a name of office not of honour About the time of Aelius Verus those who were appointed to guard the Frontiers were first called Dukes and this title in Constantine's time was inferiour to that of a Count. After the destruction of the Roman Empire this title still continued to be the name of an Office and those amongst us who in the Saxon times are stiled Dukes in such great numbers by the antient Charters are in the English tongue only called Ealdormen The same also who are named Dukes are likewise termed Counts for instance most people call William the Conqueror of England Duke of Normandy whereas William of Malmesbury writes him Count of Normandy However that both Duke and Count were names of Office Mar. â—â— Formaâ— is plain from the form of each's creation which we find in Marculph an antient writer The Royal clemency is particularly signalized upon this account that among all the people the good and the watchful are singled out nor is it convenient to commit the judiciary power to any one who has not first approved his loyalty and valour Since weâ—t therefore seem to have sufficiently experienced your fidelity and usefulness we commit to you the power of a Count Duke or Patriciâ—us President in that Lordship which your predecessor governed to act in and rule over it Still upon this condition that you are entirely true to our government and all the people within those limits may live under and be swayed by your government and authority and that you rule justly according to law and their own customs that you zealously protect widows and orphans that you severely punish the crimes of robbers and malefactors so that those who live regularly under your government may be cheerful and undisturbed and that whatever profit arises from such actions to the Exchequer you your self bring yearly into our coffers It began to be an honorary title under Otho the Great â—gâ—ius l. 〈◊〉 Regni â—â—lici about the year 970. For he in order to bind valiant and prudent persons more effectually to his own interest honour'd them with what he call'd Râ—gelia Royalties Those Royalties were either Dignities or Lands in Fee The
their weapons might be examin'd unexpectedly came a Mandate from the King that the cause should not then be decided lest the King should lose his right In the mean time they compounded the Earl agreeing to surrender up all his right in the castle to the Bishop and his successors for ever upon the receit of 2500 Marks aa â—â—rls of â—lisbury Salisbury had Earls very early whose pedigree I will not only draw faithfully but i They may be carry'd yet higher for Knighton stiles Edric Duke of Mercia Earl of Salisbury higher also out of the history of Lacock â—istory of â—â—cock Walter de Euereux Earl of Rosmar in Normandy had by the munificence of William the Conqueror very large possessions in this shire which he bequeathed to his younger son Edward sirnamed of Salisbury who was born in England leaving his other lands in Normandy with the title of Earl of Rosmar to k The eldest son of this Walter that succeeded him in the Earldom was called Gerold Walter his eldest son whose line not long after failed This Edward of Salisbury was very eminent in the twentieth year of William the Conqueror and is often mention'd in Domesday book but without the title of Earl His son Walter founded a small monastery at Bradenstok and there in his old age after he had got a son call'd Patric who was the first Earl of Salisbury by Sibilla de Cadurcis or Chaworth assum'd the habit of a black Canon This Patric the first Earl was slain by Guy of Lusignian A. D. 1169. in his return from a pilgrimage to S. James of Compostella and was succeeded by his son William who died at Paris in the reign of Richard 1. Ela his only daughter by the favour of the said K. Richard was married to William Longspee so sirnamed from the long sword he usually wore who was a natural son of K. Henry 2. to whom upon this marriage with Ela accrued the title of Earl â—â—â—s of the 〈◊〉 of Saâ— and her Coat of Arms viz. Az. 6 Lioncells Rampant Or. His son was also called William Longspee with whom Henry 3. being offended because being signed with the Cross he went to the Holy War without his leave took from him the title of Earl and castle of Sarum He notwithstanding being resolv'd on his design went into Egypt with S. Lewis King of France â—h Paâ— 973. â—051 and fighting valiantly in the midst of his enemies near Damiata which the Christians had taken died in the bed of honour not long before that holy King was unfortunately made prisoner He had a son call'd also William who did not enjoy the title of Earl and had only one daughter named Margaret â—â—â—g â— p. â—4 who was notwithstanding call'd Countess of Salisbury and married to Henry Lacy Earl of Lincoln by whom she had but one daughter viz. Alice the wife of Thomas Earl of Lancaster who being outlawed K. Edw. 2. seized upon the lands which she had made over to her husband some of which viz. Troubridge Winterbourn Ambresbury and other manours King Edw. 3. gave to William de Montacute in as full and ample manner as ever the Predecessors of Margaret Countess of Sarum held them â—ds of Patent And at the same time he made the said William de Montacute Earl of Sarum and by the girding on of a sword the said Earldom was invested in him and his heirs for ever This William was King of the Isle of Man and had two sons William who succeeded his father in his honours and died without issue 22 Having unhappily slain his own Son while he train'd him at tilting and John a Knight who died before his brother leaving by Margaret his wife daughter and heiress of Thomas de Monthermer John Earl of Salisbury * De monte Hermerti who being a time-server and conspiring against King Henry 4. was slain at l It should be Cirencester in Comitar Glocestr Chichester A.D. 1400 and afterwards attainted of High Treason Notwithstanding which his son Thomas was restored to his blood and estate one of the greatest Generals of his age whether we consider his pains in all matters of moment his unwearied constancy in all undertakings and his quickness in putting his designs in execution who whilst he besieged Orleans in France was wounded by a Dart from a * è tormento majori Balist of which he died A. D. 1428. Alice his only daughter was married to Richard Nevil Pat. 20 Hen. 6. 1461. to whom she brought the title of Earl of Sarum who following the York-party was taken Prisoner in a battel at Wakefield and beheaded he was succeeded by Richard his son Earl of Warwick and Salisbury who taking delight in dangers engaged his Country in a fresh Civil War in which he lost his own life Isabella one of his daughters married George Duke of Clarence brother to K. Edw. 4. by whom he had a son call'd Edward 23 Earl of Warwick who was unjustly beheaded in his childhood by K. Henry 7. and his sister Margaret to whom the title of Countess of Salisbury was restor'd 24 By Henry 8. in a full Parliament about the fifth year of his reign suffer'd the same fate at 70 years of age by the command of Henry 8. For it is an usual practice among Princes to put to death or perpetually to imprison their kindred upon slight surmizes which are never wanting that they and their posterity may be the better established in the Throne Ann the other daughter of Richard Nevil Earl of Warwick and Salisbury was wife to Richard 3 25 Duke of Glocester and Brother to K. Edw. 4. to whom after she had born Edward * Whom his Unkle K. Edward in the 17th of his reign created Earl of Salisbury and Richard his father usurping the Kingdom made c. Prince of Wales who dy'd young she her self dy'd not without suspicion of poyson From that time this honorary title ceased until A. D. 1605. the most potent K. James dignify'd therewith Robert Cecil second son to our Nestor Wil. Cecil for his prudence and good service to his King and Country whom as I have said he had before honour'd with the titles of Baron Cecil of Essenden and Viscount Cranburn for his great merits and industry in promoting the good of the Kingdom So much concerning the Earls of Salisbury bb Below this City upon the Avon is seated Duncton Duncton or Donketon which is reported to be a very ancient Corporation Bogo commonly Beavois and famous for the seat of Beavois of Southampton who for his valour much celebrated by the Bards is commonly accounted one of the great Worthies Salisbury is every way encompass'd with the open plains unless it be toward the east Clarendon on which side it hath the neighbourhood of the large Park of Clarendon very commodious for keeping and breeding Deer and once beautified with a royal palace
which he holdeth of the said Aimar 's inheritance so fully and after the same manner as the same Aimar had and held them at the time of his death c. Witness the King at Montmartin the 13th day of October and the 13th year of his reign This Lawrence Hastings was succeeded by his son John who being taken by the Spaniards in a sea-fight and afterwards redeem'd died in France in the year 1375. To him succeeded his son John who was kill'd in a Tournament at Woodstock Anno 1391. 11 By Sir John St. John casually And it was observ'd of this family I know not by what fate that no father ever saw his son for five generations He leaving no issue several considerable Revenues devolv'd to the Crown and the Castle of Penbroke was granted to Francis At-court a courtier of that time in great favour who upon that account was commonly call'd Lord of Penbroke 12 Not long after Humfrey son to K. Hen. 4. before he was Duke of Glocester receiv'd this title of his brother K. Hen. 5. and before his death K. Hen. 6. granted the same in reversion a thing not before heard of to William de la Pole Earl of Suffolk after whose downfall the said King when he had enabl'd Edmund of Hadham and Jasper of Hatfield the sons of Queen Catharine his mother to be his lawful half-brethren created Jasper Earl of Penbroke and Edmund Earl of Richmond with pre-eminence to take place above all Earls For Kings have absolute authority in dispensing honours And not long after John Duke of Bedford and after him his brother Humfrey Duke of Glocester the sons of K. Hen. 4. obtain'd the same title After that William de la Pole was made Marquis of Penbroke upon whose decease K. Hen. 6. created Jasper de Hatfield his brother by the mother's side Earl of Penbroke who being afterwards divested of all honours by K. Hen. 4. was succeeded by 13 Sir William Herbert for his good service against Jasper in Wales William Herbert who was kill'd in the battel at Banbury To him succeeded a son of the same name whom Edw. 4. having recover'd his Kingdom created Earl of Huntingdon conferring the title of Earl of Penbroke on his eldest son Edward Prince of Wales A long time after that King Hen. 8. entitled Anne of Bullen whom he had betrothed Marchioness of Penbroke 14 With a Mantle and Coronet in regard both of her Nobility and also her Vertues for so ran the words of the Patent At last King Edw. 6. in our memory invested 15 Sir William William Herbert Lord of Caer-Diff with the same title He was succeeded by his son Henry who was President of Wales under Queen Elizabeth And now his son William a person in all respects most accomplish'd enjoys that honour Origin of the Herberts This family of the Herberts is very noble and ancient in these parts of Wales For they derive their pedigree from Henry Fitz-Herbert Chamberlain to K. Hen. 1. who marry'd that King's ‖ Amasiam Concubine Reginald Earl of Cornwal's mother as I am inform'd by Mr. Robert Glover a person of great insight in Genealogies by whose untimely decease Genealogical Antiquities have suffer'd extreamly Parishes in this County 145. ADDITIONS to PENBROKSHIRE a THAT our Author hath justly represented the Flemings to be a warlike and industrious Nation is very evident as well from the account we have of them in History as that they have maintain'd their Territories to be distinguishable from the Welsh even to this day But that all Wales with united Forces hath several times invaded their Country and that without success seems a more honourable character of them than we find in other Historians I shall therefore transcribe what Dr. Powel hath deliver'd upon this occasion in his * p. 277. History of Wales In the year 1217. Prince Lhewelyn ap Gorwerth marched to Dyved and being at Kevn Kynwarchan the Flemings sent to him to desire a peace but the Prince would not grant them their request Then young Rŷs was the first that pass'd the river Kledheu to fight with those of the town of Haverford whereupon Gorwerth Bishop of St. Davids with all his Clergy came to the Prince to intercede for peace in behalf of the Flemings which after long debating was thus concluded First That all the Inhabitants of Ros and the Land of Penbroke should become the Prince's subjects and ever from thence-forth take him for their liege Lord. Secondly That they should pay him 1000 Marks toward his charges before Michaelmas next coming Thirdly That for the performance of these they should deliver forthwith to the Prince twenty Pledges of the best in all the Country c. And again p. 279. In the year 1220. Lhewelyn Prince of Wales led an Army to Penbroke against the Flemings who contrary to their Oath and League had taken the Castle of Aber Teivi which Castle the Prince destroy'd putting the Garison to the sword ras'd the Castle and went thence to the Land of Gwys where he ras'd that Castle and burn'd the Town Also he caus'd all Haverford to be burn'd to the Castle-gates and destroy'd all Ros and Daugledhau and they that kept the Castle sent to him for Truce till May which was concluded upon Conditions and so he return'd home b As to the ancient name of S. Davids there is not far from it a place at this day call'd Melin Meneu wherein is preserv'd the old denomination But the original signification of the word Meneu is now lost and perhaps not to be retriev'd However I would recommend it to the curious in Ireland and Scotland where the names of places agree much with those in Wales to consider whether it may not signifie a Frith or narrow Sea for we find the Chanel betwixt Caernarvonshire and the Isle of Anglesey to be call'd Abermeneu and that there is here also a small Fretum call'd the Sound betwixt this place and the Isle of Ramsey and another place call'd Meney by a Frith in Scotland in the County of Buquhan c Besides the instance of the Sea-sands being washt off we find the same to have happen'd about the year 1590. For Mr. George Owen who liv'd at that time and is mention'd by our Author as a learned and ingenious person gives us the following account of it in a Manuscript History of this County About twelve or thirteen years since it happen'd that the Sea-sands at Newgal which are cover'd every tide were by some extraordinary violence of the Waves so washed off that there appeared stocks of Trees doubtless in their native places for they retain'd manifest signs of the stroaks of the ax at the falling of them The Sands being washed off in the winter these Buts remain'd to be seen all the summer following but the next year the same were cover'd again with the Sands By this it appeareth that the Sea in that place hath intruded upon the
saith he so call'd from the famous Monastery that was once there lyes situate in Maelor Seising or Bromfield not far from Kaer Lheion or West-chester Both Town and Monastery hath so felt the injuries of time that at this day there are hardly any ruins of them remaining For we find now only a small Village of the name and no footsteps of the old City except the rubbish of the two principal Gates Porth Kleis and Porth Wgan the former looking towards England and the latter towards Wales They are about a mile distant from each other whence we may conjecture the extent of the City which lay between these two Gates the river Dee running through the midst of it The old British Triades tell us that in the time of the British Kings there were in the Monastery of Bangor 2400 Monks who in their turns viz. a hundred each hour of the 24 read Prayers and sung Psalms continually so that Divine Service was perform'd day and night without intermission c. ¶ It remains now that we make some mention of that remarkable Monument or carv'd Pillar on Mostyn-mountain Maen y Chwyvan represented in the Plate by the first and second figures It stands on the evenest part of the mountain and is in height eleven foot and three inches above the Pedestal two foot and four inches broad and eleven inches thick The Pedestal is five foot long four and a half in breadth and about fourteen inches thick and the Monument being let thorow it reaches about five inches below the bottom so that the whole length of it is about thirteen foot The first figure represents the East-side and that edge which looks to the South and the second the Western-side with the North-edge tho' the Sculptures on these edges are grav'd as if they were no part of the stone When this Monument was erected or by what Nation I must leave to farther enquiry however I thought it not amiss to publish these draughts of it as supposing there may be more of the same kind in some parts of Britain or Ireland or else in other Countries which being compar'd with this it might perhaps appear what Nations used them and upon what occasions Dr. Plot in his History of Staffordshire gives us the draughts of a Monument or two which agree very well with it in the chequer'd carving and might therefore possibly belong to the same Nation ‖ Plot 's Nat. Hist of Staffordshire p. 404. 432. Those he concludes to have been erected by the Danes for that there is another very like them at Beau-Castle in Cumberland inscrib'd with Runick Characters which is presum'd to have been a Funeral Monument * Phil. Transact Num. 178. But the Characters on the East-side of ours seem nothing like the Runic or any other letters I have seen but resemble rather the numeral figures 1221. tho' I confess I am so little satisfied with the meaning of them that I know not whether they were ever intended to be significative Within a furlong or less of this Monument there is an artificial Mount or Barrow whereof there are also about twenty more in this neighbourhood call'd y Gorsedheu where there have been formerly a great many carcases and skulls discover'd some of which were cut and one or two particularly had round holes in them as if pierced with an arrow upon which account this pillar has been suspected for a Monument of some signal victory and the rather for that upon digging five or six foot under it no bones were discover'd nor any thing else that might give occasion to suspect it Sepulchral This monumental Pillar is call'd Maen y Chwyvan a name no less obscure than the History of it for tho' the former word signifies a Stone yet no man understands the meaning of Chwyvan Were it Gwyvan I should conclude it corrupted from Gwŷdhvaen i.e. the high Pillar but seeing 't is written Maen y Chufan in an old Deed bearing date 1388. which scarce differs in pronunciation from Chwyvan I dare not acquiesce in that Etymology tho' at present I can think of none more probable PRINCES of WALES AS for the ancient Princes of Wales of British extraction I refer the Reader to the Annals of Wales already publish'd but for the later Princes of the Royal line of England it seems pertinent to our design that we add here a short account of them Edward the first to whom during his minority his father Henry the third had granted the Principality of Wales having when Lhewelyn ap Grufydh the last Prince of the British blood was slain cut off in a manner the sinews of the Government or sovereignty of that Nation united the same to the Kingdom of England in the 12th year of his reign and the whole Province swore fealty and allegiance to his son Edward of Caernarvon whom he constituted Prince of Wales But this Edward the second conferr'd not the title of Prince of Wales on his son Edward but only the honour of Earl of Chester and Flint as far as I could yet learn out of the records of the Kingdom 1 And by that title summon'd him to Parliament being then nine years old Edward the third first solemnly invested his son Edward sirnam'd the Black with this title 2 With a Cap of Estate and a Coronet set on his head a gold Ring put upon his finger and a ‖ Afterward a golden Verge was used silver Verge deliver'd into his hand with the assent of Parliament who in the very height of grandeur died an untimely death After that he conferr'd the same on his son Richard of Bourdeaux heir to the crown who being depriv'd of his Kingdom by K. Hen. 4. died miserably leaving no issue The same Henry the fourth 3 At the formal request of the Lords and Commons conferr'd the Principality of Wales on his eldest son who was that renowned Prince Henry the fifth His son Henry the sixth whose father died whilst he was an infant conferr'd that honour which he never receiv'd himself on his young son Edward who being taken in the battel of Tewkesbury had his brains dash'd out cruelly by the York-Party Not long after K. Edward the fourth being settl'd in the throne created his young son Edward afterwards Edward the fifth Prince of Wales And soon after his Uncle Richard having dispatch'd him away substituted in his place his own son Edward created Earl of Salisbury before by Edward the fourth but died soon after which I have but lately discover'd Afterwards Henry the seventh constituted first his son Arthur Prince of Wales and after his decease Henry famous afterwards under the title of Henry the 8. On all these the Principality of Wales was conferr'd by solemn Investiture and a Patent deliver'd them in these words Tenendus sibi haeredibus Regibus Angliae c. For in those times the Kings would not deprive themselves of so fair an opportunity of obliging their eldest sons but
the Franks our fore-fathers all of them descended from the Germans Paulus Diaconus tells us of a custom among the Longobards â—ib 1.22 that the King's son is not permitted to dine with his father till arms are bestowed upon him by the King of some foreign Nation And we find in the Histories of the old Franks that their Kings gave arms to their sons and others and girt them with a sword and Malmesbury is evidence that our King Alfred conferred Knighthood upon his Nepotâ—â—â— nephew Athelstan a very hopeful youth giving him a scarlet mantle a belt set with jewels and a Saxon sword with a golden scabbard Afterwards when Religion had gained so much respect in the world that nothing was to be done well or successfully unless Religious men had a hand in it our Ancestors a little before the coming in of the Normans were wont to receive the sword from them This Ingulphus who lived at that time shews us He that was to be consecrated to lawful warfare did the evening before make confession of his sins with great sorrow to some Bishop Abbot Monk or Priest and being absolved spent that night in the Church in order to hear Divine service next day then he offer'd his sword upon the altar and after the gospel the Priest put it as 't was then hallowed with a blessing upon the Knight and thus having received the sacrament he became a lawful Knight Nor was this custom presently in disuse among the Normans For John of Salisbury says in his Polycraticon There was a custom that on the very day when any one was Knighted he went to the Church and putting his sword upon the altar offered it there as if by this solemn profession he had devoted himself to the service of the altar and obliged himself to be ever ready to assist it with his sword that is do his duty to it Petrus Blesensis also writes thus â—piâ—t 94. The young men at this day receive their swords from the altar that they may thereby profess themselves the sons of the Church and for the honour of the Priesthood in taking it for the protection of the poor the punishment of malefactors and the freedom of their Countrey yet this proves quite contrary to the design of its Institution for from the very time of their Knighthood they rebel immediately against the Lord's anointed and make havock of the revenues of the Church Now as for this custom of having a sword girt on them it is without doubt derived from the military discipline of the Romans For as they thought it unlawful to fight an enemy before they had taken their military oath â—iâ— lib. 1. â—fiâ—â— de â—atonis â—â—o with their swords drawn so our Ancestors imagined they could not lawfully go to war before they were consecrated by this ceremony to that service And in that manner we find William Rufus King of England made a souldier by Archbishop Lanfranck Yet this custom by degrees grew obsolete from the time as Ingulphus says that it was ridiculed and exploded by the Normans and a Synod was held at Westminster in the year 1102 whereby it was decreed that Abbots should not create Knights Yet some interpret this that Abbots should not grant Church-lands to be held by Knight-service After that it grew a custom for Kings to sâ—nd their sons to neighbouring Princes to receive Knâ—ghthood at their hands Thus our Henry the Second was sent to David King of Scots and Malcolm King of Scots to our Henry the Second upon the same errand and so our Edward the First was sent to the King of Castile to receive military arms or virilia for that was the form and expression in such Creations at that time Then also besides the sword and girdle were added the gilt spurs as a farther ornament and hence they are call'd at this day Milites and Equites aurati The privilege of a seal was also granted them for before this cincture and creation they could not use a seal as I infer from the Abingdon book which has these words Which writing Richard Earl of Chester intended to seal with his mother Ermentrud's seal for being not as yet Knighted all his letters were sealed with his mother's seal In the following age Knights were made upon the account of their estate as one may safely conclude for they who had a great Knight's-fee that is if we may credâ—â— old Records * Others 800. 680 acres of land claimed the honour of Knighthood as hereby entitled to it Nay in Henry the Third's reign whoever had fifteen pound yearly revenue in lands was compelled in a manner to receive this dignity so that the title was rather a burden than an honour Hist Minor Matthâ—i Paâ—is In the year 1256 the King issued out a Promation whereby it was ordered and declared throughout the whole Realm that whosoever had * An entire Knights Fee fifteen †Libratas teâ—rae acres of land or above should be Knighted for the increase of Cavalry in England as it was in Italy and that they who would not or could not support the honour of Knighthood should compound for a dispensation This is the reason why we so often find in the Records For * Respectu respite of Knighthood A. of N. J. H. c. And such Presentments as these by the Jurors R. of St. Lawrence holds an entire Knights-fee and is of full age and not yet Knighted and therefore amerced Thus far and somewhat longer unless I am deceived in this observation in all our Law-forms where a Jury of twelve men who are judges of the fact are empannell'd any one that has a Knights-fee is stil'd Miles or Knight and those created by the King Milites gladio cincti And in these times when the King made a man Knight as the same Matthew Paris relates he sat in state upon his throne and in robes of gold of the most costly and best * Bawdkino Bawdkin with a crown of gold upon his Head and to every Knight he allow'd 100 s. for equipage And not only the King but the Earls also conferr'd Knighthood in that age For the same Author makes mention how the Earl of Glocester Knighted his brother William after he had proclaim'd a Tournament and how Simon de Montefort Earl of Leicester conferr'd the same dignity upon Gilbert de Clare Just as it was in France as appears from the Patents for enabling any one who has procur'd letters to that purpose to be created by what Knight he pleases However from that time no one has received that honour in England but either from the King himself or the Prince of Wales permitted by his Father so to do or the King's Lieutenant or General in an army and that upon the account of brave actions either done or expected or else in honour of Civil administration And this was without question a wise contrivance of our Kings when they had no
no great intreaty to perswade this young Gallant to undertake an employment so amorous and pleasing The way to destruction is easie and quickly learnt he seem'd wonderful cunning to himself but all his cunning was but folly In him were concentred all those accomplishments that might captivate foolish and unthinking virgins beauty wit riches and an obliging mein and he was mighty solicitous to have a private apartment to himself The Devil therefore expelled Pallas and brought in Venus and converted the Church of our Saviour and his Saints into an accursed Pantheon the Temple into a very Stew and the Lambs were transformed into Wolves When many of them proved with child and the youth began to languish being overcome with the excess and variety of pleasure he hastens home with the reports of his conquests worthy to have the reward of iniquity to his expecting lord and uncle The Earl immediately addresses the King and acquaints him That the Abbess and the Nuns were gotten with child and had rendred themselves prostitutes to all comers all which upon inquisition was found true Upon the expulsion of the Nuns he begs Berkley had it granted him by the King and settled it upon his wife Gueda but as Doomsday-book â—omsday-â—ok hath it she refused to eat any thing out of this Manour because of the destruction of the Abby And therefore he bought Udecester for her maintenance whilst she lived at Berkley thus a conscientious mind will never enrich it self with ill gotten possessions I had rather you should be informed from Historians than from me how King Edward 2. being deprived of his Kingdom by the artifice of his wife was afterwards murder'd in this Castle by the damnable subtilty of Adam Bishop of Hereford â—e â—â—ness 〈◊〉 Bishop who sent these enigmatical words to his keepers without either point or comma Edvardum occidere nolite timere bonum est To seek to shed King Edward's blood Refuse to fear I think it good So that by the double sence and construction of the words they might be encouraged to commit the murther â—â—rder of â—â—ward 2. and he plausibly vindicate himself to the people from giving any directions in it Below this place the little river Aven runs into the sea at the head whereof scarce 8 miles from the shore on the hills near Alderley a small town are found various stones resembling Cockles and Oysters â—â—ones like â—ockles which whether they were living animals or the ludicrous fancies of nature let natural Philosophers enquire But Fracastorius the Prince of Philosophers in our age makes no question but that they were animals engendred in the sea and so carried by the waters to the tops of the mountains for he affirms hills to have been cast up by the sea and that they were at first only heaps of sand tumbled together and fixed there by the waters also that the sea overflow'd where the hills now rise aloft upon whose return into its wonted course there was first discovery made both of Islands and Hills q But these things are beside my purpose Trajectus The Trajectus that Antonine mentions to be opposite to Abon where they used to pass the Severne was as I imagine by the name heretofore at Oldbury i.e. if you interpret the word an ancient Burrough as now we ferry over at Aust a village somewhat lower r â—ust Vilâ—â—ge This was formerly call'd Aust Clive â—ust-clive for it is situate upon a very high craggy cliff What the aforementioned Mapes has told us was done in this place is worth your knowledge Edward the elder saith he lying at Aust Clive and Leolin Prince of Wales at Bethesley when the latter would neither come down to a conference nor cross the Severn Edward passed over to Leolin who seeing the King and knowing who he was threw his royal Robes upon the ground which he had prepared to sit in judgment with and leaped into the water breast high and embracing the boat said Most wise King your humility has conquer'd my pride Pride conquer'd by humility and your wisdom triumphed over my folly mount upon that neck which I have foolishly exalted against you so shall you enter into that Country which your goodness hath this day made your own And so taking him upon his shoulders he made him sit upon his Robes and joyning hands did him hominium homage On the same shore is situate Thornbury Thornbury where are to be seen the foundations of a magnificent Castle which Edward last Duke of Buckingham designed to erect in the year 1511. as the inscription makes it appear s 11 When he had taken down an ancient house which Hugh Audeley Earl of Glocester had formerly built Seven miles from hence the river Avon running into Severne separates Glocestershire and Somersetshire and not far from the river-side is seen Puckle-church Puckle-church anciently a royal village call'd Puckle-kerks where Edmund King of England was kill'd with a dagger as he interposed himself between Leof a noted Thief and his Sewer that were quarrelling t Near this place lyeth Winterbourne of which the g They had their name from Bradstone in the Parish of Berkley where there erected a Chantry Bradstones Bradstones were Lords 12 Among whom Sir Thomas was summoned among the Barons in the time of King Edward 3. from whom the Viscounts Montacute Barons of Wentworth c. are descended as also Acton Acton Ireton which gave name to a Knightly family whose heiress being married to Sir Nicholas Pointz Pointz in the time of Edward 2. left it to her Posterity Derham a small Village in the Saxon Deorham Deorham Marianus where Ceaulin the Saxon in a bloody engagement slew three of the British Princes Commeail Condidan Fariemeiol with divers others and so dispossessed the Britains of that part of their Country for ever There are yet to be seen in that place huge Rampiers and Trenches as Fortifications of their Camps and other most infallible signs of so great a war This was the Barony of James de novo Mercatu Jacobus de Novo-mercatu who having three daughters married them to Nicholas de Moils John de Botereaux and Ralph Russel whose Posterity being enrich'd by marrying into the honourable Family of the Gorges assumed that name u 13 But from Ralph Russel the heir this Deorham descended to the family of Venis Above these is Sodbury known by the family of Walsh and neighbours thereunto are Wike-ware the ancient seat of the Family De-la-ware Woton under Edge which yet remembreth the slaughter of Sir Thomas Talbot Viscount Lisle here slain in the time of King Edward 4. in an encounter with the Lord Barkley about possessions since which time hath continued suits between their Posterity until now lately they were finally compounded More northward is seen Duresly the ancient possession of the Berkleys hence call'd Berkleys of Duresly 14 Who built
Ruffe A Râ—ffâ— and because the English by that word express the Latin Asperum De Râ—â—orum â—â—malium 〈◊〉 stâ—â—â— John Caius term'd it Aspredo For the body of it is all over rough 't is full of sharp finns loves sandy places and in shape and bigness is much like a Perch The colour of †Pâ—â—â—â—â—ma the back is a dark brown the * Pe◠〈◊〉 belly a palish yellow Along the jaws it is markt with a double semicircular line the upper half of the eye is a dark brown the under is yellowish like gold and the ball black 'T is particularly remarkable for a line drawn along the back like a cross thread ty'd to the body The tail and finns are all over spotted with black When 't is provok'd the sinns bristle up when quieted they lay flat and close It eats like a Perch and is particularly valu'd for its ‖ Fâ—â—â—â—â—tate tender shortness and wholesomness So soon as the Yare has pass'd Claxton where is a round Castle lately built by Sir Thomas Gawdy Kt. Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 13 It receiveth a brook which passeth by nothing memorable but Halles-hall and that only memorable for its ancient owner Sir James Hobart Attorney-General and of the Privy Council to King Henry the seventh by him dubb'd Knight at such time as he created Henry his son Prince of Wales who by building from the ground the fair Church at London being his Parish-Church St. Olave's bridge over Waveney that divideth Norfolk and Suffolk the Cawsey thereby and other works of piety deserv'd well of the Church his Country and the Common-weal and planted three houses out of his own issue out of the second whereof Sir Henry Hobart his great grandchild now likewise Attorney-General to King James is lineally descended and is now come just to the Sea it takes a turn to the South that it may descend more gently into the Sea by which means it makes a sort of little tongue or slip of Land washt on one side by it self on the other by the Sea In this slip upon an open shore I saw Yarmouth Yaâ—â—â—â—â— in Saxon Gar-muð and Jier-muð i.e. the mouth of the Garienis Gâ—râ—â—â—◠〈◊〉 a very neat harbour and town fortify'd both by the nature of the place and the contrivance of Art For though it be almost surrounded with water on the west with the river over which is a Draw-bridge and on other sides with the Sea except to the North where 't is joyn'd to the Continent yet is it fenc'd with strong stately walls which with the river figure it into an oblong quadrangle Besides the towers upon these there is a mole or mount to the East from whence the great Guns command the Sea scarce half a mile distant all round It has but one Church though very large and with a stately high spire built near the North-gate by Herbert Bishop of Norwich Below which the foundations of a noble Work design'd as an enlargement to this are rais'd above ground I dare not affirm that this was the old Gariononum where formerly the Stablesian Horse lay in garison against the Barbarians Nor yet the neighbouring little village Castor formerly the seat of Sir John Falstoff an eminent Knight 14 And now appertaining to the Pastans famous among the Inhabitants upon account of its antiquity though there is a report that the river Y are had another mouth just under it But as I am throughly convinc'd that the Garianonum Gâ—â—â—anâ—nâ—m was at Burgh-castle in Suffolk which is scarce two miles distant from the other side of the river so am I apt to think that Yarmouth rose out of its ruins and that that Castor was one of the Roman Castles plac'd also at a mouth of the river Y are now shut up For as the * Câ—â—â— North-west-wind plays the tyrant upon the coast of Holland over against this place e Of the nature of this wind Caurus and the injury it does all harbours that are expos'd to it see Somner's Pontus Iccius p. 53. and has stopt up the middle-mouth of the Rhine by heaping in Sands just so has the †Aquilo North-east plagu'd this coast and by sweeping up heaps of Sand seems to have stopt this Mouth Nor will it be any injury if I call this our Yarmouth so nearly joyn'd to the old Garianonum Garâ—anonum it self since the Garienis from whence it had the name has not chang'd its chanel and enters the Ocean below this town to which it hath also given its name For I cannot but own that this our Yarmouth is of later date For when that old Garianonum was gone to decay and there was none left to defend the shore Cerdick the warlike Saxon Câ—rdick the Sâ—â—on landed here from whence the place is call'd by the inhabitants at this day Cerdick-sand Cerdick-sand and by other Historians Cerdick-shore and when he had pester'd the Iceni with a troublesome war set sail from hence for the west where he settl'd the kingdom of the West-Saxons And not long after the Saxons instead of Garianonum built a new town in that moist watery field upon the west side of the river which they call'd Yarmouth But the situation of that proving unwholesom they march'd over to the other side of the river call'd then from the same Cerdick Cerdick-sand and there they built this new town wherein as Domesday-book has it there flourisht in the time of Edward the Confessor 70 Burgesses Afterwards about the year of our Lord 1340. the Citizens wall'd it round Gâ—â— Worceâ—ter and in a short time became so rich and powerful that they often engag'd their neighbours the Lestoffenses and the Portuenses so they call'd the inhabitants of the Cinque Ports in Sea-fights with great slaughter on both sides For they had a particular spight against them possibly upon this account because they were excluded out of the number and depriv'd of the Privileges of the Cinque-Ports which both the old Garianonum and their Ancestors under the Count of the Saxon-shore formerly enjoy'd But a stop was put to these extravagancies by the Royal Authority or as others think by the damp which that grievous plague brought upon them that in one year took 7000 Souls out of this little town as appears by an old Chronographical Table hung up in the Church which also gives an account of their wars with the Portuenses and the Lestoffenses From that time they grew low nor had they wealth sufficient to carry on their merchandise upon which they have betaken themselves mostly to the herring-trade for so they generally call them though the learned think them to be the Chalcides and the Leucomaenides a sort of fish that 's more plentiful upon this coast than any other part of the world Haleces For it seems incredible what a great and throng Fair is here at Michaelmas and what quantities of herring and other
Richard created Earl of Cambridge by the meer favour of Henry 5. and consent of his own brother Edward But after this perfidious and ambitious man ungratefully conspir'd against the life of that best of Princes and so lost his head the title of Earl of Cambridge was either lost with him or lodg'd among the titles of his son Richard afterwards Duke of York and restor'd to all his dignities as being Kinsman and Heir to his Uncle Edward Duke of York This Shire contains 163 Parishes ADDITIONS to CAMBRIDGESHIRE Improvements of the County a THE County of Cambridge in Saxon Grantabrycgscyr not as our Author Grentbriggscyre and by later writers according to the several ages wherein they liv'd call'd Cantebrigesire Grantebridgescire Cantebriggeschire has of late years had two very considerable improvements of its soil and air the first by planting great quantities of Saintfoine which is brought from foreign parts and thrives only in very dry and barren ground the second by draining the fens in the Isle of Ely a work that was carry'd on at vast expence but has at last turn'd to a double account both in gaining much ground and mending the rest and also in refining and clearing the air and in a great measure taking away that * Under the title Cambridge Caeli gravitas è palustri situ mention'd by our Author Our Author in describing the chief place in it Cambridge Cambridgâ— has hardly allow'd it so much compass as the dignity of so famous an University and Nursery of Learning requires So that 't is no more than justice to be a little more particular upon their several Foundations and the improvements that have been made upon them since his time both in buildings and otherwise b Peter-house Peter-hâ—usâ— seems to have been built some time before 1284. to which year our Author refers it For †History of this Unâ—versity p. 1 Fuller upon whose authority these accounts principally depends tells us that Hugh Balsham when he was only Prior of Ely began the foundation of this house about the year 1257. without Trumpington-gate near the Church of St. Peter from which it seems to have taken the name But all the advantage the Scholars had at first was only the convenience of Chambers which exempted them from those high rents the Townsmen had us'd to exact of them What our Author I suppose refers to is the endowment which was settl'd by the same Hugh when Bishop in 1284. for a Master fourteen Fellows c. which number might be increas'd or diminisht according to the improvement or abatement of their revenues c So likewise the first date of Clare-hall Claâ—e hall tho' not the name is to be carry'd higher than 1340. For this Richard Badew built before that a house call'd University-hall wherein the Scholars liv'd upon their own expence for 16 years together till it was burnt down by a casual fire The founder finding himself unequal to the charge of rebuilding it had the assistance of Elizabeth third sister and coheir of Gilbert Earl of Clare by whose liberality it was built up again and endow'd It is at present one of the neatest and most uniform Houses in the University having been lately new built all of Free-stone d Pembroke-hall Pembroke-hâ—â—â— was founded by Mary de S. Paul third wife to Audomare de Valentia Earl of Pembroke For her husband being unhappily slain at a Tilting on the wedding-day she entirely sequester'd her self from all worldly delights and devoting her self to God amongst other pious acts built this College which was afterwards much augmented by the benefactions of others e Bennet-College Bâ—â—â—et-Câ—â—â—â—ge arose out of two Guilds or Fraternities one of Corpus-Christi and the other of the blessed Virgin These two after long emulation being united into one Body by a joint interest built this College which has its name from the adjoyning Church of St. Benedict Their greatest modern Benefactor was Matthew Parker once Master of the College and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury who by his prudent management recover'd several Rights of the College and besides two Fellowships and five Scholarships gave a great number of excellent Manuscripts to their Library f Trinity-hall Triâ— ty-hâ—â—â— was built upon a place that once belong'd to the Monks of Ely and was a house for Students before the time of Bishop Bateman who by exchange for the Advowsances of certain Rectories got it into his own possession He was a great Master of Civil and Canon Law and so the Master two Fellows and three Scholars the number he appointed at the first Foundation were oblig'd to follow those two Studies It has been since very much augmented by Benefactions and the number of its members is proportionably encreas'd g Caius-College Caiâ—s was at first call'd Gonvil-hall and was built upon the place where now are the Orchard and Tennis-Court of Bennet-College Fâ—â—er's Hâ—â—t of Cambr. p. 5â— But within five years it was remov'd into the place where it stands at present by Bishop Bateman Some time after John Caius Doctor of Physick improv'd this Hall into a new College since call'd after his own name h King's-College King 's was at first but small built by Henry the sixth for a Rector and twelve Scholars There was near it a little Hostle for Grammarians built by William Bingham which was granted by the Founder to the said King Henry for the enlargement of his College Whereupon he united these two and having enlarg'd them by addition of the Church of St. John Zachary founded a fair College for a Provost seventy Fellows and Scholars three Chaplains c. i Queen's-College Queen's was begun by Queen Margaret but the troublesome times coming upon her would not give her leave to compleat her intended fabrick The first Master of it Andrew Ducket by his industry and application procur'd great sums of money from well-dispos'd persons towards the finishing of this work and so far prevail'd upon Queen Elizabeth wife to King Edward the fourth that she perfected what her profess'd Enemy had begun k Catharine-hall Catharine-hall was built by Richard Woodlark third Provost of King's College over against the Carmelites house for one Master and three Fellows and the number encreas'd with the Revenues About one half of it is lately new-built and when 't is finisht it will give place to none in point of beauty and regularity l Jesus-College Jesus was made out of an old Nunnery dedicated to St. Radegund the Nuns whereof were so notorious for their incontinence and so generally complain'd of that King Henry 7. and Pope Julius the second bestow'd it upon John Alcock Bishop of Ely to convert it into a College who establish'd in it a Master six Fellows and six Scholars But their numbers by the great benefactions they have had are very much encreas'd m Christ's-College Christ's was built upon the place where God's-house formerly stood and was endow'd
for she was married to Walter de Beauchamp whom King Stephen made Constable of England when he displaced Miles Earl of Glocester Within a few years after K. Stephen made Walleran Earl of Mellent 6 Twin-brother brother to Robert Bossu Robert de Monte. Earl of Leicester the first Earl of Worcester and gave him the City of Worcester which Walleran became a Monk and died at Preaux in Normandy in the year 1166. His son Robert who married the daughter of Reginald Earl of Cornwall and set up the standard of Rebellion against Hen. 2. and Peter the son of Robert who revolted to the French in 1203. used only the title of Earl of Mellent as far as I have observed and not of Worcester For K. Hen. 2. who succeeded Stephen did not easily suffer any to enjoy those honours under him which they had received from his enemy For as the Annals of the Monastery of Waverley have it he deposed the titular and pretended Earls among whom K. Stephen had indiscreetly distributed all the Revenues of the Crown After this till the time of K. Rich. 2. I know of none who bore the title of Earl of Worcester He conferred it upon Thomas Percy who being slain in the Civil wars by Hen. 4. Richard Beauchamp descended from the Abtots received this honour from K. Hen. 5. After him who died without heirs male John Tiptoft Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was created Earl of Worcester by K. Hen. 6. And he presently after siding with Edward 4. and accommodating himself with a blind obedience to the humour of that Prince became the Executioner of his vengeance till he in like manner lost his own head when Hen. 6. was restored But K. Edward having recovered the Crown restored Edward Tiptoft his son to all again He died without issue and the estate was divided among the sisters of that John Tiptoft who was Earl of Worcester Orig. 1 H. 7. R. 36. who were married to the Lord Roos Lord Dudley and Edmund Ingoldsthorp whereupon Charles Somerset natural son of Henry Duke of Somerset was honoured with that title by K. Hen. 8. to whom in a direct line have succeeded Henry William and Edward who is now living and among his other vertuous and noble qualities is to be honoured as a great Patron of good literature This County hath 152 Parishes ADDITIONS to WORCESTERSHIRE a AFTER the Britains were expell'd this nation by the Conquering Saxons they retir'd beyond the Severn and defended their new Territories against the encroaching Enemy So that the County of Worcester with those other through which that large river runs were for a long time the frontiers between the two people And * Breviar f. 26. p. 1. as Mr. Twine has observ'd most of the great cities that lye upon the East-shore of Severn and Dee were built to resist the irruptions of the Britains by the Romans or Saxons or both like as the Romans erected many places of strength on the West-shore of the Rhine to restrain the forcible invasions of the Germans into France b The people of those parts in Bede's time before England was divided into Counties were as our Author observes term'd Wiccii as also were some of their neighbours But the great question is how far that name reach'd the solution whereof is not attempted by Mr. Camden They seem to have inhâ—bited all that tract which was anciently subject to the Bishops of Worcester that is all Glocestershire on the East-side Severn with the city of Bristol all Worcestershire except 16 parishes in the North-west-part lying beyond Aberley-hills and the river Teme and near the South-half of Warwickshire with Warwick-town For as under the Heptarchy at first there was but one Bishop in each kingdom and the whole realm was his Diocese so upon the subdividing the kingdom of Mercia into five Bishopricks An. Dom. 679. of which Florentius Wigorniensis saith Wiccia was the first doubtless the Bishop had the entire Province under his jurisdiction and accordingly he was stil'd Bishop of the Wiccians and not of Worcester This will appear more probable yet from a passage in †P. 559. edit Lond. quarto Florentius who saith that Oshere Vice-Roy of the Wiccians perswaded Aethelred King of Mercia to make this division out of a desire that the Province of Wiccia which he govern'd with a sort of Regal power might have the honour of a Bishop of its own This being effected his See was at Worcester the Metropolis of the Province which according to ‖ Hist Ecel lib. 2. cap. 2. Bede border'd on the Kingdom of the West-Saxons that is Wiltshire and Somersetshire and Coteswold-hills lye in it which in Eadgar's Charter to Oswald is call'd Mons Wiccisca or Wiccian-hill tho' * Concil Tom. 1. p. 433. Spelman reads it corruptly Monte Wittisca and the †Monast Angl. T. 1. p. 140. Monasticon more corruptly Wibisca Moreover Sceorstan which possibly is the Shire-stone beyond these hills is said by ‖ Flor. p. 385. 4o. Florentius to be in Wiccia c Having premi's thus much concerning the ancient Inhabitants of those parts let us next with Mr. Camden go thorow the County it self In the very North-point whereof lies Stourbridge Stourbridge so nam'd from the river Stour upon which it stands a well-built market-town and of late much enrich'd by the iron and glass-works King Edward the sixth sounded and liberally endow'd a Grammar-school here and in our time near this place the pious munificence of Tho. Foley Esq erected a noble Hospital and endow'd it with Lands for the maintenance and education of 60 poor Children chosen mostly out of this and some neighbour parishes They are instructed in Grammar Writing Arithmetick c. to fit them for trades Their habit and discipline are much like that of Christ's Hospital in London d Going along with the Stour not far from its entrance into the Severn we meet with Kidderminster Kidderminster famous for the Bissets Lords of it part of whose estate Mr. Camden tells us upon a division came to an Hospital in Wiltshire built for Lepers This was Maiden-Bradley * Monast Angl. Tom. 2. p. 408. which was built by Manser Bisset in King Stephen's time or the beginning of Henr. 2. and endow'd by him and his son Henry long before the estate was divided among daughters †Dugd Baronage T. 1. p. 632. For that hapned not till the year 1241. so that the Tradition of the Leprous Lady is a vulgar fable e Leaving this river our next guide is the Severn upon which stands Holt-castle Holt castlâ—â— now the inheritance of the Bromleys descended from Sir Thomas Bromley Lord Chancellor of England in the middle of Queen Elizabeth's reign A little below Salwarp enters the Severn not far from the first lies Grafton Grafton which Mr. Camden tells us was given to Gilbert Talbot and that hapned upon the attainder of Humfrey Stafford Brook's Cataloguâ— of
of Archenfeld whenever the Army marches forward against the Enemy by custom make the Avauntward and in the return homeward the Rereward As the Munow runs along the lower pâ—rt of this County The river Wye so the Wye with a winding course cuts it in the middle upon which in the Western bounds stands Clifford-castle Cliffâ—rd-Castle which William Fitz-Osborn Earl of Hereford built upon his own Waste these are the very words of Domesday-book but Ralph de Todeny held it Clivus fortis It is suppos'd that it came afterwards to Walter the son of Richard Punt a Norman for his sirname was de Clifford and from him the illustrious family of the Cliffords Earls of Cumberland are originally descended But in King Edward the first 's time Inq. 26 E. 1. John Giffard held it who married the heir of Walter Clifford Thence the Wye with a crooked and winding stream rolls by Whitney which has given name to a noted family next by Bradwardin-Castle that gave both original and name to the famous Thomas Bradwardin Archbishop of Canterbury who for the great variety of his studies and his admirable proficiency in the most abstruse and hidden parts of learning was in that age honour'd with the title of * The Profound Dâ—ctor Doctor profundus At length it comes to Hereford the Metropolis of this County b How far that little Tract Arcenfeld reach'd I know not but the affinity between these names Ereinuc Arcenfeld the town Ariconium mention'd by Antonine in these parts and Hareford or Hereford Hereford the present Metropolis of this Shire have by little and little induc'd me to this opinion that they are every one deriv'd from Ariconium And yet I do not believe that Ariconium and Hereford were the same but as Basle in Germany has challeng'd the name of Augusta Rauracorum and Baldach in Assyria that of Babylon because as this had its original from the ruins of Babylon so that had its birth from those of Augusta so our Hariford for thus the common people call it had its name and beginning from its neighbour Ariconium as I am of opinion which at this day has no clear marks of a town having been destroyed as 't is reported by an Earthquake Only it still retains a slight shadow of the name being call'd Kenchester Kenchester and shews some ruins of old Walls call'd Kenchester Walls about which are often dug up stones of inlaid Checquer-work British bricks Roman coyns c. c But Hareford her daughter which carries more express remains of the name d stands eastward scarce three Italian miles from it amongst meadows extremely pleasant and corn-fields very fruitful encompass'd almost round about with rivers by an anonymous one on the north and west sides on the south by the Wye which hastens hither out of Wales It is supposed to have first sprung up when the Saxon Heptarchy was in its glory founded as some write by Edward the â—lder and indeed there is no mention of it more ancient For the Britains before the name of Hereford was known called the place Trefawith from Beech-trees and Henford from an Old way and the Saxons themselves Fern-leg of Fern. It owes if I mistake not it 's greatest encrease and growth to Religion and the Martyrdom of Ethelbert a King of the East-Angles who whilst in person he courted the daughter of Offa King of the Mercians was villanously way-laid and murmurder'd by Quendreda Offa's wife who longed more for the Kingdom of the East-Angles than to have her daughter honestly and honourably married He was hereupon registred in the Catalogue of Martyrs S 〈◊〉 Mâ—â—â—â— and had a Church here built and dedicated to him by Milfrid a petty King of the Country which being soon after adorn'd with a Bishop's See grew very rich first by the liberality of the Mercian afterwards of the West-Saxon Kings For they at length were possessed of this City as may be gathered from William of Malmesbury where he writes that Athelstan the West-Saxon forc'd the Princes of Wales in this City to comply with such hard conditions as to pay him tribute besides hounds and hawks 20 pound weight of gold and 300 pound of silver every year This city as far as I have observ'd by reading had never any misfortune unless it were in the year of our Lord 1055. when Gryffin Prince of south-South-Wales and Algar an Englishman rebelling against Edward the Confessor after they had routed Earl Ralph sacked the City destroy'd the Cathedral and carried away captive Leofgar the Bishop But Harold having soon quieted their bold rebellion fortified it as Floriacensis informs us with a broad and high Rampire Upon this account it is that Malmesbury ‖ Lib â— Pâ—â—â—â— writes thus Hereford is no great City and yet by the high and formidable ruins of its steep and broken Bulwarks it shews it has been some great thing and as it appears by Domesday book there were in all but 103 men within and without the walls The Normans afterwards built a very large and strong Castle on the east-side of the Cathedral along the river Wye the work as some report of Earl Miles but now ruin'd by time and falling to decay e Afterwards they wall'd the City about In the reign of King Hen. 1. was founded by Bishop Reinelm that beautiful Church now to be seen which his successors enlarged by adding to it a neat College and fine houses for the Prebendaries For besides the Bishop who has 302 Churches in his Diocese there are in this Church a Dean two Archdeacons a Praecentor a Chancellour a Treasurer and 28 Prebendaries I saw in it scarce any monuments besides those of the Bishops and I have heard that Thomas Cantlow the Bishop a person nobly born had here a stately and magnificent tomb who being canonized for his holiness wanted little of out-shining the Royal Martyr Ethelbert so great was the opinion of his piety and devotion f According to Geographers the Longitude of this City is 20 degrees 24 minutes Lat. 52 degrees 6 min. g The Wye has scarce gone three miles from this City when he intercepts the river Lug which having run with a rapid stream down from Radnor-Hills with a still course glides through this Province from the north-west to the south-east h At the first entrance it has a distant prospect of Brampton Brian a Castle which a famous family hence sirnam'd de Brampton Brampton Brian whose christian name was usually Brian held by a continual succession to the time of King Edward 1. then by female-heirs it came to R. Harley But it has a nearer view of Wigmore Wigmore in Saxon b Wigingamere in the Saxon Annals Wynginga-mere repair'd in ancient times by King Edw. the elder afterwards fortify'd with a Castle by William Earl of Hereford in the wast of a ground for so it is in Domesday book which was called Marestun in the tenure of Randulph de Mortimer from
died an Exile in France but his wife being taken suffer'd the worst of miseries for she was starv'd in prison and thus did severe penance for her scurrilous language His son Giles Bishop of Hereford having without regard to his nephew who was the true heir recover'd his father's estate by permission of King John left it to his brother Reginald whose son William was hang'd by Lhewelin Prince of Wales who had caught him in adultery with his wife But by the daughters of that William the Mortimers Cantelows and Bohuns Earls of Hereford enjoy'd plentiful fortunes This country of Brecknock fell to the Bohuns and at length from them to the Staffords and upon the attainder of Edward Stafford Duke of Buckingham considerable revenues were forfeited to the crown in this County This County has 61 Parishes ADDITIONS to BRECKNOCKSHIRE a UPon the river Wye is Bualht whereof in the year 1690. a considerable part being that side of the street next the river Wye was by a casual fire totally consumed b Whether this town of Bualht be the ancient Bullaeum or whether that city or fort allowing it to have been in this County was not at a place call'd Kaereu Kaereu some miles distant from it may be question'd At leastwise 't is evident there hath been a Roman fort at Kaereu for besides that the name implies as much signifying strictly the Walls or Rampire and was prefix'd by the Britains to the names of almost all Roman towns and castles they frequently dig up bricks there and find other manifest signs of a Roman work 'T is now only the name of a Gentleman's house and not far from it there is also another house call'd Castelhan If it be urg'd in favour of Buelht that it seems still to retain its ancient name which Ptolemy might render 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it may be answer'd that Buelht Buelht what it signifies which I interpret Colles boum Ox-Cliff or Oxen-Holt was the name of a small Country here from whence in all likelihood the ancient Bullaeum if it stood in this tract was denominated but that being totally destroy'd and this town becoming afterwards the most noted place of the Country it might also receive its name from it as the former had done But that I may dissemble nothing since the congruity of the names was the main argument that induc'd our learned Author to assign this situation to the ancient Bullaeum Silurum we shall have occasion of hesitating if hereafter we find the ruins of a Roman fort or city in a neighbouring Country of the Silures the name whereof may agree with Bullaeum no less than Buelht c Of the famous Owen Glyn-dwr Owen G yndwr or Glyn-Dowrdwy I find the following account in some notes of the learned and judicious Antiquary Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt Esq Sir Davidh Gam was wholly devoted to the interest of the Duke of Lancaster upon which account it was that Owen ap Gruffydh Vychan commonly call'd Owen Glyn-Dŵr was his mortal enemy This Owen had his education at one of the Inns of Court and was preferr'd to the service of King Richard 2. whose Scutifer as Walsingham saith he was Owen being assured that his King and Master Richard was deposed and murder'd and withall provoked by several affronts and wrongs done him by the Lord Grey of Ruthin his neighbour whom King Henry very much countenanced against him took arms and looking upon Henry as an Usurper caus'd himself to be proclaim'd Prince of Wales And though himself were descended paternally but from a younger brother of the house of Powis yet as ambition is ingenious he finds out a way to lay claim to the Principality as descended by a daughter fâ—om Lhewelyn ap Gruffydh the last Prince of the British race He invaded the lands burnt and destroy'd the houses and estates of all those that favour'd and adher'd to King Henry He call'd a Parliament to meet at Machynlheth in Montgomeryshire whither the Nobility and Gentry of Wales came in obedience to his summons and among them the said David Gam but with an intention to murder Owen The plot being discover'd and he taken before he could put it in execution he was like to have suffer'd as a Traitor but intercession was made for him by Owen's best friends and the greatest upholders of his cause whom he could not either honourably or safely deny Yet notwithstanding this pardon as soon as he return'd to his own Country where he was a man of considerable interest he exceedingly annoy'd Owen's friends Not long after Owen enter'd the Marches of Wales destroying all with fire and sword and having then burnt the house of Sir David Gam 't is reported he spake thus to one of his tenants O gweli di wr côch cam Yn ymofyn y Gyrnigwen Dywed y bôd hi tan y lan A nôd y glo ar ei phen The British name of this river is Wysk Usk. whencâ— nomâ—nâ— which word seems a derivative from Gwy or Wy whereof the Reader may see some account in Radnorshire At present it is not significative in the British but is still preserv'd in the Irish tongue and is their common word for water There were formerly in Britain many Rivers of this name which may be now distinguish'd in England by these shadows of it Ex Ox Ux Ouse Esk c. But because such as are unacquainted with Etymological Observations may take this for a groundless conjecture that it is not such will appear because in Antonine's Itinerary we find Exeter call'd Isca Danmoniorum from its situation on the river Ex and also a city upon this river Usk for the same reason call'd Isca Leg. II. The County of MONMOUTH By Rob t Morden e Bernard Newmarch having discomfited and slain in the field Bledhyn ap Maenyrch â—â—edhyn â—p Meinâ—â—â—ch seised on the Lordship of Brecon and forced his son and heir Gwgan to be content with that share of it he was pleas'd by way of composition to appoint him He gave him the Lordship and Manours of Lhan Vihangel Tal y Lhyn part of Lhan Lhyeni and Kantrev Seliv with lodgings in the castle of Brecknock where in regard he was the rightful Lord of the Country there was such a strict eye kept over him that he was not permitted at any time to go abroad without two or more Norman Knights in his company R. Vaug. ¶ At a place call'd y Gaer near Brecknock there stands a remarkable monument in the highway commonly call'd Maen y Morynnion â—aen y â—orynnion or the Maiden stone It is a rude pillar erected in the midst of the road about six foot high two in breadth and six inches thick On the one side where it inclines a little it shews the portraictures of a man and woman in some ancient habit It seems to have been carv'd with no small labour though with little art for the Figures are considerably rais'd above the superficies of the stone and
aloft that it seems I shall not say to threaten the sky but even to thrust its head into it And yet it harbours snow continually being throughout the year cover'd with it or rather with a harden'd crust †Nivium senio of snow of many years continuance And hence the British name of Kreigieu Eryreu and that of Snowdon Snowdon Hills in English both which signifie Snowy mountains so Niphates in Armenia and Imaus in Scythia as Pliny informs us were denominated from Snow Nevertheless these mountains are so fertile in grass that it 's a common saying among the Welsh That the mountains of Eryreu would in a case of necessity afford pasture enough for all the cattel in Wales I shall say nothing of the two lakes on the tops of these mountains in one of which there floats a wandring island and the other affords plenty of fish each whereof has but one eye lest I might seem to countenance fables tho' some relying on Giraldus's authority have believ'd both However that there are lakes and standing waters on the tops of these mountains is certain whence Gervase of Tilbury in his book entitl'd Otia Imperialia writes thus In the land of Wales within the bounds of Great Britain are high mountains which have laid their foundations on exceeding hard rocks on the tops whereof the ground is so boggy that where you do but just place your foot you 'll perceive it to move for a stones cast Wherefore upon a surprisal of the enemy the Welsh by their agility skipping over that boggy ground do either escape their assaults or resolutely expect them while they advance forward to their own ruin Joannes Sarisburiensis in his Polycraticon calls the inhabitants of these mountains by a new-coin'd word Nivi collinos of whom he wrote thus in the time of Henry 2. Nivicollini Britones irruunt c. The Snowdon-Britains make inroads and being now come out of their caverns and woods they seize the plains of our Nobles and before their faces assault and overthrow them or retain what they have got because our youth who delight in the house and shade as if they were born only to consume the fruit of the land sleep commonly till broad day c. a But let us now descend from the mountains to the plains which seeing we find only by the sea it may suffice if we coast along the shore That promontory we have observ'd already to be extended to the south-west is call'd in the several copies of Ptolemy Canganum Cangaâ—â—â— Janganum and Langanum Which is truest I know not but it may seem to be Langanum seeing the inhabitants at this day call it LhÅ·n Lhyn It runs in with a narrow Peninsula having larger plains than the rest of this County which yield plenty of Barley It affords but two small towns worth our notice the innermost at the bay of Pwlh heli Pwlh 〈◊〉 which name signifies the Salt Pool and the other by the Irish sea which washes one part of this Peninsula call'd Nevin Nevin where in the year 1284 the English Nobility as Florilegus writes triumphing over the Welsh celebrated the memory of Arthur the Great with Tournaments and festival pomp If any more towns flourish'd here they were then destroyed Vita Gâ—fydâ—â—naâ—â— when Hugh Earl of Chester Robert of Rutland and Guarin of Salop the first Normans that advanc'd thus far so wasted this promontory that for seven years it lay desolate From Nevin the shore indented with two or three promontories is continued northwards and then turning to the north-east passes by a narrow frith or chanel call'd Meneu â—neu or â—nat See â—irebeâ— which separates the Isle of Anglesey from the firm land Upon this Fretum stood the city Segontium â—â—goâ—tium mention'd by Antoninus of the walls whereof I have seen some ruins near a small Church built in honour of St. Publicius 〈…〉 It took its name from a river that runs by it call'd to this day Seiont which issues out of the lake LhÅ·n Peris wherein they take a peculiar fish not seen elsewhere call'd by the inhabitants from its red belly Torgoch â—â—â—goch Now seeing an ancient copy of Ptolemy places the haven of the Setantii â—ntii in this coast which other copies remov'd much farther off if I should read it Segontiorum Portum and should say it was at the mouth of this river perhaps I should come near the truth at least a candid reader would pardon my conjecture Ninnius calls this city Kaer Kystenydh and the author of the life of Grufydh ap Kynan tells us that Hugh Earl of Chester built a castle at Hén Gaer Kystenin which the Latin Interpreter renders The ancient city of the Emperour Constantine Moreover Matthew of Westminster hath recorded but herein I 'll not avouch for him that the body of Constantius the father of Constantine the Great was found here in the year 1283. and honourably interr'd in the Church of the new town by command of King Edward 1. who at that time built the town of Kaer'n Arvon out of the ruins of this city â—narâ— a little higher by the mouth of the river in such a situation that the sea washes it on the west and north This as it took its name from its situation opposite to the island Mona so did it communicate that name to the whole County for thence the English call it Caernarvonshire This town is encompass'd with a firm wall tho' of a small circumference almost of a circular form and shews a beautiful castle which takes up all the west-side of it The private buildings for the manner of the Country are neat and the civility of the inhabitants much commended They esteem it a great honour that King Edward 1. was their founder and that his son Edward 2. the first Prince of Wales of English extraction was born there who was therefore stiled Edward of Caernarvon Moreover the Princes of Wales had here their Chancery their Exchequer and their Justiciary for North Wales In a bottom seven miles hence on the same Fretum lies Bangor â—gor or Banchor enclosed on the south-side with a very steep mountain and a hill on the north so call'd à choro pulchro or as others suppose quasi locus chori â—ee ◠〈◊〉 â—sh D. 〈◊〉 in word 〈◊〉 â—eâ— â—â—i Penâ—â— or 〈◊〉 Ceâ— which is a Bishop's See and contains in it's Diocese 96 Parishes The Cathedral is consecrated to Daniel once Bishop thereof it 's no very fair building having been burnt by that most profligate Rebel Owen Glyn Dowrdwy who design'd no less than the destruction of all the Cities of Wales 'T was afterwards restored in the time of Henry 7. by the Bishop thereof Henry Deny but hath not yet recover'd it's ancient splendour 'T is now only a small town but was heretofore so considerable â—a Gâ—â—f that for it 's large extent it was call'd Bangor-vawr and
streams that fall into it and many other very considerable rivers discharge themselves here And it is without question the most spacious Aestuary and the best stor'd with fish of any in the Kingdom At every tide it flows as the sea does and at ebb returns it 's own waters with those borrowed from the Ocean with a vast hurry and murmur and not without great danger to those that then sail in it Hence Necham Fluctibus aequoreis Naeutis suspectior Humber Dedignans urbes visere rura colit Humber whom more than seas the Pilots fear Scorning great towns doth thro' the country steer The same Author still following the British history as if the Humber deriv'd this name from a King of the Hunns continues Hunnorum princeps ostendens terga Locrino Submersus nomen contulit Humbris aquae The Hunne's great Prince by Locrin's arms subdu'd Here drown'd gave name to Humber's mighty flood Another Poet says of the same river Dum fugit obstat ei flumen submergitur illic Deque suo tribuit nomine nomen aquae Here stopt in 's flight by the prevailing stream He fell and to the waters left his name However in Necham's time there was no city seated upon this Aestuary tho' before and in after-ages there flourished one or two in those places In the Roman times not far from its bank upon the little river Foulnesse where Wighton â—â—ghton a small town well frequented with husbandmen now stands there seems to have stood Delgovitia â—goviâ—ia as is probable both from the likeness and the signification of the name without drawing any other proofs from its distance from Derventio For the word Delgwe in British signifies the Statues or Images of the heathen Gods and in a little village not far off there stood an Idol-Temple Bede in very great glory even in the Saxon times which from the heathen Gods in it was then called God-mundingham and now in the same sense Godmanham Godmanâ—am Nor do I question but here was some famous Oracle or other even in the British times an age wherein weakness and ignorance exposed the whole world to these superstitions A Temple of the Gods But after Paulinus had preach'd Christ to the Northumbrians Coyfi who had been a priest of these heathen Ceremonies and was now converted to Christianity first profaned this Temple the house of impiety as Bede tells us * Injâ—â—ta lancâ—a by throwing a spear into it nay destroyed and burnt it with all its †Sepâ—â—â— hedges f Somewhat more eastward the river Hull runs into the Humber the rise of it is near a village call'd Driffeild Driffeild remarkable for the monument of Alfred the most learned King of the Northumbrians and likewise for the many Barrows rais'd hereabouts The same river posts on running not far from Leckenfeld Leckenfeld a house of the Percies Earls of Northumberland near which at a place called Schorburg is the habitation of a truly famous and ancient family the Hothams and at Garthum not far from thence the rubbish of an old castle which belonged to P. de Malo-lacu or Mauley The river-Hull begins now to approach near Beverley Beverley in Saxon Beuer-lega which Bede seems to call Monasterium in Deirwaud that is the Monastery in the wood of the Deiri a town large and very populous From it's name and situation one would imagine it to be the Petuaria Parisiorum Petuaria tho' it pretends to nothing of greater antiquity than that John sirnamed de Beverley Archbishop of York a man as Bede represents him that was both devout and learned out of a pious aversion to this world renounced his Bishoprick and retired hither where about the year 721 he died Life of Jo. de Beverley The memory of him has been so sacred among our Kings particularly Athelstan who honoured him as his Guardian-Saint after he had defeated the Danes that they have endowed this place with many considerable immunities 3 And Athelstan granted them Liberties in these geâ—eral words All 's free make I thee As heart may think or eye may see They granted it the privilege of a Sanctuary that it should be an inviolable protection to all Bankrupts and those suspected of Capital crimes Asylum Within it stood a Chair made of stone with this Inscription HAEC SEDES LAPIDEA Freedstooll DICITVR i. PACIS CATHEDRA AD QVAM REVS FVGIENDO PERVENIENS OMNIMODAM HABET SECVRITATEM That is This Stone-seat is call'd Freedstooll i.e. the Chair of Peace to which what Criminal soever flies shall have full protection By this means the Town grew up to a considerable bulk strangers throng'd thither daily and the Towns-men drew a chanel from the river Hull The river Hull for the conveyance of foreign commodities by boats and barges The Magistrates of the Town were first twelve Wardens which were after that chang'd to Governours and Wardens But at this day by the favour of Queen Elizabeth the Town has a Mayor and Governours g More to the Eastward flourish'd Meaux-Abbey Regist Monast de Meaux so denominated from one Gamell born at Meaux in France who obtain'd it of William the Conquerour to live in Here William le Gross Earl of Albemarle founded a Monastery for the Monks of the Cluniack Order to atone for a vow he had made whereby he was oblig'd to go to Jerusalem Somewhat lower stands Cottingham Cottingham a long Country-town where are the ruins of an old Castle built by King John's permission by Robert Estotevill Estotevil descended from Robert Grundebeofe a Norman Baron and a man of great note in those times whose estate came by marriage to the Lords de Wake and afterwards by a daughter of John de Wake to Edmund Earl of Kent from whom descended Joan wife to Edward that most warlike Prince of Wales who defeated the French in so many Engagements The river Hull about six miles from hence falls into the Humber Just at its mouth stands a Town call'd from it Kingston upon Hull Kingston upon Hull but commonly Hull The Town is of no great antiquity for King Edward the first whose royal virtues deservedly rank him among the greatest and best of Kings Plac. an 44 Ed 3 Ebor. 24. having observ'd the advantagious situation of the place which was first call'd Wik had it in exchange from the Abbot de Meaux and instead of the Vaccarii and Bercarii that is as I apprehend it Cribs for Cows and Sheep-folds which he found there he built the Town call'd Kingston signifying the King's Town and there as the words of the Record are he made a harbour and a free burgh making the inhabitants of it free burgesses and granting them many liberties By degrees it has grown to that dignity that for statley building strong forts rich fleets resort of merchants and plenty of all things 't is without dispute the most celebrated Town in these parts All this
at this day Garnsey Garnsey perhaps Granonâ— by transposal of letters which the Notitia mentions in Armorica running from east to west in the form of a harp but much inferior to the Caesarea aforesaid both in extent and fruitfulness for it has only 10 parishes Yet in this respect that nothing venomous will live here 't is to be preferr'd to the other Nature has also fortified it much better being fenced quite round with a ridge of steep rocks among which is found smyris a very hard sharp stone which we call Emeril wherewith Lapidaries polish and shape jewels and Glaziers cut glass This Island has also a better haven and greater concourse of Merchants For almost in the farthest point eastward but on the south side the shore falls in like a half moon and thereby makes a bay capable of receiving very large ships Upon which stands S. Peter a little town consisting of one long and narrow street which has a good magazine and is throng'd with merchants upon the breaking out of any war For by an ancient priviledge of the Kings of England this place enjoys a kind of perpetual truce so that in times of war the French or any others may come hither without danger and trade with their commodities The mouth of the haven which is pretty well set with rocks is defended by a castle on each side on the left by an old castle and on the right by another they call the Cornet standing just opposite upon a high rock and encompassed by the sea when the tide is in This in Queen Mary's time was repaired by Sir Leonard Chamberlan Kt. and Governor of the Island and has been since strengthen'd with new works by Thomas Leighton his successor 5 Under Queen Elizabeth Here lives generally the Governor of the Island with a garison to defend it who suffer neither French-men nor women to enter upon any pretence whatsoever On the north-side joins La Val a Peninsula which had a Priory or Convent in it In the west part near the sea there is a lake of a mile and a half in compass well stored with fish Carp especially which for size and taste are very much commended The Inhabitants are not so industrious in improving their grounds as the people of Jersey but yet they follow navigation and commerce for a more uncertain gain with much toil and application Every man here takes care to till his own land by himself only so that the whole Island is enclosure which is not only of great profit to them but secures them against a common enemy Both Islands are adorned with many gardens and orchards so that they generally use a wine made of * Pyris Apples which some call Sisera we Cydre The Inhabitants of both are originally either Normans or Britains but they speak French Yet they will not suffer themselves to be thought or called French without disdain and willingly hear themselves counted English Both Islands use Uraic for fewel or else sea-coal from England They enjoy great plenty of fish and have both of them the same form of government These with other Islands hereabouts belonged formerly to Normandy but after Henry the first King of England had defeated his brother Robert in the year 1108 he annexed Normandy and these Islands to the Crown of England From that time they have stedfastly adhered to England even at that juncture wherein King John was found guilty of the death of his nephew and by judgment thereupon was deprived of all Normandy which he held of the King of France and the whole Province revolted from him As also after that when King Henry the third sold his title to Normandy for a sum of money From that moment they have to their great honour continued firm in their allegiance to England and are all of William the Conqueror's inheritance and the Dukedom of Normandy that now remains in this Crown and that notwithstanding several attempts made upon them by the French who for this long time have hardly cast their eyes upon them from their own coast without envy 6 Aâ—d verily Evan a Welsh Gâ—ntleman descended from the Princes of Wales and serving the French King surprised Garnsey in the time of K ng Edward the thiâ—â— but soon lost it In Edward the 4th's reign it appears by the Records of the Kingdom that they got possession of Guernsey but were soon beat out again by the valour of Richard Harleston Valect of the Crown as they term'd them in those days for which the King rewarded him with the government of both the Island and the Castle Fâ—anciâ—a 16. Edw 4. Again likewise in the year 1549 the King being in minority and the Kingdom embroiled with civil wars Leo Strozzi commander of the French Galleys invaded this Isle but was repulsed with great loss and so this design vanished As for the Ecclesiastical State here they continued under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Constance in Normandy till within the memory of this age when he refused to abjure the Pope's authority in England as our Bishops had done From that time they were taken from the Diocess of Constance by Queen Elizabeth and laid to the Diocess of Winchester so that the Bishop of Winchester and his successors may exercise all the offices that pertain to an Episcopal Jurisdiction herein Yet their Church Discipline is according to that of Geneva introduced here by the French Ministers As for the Civil Customs of these Islands some of them are to be found in the Records of the Tower namely That King John instituted twelve Coroners upon oath to keep the rights and hold the pleas belonging to the Crown and granted for the security of the Islanders that their Bailiffs hence-forward * Per Visum by advice of the Coroners might plead without writ of Novel Disscisin made within the year without writ of Mordancaster within the year or brief De Dower likewise c. That the Jurors shall not defer their sentence in any cause above a year and that they shall be respected in Customs and other things as subjects born and not as foreigners Cl. 25 E. 3 An. 9. Ed. 3. But I leave these matters to such as may perhaps search more nicely into the detail of them observing only that the Customs of Normandy hold here in most cases Serke a small Island lying between these two Serk and fenced round with steep rocks lay desolate till J. de S. Owen of Jarsey the antiquity of whose family some I know not upon what authority assert to be above the times of S. Owen planted a Colony here upon a commission from Queen Elizabeth and other aims of private profit as the report goes As for Jethow Jethow which serveth the Governor instead of a Park to feed cattle and to keep deer rabbets and pheasants and Arme Arme. which is larger than Jethow and was first a solitary place for Franciscans these I say
Conjectures upon the British Coins lxxxvii Additions xci Notes upon the Roman Coins xcvii Additions c Destruction of Britain ci Britains of Armorica cv Britains of Wales and Cornwall cvii Picts cix Scots cxiii Saxons cxxi Names of cxxxiii Saxon Coins cxxxvi Danes cli Normans cliii Division of Britain clxiii Degrees of England clxxi Law-Courts of England clxxxiii Discourse concerning Earl-Marshal clxxxix Original and dignity of Earl-Marshal cxciii Danmonii Cornwall 1 Devonshire 25 Durotriges Dorsetshire 43 Belgae Somersetshire 57 Wiltshire 85 Hamshire 113 Isle of Wight 127 Atrebates Barkshire 137 Regni Surrey 153 Sussex 165 Cantium Kent 185 Arsenals for the Royal Navy in Kent 229 Dobuni Glocestershire 231 Oxfordshire 251 Cattieuchlani Buckinghamshire 277 Bedfordshire 285 Hertfordshire 291 Trinobantes Middlesex 307 Essex 339 Iceni Suffolk 367 Norfolk 383 Cambridgeshire 401 Huntingdonshire 419 Coritani Northamptonshire 429 Leicestershire 441 Rutlandshire 455 Lincolnshire 459 Nottinghamshire 481 Derbyshire 489 Cornavii Warwickshire 499 Worcestershire 315 Staffordshire 527 Shropshire 539 Cheshire 553 Silures Herefordshire 573 Radnorshire 585 Brecknockshire 589 Monmouthshire 593 Glamorganshire 609 Dimetae Caermardhinshire 621 Penbrokshire 629 Cardiganshire 641 Ordevices Montgomeryshire 649 Meirionydhshire 655 Caernarvonshire 663 Anglesey Mona 673 Denbighshire 679 Flintshire 687 Princes of Wales 695 Brigantes Yorkshire West-Rid 705 East-Riding 735 North-Riding 749 Richmondshire 757 Bishoprick of Durham 771 Lancashire 787 Westmorland 805 Cumberland 819 Picts-Wall 837 Ottadini Northumberland 847 Large ADDITIONS at the end of each County Explication of the Letters and Figures in the Text. a b c. refer to The Additions at the end of each County where the same Letters answer them a b c. The cursory Remarks at the bottom of the Page 1 2 c. Dr. Holland's Interpolations set in a small Italick at the bottom of the page ENGLAND By Robt. Morden BRITAIN BRitain called also Albion and by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the most famous Island of the whole world is divided from the Continent of Europe by the Ocean It lies over against Germany and France in a * Figura Triquetra Triangular form having its three Promontories shooting out three several ways viz. Belerium the Lands end towards the West Cantium the Kentish Foreland towards the East Tarvisium or Orcas Cathness towards the North. On the West between it and Ireland the Vergivian or Irish Sea breaks in on the North it is beaten upon by the vast and wide Northern Ocean on the East where it faceth Germany it is washed by the German Ocean on the South over against France by the British Chanel Thus divided by a convenient distance from these neighbouring Nations and made fit by its open harbors for the traffick of the whole world it seems to have advanc'd it self on all sides into the sea See in Kent as it were for the general benefit of mankind For between Kent and Calais in France it runs so far out into the sea and the Chanel is so contracted that a That Britain was ever by an Isthmus joyn'd Eastward to the Continent of France seems an improbable opinion However see besides Authors cited by Mr. Camden White 's Hist Brit. L. 11. Not. 11. Burton's Comment on Antonin p. 18. 19. Twin de Rebus Albion Britan. Sammes Britan. l. 1. c. 4. Verstegan l. 1. c. 4. Some Foreigners also Dominicus Marius Niger Antonius Volscus Vivianus and Du Bartas have favour'd this groundless fancy some are of opinion that a breach was there made to receive the sea which till that time had been excluded and to confirm it they bring Virgil's Authority in that Verse Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos And Britain quite from all the world disjoyn'd Because says Servius Honoratus Britain was anciently joyn'd to the Continent And that of Claudian they urge in imitation of Virgil Nostro diducta Britannia mundo And Britain sever'd from our World And it is not unlikely that the outward face and fashion of the earth may by the Deluge and other causes have been alter'd that some mountains may have been rais'd and heightn'd and many high places may have sunk into plains and valleys lakes and meers may have been dried up and dry places may have become lakes and meers and some Islands may have been torn and broken off from the Continent But whether it be true indeed and whether there were any Islands before the Flood I shall not here argue nor give too rash a judgment upon God's Works All know that the Divine Providence hath dispos'd different things to the same end And indeed it hath always been allow'd as well by Divines as Philosophers that Isles scatter'd in the sea do no less contribute to the beauty of the whole World in general than lakes dispers'd in the Continent and mountains rais'd above plains Livy and Fabius Rusticus have made the Form of this Island to resemble an * Seâ—tulae Oblongae oblong Platter or b See Sir Henry Savil upon this place in Tacitus †Bipâ—nni two edg'd Ax and such certainly is its shape towards the South as Tacitus observes which yet hath been ill apply'd to the whole Island For Northward the vast tract of land shooting forward in the utmost shore groweth narrow and sharp like a wedge The Ancients thought it so great and so very large in circumference The Panegyrick spoken to Constantius falsly entitled to Maximian that Caesar who was the first of the Romans that discover'd it wrote that he had found out another world supposing it to be so great that it seem'd not to be surrounded with the sea but even to encompass the Ocean And Julius Solinus Polybistor asserts that for its largeness it almost deserv'd to be call'd another World Nevertheless our age by the many surveys made by several persons hath now well nigh found the true Dimensions of the whole Isle For from Tarvisium to Belerium reckoning the windings and turnings of the shores along the West side are computed about 912 miles From thence along the Southern coasts to Cantium 320 miles Hence coasting the German Ocean with crooked bays and inlets for 704 miles it reacheth Tarvisium So that by this computation the whole Island is in circuit 1836 miles which measure as it falls much short of Pliny's so is it also somewhat less than Caesar's Com. l. 5. †Schymnus Schitinius Chius is not worth my mentioning who in Apollonius de Mirabilibus having told us strange stories of fruits growing in Britain without kernels and grapes without stones makes its circuit 400 †Stadiis furlongs and no more But Dionysius Afer in his Description of the World hath given a much better account of the British Islands that is Briâ—ain and Ireland 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vast is the compass of the British coasts A like extent no rival Island boasts And with him Aristides and other Greek Writers agree who
matters his principal care was to avoid the storm of the Danish war which he saw hanging over him and even to purchase a Peace On this occasion he made Adalbert Archbishop of Hamburg his instrument For Adam Bremensis says There was a perpetual quarrel between Sueno and the Bastard but our Arch-bishop being brib'd to it by William made it his business to strike up a peace between the two Kings And indeed 't is very probable there was one concluded for from that time England was never apprehensive of the Danes William however made it his whole business to maintain the dignity of his government and to settle the Kingdom by wholsome laws For Gervasius Tilburiensis tells us That after the famous Conqueror of England King William had subdued the furthest parts of the Island and brought down the Rebels hearts by dreadful examples lest they might be in a condition of making outrages for the future he resolved to bring his Subjects under the obedience of written laws Whereupon laying before him the Laws of England according to their threefold division that is Merchanlage Denelage and West-Sexenlage some of them he laid aside but approved others and added to them such of the foreign Norman Laws as he found most conducive to the peace of the Kingdom Next as we are assured by Ingulphus who lived at that time he made all the inhabitants of England do him homage and swear fealty to him against all â—â—hers He took a survey of the whole nation so that there was not a single Hide of land through all England but he knew both the value of it and its owner Not a lake or any other place whatsoever but it was registred in the King's Rolls with its revenue rent tenure and owner according to the relation of certain taxers who were picked out of each County to describe the places belonging to it This Roll was called the Roll of Winchester and by the English Domesday Domesday-book called by Gervasius Tilburiensis Laher Judiciarius as being an universal and exact account of every tenement in the whole nation I the rather make mention of this Book because I shall have occasion to quote it hereafter under the name of William's Tax-book The Notice of England the Cessing-book of England The publick Acts and The Survey of England But as to Polydore Virgil's assertion that William the Conqueror first brought in the Jury of Twelve Jury of 12. there is nothing can be more false For 't is plain from Ethelred's Laws that it was used many years before that Nor can I see any reason why he should call it a terrible Jury Twelve men Twelve men who are Freeholders and qualified according to Law are picked out of the Neighbourhood these are bound by oath to give in their real opinion as to matter of fact they hear the Council on both sides plead at the Bar and the evidence produced then they take along with them the depositions of both parties are close confined deny'd meat drink and fire till they can agree upon their verdict unless want of these may endanger some of their lives As soon as they have delivered it in he gives sentence according to law And this method was looked upon by our wise Forefathers to be the best for discovering truth hindering bribes and cutting off all partiality How great the Norman courage was I refer you to other writers I shall only observe The Warlike courage of the Normans that being seated in the midst of warlike Nations they never made submission their refuge but always arms By force of these they possessed themselves of the noble Kingdoms of England and Sicilie For Tancred * Nepeâ— Nephew to Richard the Second Duke of Normandy and his Successors did many glorious exploits in Italy drove out the Saracens and set up there a Kingdom of their own So that a Sicilian Historian ingenuously confesses that the Sicilians enjoying their native Soil Th. Fazâ—llus lib. 6. Decadis Posterioris their Freedom and Christianity is entirely owing to the Normans Their behaviour also in the wars of the Holy land got them great honour Which gave Roger Hoveden occasion to say That bold France after she had experienced the Norman valour drew back fierce England submitted rich Apulia was restored to her flourishing condition famous Jerusalem and renowned Antioch were both subdued Since that time England has been equal for warlike exploits and genteel Education to the most flourishing nations of the Christian world The English Guards to the Emperors of Constantinople So that the English have been peculiarly made choice of for the Emperor of Constantinople's guards For as our country man Malmsbury has told us he very much admired their fidelity and recommended them to his son as men deserving of respect and they were formerly for many years together the Emperor's guards Nicetas Choniata calls them Inglini Bipenniferi and Curopalata Barangi Barangi These attended the Emperor where-ever he went with halberts upon their shoulders as often as he stir'd abroad out of his closet and pray'd for his long life clashing their halberts one against another to make a noise As to the blot which Chalcondilas Chaâ—condilas has cast upon our nation of having wives in common truth it self wipes it off and confronts the extravagant vanity of the Grecian For as my most learned and excellent Friend Ortelius has observed upon this very subject Things related by any persons concerning others are not always true These are the People which have inhabited Britain whereof there remain unto this day the Britains the Saxons or Angles with a mixture of Normans and towards the North the Scots Whereupon the two Kingdoms of this Island England and Scotland which were long divided are now in the most potent Prince King JAMES happily united under one Imperial Diadem It is not material here to take notice of the Flemings who about four hundred years ago came over hither In the County 〈◊〉 Pembâ—â—â—â— and got leave of the King to settle in Wales since we shall mention them in another place Let us then conclude this part with that of Seneca From hence it is manifest De Conâ—latioâ—â— Albiâ—â— that nothing has continued in its primitive state There 's a continual floating in the affairs of mankind In this vast orb there are daily revolutions new foundations of cities laid new names given to nations either by the utter ruine of the former or by its change into that of a more powerful party And considering that all these nations which invaded Britain were Northern as were also others who about that time overran Europe and after it Asia Nicephorus's Nicephorus observation founded upon the authority of Scripture is very true As God very often sends terrors upon men from heaven such are thunder fire and storms and from earth as opening of the ground and earthquakes as also out of the air such as whirlwinds and immoderate
these the two Archbishops and all the Bishops of England â—â—hops â—rons are also Barons of the Kingdom or Parliamentary Barons as also were in the memory of our grandfathers several belonging to Monasteries whereof this is a List Abbots of â—bots â—rliaâ—ntary â—rons Glassenbury St. Austin's Canterbury St. Peter's Westminster St. Albans St. Edmundsbury Peterburgh St. John's of Colchester Evesham Winchelcomb Crowland Battaile Reding Abingdon Waltham S. Cross Shrewsbury Cirencester St. Peter's at Glocester Bardney S. Benedict of Hulm Thorney Ramsey Hyde Malmesbury St. Marie's at York Selbey Prior of Coventry The Order of St. John of Jerusalem commonly stil'd Master of the Knights of St. John and would be counted the first Baron of England To these as to this day to the Bishops it belong'd by right and custom in every Parliament as the Publick Records word it to be present in person as Peers of the Realm along with the rest of the Peers to consult treat order decree and define by virtue of their Baronies held of the King For King William the first as the Ecclesiasticks of that age complain'd though those of the next look'd upon it as their greatest glory put the Bishopricks and Abbies holding Baronies in Frank almoigne Matth. Paris and so free from all secular services under military service enrolling every Bishoprick and Abbey according to the number of souldiers he and his successors might demand in times of war Since that the Ecclesiastical Barons enjoy all the immunities which the other Barons of the Realm do except that they are not judged by their Peers For as they by the Canons of the Church are not to be present at sanguinary causes so in the same causes they themselves are to be judged in matters of fact by twelve Jury-men But whether this be agreeable to the strict rules of the Law let the Lawyers determine Vavasors Vavasors or Valvasors formerly took place next the Barons derived by Lawyers from Valvae folding-doors a dignity that seems to have come to us from the French Sigonius For whilst their dominion in Italy lasted they call'd those Valvasors who govern'd the common people or part of them under the Duke Marquiss Earl or Chieftain and as Butler the Lawyer words it Had a full power of punishing but not the right of fairs and markets This is a piece of honour never much in vogue among us or how much soever it was it is now long since by degrees quite disused In Chaucer's age it was not very considerable as appears from what he says of his Frankelin or free-holder A Sheriff had he been and a contour Was no where soch a worthy Vavasour The Lesser Noblemen are the Knights Esquires Lesser Noblemen Knights and those which we commonly call Gentlemen Knights call'd by our English Lawyers in Latin Milites have almost in all Nations had their name from horses Thus they are called Cavelliers by the Italians Chevalier by the French Reuter by the Germans Marchog by the Welsh all with respect to riding They are called Knights only by the English a word in the ancient English as also German tongue signifying promiscuously servant or one that does service and a young man Upon which in the old Saxon Gospels the Disciples are call'd Leornung cnyhts and in another place we read Incnyht for a Client and our Common Lawyer Bracton mentions the Radcnihtes i.e. Serving horsemen who held lands upon this condition that they should furnish their Lord with horses from whence by shortning the name as we English love contractions I was perswaded long since that Knights remains now in use with us But for what reason the Laws of our own Country Knights why call'd Milites and all the Writers since the Norman Conquest should term them in Latin Milites I do not well apprehend Not but I know that in the decline of the Roman Empire the name of Milites was transferr'd to such as were always about the King's body and had the more considerable employments in the Prince's retinue But if I know any thing of this matter the first who were call'd so among us were they that held beneficiary lands or in fee for their service in the wars For those fees were called Militarie and they that in other places are term'd Feudataries were with us stil'd Milites souldiers as the Milites or souldiers of the King of the Archbishop of Canterbury of Earl Roger of Earl Hugh c. because they had by these persons lands bestowed upon them on this condition that they should fight for them and pay them fealty and homage whereas others who served in the wars †Pro solidis Solidarii for so much in money were call'd Solidarii and Servientes However these Milites or Equites which you please are fourfold with us The most honourable are those of the Order of S. George's Garter the second the Bannerets the third of the Bath and the fourth such as we call in English simply Knights and in Latin Equites aurati or Milites without any addition Of the Knights of the Order of S. George I will speak in their proper place when I come to Windsor Of the rest in this place briefly Banerett Banerets otherwise but falsly call'd Baronets have their name from a banner for they were allowed upon the account of their military bravery to use a square banner as well as the Barons and from thence they are by some truly call'd Equites Vexillarii and by the Germans Banner-heires I cannot trace their antiquity beyond the times of Edward the third when England was at it's height for martial discipline so that till time sets this matter in a clearer light I must believe that this honorary title was then first invented as a reward to warlike courage In the publick Records of that age among the military titles of Banerets there is mention also made of Homines ad vexillum Purs 2. Pat. 15. E. 3. M. 22 23. men at the banner and of homines ad arma men attending in arms which last seem to be the same with that other And I have read a Charter of King Edward the Third's whereby he advanced John Coupland for taking David second King of Scots in a battle at Durham to the honour of a Baneret in these words Desiring so to reward the said John who took David de Bruis and cheerfully delivered him up to us and to set such a mark upon his loyalty and valour as may give others example to serve us faithfully for the future we have advanced the said John to the Quality of a Baneret and to support that title have for us and our heirs granted to the same John the sum of 500 l. yearly to him and his heirs c. Nor may it be improper to mention out of Frossardus the form by which John Chandos a celebrated souldier in his time was made Baneret When Edward Prince of Wales was ready to engage
Henry the Bastard and the French in favour of Peter King of Castile John Chandos came to the Prince and delivered into his hands his banner folded with these words My Lord this is my banner may it please you to unfold it that I may this day carry it For I have by the blessing of God sufficient revenues for this The Prince and Peter King of Castile who stood by him took the banner in their hands and restored it unfolded with words to this purpose Sir John as you expect success and glory act with courage and shew what a man you are Having received the banner he returned to his men joyful and holding it up Fellow-souldiers says he behold my banner and yours if you defend it stoutly as your own In after ages whoever was to be dignified with this honour either before a battle to excite their courage or after as a reward to their bravery was brought before the King or his General carrying an oblong Ensign call'd Pennon wherein his Arms were painted and going between two of the senior Knights with Trumpeters and Heralds before him and either the King or General wishing him success commanded the end of the Pennon to be cut off that so the banner instead of an oblong might be made a square Knights of the Bath As for the Milites or Equites Balnei Knights of the Bath I have observed nothing more ancient of them than that this dignity was in use among the old Franks and that Henry the Fourth King of England on the day of his Coronation in the Tower of London conferred Knighthood upon forty six Esquires who had watched all night before and had bathed themselves that he gave to every one of them a green side-coat reaching down to the ancle strait sleev'd and furr'd with minivere and having on the left shoulder two white silk twists hanging loose with †Terulis tassels at them These in the last age were such of the greatest of the Nobility as had not been before Knighted chosen to this honour at the Coronation of the Kings and Queens or at their marriages nay sometimes when their sons were made Princes of Wales created Dukes or made Knights It was then done with a deal of Ceremonies which are now in a great measure left off At present those who are appointed by the King to be thus honour'd I do not intend to give a full account of this Order the day before their Creation put on a gray Hermit habit a hood a linnen Coif and a pair of boots and in that dress go devoutly to divine service to begin their warfare there as principally designed for the honour and service of God They sup together that night each one being attended by two Esquires and a Page after supper they withdraw to their bed-chamber where there is prepared for each of them a little bed with red curtains and the arms of their families upon them with a bathing Vessel close by covered with a linnen cloth where after prayers they wash themselves to put them in mind that they ought to keep their bodies and minds undefiled for ever after Pretty early next morning they are awakened with musick and dress themselves in the same habit Then the High Constable the Earl Marshal and others appointed by the King go to them call them out in order and give them an oath to fear God defend his Church honour the King maintain his prerogative and protect widows virgins orphans and all others as far as they are able from injury and oppression After they have taken this oath they are conducted to morning prayer with the King's musick and the Heralds before them and from thence to their chamber again where they put off their Hermits habit and dress themselves in a mantle of red Taffata bright and shining with that martial colour a white hat adorn'd with a plume of white feathers over their linnen coife with a pair of white gloves hanging at the pendant cordon of their mantle Then they take Horse which are accouter'd with black saddles and other furniture of the same colour specked with white and a cross on their forehead Each of them has his Page on horse-back carrying a sword with a gilded hilt at which there hang golden spurs and the Esquires ride on both sides of them In this state with trumpets blowing before them they march to Court where they are conducted by the two eldest Knights into the Kings presence then the Page delivers the belt and the sword hanging in it to the Lord Chamberlain and he with great reverence gives it to the King who puts it on overthwart the Knight and orders the senior Knights there to put on the spurs These were formerly wont after wishing them joy to kiss the knees of the person to be Knighted After this Creation they us'd heretofore to serve up the dishes at the King's table and afterwards dine together sitting all on the same side of the table each under an Escutcheon of his own Arms. At evening prayer again they repair to the Chapel offer their swords upon the altar then lay down money and redeem them As they return the King's head Cook stands with his knife in his hand exhorting them to shew themselves faithful and worthy Knights or he 'll cut off their spurs with disgrace and infamy At the Coronation they attend the King in this pomp with their swords about them their spurs on and attired in a blue mantle that being the colour of * Câ—â—â— Joâ—â— a clear Sky with a knot of white silk made like a cross and a hood upon the left shoulder But this may very well suffice upon a subject which is not particularly within the compass of my design Knighâ— Now for those Knights simply so called without other addition an Order though lowest at this day yet of greatest antiquity and honour in the first Institution For as the Romans whose habit was a gown gave the same to all that arrived at the years of manhood so our ancestors the Germans presented their youth with arms as soon as they were found of ability to manage them De Mâ—bus Gâ— maâ— All this we may learn from Corn. Tacitus in these words No one by custom was to take arms till the city judged him able to bear them And then in the assembly it self either one of the great men the father or one of the person's relations honoured him with a shield and javelin This is the gown with them this is the first honour conferred upon their youth before this they seem to be only members of a family but from that time of the Commonwealâ—â— Now seeing these military young men were call'd by them in their language Knechts as they are in ours I am of opinion that the original both of the name and institution is to be deriv'd from hence This was the primitive and most plain method of creating Knights that which was in use among the Longobards
more fees to give away For nothing could be more effectual to excite brave men and lay an obligation upon their best and most deserving Subjects such as were nobly descended and men of great estates than as an istance of their good will and favour to bestow the honourable title of Knights upon them which before was always a name of great dignity For when the Prince conferr'd advisedly upon merit it was thought a great reward and favour and look'd upon as a badge of honour Those that were thus Knighted esteem'd this as the price of Virtue as an encomium upon their family a memorial of their race and the glory of their name So that it is said by our Lawyers Miles a name of dignity that Miles is a name of dignity and not Baro. For a Baron in ancient times if he was not a Knight was written barely by his Christian name and the proper name of his family without any addition unless of Dominus which is likewise applicâ—ble to Knights But the name Knight seems to have been an additional title of honour in the greatest dignities seeing Kings Dukes Marquesses Earls and Barons were ambitious both of the name and dignity And here I cannot but insert what Matth. Florilegus writes concerning the creation of Knights in Edward the first 's time For the sake of his expedition into Scotland the King publish'd a Proclamation lately throughout England to the end that whoever were by hereditary succession to be Knights and had wherewithall to support that dignity should be present in Westminster at the feast of Whitsontide there to receive all Knightly accoutrements save Equipage or Horse-furniture out of the King's Wardrobe Accordingly there assembled thither 300 young Gentlemen the sons of Earls Barons and Knights and had purple liveries silk-scarves and robes richly embroided with gold bestow'd upon them according to their several qualities And because the King's Palace though very large was too little to receive this concourse they cut down the apple-trees about the †Novum Tempium new Temple in London ras'd the walls and set up Pavilions and tents wherein these young Gentlemen might dress themselves in garments embroider'd with gold and all that night as many of them as the Temple would hold watch'd and pray'd in it But the Prince of Wales by his father's order with the chief of them watch'd in the Church of Westminster And so great was the sound of trumpets minstrels and acclamations of joy there that the chaunting of the Convent could not be heard from one side of the Quire to the other The day following the King knighted his Son in his palace and gave him the Dukedom of Aquitain The Prince therefore being thus knighted went to the Church of Westminster that he might likewise confer the same honour upon them And such was the press and throng about the high Altar that two Knights were kill'd and many fainted though every Knight had at least three or four Soldiers to conduct and defend them The Prince himself the throng was so great was forc'd to knight them upon the high altar having made his way thither * Per dextrarios bellicosos by his war-horses At present he that is knighted kneels down and in that posture is lightly struck upon the Shoulder with a naked sword by the Prince saying thus in French Sois Chevalier au nom de Dieu i.e. Be thou a Knight in the name of God and then he adds avancez Chevalier i.e. Rise up Sir Knight What relates farther to this order how famous how glorious and how brave a reward this dignity was look'd upon by men of honour among our Forefathers with what exactness they practis'd fidelity and plain-dealing when it was sufficient surety if they promis'd as Knights or upon their Honour lastly how far they were above the sordid humour of scraping and how they contributed upon the account of their fees when the King 's eldest son was honour'd with this dignity these things I leave to other Writers Degradations of Knights As also when they had committed any crime that was capital how they were strip'd of their ornaments had their military belt took from them were depriv'd of their sword had their spurs cut off with a hatchet their glove took away †Clypâ—o gentilitio in verso and their arms inverted just as it is in degrading those who have listed themselves in the Spiritual warefare the Ecclesiastical ornaments the book chalice and such like are taken from them I leave it likewise to be consider'd by them whether these Knights have been by some rightly term'd Knights Bacchallers and whether Bacchallers were not a middle order between Knights and Esquires For some Records run Nomina Militum Baccalaureorum Valectorum Comitis Glocestriae In dâ—â— so Pat. 51. H. 3. Hence some will have Bachallers to be so call'd quasi Bas Chevaliers though others derive the same from Battailer a French word which signifies to fight Let them farther examine whether these dignities which formerly when very rare were so mighty glorious and the establish'd rewards of virtue became not vile as they grew common and prostitute to every one that had the vanity to desire them Aemilius Probus formerly complain'd of the same thing in a like case among the Romans Next in order to these Knights were the Armigeri Eâ—â— 2. Esquires call'd also Scutiferi Homines ad arma and among the Goths Schilpor from bearing the Shield as heretofore Scutarii among the Romans Who had that name either from their coats of Arms which they bore as badges of their nobility or because they really carry'd the armour of the Princes and great men For every Knight was serv'd by two of these formerly they carry'd his helmet and buckler and as his inseparable companions adher'd to him For they held lands of the Knight their Lord in Escuage as he did of the King by Knights-service Esquires are at this day of five sorts for those I but now treated of are at present out of use The chief are they who are chosen to attend the King's person Next them are the eldest sons of Knights and their eldest sons likewise successively In the third place are counted the eldest sons of the youngest sons of Barons and others of greater quality and when such heir-male fails the title dies likewise The fourth in order are those to whom the King himself together with a title gives arms or makes Esquires adorning them with a collar of S. S. of a white silver colour and a pair of silver spurs whence at this day in the west parts of the Kingdom they are call'd White-spurs to distinguish them from Knights or Equites Aurati who have spurs of gold of these the eldest sons only can bear the title In the fifth place are to be reputed and look'd upon as Esquires all such as are in any great office in the Government or serve the King in any honourable station But
whom Richard 1. afterwards bestow'd it with other Counties But John coming to the Crown of England his second son Richard had this honour with the Earldom of Poictou conferr'd upon him by his Brother Henry 3. This Richard was a powerful Prince in his time as also a religious man valiant in war and of great conduct behaving himself in Aquitain with wonderful valour and success Going to the Holy Land he forc'd the Saracens to a truce refus'd the kingdom of Apulia when offer'd him by the Pope quieted many tumults in England and being chosen King of the Romans by the 7 Electors of Germany in the year 1257 was crown'd at Aix la Chapelle There is a common verse which intimates that he bought this honour Nummus ait pro me nubit Cornubia Romae Cornwall to Rome Almighty money joyn'd For before he was so famous a mony'd man that a Cotemporary Writer has told us he was able to spend a hundred marks a day for 10 years together But the civil wars breaking out in Germany 30 Among the Competitors of the Empire he quickly return'd to England where he dy'd and was bury'd at the famous Monastery of Hales which himself had built a little after his eldest son Henry in his return from the Holy wars as he was at his devotions in a Church at Viterbium in Italy had been villanously murder'd by Guido de Montefort son of Simon Earl of Leicester in revenge of his father's death For which reason his second son Edmund succeeded in the Earldom of Cornwall who dying without children his large inheritance return'd to the King he as the Lawyers term it being found next a-kin and heir at law The Arms of the Earls of Cornwall Now since Richard and his son Edmund were of the blood Royal of England I have often declar'd my self at a loss to know how they came to bear Arms different from those of the Royal Family viz. in a field argent a Lyon rampant gules crowned or within a border sable garnish'd with bezants And all the reason I can give for it is that they might possibly do it in imitation of the Royal Family of France since this way of bearing Arms came to us from the French For the younger sons of the Kings of France have Arms different from the Crown to this day as one may observe in the Families of the Vermandois Dreux and Courtneys And as Robert Duke of Burgundy Bande d'Or and d'Azur a la bordeure de Gâ—eules brother of Henry 1. King of France took the ancient Shield of the Dukes of Burgundy so this Richard after he had the Earldom of Poictou bestow'd upon him by his brother K. Henry 3. might probably take that Lyon gules crown'd which as the French Authors inform us belong'd to his Predecessors Earls of Poictou Memoriales de Aquitaine and might add that border sable garnish'd with bezants out of the ancient Shield of the Earls of Cornwall For assoon as the younger sons of France began to bear the Royal Arms with some difference we presently follow'd them and Edward 1.'s children were the first instance But where am I rambling to please my self with the niceties of my own profession After Cornwall was united to the Crown Edward 2. who had large possessions given him by his father in those parts conferr'd the title of Earl of Cornwall upon Priece Gaveston a Gascoine who had been the great debaucher of him in his youth But he being seiz'd by the Barons for corrupting the Prince and for other crimes was beheaded and succeeded by John de Eltham younger son of Edw. 2. 31 Advanc'd thereunto by his brother Edward 3. Hol. who being young and dying without issue Edw. 3. Dukes of Cornwall erected Cornwall into a Dukedom and invested Edward his son a most accomplish'd Soldier in the year 1336 with the Dukedom of Cornwall by a wreath on his head a ring upon his finger and a silver verge Since which time g In the 11 of Edw. 3. it was granted Quod primogenitus filius Regis Angliae qui foret haereditabilis regno foret Dux Cornubiae c. So Richard de Bordeaux son to the Black-Prince was not Duke of Cornwall by virtue hereof but was created by Charter Nor was Elizabeth eldest daughter to King Edw. 4. Dutchess hereof because 't is limited to the Son Neither was Henry 8. in the life-time of his father after the death of Prince Arthur Duke hereof because he was not eldest son as I shall observe from Record leaving still the judgment of it to the opinion of Lawyers the eldest son of the King of England is born Earl of Cornwall and by a special Act made in that case Oâ—◠〈◊〉 Hâ—â— he is to be presum'd of full age assoon as ever he is born so that he may claim livery and seisin of the said Dukedom the same day he 's born and ought by right to obtain it as if he had fully compleated the age of twenty one He hath also Royalties and Prerogatives in actions the stannaries wrecks customs c. for which and the like he has certain Officers appointed him But these matters are laid open more distinctly and at large by Richard Carew of Anthony a person no less eminent for his honorable Ancestors than his own virtue and learning who hath describ'd this County at large not contenting himself with a narrow draught and whom I cannot but acknowledge to have been my guide There are in this County 161 Parishes ADDITIONS to CORNWALL CORNWALL as by the situation 't is in a manner cut from the rest of England so by its peculiar customs and privileges added to a difference of Language it may seem to be another Kingdom Upon which account it is necessary to give some light into these matters before we enter upon the Survey of the County Privileges of Cornwall To begin with the Privileges In the 21. of Elizabeth it was order'd that all charge of Custom for transporting of Cornish Cloath upon any English-man within the Dutchy of Cornwall should be discharg'd and that for the future no Custom should be paid for it This was first granted them by the Black-Prince and hath always been enjoy'd by them in consideration that they have paid and do still pay 4 s. for the coynage of every hundred of tinn whereas Devonshire pays but 8 d. They have also the freedom to take sand out of the sea and carry it through the whole County to manure their ground withal * R. Chart. de An. 45 Hen. 3. This is a Grant made by Richard Duke of Cornwall which is confirm'd An. 45 Hen. 3. by that King whereupon in the next Reign upon an Inquisition made we find a complaint that Saltash had lately taken yearly 12 s. for each Barge that carry'd Sand up Tamar whereas nothing ought to have been demanded By this it appears that ever since Hen. 3. at least this has been the
they had built here a wooden bridge upon piles it began to have inns and to be so frequented as to outvie its neighbouring mother Bray a much more ancient place as having given name to the whole Hundred I have long been of the opinion that the Bibroci Bibroci who submitted themselves to Caesar's protection held these parts and why shou'd I not think so There are very clear and plain remains of the name Bibracte likewise in France is now contracted into Bray and not far from hence Caesar cross'd the Thames with his army as I shall shew in its proper place when these parts submitted themselves to him Certainly shou'd one seek for the Bibroci elsewhere he wou'd I believe hardly find them â—â—dior Among these Bibroci stands Windesore in Saxon perhaps from the winding shore Wyndleshora for so it is term'd in K. Edw. the Confessor's Charter who in these very words made a Grant of it to Westminster To the praise of Almighty God I have granted as an endowment and perpetual inheritance to the use of those that serve the Lord Windleshore with its appurtenances And I have read nothing more ancient concerning Windsor Windsor But the Monks had not long held it in possession when William the Norman by exchange brought it back to the crown For thus his Charter runs With the consent and favour of the venerable Abbot of Westminster I have enter'd into a composition about Windsor's being in the possession of the Crown because that place seems commodious by the nearness of the river the forest fit for hunting and many other particulars therein convenient for Kings being likewise a place fit for the King's entertainment in lieu whereof I have granted them Wokendune and Ferings Scarce any Royal Seat can certainly have a more pleasant situation For from an high hill rising with a gentle ascent it hath an admirable prospect round about It s front overlooks a long and wide valley chequer'd with corn-fields and green meadows clothed on each side with groves and water'd with the calm and gentle Thames Behind it arise hills every where neither craggy nor over-high adorn'd with woods and as it were consecrated by nature it self to Hunting The pleasantness of it hath drawn many of our Princes hither as to a retiring place and here was K. Edw. 3. that potent Prince born to conquer France who built new from the ground a Castle in bigness equal to a little City strengthen'd with ditches and towers of square-stone and having presently after subdu'd the French and the Scots kept at the same time John King of France and David King of Scots Prisoners here This Castle is divided into two Courts The inner which looks towards the East contains in it the King's palace than which if you consider the contrivance of the buildings nothing can be more stately and magnificent On the north-side where it looks down to the river Queen Elizabeth added a most pleasant Terrace-Walk The outer Court hath at it's entrance a stately Chapel consecrated by K. Edw. 3. to the blessed Virgin Mary and St. George of Cappadocia but brought to it's present magnificence by K. Edw. 4. 12 And Sir Reginald Bray Here K. Edw. 3. â—35â— for the encouraging military virtue and the adorning it with honours rewards and glory instituted the most noble society of Knights which as some report from his own Garter given for the Word in a battel that prov'd successful he stiled Knights of the Garter 〈◊〉 of Gâ—râ—â—r They wear on their left leg a little below the knee a blue Garter carrying this Motto embroider'd in letters of gold and in French HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE and fasten the same with a buckle of gold as a token of Concord and a tye of the strictest Amity to the end there might be amongst them a certain Consociation and community of Virtues Others attribute it to the Garter of the Queen or rather of Joan Countess of Salisbury a Lady of incomparable beauty that fell from her as she was a dancing and the King took up from the floor at which the Nobles that stood about him fell a laughing whereupon the King told them That the time should shortly come when the greatest honour imaginable should be paid to that Garter This is the common report neither need it seem to be a mean original considering that as one saith Nobilitas sub amore jacet i.e. Nobility lies under love There are some too that make the invention of this order much ancienter fathering it upon K. Rich. 1. and persuading themselves that K. Edward only reviv'd it but how truly I know not Yet in the very book of the first Institution which William Dethick Garter Principal King at Arms a Gentleman very studious in every thing relating to Honour and the Nobility gave me a sight of we read thus When K. Richard led his Army against the Turks and * Saracens â—â—â—â—nos Cyprus and Acon and was weary of such lingring delay while the siege was carried on with a wonderful deal of trouble at length upon a divine inspiration by the apparition as it was thought of St. George it came into his mind to draw upon the legs of certain chosen Knights of his a certain tach of leather such as he had then ready at hand whereby being minded of that future glory was then promised them if they conquer'd it might be an incitement to push them on to the behaving themselves with courage and resolution in imitation of the Romans that had such variety of crowns with which upon several accounts they presented and honour'd their soldiers that as it were by instigations of this kind cowardise might be shaken off and valour and bravery might arise and start out with more vigour and resolution However the mightiest Princes of Christendom have reputed it a very great honour to be chosen and since it 's first institution there have been already admitted into this Order which consists of 26 Knights 22 Kings or thereabouts besides our Kings of England who are term'd Sovereigns Sovereigns thereof not to mention a great many Dukes and other persons of the greatest quality And here Founders of the Order I think it will not be amiss to set down the names of those who were first admitted into this Order and are commonly call'd the Founders of the Order for their glory can never be obliterated who in those days for military valour and bravery had very few Equals and were upon that account advanced to this honour Edward 3. King of England Edward his eldest son Prince of Wales Henry Duke of Lancaster Thomas Earl of Warwick Capdall de Buche Ralph Earl of Stafford William Montacute Earl of Salisbury Roger Mortimer Earl of March John L'isle Bartholomew Burgwash John Beauchamp John de Mohun Hugh Courtney Thomas Holland John Grey Richard Fitz-Simon Miles Stapleton Thomas Walle Hugh Wrothesley Niel Loring John Chandos James de Awdeley
Dissolution the plate and jewels thereof fill'd two great chests each whereof requir'd eight men to carry them out of the Church Monast Angl. vol. 1. p. 18. So that the name of Christ to whom it was dedicated was almost quite laid aside for that of S. Thomas Nor was it so much fam'd for any other thing as the memory and burial of this man tho' it has some other tombs that may deservedly be boasted of particularly Edward Prince of Wales sirnam'd the Black a heroe for his valour in war a downright miracle and Henry 4. that potent King of England But King Henry 8. dispers'd all this wealth that had been so long in gathering and drove out the Monks in lieu whereof this Christ-Church has a Dean Archdeacon 12 Prebendaries and 6 Preachers whose business it is to sow the word of God in the neighbouring places It had another Church below the city to the East which disputed preeminence with this St. Augustine's commonly St. Austen's known by the name of S. Austin's because S. Austin himself and K. Ethelbert by his advice founded it to the honour of S. Peter and S. Paul for a burying place both to the Kings of Kent and the Archbishops for it was not then lawful to bury in Cities it was richly endow'd and the Abbot there had a Mint granted him and the Privilege of coyning money Now as the greatest part of it lyes in its own ruines and the rest is turn'd into a house for the King any one that beholds it may easily apprehend what it has been Austin himself was bury'd in the Porch of it and as Thomas Spot has told us with this Epitaph Inclytus Anglorum praesul pius decus altum Hic Augustinus requiescit corpore sanctus The Kingdom 's honour and the Church's grace Here Austin England's blest Apostle lays But Bede o Tho' Bede may be otherwise very good authority yet here he certainly fails for the title Archiepiscopus occurring in it is a plain evidence that 't is of later date since that title could not be then in the Western Church nor was it allow'd commonly to Metropolitans as Mabillon and others have observ'd till about the ninth age See Stillingfleet 's Origin Britan. p. 21 22. who is better authority assures us that he had over him this much more ancient Inscription HIC REQVIESCIT DOMINVS AVGVSTINVS DOROVERNENSIS ARCHIEPISCOPVS PRIMVS QVI OLIM HVC A BEATO GREGORIO ROMANAE VRBIS PONTIFICE DIRECTVS ET A DEO OPERATIONE MIRACVLORVM SVFFVLTVS ET ETHELBERTHVM REGEM AC GENTEM ILLIVS AB IDOLORVM CVLTV AD FIDEM CHRISTI PERDVXIT ET COMPLETIS IN PACE DIEBVS OFFICII SVI DEFVNCTVS EST SEPTIMO KALENDAS IVNIAS EODEM REGE REGNANTE That is Here resteth S. Augustine the first Archbishop of Canterbury who being formerly dispatch'd hither by the blessed Gregory Bishop of Rome and supported of God by the working of miracles both drew Ethelberht with his kingdom from the worship of Idols to the faith of Christ and also having fulfill'd the days of his Office dy'd on the 7th of the Kalends of June in the same King's reign With him there were bury'd in the same porch the six Archbishops that immediately succeeded and in honour of the whole seven namely Austin Laurentius Mellitus Justus Honorius Deus-dedit and Theodosius were those verses engraven in marble SEPTEM SUNT ANGLI PRIMATES ET PROTOPATRES SEPTEM RECTORES SEPTEM COELOQVE TRIONES SEPTEM CISTERNAE VITAE SEPTEMQVE LVCERNAE ET SEPTEM PALMAE REGNI SEPTEMQVE CORONAE SEPTEM SVNT STELLAE QUAS HAEC TENET AREA CELLAE Seven Patriarchs of England Primates seven Seven Rectors and seven Labourers in heaven Seven Cisterns pure of life seven Lamps of light Seven Palms and of this Realm seven Crowns full bright Seven Stars are here bestow'd in vault below It will not be very material to take notice of another Church near this which as Bede has it was built by the Romans and dedicated to S. Martin and in which before the coming of Austin Bertha of the blood Royal of the Franks and wife of Ethelbert was us'd to have divine Service celebrated according to the Christian Religion As to the Castle which appears on the south-side of the City with it's decay'd bulwarks since it does not seem to be of any great Antiquity I have nothing memorable to say of it but only that it was built by the Normans Of the dignity of the See of Canterbury which was formerly very great I shall only say thus much that as in former ages under the Hierarchy of the Church of Rome the Archbishops of Canterbury were Primates of all England Legates of the Pope and as Pope Urban 2. express'd it as it were Patriarchs of another world so when the Pope's Authority was thrown off it was decreed by a Synod held in the year 1534. that laying aside that title Primate and Metropolitan of all England they should be stil'd Primates and Metropolitans of all England This dignity was lately possess'd by the most reverend Father in God John Whitgift who having consecrated his whole life to God and his utmost endeavours to the service of the Church dy'd in the year 1604. extremely lamented by all good men He was succeeded by Richard Bancroft a man of singular courage and prudence in matters relating to the establishment of the Church Canterbury is 51 degrees 16 minutes in Latitude and 24 degrees 51 minutes in Longitude xx After Stour has gather'd it's waters into one chanel it runs by Hackington Hackington where Lora Countess of Leicester a very honorable Lady in her time quitting the pleasures of the world sequester'd her self from all commerce with it to have her time entire for the service of God At which time Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury began a Church in this place to the honour of S. Stephen and Thomas of Canterbury but the Authority of the Pope prohibiting it for fear it should tend to the prejudice of the Monks of Canterbury he let his design fall However from that time the place has kept the name of S. Stephens S. Stephens and Sir Roger Manwood Knight Lord chief Baron of the Exchequer a person of great knowledge in our Common Law to whose munificence the poor inhabitants are very much indebted was lately it's greatest ornament nor is his son Sir Peter Manwood Knight of the Bath a less honour to it at this day whom I could not but mention with this respect and deference since he is an encourager of virtue learning and learned men From hence the Stour by Fordich Fordich which in Domesday-book is call'd the little burrough of Forewich famous for it's excellent trouts passes on to Sturemouth 69 Which it hath now forsaken a mile and more yet left and bequeathed his name to it But now by Stoure-mouth runneth a brook which issuing out of S. Eadburgh's Well at Liming where the daughter to K. Ethelbert first of our
to 9 Robert Blunt Robert Burnel Bp. of Bath and afterward to the Lovels g It is now in the possession of George Weld Esq Up higher stands Wenlock Wenlock now famous for lime-stone but formerly in King Richard the second 's time for a copper-mine yet most remarkable in the Saxons time for a very ancient Nunnery where Milburga liv'd a devout Virgin William Malmesb. and was buried it was repair'd and fill'd with Monks by Earl Roger de Montgomery e 10 In later times Sir John Winell call'd also Wenlock because he here inhabited for his faithful service to King Henry 6. was by him advanc'd to the state and honour of Baron Wenlock and elected Knight of the Garter in whose cause he manfully lost his life in the battel of Tewksbury leaving no issue but from his Cousin and heir-general the Lawleys of this County are lineally dâ—scended A little more west is Acton-Burnell c. Acton Burnell Acton Burnel a castle of the Burnels and afterwards of the Lovels was honour'd with an Assembly of Parliament in Edward the first 's reign The family of the Burnels was very honourable and ancient Barons Burnell and much enrich'd by the Bishop before-mention'd but it became extinct in Edward the second 's reign when Mawd the heiress married John Lovel her first husband and John Haudlow her second whose son Nicholas took the name of Burnel from whom the Ratcliffs Earls of Sussex and some others derive their pedigree f Scarce a mile off is Langley Langley lowly situated in a woody park the seat of the Leas one of the most ancient and honourable families in these parts h This family is new extinct Next is Condover Condover formerly a manour of the Lovels and lately of Tho. Owen one of the Justices of the Common Pleas a very great lover of learning but since deceas'd and has left behind him a son Sir Roger Owen a general scholar and altogether worthy of so excellent a father It appears by record that this is holden of the King in chief To find two foot-soldiers for one day towards the army of Wales in time of war A remark that I think proper once for all to make for a general information that the Gentry of these parts held their estates of the King of England by tenure to aid him with soldiers for defence of the Marches whensoever a war broke out between the English and Welsh Near this is a little village call'd Pitchford Pitchford which formerly gave it's name to the ancient family of the Pitchfords but now is in the possession of R. Oteley Our Ancestors call'd it Pitchford from a spring of pitchy water for in those days they knew no distinction between pitch and bitumen And there is a well in a poor man's yard A bituminous well upon which there floats a sort of liquid bitumen although it be continually scumm'd off after the same manner as it doth on the lake Asphaltites in Judaea and on a standing pool about Samosata and on a spring by Agrigentum in Sicily but the inhabitants make no other use of it than as pitch Whether it be a preservative against the Falling-sickness or be good for drawing and healing wounds as that in Judaea is I know no one yet that has made the experiment More eastward stands Pouderbache castle now ruinated formerly call'd Purle bache the seat of Ralph Butler the younger son of 11 Sir Ralph Butler the younger son of Ralph Butler of Wem Ralph Butler of Wem from whom the Butlers of Woodhall in the County of Hertford derive their pedigree Below this Huckstow forest fetches a great compass between the mountains where at Stiperston's hill Stiperston's hill great heaps of stones and little rocks as it were appear very thick the Welsh call them Carneddau tewion 12 But whereas these seem natural I dare not c. but I dare not so much as guess that these among others were the stones which Giraldus Cambrensis describes in this manner Harald the very last foot-soldier with a company of foot lightly arm'd and stock'd with such provision as the country afforded march'd both round the whole County of Wales and through and through it insomuch that he scarce left any alive behind him in memory of which total defeat he threw up many hillocks of stones after the ancient manner in those places where he obtain'd victories which bear this Inscription HIC FVIT VICTOR HARALDVS At this place Harald was Conquerour Caurse More to the north Caurse-castle is situated the Barony of 13 Sir Peter Peter Corbet from whom it came to the Barons of Stafford i It is now the Lord Weymouth's and near it Routon Routon very ancient upon the western borders of the Shire not far from the Severn which formerly belong'd to the Corbets but now to the ancient family of the Listers Some time before John L'Estrange of Knocking had it out of ill will to whom Leolin Prince of Wales ras'd it to the ground as we read in the Life of 14 Sir Foulgue Fulk Fitz-Warin We find it flourishing by the same name in the Romans time but call d Rutunium Rutuniuâ— by Antoninus nor can it be a mistake since the name and the distance which he describes it to be from the famous town Uriconium exactly concur Near this is Abberbury-castle and Watlesbury Abberburâ— and Watlesbury which from the Corbets came to the Leightons Knights of an honourable family k It is now in the possession of Sir Edward Leighton Baronet It seems to have taken its name from that Consular-way and Kings high-road call'd Watlingstreet which leads by this place into the farthest parts of Wales as Ranulphus Cestrensis says thro' two small towns that are call'd from it l It is very obvious to observe several towns of this name thro' England lying upon the ancient high ways Strettons between which in a valley some ruins are to be seen of an ancient castle call'd Brocards-castle Brocardâ— castle surrounded with green meadows that were formerly fish-ponds But these castles with some others which are too many to reckon up here owing their decay to length of time and uninterrupted peace and not to the fury of war are a great part of them ready to drop to the ground Now passing over the river Severn we come to the second division propos'd which lay on this side the Severn and as is said belong'd to the Cornavii This likewise is divided into two by the river Tern which flows from north to south and has it's name from a large pool in Staffordshire where it rises such as we call Tearnes In the hithermost or eastern parts of these divisions near the place where Tern and Severn joyn stood Vriconium Uriconiuâ— for so Antoninus call'd it tho' Ptolemy would have it Viroconium and Ninnius Caer Vruach the Saxons call'd it Wreken-ceaster but
designs took him off r In the late Civil wars being made a garrison it was almost ruin'd so that he left his project unfinish'd 22 And the old Castle defac'd The family of these Corbets is ancient and of great repute in this Shire and held large estates by fealty of Roger de Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury about the coming in of the Normans viz. Roger Corbet the son held Huelebec Hundeslit Actun Fernleg c. Robert Corbet the son held lands in Ulestanston Corbet pranomen Rotlinghop Branten Udecot 23 And in later ages this family far and fairly propagated receiv'd encrease both of revenue and great alliance by the marriage of an heir of Hopton More to the south lies Arcoll Arcoll a seat of the Newports 24 Knights of great worship descended from the Barons Grey of Codnor and the Lords of Mothwy Knights and in its neighbourhood is Hagmond-Abbey Hagmond-Abbey which was well endow'd if not founded by the Fitz-Alanes Not much lower is pleasantly situated upon the Severn the Metropolis of this County risen out of the ruins of old Uriconium which we call Shrewsbury Shrewsbury and now a-days more softly and smoothly Shrowsbury Our Ancestors call'd it Scrobbes-byrig because the hill it stands on was well wooded In which sense the Greeks nam'd their Bessa and the Britains this city Penguerne that is the brow of Alders where likewise was a noble Palace so nam'd but how it comes to be call'd in Welsh Ymwithig by the Normans Scropesbery Sloppesbury and Salop and in Latin Salopia I know not unless they be deriv'd from the old word Scrobbes-berig differently wrested Yet some Criticks in the Welsh tongue imagine 't was call'd Ymwithig as much as Placentia from the Welsh Mwithau and that their Bards gave it that name because their Princes of Wales delighted most in this place It is situated upon a hill the earth of which is of a red-dish colour the Severn is here passable by two fair bridges and embracing it almost round makes it a Peninsula as Leland our Poet and Antiquary describes it Edita Pinguerni late fastigia splendent Urbs sita lunato veluti mediamnis in orbe Colle tumet modico duplici quoque ponte superbit Accipiens patriâ sibi linguâ nomen ab alnis Far off it's lofty walls proud Shrewsb'ry shows Which stately Severn 's crystal arms enclose Here two fair bridges awe the subject stream And Alder-trees bestow'd the ancient name 'T is both naturally strong and well-fortified by art for Roger de Montgomery who had it given him by the Conquerour built a Castle upon a rising rock i in the northern parts of this town after he had pull'd down about 50 houses whose son Robert when he revolted from King Hen. 1. enclos'd it with walls on that side where the Severn does not defend it k which were never assaulted that I know of in any war but that of the Barons against King John When the Normans first settl'd here 't was a well-built city and well frequented for as it appears by Domesday-book 25 In King Edward the Confessor's time it paid Gelt according to an hundred Hides In the Conquerour's time it paid yearly seven pounds c. it was tax'd 7 l. 16 s. to the King yearly There were reckon'd 252 Citizens 12 of whom were bound to keep guard when the Kings of England came hither and as many to attend him whenever he hunted which I believe was first occasion'd by one Edrick Sueona a Mercian Duke but a profligate villain who ſ An. Christi 1006. Flor. Wigorn. not long before had way-lay'd Prince Alfhelm and slain him as he was hunting At which time as appears by the same book there was t There are not now the least remains of any such custom a custom in this city That what way soever a woman marry'd if a widow she should pay to the King 20 shillings but if a virgin 10 shillings in what manner soever she took the husband But to return this Earl Roger not only fortify'd it but improv'd it much by other useful buildings both publick and private and founded a beautiful Monastery dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul and endow'd it liberally as he did likewise u The very marks of this Church are quite gone unless it was mistaken for St. Giles's yet standing in the same parish tho' ruinous and which some alledge was the ancient Parish-Church the Church-yard of it being yet their common place of burial St. Gregory's Church upon these conditions so a private history of this Monastery expresses it That when the Prebendaries thereof should die the Prebends should go to the Monks From which arose no small contest for the Prebendaries sons su'd the Monks to succeed their fathers in those Prebends and at that time Prebendaries and Clerks in England were not oblig'd to celibacy but it was customary for Ecclesiastical Benefices to descend hereditarily to the next of blood Prebends inheritable But this controversie was settled in Henry 1.'s reign That heirs should not inherit Ecclesiastical Benefices about which time laws were enacted obliging Clergy-men to celibacy Afterwards other Churches were here built and to pass by the Covents of Dominican Franciscan and Augustine Friers sounded by the Charltons Jenevills and Staffords there were two Collegiate Churches w Besides these there are two other Parish-Churches within the walls St. Alkman's and St. Julian's erected St. Chads with a Dean and ten Prebendaries and St. Mary's with a Dean and nine minor Prebends At this day 't is a fine City well inhabited of good commerce and by the industry of the Citizens their Cloath-manufacture and their trade with the Welsh very rich for hither all Welsh commodities are brought as to the common Mart of both Nations It 's Inhabitants art partly English partly Welsh they use both Languages and this must be mention'd in their praise that they have set up 25 A School wherein were more Scholars in number when I first saw it than any School in England one of the largest Schools in England for the education of youth for which Thomas Aston the first Head-School-master a man of great worth and integrity provided by his own industry a competent Salary l 26 It shall not now I hope be impertinent to note that when divers of the Nobility conspir'd against King Henry 4. with a purpose to advance Edmund Mortimer Earl of March to the Crown as the undoubtful and right heir whose father King Richard the second had also declar'd heir-apparent and Sir Henry Percy call'd Hot-Spur then addressed himself to give the assault to Shrewsbury c. At this city when Henry Percy the younger rebell'd against Henry the fourth and was resolutely bent to attack its walls which that King had made exceeding strong by a turn of Fortune he was prevented and his measures broken in a trice for the King himself was suddenly at his
ancient Palace The Inhabitants thereabouts think it to be the ruins of a City but others judge it to have been the Camp of either Penda or Oswald o Scarce three miles off stands Whittington Wittingâ—â—n not long since a castle of the Fitz-Warrens who derive their pedigree from 30 Sir Guarin Warren de Metz a Lorainer he took to wife the heiress of William Peverel who is said to have built it and had issue by her Fulk the father of the renown'd 31 Sir Fulk Fitz-Warren Fulk Fitz-Warren The life of 〈◊〉 writâ—en â—n â—â—ench whose strange and various fortune in war was very much admir'd by our Ancestors 32 And had Poems compos'd upon it In Henry the third's reign there was a Commission to Fulk Fitz-Warren to fortifie the castle of Whittington sufficiently as appears by the Close-rolls in the fifth year of that King's reign The Barony of these Fitz-Warrens 〈◊〉 Fitz-â—arren expir'd in a female having in the last age pass'd from the Hancfords to the Bourchiers now Earls of Bath Below this castle Wrenoc the son of Meuric held certain lands by the service of being Latimer between the English and Welsh that is an Interpreter This I have remark'd from an old Inquisition for the better understanding of the word Latimer â—he signifiâ—ation of Latâ—mer which few are acquainted with tho' it is a name very famous in this kingdom Upon the Northern bounds of this Shire first stands Shenton a seat of the Needhams 33 Blackmere an ancient family of the Lords L'estrange a famous family y Of this family was Sir Robert Needham Kt. who had considerable Commands during the war in Ireland under Queen Elizabeth He was afterwards Vice-President of the Council in the Marches of Wales and created by King Charles the first Viscount Kilmorey to him succeeded Thomas his son who built a noble house in this place and is succeeded in his honour by Robert Viscount Kilmorey his son and next White-church â—hite-â—hurch or the white Monastery famous for some monuments of the Talbots but more particularly for that of our English Achilles 34 Sir John John Talbot the first Earl of Shrewsbury of this family whose Epitaph I here insert not that it comes up to the character of such an Hero but only for a Specimen how the stile of every age varies in framing their monumental Inscriptions ORATE PRO ANIMA PRAENOBILIS DOMINI DOMINI IOANNIS TALBOTT QVONDAM COMITIS SALOPIAE DOMINI TALBOTT DOMINI FVRNIVALL DOMINI VERDON DOMINI STRANGE DE BLACK-MERE ET MARESCHALLI FRANCIAE QVI OBIIT IN BELLO APVD BVRDEWS VII IVLII MCCCCLIII That is Pray for the soul of the right honourable Lord Lord John Talbott sometime Earl of Shrewsbury Lord Talbott Lord Furnivall Lord Verdon Lord Strange of Blackmere and Marshal of France who died in battel at Burdews VII of July MCCCCLIII These Talbotts many years ago had the Inheritance of the Barons L'estrange of Blackmere â—â—rons Leâ—â—ange of â—â—ackmere 35 Who were sirnam'd Le Strange commonly and Extranei in Latin Records for that they were strangers brought hither by King Henry the second and in a short time their house was far propagated Those of Blackmere were much enricht by an heir of W. de Albo Monasterio or this Whit-Church and also by one of the heirs of John Lord Giffard of Brimsfield of ancient Nobility in Glocestershire by the only daughter of Walter Lord Clifford who were sometimes call'd Extranei that is Foreigners in right of their wives For they were Lords Marchers in this County and their seat in this neighbourhood call'd Blackmere from a Lake of blackish water is now almost quite ruin'd This family was much ennobled and their estates encreas'd by intermarriage with a daughter and coheir of John Giffard of Brimsfield of an honourable and ancient Family in Glocestershire whose wife Mawd was the only daughter of Walter Clifford the third More 36 Westward to the East lies Ellesmer Ellesmer a small tract of rich and fertile ground which according to the Chester-Chronicle together with the small castle King John settled upon Lewellin Prince of north-North-Wales when he made up the match between him and 37 Joan his base-daughter his natural daughter Afterwards 38 In the time of King Henry the third it came to the L'estranges or the Extranei but at present it has its Baron 39 Sir Thomas Thomas Egerton who for his singular wisdom and integrity was by Queen Elizabeth made Lord Keeper and afterwards by King James advanc'd to the highest dignity of the Long-robe by being made Lord Chancellour and created Baron of Ellesmer z Before he dy'd he was made Viscount Brackley Baron of Ellesmâ—r Now to say somewhat briefly of the Earls of Shrewsbury Earls of Shrewsbury Roger de Belesm or Montgomery was created by William the Conquerour first Earl of Shrewsbury who also had the greatest share of Lands given him in this kingdom of any of his Souldiers His eldest son Hugh immediately succeeded him but was afterwards slain in Wales leaving no issue behind him Next was Robert another of his sons a man barbarously cruel both towards his own sons and his hostages whose eyes he pull'd out and then gelded with his own hands But at last being attainted of High Treason he was punish'd by King Henry the first with perpetual imprisonment where his sufferings were answerable to the heinousness of his crimes a Malmesb. Hist Novell f. 99. The revenues of the Earldom were transferr'd to Queen Adelizia for her dower Many ages after King Henry the sixth in the twentieth year of his reign conferr'd this honour upon John Lord Talbot who by a natural genius as well as choice of profession seems to have been destin'd for military atchievements And in the 24th year of his reign he encreas'd his honours by adding to his title of Earl of Shrewsbury and Weisford that of Earl of Waterford the Barony of Dongarvan and Lieutenancy of Ireland He was afterwards slain in a battel at Chastillon 40 Upon Dordan near Bourdeaux in Aquitain with his younger son 41 Sir John Talbot John Viscount L'isle after he had scatter'd the Trophies of Victory over the best part of France for four and twenty years together His son John succeeded him whose mother was a daughter and coheir of 42 Sir Thomas Thomas Nevil Lord Furnivall but espousing the interest of the house of Lancaster he lost his life in the battel at Northampton From him 43 By a daughter of the Earl of Ormond descended John the third Earl of Shrewsbury and 44 Sir Gilbert Talbot Captain of Calais Gilbert from whom the Talbots of Grafton are descended 45 This third John had by his wife Katharine daughter to Henry Duke of Buckingham George the fourth Earl who serv'd King Henry the seventh valiantly and constantly at the battel of
the same river not far from the mouth it self which Ptolemy calls Seteia for Deia stands that noble city which the same Ptolemy writes Deunana â—â—ana 〈◊〉 and Antoninus Deva from the river the Britains Caer-Legion Caer-Leon-Vaur Caer-Leon ar Dufyr Dwy and by way of preheminence Caer as our Ancestors the Saxons Legeacester from the Legion's camp there and we more contractly â—â—er West-chester from its westwardly situation and simply Chester according to that verse Cestria de Castris nomen quasi Castria sumpsit Chester from Caster or the Camp was nam'd And without question these names were derived from the twentieth Legion call'd Victrix For in the second Consulship of Galba the Emperor with Titus Vinius that Legion was transported into Britain where growing too heady and too formidable to the Lieutenants as well to those of Consular dignity as those who had been only Praetors Vespasian the Emperor made Julius Agricola Lieutenant over them and they were at last seated in this City which I believe had not been then long built for a check and barriere to the Ordovices Tho' I know some do aver it to be older than the Moon to have been built many thousands of years ago by the gyant Leon Vaur But these are young Antiquaries and the name it self may convince them of the greatness of this errour For they cannot deny but that Leon Vaur in British signifies a great Legion and whether it is more natural to derive the name of this City from a great Legion or from the gyant Leon let the world judge considering that in Hispania Tarraconensis we find a territory call'd Leon from the seventh Legio Germanica and that the twentieth Legion call'd Britannica Valens Victrix and falsly by some Valeria Victrix was quarter'd in this City as Ptolemy Antoninus and the coins of Septimius Geta testifie c By the coins last mention'd it appears also that Chester was a Colony Chester â— Roman Colony for the reverse of them is inscribed COL DIVANA LEG XX. VICTRIX And tho' at this day there remain here few memorials of the Roman magnificence besides some pavements of Chequer-works yet in the last age it afforded many as Ranulph a Monk of this City tells us in his Polychronicon There are ways here under ground wonderfully arched with stone work vaulted Dining-rooms huge stones engraven with the names of the Ancients and sometimes coins digged up with the Inscriptions of Julius Caesar and other famous men Likewise Roger of Chester in his Polycraticon c This passage is likewise in the Polychronicon When I beheld the foundation of vast buildings up and down in the streets it seemed rather the effect of the Roman strength and the work of Giants than of the British industry The City is of a square form surrounded with a wall two miles in compass and contains eleven Parish-Churches 2 But that of St. John's without the North-gate was the fairest being a stately and solemn building as appears by the remains wherein were anciently Prebendaries and as some write the Bishop's See Upon a rising ground near the river stands the Castle built by the Earl of this place wherein the Courts Palatine and the Assizes were held twice a year The buildings are neat The Rowes and there are Piazza's on both sides along the chief street 3 They call them Rowes having shops on both sides through which a man may walk dry from one end unto the other The City has not been equally prosperous at all times first it was demolish'd by Egfrid the Northumbrian then by the Danes but repair'd by Aedelfleda * Domina Governess of the Mercians and soon after saw King Eadgar gloriously triumphing over the British Princes For being seated in a triumphal Barge at the fore-deck Kinnadius King of Scotland Malcolin King of Cumberland Circ An. 960. Macon King of Man and of the Islands with all the Princes of Wales brought to do him homage like Bargemen row'd him up the river Dee to the great joy of the Spectators Afterwards Churches restor'd Glaber Rodolphus about the year 1094. when as one says by a pious kind of contest the fabricks of Cathedrals and other Churches began to be more decent and stately and the Christian world began to raise it self from the old dejected state and sordidness to the decency and splendour of white Vestments Hugh the first of Norman blood that was Earl of Chester repaired the Church which Leofrick had formerly founded here in honour of the Virgin Saint Werburga and by the advice of Anselm whom he had invited out of Normandy granted the same unto the Monks Now the town is famous for the tomb of Henry the fourth Emperour of Germany who is said to have abdicated his Empire and become an Hermite here and also for its being an Episcopal See This See was immediately after the Conquest translated from Lichfield hither by Peter Bishop of Lichfield after it was transferred to Coventry and from thence into the ancient Seat again so that Chester continu'd without this dignity till the last age when King Henry the eighth displaced the Monks instituted Prebends and raised it again to a Bishop's See to contain within it's jurisdiction this County Lancashire Richmond c. and to be it self contained within the Province of York But now let us come to points of higher antiquity When the Cathedral here was built the Earls who were then Normans fortified the town with a wall and castle For as the Bishop held of the King that which belonged to his Bishoprick these are the very words of Domesday book made by William the Conquerour so the Earls with their men held of the King wholly all the rest of the city It paid gelt for fifty hides and there were 431 houses geldable and 7 Mint-masters When the King came in person here every Carrucat paid him 200 Hestha's one Cuna of Ale and one Rusca of Butter And in the same place For the repairing the city-wall and bridge the Provost gave warning by Edict that out of every hide of the County one man should come and whosoever sent not his man he was amerced 40 shillings to the King and Earl If I should particularly relate the skirmishes here between the Welsh and English in the beginning of the Norman times the many inroads and excursions the frequent firings of the suburbs of Hanbrid beyond the bridge whereupon the Welsh-men call it Treboeth that is the burnt town and tell you of the long wall made there of Welsh-mens skuls I should seem to forget my self and run too far into the business of an Historian From that time the town of Chester hath very much flourished and K. Hen. 7. incorporated it into a distinct County Nor is there now any requisite wanting to make it a flourishing city only the sea indeed is not so favourable as it has been to some few Mills that were formerly situated upon the river d ee for it
land beyond this towards the west and north call'd by the natives Melienydh â—â—â—ieâ—ydh from the yellowish mountains is for the most part a barren and hungry soil Which notwithstanding shews the ruins of divers Castles â—â—n y â—â—s â—â—â—minâ—â—â—â— but especially of Kevn Lhys and Tinbod standing ‖ on the summit of a cop'd hill and was destroy'd by Lhewelyn Prince of Wales in the year 1260. This Country of Melienydh reaches to the river Wye b which crosses the western angle of the County and having it 's rapid course somewhat abated by the rocks it meets with and it's channel discontinued it suddenly falls headlong over a steep precipice Whence the place is call'd Rhà iadr Gŵy Rhaiadr Gwy which implies as much as the Cataract or fall of the river Wye c And I know not whether the English might not from that word Rhà iadr impose the name of Radnor first on the County and afterwards on the chief town therein By this Cataract there was a Castle which as we find it recorded was repair'd by RhÅ·s Prince of south-South-Wales in the reign of King Richard the first Near this place there is a vast Wilderness dismal to behold by reason of many crooked ways and high mountains into which as a safe place of refuge that bane of his native Country King Vortigern Vortigern whose very memory the Britains curse withdrew himself when he had at last seriously repented of his abominable wickedness in calling in the English-Saxons and incestuously marrying his own daughter But God's vengeance pursuing him he was consumed by Lightning together with his City Kaer-Gwortigern which he had built for his refuge Nor was it far from hence as if the place were fatal that not only this Vortigern the last British Monarch of the race of the Britains but also Lhewelyn Lhewelyn the last Prince of Wales of the British line being betray'd in the year of our Lord 1282. ended his life From this Vortigern Ninnius calls that small region Gwortiger mawr nor is the name yet lost but of the city there is not any memorial but what we have from Authors Some are of opinion that the Castle of Gwthrènion Gwerthrynion arose out of the ruins of it which the Welshmen for their hatred to Roger Mortimer laid even with the ground An. 1201. This part of the Country hath been also call'd Gwarth Ennion as we are inform'd by Ninnius who writes that the foremention'd Vortigern when he was publickly and sharply reproved by St. German did not only persist in his obstinacy and wicked practices but also cast false and malicious reproaches on that godly Saint Wherefore saith Ninnius Vortimer the son of Vortigern ordain'd that the Land where the Bishop had receiv'd so great an indignity should be his own for ever Guarth in British Calumny and Eniawn Just Upon which and in memory of St. German it has been call'd Gwarth Enian which in English signifies a slander justly requited The Mortimers descended from the Niece of Gonora wife of Rich. 1. Duke of Normandy Earls of March G. Gemet l. ult c. 10. were the first of the Normans who having overcome Edric * Weald or Wild. Sylvaticus a Saxon gain'd a considerable part of this small Territory And having continued for a long time the leading-men of the County at length Roger Mortimer Lord of Wigmore was created Earl of March by Edw. 3. about 1328. who soon after was sentenced to death having been accused of insolence to the State of favouring the Scots to the prejudice of England of conversing over-familiarly with the King's mother and contriving the death of his father King Edward 2. He had by his wife Jane Jenevil Lâ—b Monast Lanthony 29 Ed. 3. who brought him large revenues as well in Ireland as England a son call'd Edmund who suffer'd for his father's crimes and was depriv'd both of his inheritance and the title of Earl But his son Roger was received into favour and had not only the title of Earl of March restored but was also created Knight of the Garter at the first institution of that noble Order This Roger married Philippa Mountague by whom he had Edmund Earl of March who marry'd Philippa the only daughter of Leonel Duke of Clarence the third son of King Edward 3. whereby he obtained the Earldom of Ulster in Ireland and the Lordship of Clare After his decease in Ireland where he had govern'd with general applause his son Roger succeeded being both Earl of March and Ulster whom King Richard design'd his successor to the crown as being in right of his mother the next heir but he dying before King Richard left issue Edmund and Anne King Henry 4. who had usurp'd the Government suspecting Edmund's Interest and Title to the Crown exposed him to many hazards insomuch that being taken by the Rebel Owen Glyn-Dwr he died of grief and discontent leaving his sister Anne to inherit She was married to Richard Plantagenet Earl of Cambridge whose Posterity in her right became afterwards Earls of March and laid claim to the Crown See in Yâ—â—â—shire towards â—â—e end of â—â—e Coâ—nty which in the end as we shall shew elsewhere they obtain'd and Edward the fourth's eldest son who was Prince of Wales Duke of Cornwall c. had also conferr'd on him as an additional honour the title of Earl of March As for the title of Radnor a It was conferr'd upon John Roberts Lord Roberts of Truro 23 Jul. 1679. no man ever boâ—e it separately that I know of In this County are 52 Parishes ADDITIONS to RADNORSHIRE a THE first place of considerable Antiquity we meet with in this Country is Clawdh Offa Extent of Clawdh Offa. the tracing whereof gives us the exact bounds of the Britains and Saxons It may be seen on Brachy-hill and near RÅ·hd ar Helig and Lanterden in Herefordshire and is continued Northwards from Knighton over a part of Shropshire into Mongomeryshire and may be traced over the long Mountain call'd in Welsh Kevn Digolh to Harden castle cross the Severn and Lhan Drinio-Common From whence it passes the Vyrnwy again into Shropshire not far from Oswaldstry where there is also a small village call'd Trevyrclawdh In Denbighshire 't is visible along the road between Rhywabon and Wrexham fâ—om whence being continued through Flintshire it ends a little below Holywell where that water falls into Dee at a place formerly the site of the castle of Basingwerk This limit seems not afterwards well maintain'd by the English for although we find that the British tongue decreases daily on the borders of Wales yet not only that language but also the ancient British customs and names of men and places remain still for some space on the English side almost the whole length of it b The word Gwy or Wy Gwy or Wy what it signifieth though it be here the name of a river seems to have been anciently an appellative word either for
title of Aber Gavenni upon which the majority of voices gave it the heir-male And when he had again proposed Whether the title of Baron Le Despenser Baroness le Despenser should be conferr'd on the female and her heirs they unanimously agreed to it to which his Majesty gave his Royal Assent And Edward Nevil was soon after summon'd to Parliament by the King 's Writ under the title of Baron of Aber-Gavenni And being according to the usual ceremony introduc'd in his Parliament-Robe between two Barons he was placed above the Baron de Audeley At the same time also the King's Patent was read before the Peers whereby his Majesty restored rais'd preferred c. Mary Fane to the state degree title stile name honour and dignity of Baroness le Despenser Baroness le Despenser and that her heirs successively should be Barens le Despenser c. But the question of precedency being proposed the Peers referr'd the decision thereof to the Commissioners for the office of Earl Marshal of England who signâ—d their Verdict for the Barony of le Despenser This was read before the Peers and by their order register'd in the Parliament Diary out of which I have taken this account in short What ought not to be omitted is that John Hastings held this Castle by homage ward and marriage 6 Edw. 2. When it happens as we read in the Inquisition and if there should chance any war between the King of England and Prince of Wales he ought to defend the Country of Over-went at his own charges to the utmost of his power for the good of himself the King and Kingdom The second town call'd by Antoninus Burrium Burrium who places it 12 miles from Gobannium is seated where the river Byrdhin falls into Usk. 'T is call'd now in British by a transposition of letters Brynbiga for Burenbegi and also Kaer-ŵysk by Giraldus Castrum Oskae and in English Usk. Usk. It shews now only the ruins of a large strong Castle pleasantly seated between the river Usk and Oilwy a small brook which takes its course from the east by Ragland a stately castle-like house of the Earl of Worcester's and passes under it The third City call'd by Antoninus Isca Isca and Legio secunda seated on the other side of the river Usk and distant as he observes exactly 12 Italian miles from Burrium is câ—ll'd by the Britains Kaer Lheion and Kaer Lheion ar ŵysk Kaer Lheion ar Wysk which signifies the City of the Legion on the river Usk from the Legio Secunda Augusta called also Britannica secunda This Legion instituted by Augustus and translated out of Germany into Britain by Claudius under the conduct of Vespasian to whom upon his aspiring to the Empire it prov'd serviceable and also secur'd him the British Legions was placed here at length by Julius Frontinus as seems probable in garrison against the Silures How great a City this Isca was at that time our Giraldus informs us in his Itinerary of Wales A very ancient city this was saith he and enjoy'd honourable privileges elegantly built by the Romans with * The câ—â—cuit â—f 〈◊〉 walls aâ—â— 3 miles Enderoy brick walls There are yet remaining many footsteps of its ancient splendour stately palaces which formerly with their gilded Tiles emulated the Roman grandeur for that it was at first built by the Roman nobility and adorn'd with sumptuous edifices an exceeding high tower remarkable hot †An. 16â—â— hot baâ—â—s were dâ—â—â—ver'd 〈◊〉 S. Julâ—aâ— the brâ—â—â— equilateâ—â—ly squâ—â—â— about 〈◊〉 inch tâ—â— like thâ—â— at S. Aâ—â—â—â— Mr. Aâ—â—â— baths ruins of ancient temples theatrical places encompass'd with stately walls which are partly yet standing Subterraneous edifices are frequently met with not only within the walls but also in the suburbs aqueducts vaults and which is well worth our observation Hypocausts or stoves contriv'd with admirable artifice conveying heat insensibly through some very narrow vents on the sides Two very eminent and next to St. Alban and Amphibalus the chief Protomartyrs of Britannia major lye entombed here where they were crown'd with martyrdom viz. Julius and Aaron who had also Churches dedicated to them in this City For in ancient times there were three noble Churches here One of Julius the Martyr grac'd with a Quire of Nuns devoted to God's service another dedicated to St. Aaron his companion ennobled with an excellent order of Canons and the third honour'd with the Metropolitan See of Wales Amphibalus also teacher of St. Alban who sincerely instructed him in the Faith was born here This City is excellently well seated on the navigable river Usk and beautified with meadows and woods Here the Roman Embassadors received their audience at the illustrious court of that great King Arthur And here also the Archbishop Dubricius resign'd that honour to David of Menevia by translating the Archiepiscopal See from this City thither Thus far Giraldus But in confirmation of the antiquity of this place I have taken care to add some ancient Inscriptions lately dug up there and communicated to me by the right reverend Father in God Francis Godwin Lord Bishop of Landaff a lover of venerable antiquity and all other good literature In the year 1602. some labourers digging in a meadow adjoyning found on a checquer'd pavement a statue of a person in a short-truss'd habit with a Quiver and Arrows the head hands and feet broken off and also the fragment of an Altar with this Inscription of fair large characters about three inches long erected by Haterianus Lieutenant-General of Augustus and Propraetor of the Province of Cilicia 〈…〉 HATERIANVS LEG AVG PR PR PROVINC CILIC The next year was discover'd also this Inscription which shews the Statue before mention'd to have been of the Goddess Diana and that Titus Flavius Posthumius Varus perhaps of the fifth Cohort of the second Legion had repair'd her Temple a Id est Titus Flavius Postumius Varus quintae Cohortis Legionis Secundae Augustae Templum Dianae restituit T. FL. POSTVMIVS VARVS V. C. LEG TEMPL DIANAE RESTITVIT Also this votive Altar out of which the name of the Emperour * Geta seems to have been rased when he was deposed by his brother Antoninus Bassianus â—â—e Phil. â—â—ns 〈◊〉 1â—5 and declared an enemy yet so as there are some shadows of the Letters still remaining b Id est Pro salute Augustorum nostrorum Severi Antonini Getae Caesarum Publius Saltienus Publii filius Maecia Thalamus ex hac gente aut tribu nempe Publ. Saltienus ortus est Praefectus Legionis secundae Augustae C. Vampeiano Luciliano Consulibus PRO SALVTE In printed Copies Claudius Pompeianus and Lollianus Avitus Coss An. Chr. 210. AVGG N. N. SEVERI ET ANTONINI ET GETAE CAES. P. SALTIENVS P. F. MAECIA THALAMVS HADRI PRAEF LEG II. AVG. C. VAMPEIANO ET LVCILIAN And this fragment of a very fair Altar the Inscription whereof might perhaps be thus supplied
Monuments of this kind in Wales some of which we shall take notice of in other Counties In Anglesey where there are many of them as also in some other places they are call'd Krom-lecheu a name deriv'd from Krwm which signifies crooked or inclining and lhech a flat stone but of the name more hereafter 'T is generally supposed they were places of burial but I have not yet learn'd that ever any Bones or Urns were found by digging under any of them Edward Somerset Lord Herbert of Chepstow Ragland and Gower obtain'd of K. Charles 1. the title of Earl of Glamorgan Earls of Glamogan his father the Lord Marquiss of Worcester being then alive the Succession of which Family may be seen in the Additions to Worcestershire DIMETAE a _THE remainder of this Region which is extended Westward and call'd by the English West-Wales West-Wales comprehending Caer-mardhin-shire Pembrokeshire and Cardiganshire was thought by Pliny to have been inhabited by the Silures But Ptolemy to whom Britain was better known placed another Nation here whom he call'd Dimetae and Demetae Moreover both Gildas and Ninnius used the word Demetia to signifie this Country whence the Britains call it at this day Dyved changing the M into V according to the propriety of that Language If it would not be thought a strain'd piece of curiosity I should be apt to derive this appellation of the Demetae from the words Deheu-meath which signifie the Southern plain as all this South-Wales has been call'd Deheu-barth i.e. the Southern Part. And I find that elsewhere the Inhabitants of a champain Country in Britain were call'd by the Britains themselves Meatae Nor does the situation of this Country contradict that signification for when you take a prospect of it the Hills decline gently and it dilates it self gradually to a Plain a Seing it was the custom amongst the Romans to retain such names of the places they conquer'd as the ancient Natives made use of adding only a Latin termination it may seem more probable that Dimetia was mâ—de out of the British name Dyved than the contrary But whatever the original name of this County might be I cannot subscribe to our Author's conjecture of the etymon of it for we find no such word in the British Language either in Manuscripts or common use as Meath for a plain champain Country Tho indeed if there were such a word they that are well acquainted with those Counties would scarce allow it applicable to them CAER-MARDHIN-SHIRE THE County of Kaer-Vyrdhin call'd by the English Caer-Mardhin-shire is a Country sufficiently supply'd with Corn very well stock'd with Cattel and in divers places affords plenty of Coal It is bounded on the East with Glamorgan and Brecknock shires on the West with Pembroke on the North divided from Cardiganshire by the river Teivi and on the South with the main Ocean which encroaches on the Land here with such a vast Bay 〈◊〉 that this Country might seem out of fear to have withdrawn it self In this Bay Kydweli first offers it self the territory whereof was possessed for some time by the sons of Keianus a Scot until they were driven out by Kynèdhav a British Prince But now it is esteem'd part of the Inheritance of Lancaster by the heirs of Maurice of London or de Londres who removing from Glamorganshire after a tedious war made himself Master of it and fortified old Kydweli with Walls and a Castle now decay'd with age For the Inhabitants passing over the river of Gwen-draeth vechan built new Kydweli invited thither by the conveniency of a Haven which yet at present is of no great use being choak'd with shelves â—â—hâ—an â—â—an of â—y conâ—â— When Maurice of London invaded these Territories Gwenlhîan the wife of Prince Gryffydh a woman of invincible courage endeavouring to restore her husband's declining state enter'd the field with display'd banner and encounter'd him But the success not being answerable to her courage she with her son Morgan and divers other Noblemen as Giraldus informs us were slain in the field 〈◊〉 of â—or and â—â—eli By Hawis the daughter and heiress of 1 Sir Thomas of London Thomas de Londres this fair Inheritance with the Title of Lord of Ogmor and Kydweli descended to Patrick Chaworth and by a daughter of his son Patrick to Henry Earl of Lancaster The heirs of Maurice de Londres as we read in an old Inquisition were obliged by this Tenure in case the King or his Chief Justice should lead an Army into these parts of Kydweli to conduct the said Army with their Banners and all their Forces through the midst of the Country of Neath to Lochor â—â—iver 〈◊〉 or â—â—s A little below Kydweli the river Towy which Ptolemy calls Tobius is received into the Ocean having passed the length of this County from North to South First by Lhan ym Dhyvri so call'd as is supposed from the confluence of rivers which out of malice to the English was long since demolish'd by Howel ap RhÅ·s â—â—r Afterwards by Dinevor-castle the Royal Seat of the Princes of south-South-Wales whilst they flourish'd situated aloft on the top of a Hill And at last by Caer-mardhin which the Britains themselves call Kaer-Vyrdhin Ptolemy Maridunum Maridunum and Antoninus Muridunum who continues not his journeys any farther than this place Caer-Mardhin and is here by negligence of the Copyists ill handled For they have carelesly confounded two Journeys the one from Galena to Isca the other from Maridunum to Viroconovium This is the chief town of the County pleasantly seated for Meadows and Woods and a place of venerable Antiquity fortified neatly saith Giraldus with brick-walls partly yet standing on the noble river of Towy navigable with ships of small burden tho' the mouth of it be now almost stopp'd with a bed of Sand. Here our Merlin Merlin or Myrdhin Emris the British Tages was born for as Tages was reported to have been the son of a Genius and to have taught the Tuscans South-saying so our Merlin who was said to have been the son of an Incubus devised Prophecies or rather mere Phantastical Dreams for our Britains Insomuch that in this Island he has the reputation of an eminent Prophet amongst the ignorant common people a Soon after the Normans enter'd Wales this town fell into their possession but by whose means I know not and a long time it encounter'd many difficulties having been often besieged and twice burnt first by Gryffydh ap RhÅ·s and afterwards by RhÅ·s the said Gryffydh's brother At which time Henry Turbervil an Englishman reliev'd the castle and cut down the bridge But the walls and castle being afterwards repair'd by Gilbert de Clare it was freed from these miseries so that being thus secured it bore the tempests of war much easier afterwards The Princes of Wales eldest sons of the Kings of England settl'd here their Chancery and Exchequer for South-Wales Opposite to this city
towards the east lies Cantrevbychan Cantrev-bychan which signifies the lesser Hundred for the Britains call such a portion of a country as contains 100 villages Kantrev where may be seen the ruins of Kastelh Karreg which was seated on a steep and on all sides inaccessible rock and several vast caverns Caverns b now all cover'd with green Turf where in the time of War such as were unfit for arms are thought to have secured themselves a notable fountain also which as Giraldus writes ebbing and flowing twice in twenty four hours imitates the sea-tides On the north is extended Cantrev Mawr or the great Hundred a safe retiring place heretofore for the Britains as being very woody and rocky and full of uncouth ways by reason of the winding of the hills On the south the Castles of Talcharn Talcharn and Lhan Stephan Lhan Stephan stand on the sea-rocks and are ample testimonies of warlike prowess as well in the English as Britains Below Talcharn the river * Brit. Tâv Taff is discharg'd into the sea on the bank of which river was famous heretofore Ty gwyn ar Dav which signifies the white house on the river Taff so call'd because it was built of white hasel-rods for a Summer-house Here in the year of our redemption 914. Howel 1 Sirnam'd Dha that is good sirnam'd the Good Prince of Wales in a full assembly there being besides Laymen 140 Ecclesiasticks abrogated the Laws of his Ancestors and gave new Laws to his people as the Preface before those laws testifies d In which place a small Monastery was built afterwards call'd Witland-Abbey Witland Abbey Not far from hence is Kilmaen Lhwyd where some Country-men lately discover'd an earthen Vessel that contain'd a considerable quantity of Roman Coins Roman Coyns of embas'd silver from the time of Commodus who was the first of the Roman Emperours that embas'd silver to the fifth Tribuneship of Gordian the third which falls in with the year of Christ 243. Amongst these were Helvius Pertinax Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus Julius Verus Maximus the son of Maximinus Caelius Balbinus Clodius Pupienus Aquilia Severa the wife of Elagabalus and Sall. Barbia Orbiana which as being very rare were Coyns of considerable value amongst Antiquaries e It remains now that I give some account of New-castle New-â—â—â—â—â—e a small town seated on the bank of the river Teivi which divides this County from Cardiganshire for so they now call it because it was repair'd by 2 Sir Rhise ap Thomas RhÅ·s ap Thomas a stout warriour who assisted Hen. 7. in gaining his Kingdom and was by him deservedly created Knight of the Garter whereas formerly it was call'd †Vâ—â—â— Emâ—â— Elmlin Which name if the English gave it from Elm-trees their conjecture is not to be despis'd who are of opinion it was the Loventium Loâ—en â—â— of the Dimetae mention'd by Ptolemy for an Elm is call'd in British Lhwyven f Seeing we find it not recorded which of the Normans first extorted this Country out of the hands of the Princes of Wales Order requires that we now proceed to the description of Pembrokeshire This County has 87 Parishes ADDITIONS to CAER-MARDHIN-SHIRE a MErlin or Merdhin Emrys for so our Writers call him flourish'd An. 480. The first of our Historians that mentions him is †Eulogium Brit. c. 42. c. Ninnius who supposes he was call'd Embreys Gleutic He says nothing of his being the son of an Incubus but on the contrary tells us expresly his mother was afraid of owning the father lest she should be sentenc'd to dye for it but that the boy confess'd to King Vortigern that his father was by Nation a Roman The same Author informs us that King Vortigern's Messengers found him ad campum Electi in regione quae vocatur Glevising which whether it were at this Town or County or in some other place seems very questionable no places that I can hear of being known by such names at present All the Monkish Writers that mention him make him either a Prophet or Magician But H. Lhwyd ‖ Com. Brit. Descript p. 65. a judicious Author and very conversant in British Antiquities informs us he was a man of extraordinary learning and prudence for the time he liv'd in and that for some skill in the Mathematicks many Fables were invented of him by the vulgar which being afterwards put in writing were handed down to posterity b These Caverns taken notice of by our Author are supposed by some inquisitive persons who have often view'd them to have been Copper-mines of the Romans And indeed seeing it is evident from some Antiquities found there that Kaer-Gai in Meirionydh-shire was a Roman Town or Fort and that the place where these Caves are is also call'd Kaio I am apt to infer from the name that this place must have been likewise well known to the Romans And that I may note this by the way I suspect most names of places in Wales that end in I or O. such as Bod-Vari Kevn Korwyni Kaer-Gai Lhannio Keidio and Kaio to be Roman names such terminations being not so agreeable with the Idiotism of the British But for the Antiquity of this place we need not wholly rely upon conjectures for I have lately receiv'd from Mr. Erasmus Saunders A. B. of Jesus College Oxon. these following Inscriptions which he copy'd from two stones at a place call'd Pant y Pòlion in this parish The first which I suppose to be Roman lies flat on the ground and is placed cross a gutter but the other which seems to be of somewhat a later date is pitch'd on end and is about a yard in height the Inscription whereof is to be read downwards c I cannot conjecture what might be the original signification of this word Tâv but it may be worth our observation that the most noted rivers in South-Wales seem to have been thence denominated for besides that there are three or four rivers of that name the first Syllable also in Tawy Towy Teivi and Dyvi seems to me but so many various pronunciations of it and for the latter Syllable I have * elsewhere offer'd my conjecture R. 〈◊〉 Anâ—◠〈◊〉 that it only denotes a River or perhaps Water Nor would it seem to me very absurd if any should derive the name of the river Thames from the same original For since we find it pretty evident that the Romans changed Dyved the ancient name of this Country into Dimetia and Kynedhav a man's name into †Cunotamus 〈◊〉 â—â—d â—â—â—â—â—n Pâ—â—â—â—â—shire and also that in many words where the Latins use an M. the Britains have an V. as Firmus Firv Terminus Tervin Amnis Avon Lima Lhîv c. it seems not unlikely considering we find the word Tâv usual in the names of our rivers that the Britains might call that river Tâv Tà vwy or Tà vwys before the Roman Conquest which they afterwards call'd Tamesis d An ancient MS. Copy
should suppose them so denominated because some of them are not at present directly upright but a little inclining It may be such as take these circular Monuments for Druid-Temples may imagine them so call'd from bowing as having been places of worship For my part I leave every man to his conjecture and shall only add that near Capel King in Caernarvonshire there is a stone pitch'd on end call'd also Maen gŵyr which perhaps is the only Stone now remaining of such a circular Monument as this At leastwise it has such a Kist vaen by it but much less as that we observ'd in the midst of the Monument describ'd in Glamorganshire by the name of Karn Lhechart Of late Carmarthen hath given the title of Marquiss to the right honourable Thomas Osborn Marquiss of Carmarthen Earl of Danby upon whose advancement to the Dukedom of Leeds the honour of Marquiss of Carmarthen is now descended to his eldest son and heir PENBROKSHIRE THE Sea now winding it self to the South and by a vast compass and several Creeks rendring the shore very uneven encroaches on all sides on the County of Penbroke commonly call'd Penbrokshire in ancient Records The Legal County of Penbroke and by some West-Wales except on the East where it is bounded with Caer-mardhin-shire and the North where it borders on Cardiganshire 'T is a fertile Country for Corn affords plenty of Marl and such like things to fatten and enrich the Land as also of Coal for Fuel and is very well stock'd with Cattel This Country saith Giraldus affords plenty of Wheat is well serv'd with Sea-fish and imported Wine and which exceeds all other advantages in regard of its nearness to Ireland enjoys a wholsome Air. First on the Southern Coast Tenbigh â—enâ—â—gh a neat town 1 Well govern'd by a Mayor and strongly wall'd toward the Land strongly wall'd beholds the Sea from the dry shore a place much noted for the Ships that harbour there and for plenty of Fish whence in British it 's call'd Dinbech y Pyskod govern'd by a Mayor and a Bailiff To the West of this place are seen on the shore the ruins of Manober Castle 〈…〉 call'd by Giraldus Pyrrhus's Mansion in whose time as he himself informs us it was adorn'd with stately Towers and Bulwarks having on the West-side a spacious Haven and under the Walls to the North and Northwest an excellent Fish-pond remarkable as well for its neatness as the depth of its water The shore being continu'd some few miles from hence and at length withdrawing it self the Sea on both sides comes far into the Land and makes that Port which the English call Milford-Haven â—â—â—foâ—d-â—â—â—en than which there is none in Europe either more spacious or secure so many Creeks and Harbours hath it on all sides and to use the Poet's words Hic exarmatum terris cingentibus aequor Clauditur placidam discit servare quietem Here circling banks the furious winds controul And peaceful waves with gentle murmurs rowl For it contains sixteen Creeks five Bays and thirteen Roads distinguish'd by their several names Nor is this Haven more celebrated for these advantages than for Henry the Seventh of happy memory landing here who from this place gave England at that time languishing with Civil Wars the Signal of good hopes At the innermost and eastern Bay of this Haven 2 In the most pleasant Country of all Wales standeth Penbroke the Shire-town one direct street upon a long narrow point all rock and a forked arm of Milford-haven ebbing and flowing close to the Town-walls on both sides It hath a Castle but now ruinate and two Parish Churches within the walls and is incorporate of a Mayor Bailiffs and Burgesses But hear Giraldus c. â—â—â—brâ—ke a long Cape saith Giraldus extended from Milver-dike with a forked head shews the principal town of this Province and the Metropolis of Dimetia seated on a rocky oblong Promontory in the most pleasant Country of all Wales call'd by the Britains Penvro which signifies the Cape or Sea-Promontory and thence in English Penbroke Arnulph de Montgomery brother to Robert Earl of Shrewsbury built this Castle in the time of King Henry the first but very meanly with Stakes only and green Turf Which upon his return afterwards into England he deliver'd to Girald of Windsor a prudent man his Constable and Lieutenant General who with a small Garison was presently besieged therein by all the Forces of South-Wales But Giraldus and his party made such resistance tho' more with courage than strength that they were forced to retire without success Afterward this Giraldus fortified both the Town and Castle from whence he annoy'd the neighbouring Countries a great way round And for the better settlement of himself and his friends in this Country he married Nest the sister of Prince Gryffydh by whom he had a noble Off-spring by whose means saith Giraldus who was descended from him not only the Maritime parts of south-South-Wales were retain'd by the English but also the Walls of Ireland reduced Origin of the Giralds in Ireland For all those noble Families in Ireland call'd Giralds Giraldines and Fitz-Giralds are descended from him In regard of the Tenure of this Castle and Town and the Castle and Town of Tinbigh Rotulus Servitiorum of the Grange of King's-Wood the Commot of Croytarath and Manour of Castle-Martin and Tregoir Reginald Grey at the Coronation of Henry the fourth claim'd the honour of bearing the second Sword but all in vain for 't was answerd that at that time those Castles and Farms were in the King's hands as also at this day the Town of Pembroke which is a Corporation and is govern'd by a Mayor and two Bayliffs On another Bay of this Haven we find Carew-Castle Carew-castle which gave both name and original to the illustrious Family of Carew who affirm themselves to have been call'd at first de Montgomery and that they are descended from that Arnulph de Montgomery already mention'd Two Rivers are discharg'd into this Haven almost in the same Chanel call'd in the British tongue Cledheu Cledheu which in English signifies a Sword whence they call it Aber-dau-Gledheu i.e. the Haven of two Swords Hard by the more easterly of them standeth Slebach once a Commandery of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem which with other Lands Wizo and his son Walter setled upon that holy Order that they might serve as the Champions of Christ in order to recover the Holy-Land That part of the Country which lies beyond the Haven and is water'd only with these two rivers is call'd by the Britains Rhos a name deriv'd from the situation of it for that it is a large green plain This part is inhabited by Flemings Flemings when seated in Wales who settled here by the permission of King Henry the first when as the Sea making breaches in their fences had drown'd a considerable part of the Low-Countreys
afterwards receiv'd into favour by the English had all his Lands restored to him Notwithstanding this Owen returning again to his old Biass and raising new Troubles was slain by Girald of Penbroke whose wife Nesta he had carried away His father being carried prisoner into England expected for a long time a better change of Fortune and being at last in his old age restored to his own was unexpectedly and on a sudden stab'd by his nephew Madok After that Roger de Clare receiv'd Cardiganshire by the munificence of King Henry the second but Richard Earl of Clare his son if I mistake not being slain whilst he was coming hither by land RhÅ·s Prince of south-South-Wales having with his victorious Army made a great slaughter of the English reduc'd it at last under his subjection However it fell afterwards by degrees without any blood-shed into the hands of the English It contains 64 Parish-Churches ADDITIONS to CARDIGANSHIRE a THat this Country was subject to King Caractacus seems not evident from any place in Tacitus or other Author For we find no mention of the names of those Countries under his Dominion unless we may presume the Silures his Subjects from these words of Tacitus Annal. Lib. XII Itum inde in Siluras super propriam ferociam Caractaci viribus confisos quem multa ambigua multa prospera extulerant ut caeteros Britannorum Imperatores praemineret c. Moreover tho' we should grant him to have been King of the Dimetae yet such as aâ—e concern'd for the ancient reputation of this Countâ—y may fairly urge that tho' they accept of the authority of Zonaras who liv'd a thousand years after yet nothing can be collected from that speech of Caractacus that may prove this Countâ—y to have been more poorly inhabited in those times than other Provinces seeing he only speaks in general of the Countries in his Dominion and that we find by his speech in Tacitus that he was plurium Gentium Imperator Prince or Soveraign of many Countries MS. of Mr. R. Vaughan of Hengwit b The Synod for suppression of the Pelagian Heresie was held about the year 522. For we find in some British Records that St. Dubricius Arch-bishop of Caer-Lheion having assisted at the Synod and resign'd his Bishoprick to St. David betook himself that year together with most of the Clergy that had conven'd on that occasion to a Monastery at Ynys Enlhi * Bardsey Island where being free from the noise of the world they might with less interruption devote the remainder of their lives to God's service Of this retirement of St. Dubricius and his followers mention is made also by an eminent Poet †Aâ—â—â— Gatrâ—â— aâ—â—â— Gwâ—â—druâ—â—â— Mycâ—â—â—â— Bâ—irdh Ancâ—â—â—â— Satyrâ—â— King oâ— Bards of that age in these words Pan oedh Saint Senedh Bhrevi Drwy arch y prophwydi Ar ôl gwiw bregeth Dewi Yn myned i Ynys Enlhi c. At this Church of Lhan Dhewi Brevi I observ'd an ancient Inscription on a Tomb-stone which is doubtless remov'd from the place where 't was first laid it being plac'd now above the Chancel door but the Mason that laid it there had so little regard to the Inscription that two or three words are hid in the wall which renders the Epitaph not wholly intelligible However it may not perhaps be amiss if we take notice of what remains of it in sight seeing it 's probably such an Epitaph as might become that martyr'd Bishop of Lhan-Badarn who as Giraldus informs us was barbarously murder'd by some profane Wretches of his Diocese For I am apt to conjecture it may bear this sense Hic jacet Idnert alià s Idnerth filius I ....... qui occisus fuit propter Pietatem Sanctitatem But I had rather such as have opportunity of doing it would satisfie their curiosity by causing some stones under it to be remov'd and so reading the whole Inscription than that they should rely on my conjecture There is also another old Inscription on a Stone erected by the Church door on the out-side which seems as well as some others on Crosses to consist wholly of Abbreviations What it may import I shall not pretend to explain but shall add nevertheless a Copy of it leaving the signification to the Reader 's conjecture The Sexton of this place shew'd me a Rarity by the name of Matkorn yr Å·ch bannog or Matkorn Å·ch Dewi which he told me had been preserv'd there ever since the time of St. David adding the fabulous tradition of the Oxen call'd Ychen bannog which I shall not trouble the Reader with as being no news to such as live in Wales nor material information to others This Matkorn however seem'd to me a very remarkable curiosity For if it be not really as the name implies the interiour horn of an Ox it very much resembles it and yet is so weighty that it seem'd absolutely petrified It 's full of large cells or holes and the circumference of it at the root is about 17 inches Whilst I was copying the Inscriptions above-mention'd a Country-man told me there was another at a house call'd Lhannio îsav in this parish distant about a mile from the Church Being come thither I found these two Inscriptions and was inform'd that several others had been discover'd by digging but that the stones were applied to some uses and the Inscriptions not regarded The first I read Caij Artij Manibus aut fortè memoriae Ennius Primus Another Roman Epitaph circumscrib'd with lines in the same manner as this is may be seen in Reinesius Synt. Inscr Cl. 3. LXIV The letter C. revers'd as in the first place of this Inscription denotes frequently Caia but sometimes also Caius as may be seen in the same Author p. 722. C SEMPRONIO c. This note or character C added to the first fifth sixth and last letters is sometimes observ'd in other Roman Inscriptions ‖ 〈…〉 As for the second letter of this Inscription we have frequent examples on stones and coyns of that form of the letter A. In Reinesius p. 3. we find this Inscription HERCVLI L. ARTIVS c. which that learned Critick directs us to read Herculi Lartius but seeing we find here also the name of Artius peradventure that correction was superfluous Besides Roman Inscriptions they find here some times their coyns and frequently dig up bricks and large free-stone neatly wrought The place where these Antiquities are found is call'd Kae'r Kestilh which signifies Castle-Field or to speak more distinctly the Field of Castles tho' at present there remains not above ground the least sign of any building nor were there any for what I could learn within the memory of any person now living in the neighbourhood or of their Fathers or Grandfathers However seeing it is thus call'd and that it affords also such manifest tokens of its being once inhabited by the Romans we have little or no reason to doubt but that they had a Fort or Garison if not a considerable Town
Karneu with the addition of the English termination don signifying Mountain or Hill as in Snowdon Huntingdon c. which conjecture is much confirm'd when we consider there are many hills in Wales denominated from such heaps of stones as Karn Lhechart in Glamorganshire Karnedh Dhavidh Karnedh Higin and Karnedh Lhewelyn in Caernarvonshire with many more in other Counties d Tralhwn from Tre'r Lhyn is an Etymology â—â—ymology 〈◊〉 the word â—â—alhwn agreeable enough with the situation of this place otherwise I should be apt to suspect the word Tralhwn might be the name of a place near this pool before the town was built and that the town afterwards took its name from it For in some parts of Wales 't is a common appellative for such soft places on the Roads or elsewhere as travellers may be apt to sink into as I have observ'd particularly in the Mountains of Glamorganshire And that a great deal of the ground near this place is such is also very well known As for the Etymon of the appellative Tralhwn I suppose it only an abbreviation of Traeth lyn i.e. a Quagmire e Concerning the situation of the old Mediolanum â—edâ—olaâ—â—m our Author seems to discourse with that judgment and modesty as becomes the character he justly bears in the world and since his time I cannot learn that any Roman Monuments have been discover'd at either of the places he mentions that might remove his scruples and fully determine the position of that City His arguments for the agreeableness of the names of Mediolanum and Mylhin though he writes it Methlin are so valid that I know not what can be objected to them However it seems observable that we do not find it was customary among the Britains to prefix the word Lhan i.e. Church to the name of Roman Cities but if any word was prefixt 't was generally Kaer i.e. a Fort or Fence as Caer Lheion Kaer Went Kaer Vyrdhin c. And tho' we should allow the invalidity of this objection and suppose the word Lhan might be introduced in latter times yet considering that a learned and inquisitive Gentleman of this Town who amongst his other studies has always had a particular regard to the Antiquities of his Country has not in the space of forty years met with any Coyns here or other tokens of a place inhabited by the Romans nor yet discover'd the least signs that this town was anciently of any considerable note I think we cannot safely barely on account of its name and vicinity to the situation requir'd conclude it the old Mediolanum Therefore it seems convenient to have recourse to the situation assign'd this City by Dr. Powel before our Author writ his Britannia who in his learned Annotations on Giraldus's Itinerary * ‖ L 2. c. 4. assures us 't was not only the opinion of some Antiquaries that the ancient Mediolanum was seated where the village of Meivod stands at present but also that the same village and places adjoyning afforded in his time several such remarkable Monuments as made it evident there had been formerly a considerable town at that place This Meivod is seated about a mile below Mathraval on the North-side of the river Myrnwy and three miles Southward of Lhan Vylhin at the situation our Author requires At present there remains only a Church and a small village but several yet living have seen there the ruins of two other Churches I am inform'd that about a mile from the Church there 's a place call'd Erw'r Porth i.e. the Gate-acre which is supposed to have taken its name from one of the Gates of the old City and that in the grounds adjoyning to this village Cawsways Foundations of Buildings Floors and Harths are often discover'd by Labourers but whether any such Monuments as we may safely conclude Roman as Coyns Urns Inscriptions c. are found at this place I must leave to farther enquiry Meivod as Bishop Usher supposes is call'd by Nennius Cair Meguid and in other copies Cair Metguod but what the word Meguid or Metguod or yet Meivod or Mediolanum might signifie is hardly intelligible at present at leastwise I cannot discern that the modern British affords us any information concerning the origin of these names Mathraval mention'd here as formerly the seat of the Princes of Powys shews at present no remains of its ancient splendour there being only a small Farm-house where the Castle stood Lhan Vylhin is a market-town of considerable note first incorporated by Lhewelyn ap Grufydh Lord of Mechain and Mochnant in the time of Edward the second It 's govern'd by two Bailiffs chosen annually who besides other Privileges granted to the town by King Charles the second bearing date March 28. Anno Reg. 25. were made Justices of the Peace within the Corporation during the time of their being Bailiffs f The Lordship of Powys was afterwards purchased by Sir Edward Herbert second son of William Earl of Penbroke to whom succeeded his eldest son Sir William Herbert created Lord Powys by King James the first whom his son Percy succeeded in the same title But his son William was first made Earl of Powys by King Charles the second and afterwards Marquiss of Powys by King James Since Philip Herbert second son of Henry Earl of Penbroke was created Earl of Montgomery Earls of Montgomery 3 Jac. 1. May 4 the same persons have enjoy'd the titles of Penbroke and Montgomery and at present both are joyn'd in the right honourable Thomas Baron Herbert of Cardiff c. MEIRIONYDHSHIRE BEyond the County of Montgomery lies Meirionydhshire which the Britains call Sîr Veirionydh in Latin Mervinia and by Giraldus Terra filiorum Conani It reaches to the crooked bay I mention'd and is wash'd by the main Ocean on the west-side with such violence that it may be thought to have carried off some part of it On the south for some miles 't is divided from Cardiganshire by the river Dyvy and on the north borders on Caernarvon and Denbighshire Mountains exâ—eeding high This County hath such heaps of mountains that as Giraldus observes 't is the roughest and most unpleasant County of all Wales 1 And Wales For the hills are extraordinary high and yet very narrow and terminating in sharp peaks nor are they thin scatter'd but placed very close and so eaven in height that the shepherds frequently converse from the tops of them who yet in case they should wrangle and appoint a meeting can scarce come together from morning till night a Innumerable flocks of sheep graze on these mountains nor are they in any danger of Wolves Wolves in England destroy'd which are thought to have been then destroy'd throughout all England when King Edgar impos'd a yearly tribute of three hundred wolves skins on †No Prince of this name in Wales An leg Idwal See Derbyshire and Yorkshire Ludwal Prince of these Countries For as we find in William of Malmesbury When he had
was fortified with a castle by Hugh Earl of Chester whereof tho' I made diligent enquiry I could not discover the least ruins 'T was seated at the very entrance of this Fretum or chanel where Edward 1. attempted in vain to build a bridge that his Army might pass over into the Island Mona or Anglesey whereof next in order At this place also as we find in Tacitus Paulinus Suetonius pass d over with the Roman soldiers the horse at a ford and the foot in flat-bottom'd boats From hence the shore with a steep ascent passes by a very high and perpendicular rock call'd Pen maen mawr Penmaenmawr which hanging over the sea affords travellers but a very narrow passage where the rocks on one hand seem ready to fall on their heads and on the other the roaring sea of a vast depth But having pass'd this together with Pen maen bychan i.e. the lesser rocky promontory a plain extends it self as far as the river Conwy Conwy river call'd Toisovius the eastern limit of this County This river is call d in Ptolemy Toisovius for Conovius which is only an errour crept in o copies from a compendious way of writing Greek It springs out of a lake of the same name in the southern limit of the County and hastens to the sea being confin'd within a very narrow and rocky chanel almost to the very mouth of it This river breeds a kind of Shells which being impregnated with celestial dew produce pearl Pearls b The town of Conovium Conovium mention'd by Antoninus receiv'd it's name from this river which tho' it be now quite destroy'd and the very name in the place where it stood extinct yet the antiquity of it is preserved in the present name for in the ruins of it we find a small village call'd Kaer hên which signifies the old city c Out of the ruins of this city King Edw. 1. built the new Town at the mouth of the river which is therefore call'd Aber Conwy a place that Hugh Earl of Chester had fortified before This new Conwy both in regard of its advantageous situation and for its being so well fortified as also for a very neat castle by the river side might deserve the name of a small city rather than a town but that it is but thinly inhabited d Opposite to Conwy on this side the river though in the same County we have a vast promontory with a crooked elbow as if nature had design'd there a harbour for shipping call'd Gogarth Gogarth where stood the ancient city of Diganwy Diganwy on the sea of Conwy which many ages since was consumed by lightning This I suppose to have been the city Dictum Dictum where under the later Emperours the commander of the Nervii Dictenses kept guard As for it's being afterwards call'd Diganwy who sees not that Ganwy is a variation only of Conwy and that from thence also came the English Ganoc Ganoc for so was that castle call d which in later times was built by Henry 3. e Soon after the Norman Conquest this Country was govern'd by Grufydh ap KÅ·nan * Conanus who not being able to repel the English troops which made frequent inroads into Wales was constrain'd sometimes to yield to the storm and when afterwards by his integrity he had gain'd the favour of King Henry 1. he also easily recover'd his lands from the English and left them to his posterity who enjoy'd them till the time of Lhewelyn ap Grufydh †An account of the life and death of this excellent Prince may be seen at large in Dr. Powel's History of Wales p g. 314 c. But he having provok'd his brothers with injuries and the neighbouring English with incursions was at length brought to that strait that he held this mountainous Country together with the isle of Mona or Anglesey of King Edward 1. as Tenant in fee paying a thousand marks yearly Which conditions when he afterwards would not stand to but following rather his own and his perfidious brother's obstinacy than led on with any hopes of prevailing would again run the hazard of war he was kill'd and so put an end to his own Government and that of the Britains in Wales This County contains 68 Parishes ADDITIONS to CAERNARVONSHIRE a THE British name of these Mountains Kreigieu'r Eryreu signifies Eagle Rocks which are generally understood by the Inhabitants to be so call'd from the Eagles that formerly bred here too plentifully and do yet haunt these Rocks some years tho' not above three or four at a time and that commonly one Summer in five or six coming hither as is supposed out of Ireland Had they been denominated from Snow the name must have been Kreigieu'r Eiral whereas we always call them Eryreu Nor do the ancientest Authors that mention them favour Mr. Camden's Etymology for Giraldus Cambrensis writes it Eryri which differs nothing in pronunciation and Ninnius who writ Anno 858. Heriri However seeing the English call it Snowdon the former derivation was not without good grounds and 't is possible the word yrau might be either the ancient pronunciation or a corruption of eira and so these Rocks call'd Kreigiau yr Yrau which might afterwards be written Kreigieu Eryreu Amongst these Mountains the most noted are Moel y Wydhva y Glyder Karnedh Dhavidh and Karnedh Lhewelyn which are very properly call'd by our Author the British Alps. For besides their extraordinary height and craggy precipices their abounding with Lakes and Rivers and being covered with Snow for a considerable part of the year they agree also with the Alps in producing several of the same * â—ee Ray's Synophs of British Plants Plants and some Animals as particularly Merula Saxatilis Aldrovandi call'd here and in Meirionydhshire Mwyalchen y Graig i.e. Rock-ouzl and in Switzerland Berg-Amzel or Mountain Black-bird and the Torgoch a Fish †Umblâ— minor Gâ—sneri p. 1201. which Mr ‖ Willough Ichthyol Ray supposes to be the same with the * The word Roetel signâ—fies the same with Torgoch Roetel of the Alpine Lakes In these Mountains as probably in the Alps also and other places of this kind the greatest variety of rare Plants are found in the highest and steepest Rocks The places here that afford best entertainment for Botanists are Klogwyn Karnedh y Wydhva call'd commonly Klogwyn y Garnedh which is probably the highest Rock in the three Kingdoms Krîby †Call'd so corruptly perhaps for Krâ—by Dâ—stith for water drops down this precipice continually Diskil Trig-vylchau ‖ i e. Treigi-Vyâ—chen and y Klogwyn dû ymhèn y Glyder which are all near Lhan Berys and well known to the Shepherds Such as have not seen Mountains of this kind are not able to frame an Idea of them from the hills of more champain or lower Countries For whereas such hills are but single heights or stories these are heap'd upon one another
several brick tiles found near this Church of Kaer hÅ·n inscrib'd LEG X. And as those two places above-mention'd were call'd Kaer Lheion i.e. Urbs Legionum from the Legions that had their stations there with the addition of the names of the rivers on which they were seated so I suspect this place might be call'd anciently Kaer Lheion ar Gynwy because we find a hill near it call'd at this day Mynydh Caer Lheion i.e. Kaer Lheion Mountain The late Sir Thomas Mostyn Baronet who without complement to his worthy Successor may be justly stil'd a Gentleman of exemplary qualifications shewed me amongst his valuable Collecton of Antiquities some Curiosities he had received from this place Amongst which I noted a hollow brick from the Hypocaust above-mention'd thirteen inches long and five and a half square having a round hole in the midst of about two inches diameter the thickness of the brick not exceeding ¾ of an inch But of this I thought a figure might be acceptable to the Curious and have therefore added one at the end of these Welsh Counties * Fig. 8. as also of a round piece of Copper found here and preserv'd in the same Collection which I thought very remarkable It 's somewhat of the form of a Cake of Wax even or flat on one side and convex on the other about eleven inches over and forty pound weight It 's uneven in the margin or circumference and some what ragged on each side and on the flat side hath an oblong square sunk in the midst with an Inscription as in the figure ‖ Fig. 19. This he supposed to have been a piece of rude Copper or Bullion and that the Inscription was only the Merchant's stamp or direction to his Correspondent at Rome adding there were some signs of a Roman Copper-work near Trevriw about three miles hence and elsewhere in this neighbourhood whence 't was probable they had dug it d In the year 880 a memorable Battel was fought near Aber Kynwy betwixt Anârawd Prince of North Wales and Eadred Duke of Mercia whereof that judicious Antiquary Mr. Robert Vaughan of Hengworth gives the following account in some notes he writ on Dr. Powel's History of Wales After the death of Roderic the Great the northern Britains of Stratclwyd and Cumberland were as Hector Boethius and Buchanan relate much infested and weakned with the daily incursions of Danes Saxons and Scots which made many of them all that would not submit their necks to the yoke to quit their country and seek out more quiet habitations Under the conduct of one Hobert they came to Gwynedh * North-Wales in the beginning of Anarawd 's reign who commiserating their distressed condition gave them the country from Chester to the river Conwy to inhabit if they could force out the Saxons who had lately possessed themselves thereof Whereupon these Britains first engaged the Saxons and necessity giving edge to their valour soon drove them out thence being yet scarce warm in their seats About three years after this An. Dom. 880. Edryd Walhthîr †Id est Longkair'd King of the Saxons call'd by the English Historians Eadred Duke of Mercia made great preparations for the regaining of the said country but the northern Britains who had settl'd there having intelligence thereof for the better securing of their cattel and goods remov'd them over the river Conwy In the mean time P. Anârawd was not idle but gather'd together all the strength he could make His army encamp'd near Conwy at a place call'd Kymryd where he and his men making resistance against the assaults of the Saxon power at length after a bloody fight obtain'd a compleat victory This battel was called Gwaéth Kymryd Konwy because it was fought in the Township of Kymryd hard by Conwy but Anà rawd call'd it Lîal Rodri because he had there reveng'd the death of his father Rodri. In this battel Tudwal the son of Rodri Mawr receiv'd a hurt in the knee which made him be call'd Tudwal Glôf or the Lame ever after His brothers to reward his valour and service gave him Uchelogoed ‖ An rectius Uchelgoed Gwynedh The Britains pursuing their victory chased the Saxons quite out of Wales into Mercia where having burnt and destroy'd the borders they return'd home laden with rich spoils Anárawd to express his thankfulness to God for this great victory gave lands and possessions to the Church of Bangor as the Records of that See do testifie and likewise to the Collegiate Church of K'lynog in Arvon as we read in the extent of North Wales After this the northern Britains came back from beyond the river Conwy and possessed again the lands assigned them between Conwy and Chester which for a long time after they peaceably enjoy'd Some English Writers as Mat. Westm c. not considering probably that the Britains had lands in Lhoegria and Albania after King Cadwaladr's time take those of Cumberland and Stradklwyd for the Britains of Wales Asser Menevensis who liv'd A. D. 875. says that * Chr. Sax. Healfdene Halden the Dane marched into Northumberland which he subdued having before conquered the Picts and Britains of Stratcluid In regionem Nordan hymbrorum perrexit eamque subjugavit necnon Pictos †The â—â—â—ford Eâ—â—â— An. 〈◊〉 hath Sâ—â—cledensâ—â— Chroc â— Stratâ—â— weaâ—aâ— Stratâ—â— wea. aâ— Ystraâ— Khayaâ—â— â—â—nifâ—â— Chyâ—â— Daâ—â—â—aâ— Vâ—â—e 〈◊〉 Câ—yd wheâ—â— Strecâ—â— Straâ—â—â— and 〈◊〉 lea 〈◊〉 maâ—y tâ— at 〈◊〉 Stratcludenses e About ten years since there were found at this castle of Diganwy or very near it several brass instruments somewhat of the shape of axes but whether they were British or Roman or what use they were design'd for I must leave to be determin'd by others There were about 50 of them found under a great stone placed heads and points whereof some are yet preserv'd in the collection abovemention'd These have been also discover'd in several other parts of Wales and that whereof I have given a Figure nâ—â—n 13â— is one of seven or eight that were found of late years at the opening of a Quarry on the side of Moel yr Henlhys * Aâ—â— caâ—â—â— Derâ—aâ— pâ—râ—sh in Montgomeryshire Dr. Plot in his Natural History of Staffordshire pag. 403. mentions such brass instruments found at four several places in that County which though they differ something from ours were yet in all likelihood intended for the same use But that they were Bolt-heads of Roman Catapultae as that learned and ingenious Author supposes seems to me somewhat questionable not only for that we find no mention of brass Arms amongst the Romans but partly because they seem not large enough for that use nor well contriv'd either for flight or execution and partly because Antiquaries take it for granted the Britains had no wall'd towns or castles before the Roman Conquest so that such machins as Catapultae and Ballistae were unnecessary in this Island If it be urged they might be of use to
be half so old as their time The pillar whence 't was copied is a hard rough stone somewhat of a square form about ten foot in length and is now to be seen at Voelas the place where he informs us those pillars were erected The Copy here inserted was sent me by my worthy friend Mr. Griffith Jones School-master of Lhan Rwst who I doubt not hath transcrib'd it from the Monument with great accuracy This Inscription is so very obscure and different from all I have seen elsewhere that it seems scarce intelligible However I shall take the liberty of offering my thoughts which the' they should prove erroneous may yet give some hint to others to discover the true reading I have added under each Character the Letters I suppose to be intended which if I rightly conjecture make these words Ego Joh de Tin i Dyleu Kuheli leuav Fford cudve Braech i Koed Emris Leweli op priceps hic hu Which I suppose according to our modern Orthography might be written thus Ego Johâ—nnes de TÅ·'n y Dylau Gwydhelén leuaf ar ffordd gyddfau braich y coed Emris Levelinus optimus princeps hic hu The meaning whereof is That one John of the house of Dyleu Gwydhelen c. on the Road of Ambrose-wood Hill erected this Monument to the memory of the excellent Prince Lhewelin But who this Lhewelyn was I must leave to be determin'd by others If any of the three Princes of that name recorded in the Annals of Wales it must be the first or Lhewelyn ap Sitsylht who was slain but where is not mention'd by Howel and M'redydh the sons of Edwyn in the year 1021. For we find that Lhewelyn ap Jorwerth was honourably buried in the Abbey of Conwy Anno 1240 â— Pâ—wel 〈◊〉 and his Stone-coffin remov'd upon the dissolution to the Church of Lhan Rŵst where 't is yet to be seen And that Lhewelyn ap Grufydh the last Prince of Wales of the British Race 〈…〉 was slain near Bualht in Brecknockshire so that his body was in all likelyhood interr'd somewhere in that Country tho' his head was fixt on the Tower of London c The other Inscription our Author mentions at Clocainog is doubtless an Epitaph of some Souldier of note who can be but very little if at all later than the Romans This stone being yet preserv'd in the same place I have procur'd a Copy of the Inscription from my singular Friend the Reverend Mr. John Lloyd School-master at Ruthyn which is here added because somewhat different from that of Mr. Camden AIMILINI TOVISAG The name Aimilinus we are to understand as the same with Aemilinus and that no other than Aemilianus Thus amongst Reinâ—sâ—us's Insâ—riptions p. 228. we find M. AIMILIVS for M. Aemilius And in the same Author pag 560. we have two or three examples of the letter A. in the same form with the first character of this Inscription As for the second word I am in some doubt whether we ought to read it Tovisag or Tovisaci if the former 't is British and signifies a Leader or General †Tywysog Dux Princeps from the Verb Tywyso to lead as the Latin Dux from Duco and if the latter it seems only the same word latiniz'd Mr. Lloyd adds that the place where this stone lyes is call'd Bryn y Bedheu which signifies the Hill of Graves and that there is near it an artificial Mount or Tumulus call'd y Krig-Vryn which may be english'd Barrow-hill ‖ See Radnorshire Annot. c Also that on the Hills adjoyning there are several Circles of Stones and in the same neighbourhood a place call'd Rhôs y Gadva or Battel field d There are divers old Forts or Entrenchments in this County that seem no less remarkable than that our Author observ'd at Moel Enlhi some of which are mention'd in Mr. Lloyd's Letter As first Pen y Gaer vawr on Kader Dhimmael distant about a mile from Kerrig y Drudion which is a circular Ditch and Rampire of at least 100 paces diameter But what seems most remarkable is that 't is presum'd to have had once some kind of wall and that the stones have been long since carried away by the neighbours and applied to some private uses Secondly Kaer Dhynod or as others Kaer y Dhynod which lyes as also Pen y Gaer in the Parish of Lhan Vihangel This is situate close by the river Alwen and is rather of an oval form than circular The Dike or Rampire consists of a vast quantity of stones at present rudely heap'd together but whether formerly in any better order is uncertain On the river side it 's about 300 foot high perpendicularly but not half that height elsewhere On the other side the river we have a steep Hill about twice the height of this Kaer Dhynod on which lyes Kaer-Vorwyn i.e. Maiden-Fort a large circular Entrenchment and much more artificial than the former This Kaer Dhynod as Mr. Lloyd supposes was in all likelyhood a British Camp seeing it agrees exactly with Tacitus's description of the Camp of King Caratacus when he engaged Ostorius Scapula somewhere in this Country of the Ordovices Sumpto ad praelium loco ut aditus abscessus cuncta nobis importuna suis in melius esset tunc montibus arduis si qua clementer accedi poterant in modum valli saxa praestruit praefluebat amnis vado incerto c ‖ Thirdly Dinas Melin y WÅ·g which he supposes to have been a British Oppidum it being much such a place as Caesar informs us they call'd so in these words Oppidum Britanni vocant cum Sylvas impeditas vallo atque fossâ munierunt quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consueverunt * Tacit. Annal. 12. c. 33. This place as the word GwÅ·g implies is full of Woods Dingles c. The Fortification rises about fifteen or twenty yards where lowest and is faced for the most part with a craggy Rock and encompass'd with a deep Trench having two Entries calld'd y Porth ùcha and Porth isa or the upper and lower Gates In the year 1622. William Vicount Fielding Lord St. Lis and Baron of Newnham Padox was created Earl of Denbigh Earls of Denbigh and was succeeded by Basil his son To whom succeeded William Fielding Earl of Desmond his Nephew and at present it gives the same title to the Right Honourable Basil Fielding FLINTSHIRE ON the North of Denbigh lyes Flintshire a very small County of an oblong form wash'd on the North by the Irish Sea or rather by a branch of it being the chanel of the Dee bounded on the East by Cheshire and elsewhere by Denbighshire We cannot properly call it mountainous for it only rises gently with lower hills and falls by degrees into fertil plains which towards the Sea especially every first year they are plow'd bear in some places Barley in others Wheat but generally Rye with at least twenty-fold increase and afterwards Oats for four or five
years On the West it descends to the Maritim part of the Vale of Cluid and takes up the upper end of that Vale. In the Confines of this County and Denbighshire where the Mountains with a gentle declivity seem to retire and afford an easier pass into the Vale the Romans built at the very entrance a small City call'd Varis Varis a which Antoninus places 19 miles from Conovium This without the least diminution of its name is call'd at this day Bod Vari * Vulgo Bod Farri which signifies the Mansion of Varus and shews the ruins of a City on a small hill adjoyning call'd Moel y Gaer i.e. the City-hill What the name signifies is not evident I have formerly suppos'd that Varia in the old British signified a Pass and accordingly have interpreted Durnovaria and Isannaevaria The Passage of the water and of Isanna Nor does the situation of this Town contradict my conjecture it being seated at the only convenient Pass through these Mountains Not three miles hence lyes Kaer-wysk Caer-wisk which name tho' it savour much of Antiquity yet I observ'd nothing there either ancient or worth notice Below this Varis the river Cluid runs through the Vale and is immediately joyn'd by Elwy at the confluence whereof there 's a Bishop's See call'd in British from the name of the river Lhan Elwy in English from the Patron St. Asaph S. Asaph and in Historians Episcopatus Asaphensis Neither the Town is memorable for its neatness nor the Church for its structure or elegancy yet in regard of its antiquity it is requisite we should mention it For about the year 560. Capgrave Kentigern Bishop of Glascow fleeing from Scotland instituted here an Episcopal Seat and a Monastery placing therein six hundred and sixty three Monks whereof three hundred being illiterate were appointed for tilling the Land the same number for other employments within the Monastery and the rest for Divine Service and all these he so distributed into Convents that some of them attended at prayers continually Upon his return afterwards into Scotland he appointed Asaph a most upright and devout man Governour of this Monastery from whom it receiv'd its present name The Bishop of this Diocese has under his jurisdiction about 128 Parishes the Ecclesiastical Benefices whereof in case of vacancy in the See until the time of Henry the 8. were in the disposal of the Arch-bishop by the Archiepiscopal right which is now a Prerogative of the Crown For so we find it recorded in the History of Canterbury Higher up Rhudhlan Rhuâ—hlan so call'd from the reddish bank of the river Cluid where 't is seated shews a very fair Castle but almost decay'd with age 'T was built by Lhewelyn ap Sitsilht Prince of Wales and first wrested out of the Welshmens hands by Robert de Ruthlan Nepos ‖ nephew of Hugh E. of Chester and fortified with new works by the said Hugh's Lieutenant Afterwards as the Abbot de Monte informs us King Henry the second having repair'd this Castle gave it to Hugh Beauchamp b Below this Castle the river Cluid is discharged into the Sea and tho' the Valley at the mouth of this river does seem lower than the Sea yet it is never overflown but by a natural tho' invisible impediment the water stands on the very brink of the shore to our just admiration of Divine Providence The shore descending gradually Eastward from this place passes first by Disart castle so call d from its steep situation or as others will have it quasi Desert and thence by Basingwerk Basingâ—â—rk which also Henry the second granted to Hugh Beauchamp Under this place I view'd Holy-well Holy-wel a small Town where there 's a Well much celebrated for the memory of Winfrid S. Winfâ—â—d a Christian Virgin ravish'd here and beheaded by a Tyrant as also for the moss it yields of a very sweet scent Out of this Well a small Brook flows or rather breaks forth through the stones on which are seen I know not what kind of blood red spots and runs with such a violent course that immediately it 's able to turn a mill Upon this very Fountain there 's a Chapel which with neat workmanship was hewn out of the live-Rock and a small Church adjoyning thereunto in a window whereof is painted the History and Execution of St. Winifrid 1 How her head was cut off and set on again by S. Benno Giraldus 2 Who yet knew not this well writes that in his time there was not far from hence a rich vein of silver where says he in search of that metal Itum est in viscera terrae c That part of this Country because it affords the most pleasant prospect and was long since reduced by the English was call'd by the Britains Têg-Eingl which signifies Fair England But whereas a certain Author has call'd it Tegenia and supposes the Igeni dwelt there let the reader be cautious how he assents to it For that worthy Author was deceiv'd by a corrupt name of the Iceni From the shore at this place we see Flint-castle Flint which gave name to this County begun by King Henry 2. and finish'd by Edward 1. 3 Where King Richard 2. circumvented by them who should have been most trusty was cunningly induced to renounce the crown as unable for certain defects to rule and was delivered into the hands of Henry of Lancaster Duke of Hereford who soon after claimed the Kingdom and Crown being then void by his cession as his inheritance descended from King Henry 3. and to this his devised claim the Parliament assented and he was established in the Kingdom Beyond that on the eastern limit of the County next Cheshire lies Hawarden-castle near the shore call'd commonly Harden Hardeâ— * Bâ—iâ— Peâ—nardhalawg Vaughâ—â— out of which when Davidh brother of Prince Lhewelyn had led captive Roger Clifford Justiciary of Wales he brought a most dismal war on himself and his countrymen whereby their Dominion in Wales was wholly overthrown This castle which was held by Senescalship of the Earls of Chester was the seat of the Barons of Mount-hault Barons of Monthauâ—â— who became a very illustrious family and bore azure a Lion rampant argent and also encreas'd their honour by marriage with Cecilia one of the daughters of Hugh D'Albany Earl of Arundel But the issue-male being at last extinct Robert the last Baron of this family as we have mention'd already made it over to Queen Isabella wife of King Edw. 2. but the possession of the castle was afterwards transferr'd to the Stanleys who are now Earls of Derby Below these places the south part of this Country is water'd by the little river Alen near which on a mountain at a village call'd Kilken there 's a spring which like the sea ebbs and flows at set times d On this river Alen lies Hope castle Hope-castâ—â— call'd in
†Vaugh. MS. c The water of Holywell breaks forth with such a rapid stream that some ingenious persons have suspected it to be rather a subterraneous rivulet which the miners might have turn'd to that chanel than a spring it being their common practice when they meet with under-ground Currents in their work to divert them to some Swallow And this suspicion they confirm with an observation that after much rain the water often appears muddy and sometimes of a bluish colour as if it had wash'd some Lead-mine or proceeded from Tobacco-pipe clay adding farther that this seems to have happen'd since the time of Giraldus Cambrensis it being not likely that so noble a fountain would have escaped his observation had it then existed But though we should grant that Giraldus might neglect the taking notice of so extraordinary a Current yet we have good grounds to assent to Dr. Powel's opinion that 't was not frequented by Pilgrims at that time nor at all celebrated for miraculous cures or the memory of St. Beuno and Winifrid who yet liv'd above five hundred years before ‖ D. Poveli Not. ad Giraldi Camb. Itin. Cambriae l. 11. c. 1. For seeing we find that Author throughout the whole course of his Journey was particularly curious and inquisitive about miraculous fountains stones bells chains c. we have no reason to presume had this place been noted at that 〈…〉 for Winifrid's being restor'd to life by St. Bâ—uno and the miraculous origin of the Fountain thereupon or for any soveraign virtue of the water in healing Diseases but he would take care to deliver some account of it to posterity especially considering that he lodg'd one night at Basingwerk within half a mile of this place From hence Dr. Powel very rationally infers that the Monks of Basingwerk who were founded above one hundred years after were for their own private ends the first broachers of these fabulous miracles For says he before the foundation of that Abbey which was in the year 1312. no writer ever made mention of the Romantic origin and miracles of this Fountain But I refer the Reader to his own words more at large in the place above-cited being for my own part of their opinion who think such frivolous Superstitions are too much honour'd when we use arguments to confute them Of this St. Beuno who was founder of the Abbey of Klynog Vawr in Caernarvonshire as also of Ennian who built the Church of Lhan Ennian Vrenin in the same Country I find some account in Mr. Vaughan's Annotations on the History of Wales which tho' not so pertinent to this place I shall add here however as being willing to make use of the least occasion of publishing any Notes of an Author so well acquainted with the Antiquities of his Country St. Beuno to whom the Abbey of Clynog was dedicated Vâ—nghan's MSS. Notes on Dr. Powel's History was the son of Hywgi ap Gwynlliw ap Glywis ap Tegid ap Cadell a Prince or Lord of Glewisig brother's son to St. Cadoc ap Gwynlliw sometime Bishop of Beneventum in Italy he was by the mother's side Cousin German to Laudatus the first Abbot of Enlli in English Bardsey and to Kentigern Bishop of Glasco in Scotland and of Llan Elwy in Wales The said Kentigern's Father was Owen Regent of Scotland and son of Urien King of Cumbria Beuno having rais'd to life as the tradition goes S. Winifrid who was put to death by one C'radoc a Lord in North-Wales because she would not yield to his unchast desires was much respected by King Cadvan who gave him Lands whereon to build a Monastery Cadwallon Cadvan's son bestow'd also other Lands on him call'd Gwareddog where having begun to build a Church a woman came to him with a child in her arms and told him those Lands were the inheritance of that Infant Whereat Beuno being much concern'd gave orders she should follow him to Caer Seiont call'd by the Romans Segontium and now Caernarvon where King Cadwallon resided When he came before the King he told him with a great deal of zeal he had done ill to devote to God's service such Lands as were not his own lawful possessions and demanded he would return a golden Scepter he had given him as a consideration for the said Lands which when the King refused he was excommunicated by him Beuno having pronounced his sentence against him departed but Gwyddaint who was Cousin German to this Prince Cadwellon being inform'd of what had happen'd follow'd after him and overtaking him gave him for the good of his own soul and the King's the Township of Clynnoc vawr which was his undoubted inheritance where Beuno built a Church about the year of our Lord 616. about which time Cadvan died leaving his son Cadwallon to succeed him Some tell us Beuno restor'd St. Winifrid to life in the year 644. but whatever we may think of the miracle that time is not reconcileable to the truth of History Not long before this time Eneon Bhrenin or Anianus Rex Scotorum a Prince in the North of Britain leaving his Royalty came to LlÅ·n in Gwynedd where he built a Church which at this day is call'd from him Llan Eingan Bhrenin where he spent in God's service the remainder of his days King Eneon was the son of Owen Danwyn ap Eneon Yrth ap Cunedha Wledig King of Cambria and a great Prince in the North. He was Cousin German to Maelgwn Gwynedh King of Britain whose father was Caswallon Law-hîr brother to Owen Danwyn The said Mael-gwn died about the year of our Lord 586. Medif daughter to Voylda ap Talw traws of Nan-conwy was Maelgon's Mother c. d Concerning Fynnon leinw or the ebbing and flowing Well mention'd by our Author to be near Kilken a worthy Gentleman I consulted on this occasion informs me that 't is indeed in the Parish of Kilken but nothing near Kilken-Church or the â—iver Alen and that it neither ebbs nor flows at present tho' the general report is that it did so formerly But whereas Dr. Powel whom our Author and others seem to have follow'd supposes this to be the Fountain to which Giraldus Cambrensis ascrib'd that quality he is of another opinion suspecting rather that Giraldus meant Fynnon Assav a noble Spring to which they also attribute the same Phaenomenon * Gâ—â— G. 〈◊〉 br 〈◊〉 c. â— But seeing that Author tho' a learned and very curious person for the time he liv'd is often either erroneous or less accurate in his Physiological Observations it 's but seldom worth our while to dispute his meaning on such occasions e The present name of Mold I suppose to be an abbreviation of the Norman Mont-hault and that no other than a translation of the British name Gwydhgrig which signifies a conspicuous Mount or Barrow for tho' the word Gwydh be not used in that sense at present yet that it was so anciently is manifest from some names of places the highest
thought it prudence to engage them with so great an honour when it seem'd most convenient Mary Elizabeth and Edward the children of Henry the eighth although they receiv'd not the Investiture and Patent were yet successively stil'd Princes of Wales For at that time Wales was by Act of Parliament so united and incorporated with England 26 Heâ— that they enjoy'd the same Laws and Privileges 4 Or that you may read it abridg'd out of the Act of Parliament The Kings Country or Dominion of Wales shall stand and continue for ever incorporated united and annex'd to and with the Realm of England and all and singular person and persons born and to be born in the said Principality Country or Dominion of Wales shall have enjoy and inherit all and singular Freedoms Liberties Rights Privileges and Laws within this Realm and other the King's Dominions as other the King's Subjects naturally born within the same have enjoy and inherit and the Laws Ordinances and Statutes of the Realm of England for ever and none other shall be had used practised and executed in the said Country or Dominion of Wales and every part thereof in like manner form and order as they be and shall be in this Realm and in such like manner and form as hereafter shall be fâ—rther establish'd and ordain'd This Act and the calm Command of King Henry 7. preparing way for it effected that in a short time which the violent power of other King's arms and especially of Henry the fourth with extream rigour also of laws could not draw on in many years For ever since the British Nation hath continued as faithful and dutiful in their loyal allegiance to the Crown of England as any other part of the Reâ—lm But now let us return out of Wales into England and proceed to the Country of the Brigantes An INDEX of the Curiosities represented in the TABLE Fig. 1. 2. THE carv'd pillar or monument call'd Maen y Chwyvan in Flintshire Fig. 3. 4. The pillars describ'd in the Hall at Kaer-phyli Castle in Glamorganshire Fig. 5. The Alabaster Statue found near Porth Shini Krân in Monmouthshire Fig. 6. Maen y Morynnion at Gaer near Brecknock Fig. 7. The chequer'd Pavement discover'd Anno 1692. at Kaer Lheion in Monmouthshire Fig. 8. A hollow Brick out of a Roman Hypocaust at KaerhÅ·n in Caernarvonshire Fig. 9. The Phiala or Bowl describ'd at Kaer Lheion in Monmouthshire Fig. 10. One of the leaden Boxes mention'd at Lhan Boydy in Caermardhinshire Fig. 11. 12. The same open'd Fig. 13. A brass-axe found at Moel yr Henhlys in the Parish of Deròwen in Montgomeryshire Fig. 14. Part of one of the brass Daggers if we may so call them found at Karreg Dhiwin in Meirionydhshire with the nails that fasten'd it to the handle Fig. 15. The point of such a Dagger found at the same place Fig. 16. 17. The Roman Fibula describ'd at Kaer Lheion in Monmouthshire Fig. 18. A brass Amulet dug out of a Well somewhere in Denbighshire The other side differ'd not from that which is engraven Fig. 19. A cake of Copper describ'd at Kaer RhÅ·n in Caernarvonshire Fig. 20. A gold Medal of Julius Constantius found at Trevarthin in Anglesey Fig. 21. A British gold coyn such as they used before the Roman Conquest found at Penbryn Parish in Cardiganshire Fig. 22. 23. 24. Other British coyns of gold kept in the Ashmolean Repository at Oxford Fig. 25. 26. The Coyns describ'd at Kaer-Phyli Castle in Glamorganshire Fig. 27. 28. 29. Mock Plants out of a Cole-pit near Neath in Glamorganshire See a description of them in Flintshire On the left-hand of the Table a. An Adder-bead or Glain Neidr of green glass found at Abèr-Fraw in Anglesey b. Another of earth enamell'd with blue found near Dôl Gèlheu in Meirionydhshire c. A third of glass undulated with white red and blue found near Maes y Pandy in the same County d. Represents one end of the same Of these Adder-beads which are supposed to have been Druid-Amulets some account is given in Denbighshire Annot. on Kerig y Drudion Page 697 More rare Plants growing in Wales Acetola Cambro-britannica montana Park rotundifolia repens Eboracensis foliis in medio â—eliquium patientibus Moris hist Mounâ—ain round â—aved Sorrels of Wales On moist high rocks and by rivulâ—â—s about Snowdon in Caernarvonshire almost every where as also by rivulets among the broken rocks of Caderâ—idris is above a certain lake called Llin y cau Argemone lutea Cambro-britannica Park Papaver luteum perenne laciniato folio Cambro britannicum Yellow wild bastard Poppy About a mile from a small village called Abbar and in the midway from Denbigh to Guidar also near a wooden bridge over the river Dee near to a village called Bala also going up the hill that leads to Bangor near to Anglesey Park p. 270. But more certainly to be found on Clogwyn y Garnedh yscolion duon Trigvylche as you ascend the Glydâ—r from Lhanberies and several other places about Snowdon most commonly by rivulets or on moist rocks also beyond Pontvawr very near the bridge among the stones Mr. Lhwyd Alsine myosotis lanuginosa Alpina grandiflora seu Auricula muris villosa flore amplo membranaceo An Caryophyllus holosteus Alpinus angustifolius C. B. prod Hairy mountain Mouse-ear Chickweed with a large flower On the rock called Clogwyn y Garnedh the highest of all Wales near Lhanberys in Caernarvonshire plentifully Adiantum nigrum pinnulis Cicuturiae divisurâ An Ad album tenuifolium Rutae murariae aecedens J. B. Fine-leaved white Mayden-hair divided like bastard Hemlock On Snowdon hill Bistorta minima Alpina foliis imis subrotundis minutissimè ferratis D. Lhwyd Alpina pumila varia Park pumila foliis variis rotundis longis Moris The leaâ—â— mountain Bisbort with round and long leaves In the steep pastures of 〈◊〉 high rock called Grîb Gôch above the lake or pool called Phynon brech near Llanberys Whether this be specifically different from the Westmorland Bistorta minor I leave to others upon comparing the plants to determine Bugula caerulea Alpina Park Consolida media caerulea Alpina C. B. Mountain Bugle or Sicklewort Found oâ— Carnedh Lhewellin in Caernarvonshire by Dr. Johnson Caryophyllata montana purpurea Ger. emac. montana seu palustris purpurea Park aquatica nutante fâ—ore C. B. aquatica flore rubro striato J. B. Purple Mountain-Avens or Water-Avens On Snowdon and other mountains Cirsium Britannicum Glusii repens J. B. aliud Anglicum Park singulari capitulo magno vel incanum alterum C. B. The great English soft or gentle Thistle or â—elancholy Thistle As you ascend the Glyder from Lhanberys and in many other mountainous pastures about Snowdon Cirsium montanum humile Cynoglossi folio polyâ—uthemum An Carduus mollis Helenii folio Park On Clogwyn y Garnedh and most other high rocks in Caerâ—â—â—vonshire about Snowdon Cirsium montanum polyanthemum Salicis folio angusto denticulato By a rivulet
raised Edmund Crouchback his younger son to whom he had given the estate and honours of Simon Montfort Earl of Leicester of Robert Ferrars Earl of Derby and of John of Monmouth for rebelling against him to the Earldom of Lancaster Eaâ—â—â—â— Lancastâ—â— giving it in these words The Honour Earldom Castle and the Town of Lancaster with the Cow-pastures and Forests of Wiresdale Lownsdale Newcastle under Lime with the Manour Forest and a Castle of Pickering the Manour of Scaleby the Village of Gomecestre and the Rents of the Town of Huntendon c. after he had lost the Kingdom of Sicily with which the Pope by a ring invested him to no purpose and what expos'd the English to the publick scoff and laughter of the world he caus'd pieces of gold to be coyn'd with this Inscription AIMUNDUS REX SICILIAE 〈…〉 having first chous'd and cully'd the credulous King out of much money upon that account The said Edmund his first wife dying without issue who was the daughter and heir of the Earl of Albemarle 10 Of William de Fortibus Earl c. yet by her last Will made him her heir had by his second wife Blanch of Artois of the 〈…〉 Royal Family of France Thomas and Henry and John who dy'd very young Thomas was the second Earl of Lancaster who married Alice the only daughter and heir of Henry Lacy Earl of Lincoln she convey'd this and her mother's estate who was of the family of the Long Espee's Earls of Salisbury as likewise her father Henry Lacy had done before with his own Lands in case Alice should dye without issue as indeed it afterwards hapen'd over to the family of Lancaster But this Thomas for his Insolence and disrespect to his Prince Edward the second and for imbroiling the State was at last taken prisoner in the field and beheaded having no issue However his Sentence was afterwards revers'd by Act of Parliament because he was not try'd by his Peers and so his brother Henry succeeded him in his estate and honours He was also enrich'd by his wife Maud daughter and sole heir of Patrick Chaworth and that not only with her own but with great estates in Wales namely of Maurice of London and of Siward from whom she was descended He dying left a son Henry 〈…〉 whom Edward the third rais'd from Earl to a Duke and he was the second of our Nobility that bore the title of Duke But he dy'd without issue-male leaving two daughters Mawd and Blanch between whom the Inheritance was divided Mawd was married to William of Bavaria Earl of Holland Zeland Friseland Hanault and of Leicester too in right of his wife But she dying without issue John of Gaunt so call'd because he was born at Gaunt in Flanders fourth son of Edward the third by marriage with Blanch the other daughter of Henry came to the whole estate And now being equal to many Kings in wealth and created Duke of Lancaster by his father he also obtain'd the Royalties of him The King too advanc'd the County of Lancaster into a Palatinate by this Rescript wherein after he has declar'd the great service he had done his Country both at home and abroad he adds We have granted for us and our heirs to our son aforesaid that he during the term of life shall have within the County of Lancaster his Chancery and his Writs to be issued out under his own Seal belonging to the Office of Chancellor his Justices likewise as well for Pleas of the Crown as for other Pleas relating to Common Law to have cognisance of them and to have power of making all Executions whatsoever by his Writs and Officers And to have all other Liberties and Royalties of what kind soever appertaining to a County Palatine as freely and as fully as the Earl of Chester within the said County is known to have c. Nor was he only Duke of Lancaster but also by marriage with Constantia daughter of Peter King of Castile John of Gaunt K. of Castile for some time bore the title of King of Leon and Castile But by contract he parted with this title and in the 13th of King Richard the second was created by consent of Parliament Duke of Aquitain 11 To have and to hold the same title for term of life of the King of England and Monarch of France but to the general disgust of the inhabitants of the Province of Aquitain who gave it out that their Seigniory was inseparably annext to the Crown of England to the great dissatisfaction of that Country At that time his titles were John son to the King of England Duke of Aquitain and Lancaster Earl of Derby Lincoln and Leicester and high Steward of England After this John Henry de Bullingbroke his son succeeded in the Dutchy of Lancaster 12 Who when he had dispossess'd Richard the second and obtain'd the Kingdom of England he considering that being now King he could not bear the title of Duke of Lancaster and unwilling that the said title should be discontinu'd ordain'd by assent of Parliament that Henry his present son should enjoy the same and be stil'd Prince of Wales Duke of Aquitain Lancaster and Cornwall and Earl of Chester and also that the Liberties and Franchises of the Dutchy of Lancaster should remain to his said son sever'd from the Crown of England who having deposed Richard the second obtain'd the Crown and conferr'd this honour upon Heny his son K. Henr. 4. afterwards King of England And that he might entail it upon him and his heirs for ever he had an Act of Parliament made in these words We being unwilling that our said inheritance or its liberties by reason of our now assuming the Royal state and dignity should be any ways chang'd transferr'd diminish'd or impair'd but that our said inheritance with its rights and liberties aforesaid should in the same manner and form condition and state wherein they descended and fell to us and also with all and singular liberties franchises and other privileges commodities and profits whatsoever which our Lord and Father in his life time had and held it withal for term of his life by the grant of the late King Richard be wholly and fully preserv'd continu'd and enjoy'd by us and our heirs specified in the said Charters And by the tenure of these presents we do upon our certain knowledge and with the consent of this our present Parliament grant declare decree and ordain for us and our heirs that as well our Dutchy of Lancaster as all and singular Counties Honours Castles Manours Fees Advowsons Possessions Annuities and Seigniories whatsoever descended to us before the Royal Dignity was obtain'd by us how or in what place soever by right of inheritance in possession or in reversion or other way remain to us and our said heirs specified in the Charters abovesaid after the said manner for ever Afterwards King Henry the fifth by Act
is inferior to none for its lakes and rivers admirably well stock'd with fish Upon Logh-lothy stands Innerlothy 〈…〉 strengthned with a fort and formerly of much note occasioned by the great resort of Merchants thither but having been ruined by the depredations and insults of the Danes and Norwegians it hath been so abandoned and disused for many ages that there scarce remains now any appearance of it which is intimated in the verses I produced a little above I never yet read of any Earls that Loghuabre hath had â—â—qhuo â—ne of 〈◊〉 but about the year 1050 of one Banqhuo a most noted Thane made away by Macbeth the Bastard after by murder and blood-shed he had seized the Kingdom out of fear and jealousie For he had found by a prophecy of certain â—â—agaâ— Witches that the time would come when after Macbeth's line was expired Banqhuo's posterity should one day obtain the Kingdom and by a long succession reign in Scotland Which indeed fell out accordingly For Fleanch Banqhuo's son who unknown in the dark escaped the snares that were laid for him fled into Wales where for some time he kept himself close and having afterwards married Nesta the daughter of Griffith ap Llewelin Prince of north-North-Wales he begat Walter who returning into Scotland The Original of the family of Stewart suppress'd the rebellion of the Islanders with the reputation of so much bravery and managed the King's revenues in these parts with so great prudence that the King made him Stewart of the whole Kingdom of Scotland Whereupon this name of an Office gave the sirname of Stewart to his posterity which spreading through all parts of Scotland in many noble branches being advanced to several honours hath long flourished there Three hundred and thirty years ago Robert Stewart a descendant of this House in right of Marjorie his mother daughter of K. Robert Brus obtained the Kingdom of Scotland And now lately James Stewart the 6th of that name King of Scotland in right of Margaret his Great Grandmother daughter of Henry the 7th by the divine appointment of the ruler of all things with the general applause of all Nations is advanced to the Monarchy of Great-Britain 15 And the Isles adjacent ROSSE ROsse so call'd from an old Scottish word which some interpret a Promontory others a Peninsula was inhabited by a people called Cantae 〈◊〉 Canâ—â— which term in effect intimates as much in Ptolemy's time This extends it self to such a wideness that it hath a prospect of both Oceans On that side where it looks upon the Vergivian or western Ocean it rises up in many swelling mountains with woods here and there full of stags roebucks fallow deer and wild fowl On the other side next the German sea it is more fruitful having much corn and meadow grounds and is much better cultivated 〈◊〉 â—are◠〈◊〉 â—â—naâ—â— In the very entrance into it Ardmanoch no small territory which gives the title of Baron to the second sons of the Kings of Scotland shoots up in very high mountains always covered with snow I have been told by some persons very strange stories of their heighth The heighth of hills and the depth of the sea Plutarch in P. Aemil concerning Olympus and yet the ancient Geometricians have written that neither the depth of the sea nor the heighth of the mountains exceed by line and level 10 stadia that is a mile and a quarter Which notwithstanding they that have beheld Tenariff amongst the Canary Islands 15 leagues high and have sailed in the neighbouring sea will by no means admit for a truth In these parts stands Lovet a Castle and Barony of the noble family of the Frasers made Barons as 't is reported by K. James 2d for the singular services they had done the Crown of Scotland Which family in a quarrel had been entirely extinguished by the Clan Ranalds a most bloody people had not fourscore of the principal of them by the providence of God left their wives big with child at home who being delivered of so many sons renewed and restored it At Nesse-mouth stood Chanonry formerly a noted place so called from a rich College of Canons in the flourishing times of the Church in which there is erected a See for the Bishop of Rosse * Sâ—e the Adâ—itiâ—ns Hard by Cromartie is placed where Urqhuart a Gentleman of noble extraction administers Justice as hereditary Sheriff of this District and this is so commodious and so safe a Harbour for any Fleet though never so great that Mariners and Geographers give it the name of Pertus Salutis Pâ—râ—us Sâ—â—uâ—is or the Haven of safety * S â— the Aâ—ditioâ—â— Above it is Littus Altum Lâ—â—â—us Altum mentioned by Ptolemy called now as it seems Tarbarth for there the shore rises to a great heighth enclosed on one side with Cramer a very secure port on the other with the river Celnius now Killian The River Câ—â—nius Killian And thus much of the places lying towards the Eastern Ocean Into the Western Sea runs the river Longus mentioned by Ptolemy now called Logh-Longas next the Cerones Cerones anciently dwelt where now Assen-shire is a Country divided into several parcels by the breakings in of the sea It would be a very difficult piece of work to make up a perfect succession of the Earls of Ross Eâ—rls of Ross out of the several Historians About 400 years ago Ferqhuard flourished under this title but upon the failure of issue male it came by a daughter to Walter Lesley for his valiant atchievements under Lewis the Emperor deservedly stiled the Noble or Generous Knight by whom he had Alexander Earl of Ross and a daughter married to Donald Lord of the Western Isles This Alexander had issue one only daughter who passed over all her right and title to Robert Duke of Albany which so enrag'd Donald of the Isles that in the reign of James the 3d he proclaimed himself King of the Isles and Earl of Ross and harrassed all the Country round about with fire and sword At length King James the 3d by Authority of Parliament in the year 1476 so firmly annext the Earldom of Ross to the Crown that it might not be lawful for his successors to alienate from it either the Earldom it self or any part thereof or upon any account grant the same to any person but only to the King 's second sons lawfully begotten Whereupon Charles the King's second son Duke of York now uses and enjoys that title SVTHERLAND BEyond Ross lies Sutherland looking towards the German Ocean a countrey more fit for breeding of cattle than bearing of corn Here there are hills of white marble Hills of white Marble a thing very unusual in so cold a climate but it is almost of no use because that excess in buildings and that vain ostentation of riches has not yet reached these remote countreys Here stands Dunrobin
these are most a It is not so at this day but on the contrary is as safe and secure as any part of Ireland sadly infested with those pernicious people the O-Tooles and O-Birnes Among these Glynnes lays the Bishoprick of Glandilaugh which has been desolate and forsaken ever since it was annexed to the Archbishoprick of Dublin In other parts this County is very well town'd and peopled and surpasses all other Provinces of Ireland for improvement and beauty 't is divided into five Baronies Rathdown Newcastle Castle-Knoc Cowloc and Balrodry which I cannot as I should indeed desire give a particular account of because I am not well acquainted with the extent and bounds of them First therefore I will only glance along the sea-coast and then follow the rivers as their course leads me into the inner parts of this County none of which are twenty miles distant from the shore To begin in the south the first place we meet with upon the coast is Wicklo Wâ—â—â—lo 〈◊〉 a Coâ—ty 1606. where is a narrow haven with a rock hanging over it enclosed with good walls instead of a Castle which as other Castles of this Kingdom is prohibited by Act of Parliament to be commanded by any one as Governor that is not an English man by reason those Irish men that have bore that charge heretofore have to the damage of the Government either made ill defence in case of an assault or suffered prisoners to escape by their connivance But let us hear what Giraldus says of this port who calls it Winchiligillo There is a port at Winchiligillo on that side of Ireland next Wales which receives the tide every high water and ebbs with the sea and though the sea has gone back and quite left it yet the river which runs into the sea here is all along as it goes salt and brackish Next upon the top of a hill by the sea-side stands New-castle whence may be seen those shelves of sand call'd the Grounds which lye along for a great way upon this coast yet between them and the shore the water is said to be seven fathom deep A little higher where the b It is the bound between the Counties of Dublin and Wicklow so that the part already described south of that river is comprehended in the County of Wicklow Bray a small river runs into the sea stands Old Court â—ld Court the estate of the Wallenses or Walshes of Caryckmain a family not only ancient and noble but very numerous in these parts Next to this is Powers Court â—wers â—â—â—rt formerly as the name it self shews belonging to the Poers a very large castle till Tirlaugh O Toole in a rebellion overthrew it From the mouth of the Bray the shore runs in and admits a bay within that compass where at the very turn of the * Cubiti elbow lyes the little Island of S. Benedict which belongs to the Archbishop of Dublin This bay is call'd Dublin-haven into which runs the Liffy 〈◊〉 v. Lifâ—â—y Giâ—ius Aâ—â— Liff the noblest river of this County though the spring of it be but fifteen miles from the mouth the course of it is so winding and crooked that first it goes south by S. Patricks land and then west after that it plies northward watering the County of Kildare and at length eastward by Castle Knoc heretofore the Barony of the Terils whose estate by females was transferr'd to other families about the year 1370 and by Kilmainam formerly belonging to the Knights of the order of S. John of Jerusalem now converted to a place of retirement for the Lord Deputy This Liffy is certainly mentioned in Ptolemy though the Librarians have carelesly depriv'd it of its proper place For this river Libnius is describ'd in the present editions of Ptolemy to lye in the same latitude in the other part of the Island whereas there is really no such river and therefore now if the reader pleases let it be re-call'd from exile and restored to its Eblana Of it thus Necham Viscera Castle-Knoc non dedignatur Aven-Liff Istum Dublini suscipit unda maris Nor thee poor Castle-Knock does Liffy scorn Whose stream at Dublin to the Ocean 's born For Dublin is but seven miles distant from the mouth of it eminent and memorable above all the Cities of Ireland the same which Ptolemy calls Eblana Eblana Dublin we Develin the Latins Dublinium and Dublinia the Welsh Dinas Dulin the Saxons Duflin the Irish Balacleigh that is a town upon Hurdles for so they think the foundation lyes the ground being soft and quaggy as was Sevill in Spain which Isidore reports to be so call'd because it stood upon pales fastned in the ground which was loose and fenny As for the antiquity of Dublin I have met with nothing that I can positively say of it that the City must needs be very ancient I am satisfy'd upon Ptolemy's authority Saxo Grammaticus makes it to have been sadly shatter'd in the Danish wars afterwards it sell under the subjection of Edgar King of England as his Charter already mentioned testifies 21 Wherein he calleth it the noble City of Ireland Next the Norwegians got possession of it and therefore in the life of Gryffith ap Cynan Prince of Wales we read that Harald the Norwegian after he had subdu'd the greatest part of Ireland built Dublin This Harald seems to be that * Pulchricomus Har-fager first King of Norway whose pedigree stands thus in the life of Gryffith From Harald descended * Other wise call'd Abloâ—eus Anlasus and Olanus Auloed from Auloed another of the same name This Auloed had Sitric King of Dublin Sitric had a son Auloed whose daughter Racwella was mother to Gryffith ap Cynan born at Dublin while †Thirdelacus Tirlough reign'd in Ireland This by the by At length upon the first arrival of the English in Ireland Dublin was soon taken and gallantly defended by them when Ausculph Prince of Dublin and afterwards Gothred Prince of the Isles fiercely assaulted it on all sides A little after an English Colony was transplanted from Bristol hither by King Henry the second giving them this City which was perhaps at that time drain'd of Inhabitants in these words with all the liberties and free customs which those of Bristol enjoyed From that time it flourished more and more and in many doubtful and dangerous circumstances has shown great instances of its loyalty to the Kings of England This is the Royal City of Ireland and the most noble * Emporium Mart wherein the chief Courts of Judicature are held The City is well wall'd neatly built and very populous c Dublin is more tâ—an as big again as it was when Camden wrote the buildings much more supmtuous and the City every way much more glorious and magnificent An old writer describes it to be noble for its many Inhabitants very pleasantly situated Joscelinus de Furnesiâ— In the life
Chancellor representing the Lord's person and this Court the Governor may keep every week as occasion shall require Besides the customary Laws do so impower the Governor or any of the two Deemsters as that in effect they are Courts of Record in themselves If either of these be but riding or walking in the high-way and if any person have cause of complaint against another for debt or any extraordinary business he may procure a Token from the Governor or Deemster to bring the party before him And if the party do either confess the debt or matter or it appear by the testimony of two witnesses upon their oaths that such a debt is due either of the said officers may give their Token for execution to the Coroner or to his Lockman And this is as good and valid as if the matter had in Court received trial by verdict of the Jury or by a Decree in Chancery The Citations in the Courts of this Island are not in the form of a Writing but after this manner The Plaintiff cometh to the Comptroller and entereth his Complaint and taking a Copy thereof he sheweth it to the Governour or Deemster Either of them takes up a piece of blew slate which is common enough in any part of the Island and upon that slate scrapes what mark he pleases This stone so marked is called a Token which being given to the Plaintiff he delivereth it to the Crowner of the place where the Defendant resides and the Defendant having received it is bound to appear and answer It has been an antient custom in that Island that if the Plaintiff find his Adversary present in the Court while the Court is sitting he may take him by the arm and bring him before the Governour and set his foot upon his Adversary's foot and there plead his Cause against him without the formality of summoning him with a Token In these Courts each Party pleads his own Cause vivâ voce so that they have no occasion for any Lawyers Proctors or Attorneys which Custom obtains but in few places of Europe as in Sweden and Denmark From these Courts there lies an Appeal to the Lord of the Island and from him to the King of England but it seldom happens that they have any Appeals All Causes both in spiritual and temporal Courts are prosecuted and ended without one penny of charges They had here an old custom concerning Debts which is now abolished When the Debtor died An antrenâ— custom foâ— the recovery of Debts and was buried and there remained no Writings to prove the Debt the Creditor came to the Grave of the deceased and laid himself all along with his back upon the grave with his face towards Heaven and a Bible on his breast and there he protested before God that is above him and by the contents of the Bible on his breast that the deceased there buried under him did owe him so much money and then the Executors were bound to pay him But in the year 1609 this custom was abolished and such Controversies order'd to be tried according to the form of Law by Witnesses or otherwise In this Island there are several of those round hills The manner of uâ—ns fouâ— in this Isâ— which in the plains of Wiltshire are very frequent and by the Inhabitants termed Barrowes In the midland parts of England they are called Lowes and are commonly held to be places of Sepulture * Descr the Isle oâ— Man p 1â— Mr. James Chaloner during his abode in the Isle caused one of these to be opened in which were found 14 rotten Urns or earthen Pots placed with their mouths downwards and one more neatly than the rest in a bed of fine white sand containing nothing but a few brittle bones as having passed the fire but no ashes left discernible Some of these are environed with great stones pitched end-ways in the earth and some of the Urns found enclosed in Coffins of stone one Coffin containing divers of them The Isle of Man hath ever since its first plantation The Lorâ— of Man been reputed a Monarchical State and whoever is of right Lord of it may not only use the title of King but may cause himself to be crowned with a Crown of Gold * Walsiâ—â— Hypodigâ— Neustriâ— p. 546. though it is not improbable that in their first and original Installations they made use of a Crown of Iron as has been heretofore done by the Kings of England and as Charles the fourth Emperour of Germany was crowned at Milan An. 1334. The Kings of Man have now of a long time waved their title of King and instead thereof assumed the title of Lord but they still retain almost all the Jura Regalia they enjoyed heretofore They have still power of life and death to banish or condemn to perpetual Imprisonment to raise men and money to place or displace any officer in the Island at their own pleasure and all fines and forfeitures in cases of Treason Felony and Felo de se do belong to them The greatest difference betwixt a King and Lord of Man is That the Kings were crowned whereas the Lords now are only publickly proclaimed and installed The Kings created Barons made Knights and Esquires but the Lords never confer any titles of honour The Kings of Man in old times according to the Manks tradition claim'd the whole Island and all the Revenues thereof as belonging to the Crown The Inhabitants had no right to any Inheritance in the Island but were only Tenants at will and held their Lands of the King for the performance of certain duties and and services And this tenure they called The holding by the straw which was first changed into Leases for three Lives during the late Civil Wars thereby to augment the Lord's Revenues the Tenants being then obliged to pay yearly a quit-rent and a fine at renewing The Kings of this Island have at different times been tributaries both to the Kings of England Scotland and Norway and were obliged in token of their subjection to these States to pay a certain Homage at the Coronation of any of the Princes of these Kingdoms They have made many wars in attempts to enlarge their Dominions beyond the Confines of this little Island not only in Venedotia against the King of north-North-wales especially in Anglesey but also in Ireland where Godred Cron. of Man An. â—147 son to Olave King of Man was crowned King of Dublin and subdued a great part of Leinster but left it not to his successors Likewise for some years by the favour and aid of Magnus King of Norway they had under their subjection some if not all the Islands on the West part of Scotland Hollinsh â— 293. which are called Hebrides and upon this account stiled themselves Kings of Man and of the Islands But Alexander King of Scotland An. 1266. not only recovered these Islands but reduced the Isle of Man it self to his subjection and placed
Burthred 482 491. Burton 434 448 473 533 728 740. Burnwel 353. Burwell 408. Busby 487 707. Bushbury 538. Busseys 465. Bustlers 406. Busy-gap 848. Buth 914. Buthe 1069. Butterby 776. Butiphant 980. Butler 100 239 243 294 296 319 342 346 454 503 543 545 593 594 789 793 983 984 988. Buttermeer 803. Buttevillein 437. Buttington 651. Buxton 494. Bwlch 645. Bwrdh Arth. 628. By Bye and Byan their Signification 397 472 511. Bygon 217. By-Laws what they signifie 397. Byrth-over 498. Byrdhyn fl 593. Byrig its signification 91. Byrks 724. Byrons 481. Byrsa 472. C. CAdbury 59. North 59 78. Cadells 998. Cadir 919. Cadleys 996. St. Cadoc ap Gwyelliw 691. Cadvan a British King 691. Cadwalla 709 725 853 854. Cadwellon 691. De Cadurcis or Chaworth 62. Sibylla 93. Coeling 8. Caer 30 603 654 689. Caer-Caradock 54â— 551. Caer-diff â—09 610. Caer-guid 899. Caer-hendinas 549 554. Caer-Laverock 907. â—aerliph Will. 272. â—â—er-mardhin 622 630. â—aer-narvon 665 666 673. â—aer-Palladur 70. Caer-vorran 793 807 848 869. Caesar-Augusta 343. Caesarea or Cherburg 343. Caesar 's Hill 181. Altar 205. Caesar Julius 155 172 187 188 197 199 120 203 204 205 213 221. Vid. Julius â—AESAROMAGVS 342 343 155 357. Caesars who call'd clxxii Cahaignes 280. Cahans 1018. Caâ—are 995. Cainc what 185 186. Cainsham 67 72 76 82. Caishoe Hundred 296. Caishobery 302. Cains John 404 413. Caius a famous Roman 656. Caius Bericus 347. Calais 208 209 777. CALATERIVM NEMVS 755. Calc what 714. CALCARIA 714 715. Caldecoâ— 597 714 732. Calder riv 707. Cadley 1049. Caldstream 901. Caldwell 762. Calebeg 1021. Caledon 506. CALEDONIA 925 926 935. CALEDONII 986. Caligula xliv 308. Callan riv 988. Callan town ib. Callidromos 235. Callipolis 235. Callistratia 235. Caln 87 102. Calphurnius 631. Calshot-castle 116 131. Calthrops 371. Caltosts a Family 484. Calves-heath 537. Caly 384. Cam xxiv Cam 236 403. Cam what in Danish 11. what 〈◊〉 British 403. Camalet 58 76 77. Câ—naâ—â—c 575. CAMALODVNVM xlv xlvi lii c. 347 357 706. Cambeck 835 839. Cambell 914 943. CAMBODVNVM 709 711 727. CAMBORITVM 403 404. Cambria xi 573. Cambridge in Glocestershire 236. Cambridge 404 c. Camden a Town 238 239. Viscount of ib. Camels 155. Camel riv 11 403. Camelet West 59. East ib. Camelford 11. Camelot 921 957. Camera Dianae 315 330 331. Camois Barons 172. John ib. Campbell-town 952. Camvils 506. Camulus 348. Camus 's Cross 953. Cancfield 796. Candida casa 910. Candish or Cavendish Will. 491. Candorus 14. Canford 50. CANGANI 185 186. CANGI 67 75 76 77 377 564. Cank or Canock-wood 531 532 556. Canninges 77. Cannings Hundr 67 75 77. Cannington 67 75 77. Canole-coal 771. CANONIVM 346. Canons Resident 92. Cantaber 404. Cantabri 977. Cantire 931. Cantlows 61 172 437 592 598. Cantelupo Geo. de 28 526. Tho. 576. Nich. 469. Canterbury 296 c. Hubert Archb. of 98. 354. Archbishops Primatâ—s of all England 720. CANTIVM 185. CANTIVM Proâ— 203. Cantrev-bychan 589 622. Cantrev-mewr 622. Canvey Island 341. Canvils 439. Canute 40 121 159 203 234 246 316 328 368 468 772 774. Capel-King 630. Capellar-hill 581. Capel-Shnan 635. Capels 359. Caracalla 785 Caradauc Urichfâ—aâ— 541. Caradocks 60. Caratacus xlvii 307 347 541 641 643. Carausius lxxiii 284 312. CARBANTORIGVM 907. Carbray 979. Cardigan 642. Cardines 909. Careg-cowse 6 20. Caren what 20. Carentocus 58. Carenton ibid. Caresbrook-castle 128 134. Caresdike 475. Careswell 534. Carew-castle 630. Carew Rich. 10 16. George Lord 39. Sir George 903. Geo. Dean 39. Sir Francis 159. Nich. Bar 31 159. John 177. Thomas 978. George 980. Nich. 987. Peter 988. Carews 29 141 159 630 987. Careâ—s 513 610. Cargaâ—l 7. Caâ—house 724. Carick Mac-Griffin 984. Carigfergus 1016. Carion 186. CARINI 947 Carleton 384 396 443 449. George 369. Ralph de 384 396. Carlingford 1009. Carlisle 833. â—4 Carmelites first in England 860. Carminows 7. Carn what 18 77. Carnabies 855. Carn-brag ibid. Carn chy ibid. Carn innis ibid. Carn-margh ibid. Carn-ulac ibid. Carnon of Carna 17. Carpenter John 248. Car Sir Rob. 85. Carrs 862. Car Riv. 43. Carram 861. Carre T. 74. Carreck 992. Carrict 911. Carriden 899. Corrocium 756. De Carss 923. Carthage 30. Carthaginians never in Britain cix Carth-cart riv 908. Cartismandun xxx 347 541 703 704. Cartmel 795. Cartwright Jo. 512. Carvilius 186. Carvils a Fam. 392. Carus and Carinus lxxiii Carys 29 41 302. Cary Sir Henr. 296 319. Sir Edw. 302. George Baron 319. Cary-castle 61. Cary-Lites ibid. Cashalton 158. Caslys 528. Cassandra 367. CASSII 277 278 295. Cassibelin's Town 296. Cassil 983. Cassibelaunus 277 278 368. CASSITERIDES 1111. Cassivelannus Longimanus 678. De Castel a Frenchman 29 45. Caster 424 435. Casterley 111. Castilion Joh. Baptâ— 141. Castle-Ashby 434. Castle-cary 56 61 712. Castle-croft 530. Castle-dun 916. Castleford 711 749. Castelhpain 585. Castelham 591. Castelh Colwen 585. Castle conel 984. Castelh-corndochen 663. Castle-comb 87. Castle-danis 11. Castle-dinas 590. Castleden 498. Castlegarde 28 34 205. Castle-green 48. Castle-hill 54 510 538. Castle-how 811. Castle-knock 993. Castle in the Peak 495. Castle-martin 990. Castle-mill 290. Castle-park 580. Castelh-prysor 663. Castle-ruff 219. Castle-steeds 835 839 855. Castle-thorp 285. Castles in England 862. Ireland 1020. Castleford Tho. de 729. CASTRA CONSTANTIA 1107. Castor 385 388 396 471. CASTRA ALATA 897. CASTRA EXPLORATORVM 841. Catabathmos 231 232. Catapultae 672. CATARRATCONIVM 761. Caterlogh 988. Catesby 432 520. Catarick 761 767 768. Catharin Daughter of W. Herbert 214 Widow of Th. Lord Berkley 249. Wife of Henry V. 318. Wife of Henry VIII 437. Dutchess of Suffolk 479. Wife of John Talbot 549. S. Catharine's Well 905. Cathbregion 59. Catigern 193. Cathness Earl of 947. CATINI ibid Catlidge 408 415. Catmose vale 455. Catteshul 154. CATTI 277. CATTIEVCHLANI 277 278 307 566. Catti-hill 537. Cattimarus 277. Cattle the Riches of Ireland 985. Cattle-stealers 908. CATVELLANI 231. CATVRACTONIVM 761 767. Catus Decianus 365 Caude 833 Caudebeck ibid. Caves Family 439. Cavels 12. Cavenaughs 988 992. Cavendishes 36 872. Cavendish Will. 493 711. Caverns 342 622 623. Caversfield 284. Caversham 281. Caun 77. Caurse-castle 543. Cauzes 484. Cawood 722. Caxton 403. Cay-hill 89. Ceada 341 344. S. Ceada see Chad. Ceadwalla see Cadwalla Ceaster 193. Ceaulin 70 85 100 111 159 238 240 266. Cecil Rob. 51 456. de Fortibus 61. Sir Tho. 159. Tho. Earl 442. William Lord 126 296 305 438 442 463 476 574. Cecils 32 94 107 760. Cecil Daughter to W. Baron Bonevil 33 67. Daughter to Jordan Fitz-Stephens 29. Countess of Oxon 319. Wife to J. Bourchier 62. Daughter of Hugh d'Albeney 668. Cedda 373. Cedwalla 117 129 168. Celd 217. Celibacy first enjoyn'd Priests 27 519 547. CELNIVS fluv CELTAE xii xv xvii xxi xxiii Celtiberians 185 186. Celurca 938. CENIMAGNI 77 365 365 395. CENIO 7. CENIONIS ostium ibid. Ceol 111. Ceolfrid 784. Cerdick 100 114 129 280 389. Cerdickford 114. Cerdicksand 389. Ceremonies at the investiture of the Princes of Wales 695 696. at the
Gawthorp 714. Gearsy 1107. Geat where found 751 752. Geddington 434. Gedney-moor 66. Gee W. 745. Geese dropping down in certain place 751. Gelt what 669 835 Gemina Martia Victrix 347. Genevil 1006. Geneu what 7. Genii 708. Genissa 234. Genoua 709. GENOUNIA lxviii 649 650 704 705 Gentlemen in England who clxxxiv Geofrey Bishop of Constance 82 of Monmouth censured v vii xxxviii lxiv clxiii Vid. Galfrid George D. of Clarence 370 507 508 765. St. George an ancient Family 403. George E. of March 896. Gephyrae 279. Gerard Tho. Baron 531. Gerards Bromley ib. Gereves-end what 189. St. German 7 10 13 258 298 610 692. German Ocean 963. Germans their original xi St. Germains 902. Gerno fl 384. Gernegans 760. Gernons 345 407 466 491 1010. Gerrard Earl of Macclesfield 572. Gertrude 549. Gherberd 567. Giants-bones 351. dance 990. Giddy hall 342. Giffard John Lord 261 273 549 550. Walter 281 282. Gifford W. 154. John 250. William 322. Giffords Lords 239. Gilbert of Sempringham 464. Gilbertine Friers ib. Gilberts-hill 544. See Wreken-hill Gildas 258 568. Gildsborough 432. Gill what 835. Gill John 724. Gillesland 835 836. Gilling 761. Castle 755. Gillingham-forest 193 2â—â— Gilshaughlin 813. Gilpatrick a Dane 760. Gilpin 844. Gimes-graves 401. Gimmingham 390 397. Ging-Abbatissae 345. Ging-grave ib. Gipping fl 371. a Village ib. Gipseys see Vipseys Giralds Giraldines and Fits-Giralds 630 Giraldus Cambrensis 589 630. of Windsor 630 633. Girald Earld of Kildare 1002. Girnego 947. Girwii 408. Girwy 779 783. Gisburgh 753 766. Gises 235 236. Giflebert 406. Giso 68. Gladiol 662. Glal y Villaft 695 GLAMORGAN-SHIRE 609 613 614 620. Glamys 927 937. Glancolkeyn 1017. Glandilagh 993. Glanferd-bridge 472. Glan-Jores 998. Glan-lhin 468. GLANOVENTA 869. Glanvil Barth de 373 400. Sir John 38. Glanvils 376 390. Glasco 916. Glason fl 983. Glasniâ—h 7. Glassenbury 63 64 78. Pyramids of 66. Glass-houses 167. Glastum and Glas xxi xxix xxxv Glaziers 779. Gledsmore 303. Gleineu Nadroeth 683. Glemham 373. Glen fl 861. Glencarn 908. Glendale 861. Glendowr's Camp 527 528. Glene fl 408. Glen-Lion 951. GLESSARIA 1103. Glefton-Castle 803. Gletscher what 668. GLEVUM 231. Gline 173 1017. Glines 932. Glinnes 993. Glocester 231 234 235 246 247. GLOCESTER-SHIRE 231 232 245 251. Glocester Humphrey 189. Henry Duke of 333. GLOTTA 913 1069. Glover Rob. 130 147. Glovus 235. Glow what 235. Glyder 667 668. Glyn-Dowrdwy Owen 585 587 591 592 665. Glynne Sir W. 271. GOBANNIUM 585 598. Gobions 294 295 443. GOCCIUM 793. Goda 239 578. Godalming 154. Goderich-castle 578. Godfrey Brother to H. Duke of Brabant 345. Godiva 472. Godmanchester see Goodmanchester Godmenham 738. Godolcen-hill 6. Godolonac what ib. Godolphin Will. 21. Godricus 778. Godrus 60. Godshil 131. Gods-house 123 142 265 266 746. Godstow 255 269. Godwick 392. Godwin Earl 154 167 212 219 236 237. Francis 600. Godwin-sands 201. Godwins 280. Gogarth Prom. 666 Gogmagog-hills 406 415. Gâ—lborn 557. Gold for perpetual Lamps 719. Gold-cliff 597. Golden 7. Golden-vale 575. Goldings 986. Goldington Sir John 438. Gold-shavings 915. Gomer x xi xci ci civ Gonevil 404. Gonora 586. Gonshil 180 Goodman Dr. Gab 318. Goodmanchester 421 422 4â—6 Goodmans-fields 334. Goodrick Sir H. 733. Goodwin-sands 201. Goose 774. Gorambury 301. Gordon 949. Gordons Earls of Huntley 944. Gorges 238. Gorlois 12 Gorlston 376 Gormanston Vicount of 997. Gormo 421 422 371 772 780. Gornays 60 68. Gorwerth 635. Gospatrick 812 866 895. Gâ—sseford 857. Gotes what 467. Goths 277. Gottico ib. St. Govin's Point 617. Govenny fl 598. Gourneys 238. Gower a Poet 166. Gowle 725 Grace-dieu a Nunnery 447. Grafton 430 439 518 524. Dukes of 439 440. Graham 834 931 932 938. Sir Richard 842. Grahams-dike 921. GRAMPIUS-MONS 925 943. Grampound 8 22. Grandbeofe 755. Grand-Serjeanty 47 55 470 Grandisons 29 33 39 86 574. Granni what 897. Grant-cester 403. River ib. Grantham 467 727. Granthorp 833. Grant-maisnil H. 444 446. Grantsbain-hills 925 943. Granvil Sir Tho. 41 614. Sir Rich. 41 613. Gratian Emp. lxxxii Gravenors 557. Graves-end 190 216. Graven-hull-wood 271. The Graunge 132. Gregory W. 580. Grekelade 83 101 257. Grenvils 12. Greenchester 848. Greenhithe 216. Greenholme 811. Greens 431 434. Greenlow 301 Greenways 281. Greenwich 188 214. Greisley castle 490. Greisleys ib. Grenevil Earl of Bath 81. Grenhough 794. Grenocle 177. Grensted 179. Gresham 397 Sir Tho. 3â—9 310 323 397. Gresholm 1050. Gressenhall 393. Gretland 707. Grevil Lord Brook 443. Sir Fulk 88 512. Greys of Ruthin 393 598 630. Barons 765 766. Chillingham 937. Codnor 193 218 493. Dorset 33 52 67 378 426 507. Grooby 446 Kent 214 288 681. Poyis 65 Visc Lisle 139 Rotherfeild 266 762. Sandiacre 492. Stamford 452 476. Wilton 281 578. Greys 266 652 712 722 765 766 782 861 978 992 1013. Greystock 833 Barons of 545 755 782 796. Griffins 431 437. Griffith 677. St. Grimbald 257 258. Grime 471. Grimesby 471 479. Grimscar 708 Grimston-garth 740. Grimstons ib. Grindal A B. Cant. 841. Grinshil 553. Griphons 561. Grismund's Tower 240 250. Grobys 302. Gromlock 636. Gron what 403. Groninghen 403. Gronnes 62. Grooby 446. Groombridge 179. Grosvenours 577. Grossmont 595. Grosstest Robert Bishop of Lincoln 469. Groves and Groviers what 78. The Grounds 991 993. Grovils 471 472. Gruffydh ap Kynan 656 666. Gryffin Prince of Wales 576. Guar Earl of Warwick 507. Guarth what 501 586. Guel-hea what 140. Gubbins 38. Gueda 237 247 Gueord what 368. Guer what 713. S. Guerir 9. Guert 372. Guidi 958. Guido 46 49. Guilford 154 161 162. Sir John 212. East 182. Guilfords 211. Guin what 118. Guiscard 426. Guises 517. Guith what 899. The Gulf 1110. Gumrock 924. Gundulf 193 194. Gunora 577. Gunpowder-plot the Contrivers of 320 794. Gunters 590. Guorong what 187. Gurmon 240. Gurmundus 240 250. Gurney Matt. 577. Gur-taeni what 430. Guthlacus 460 461. Guthrun 421 422 772 780. Guy of Warwick 121 122 502 506 512. Guy-cliff 502. Guyse Sir John 250. Gwair what 690. Gwaly Vilast 628. Gwarth what 30. Ennion 586. Gwastedin-hill 588. Gwayr 502. Gwdh-glas 673. Gwely what 647. Gwen-draeth Vechan fl 621. Gwenthian 621. Gwerthrinion-cast 586. Gwiniad 656 662 669. Gwith 208. Gwy what 587 592. Gwyddaint 691. Gwydhgrig what 692. Vaen 694. Gwydryn-hill 675. Gwyg what 686. Gwyn 627. Gwyneth 649 650. Gwyn-vynydh 653. Gwyr what 629. Gwys 635. Gym-Wynas 661. Gynecia 118. Gynegium in Britain lxxviii Gynes Lords of 796. H HAardread Harold 722 736. HABITANCUM 849. Hach 90. Eustace de 90. Beauchamp 61. Hackington 200 Hackney Alice 331. Hacombe 29. Haddon 494 497. Hadham E. of Richm. 764. Hadleigh 341. Hadley 371. Hadington 522 895. Hadinton-hills 900. Hadrian Pope 299 302 475 308. Hadsors 1010. Hael hal c. what 765. Haesfield 233. Hage what 154. Haymond-Abby 546. Hagoneth-castle 372. Haia de Plumpton 832. Haies 930 992. Haigh 802. Haile fl 10. Hailweston 420. Hainault E. of Camb. 412. Haireholme 783. Hakeds what 422. Halden 672. Hale Sir Matth. 247. Rich. 304. Edw. de la 162.
57â— 572. Leighton 289 291 424 428 448 487 987. Leightons 544 655. Leike 534. Leir King 446. Leir riv 445. Leinster 986. Leith 222. LELANONIUS 917. LEMANIS 218. Lemington 240. Lemster 577. Lew what 399. Len or Lynne 392. Lennox 917. Dukes of 919. Lodowick Duke of 768. Lenham 192. Lenn 398. Lennard Samps 175. Lenos Charles 768. Lenthal Sir Rowl 161. Rowland 577. Lenton 478 487 488. Leod what 131. Leof 238. Leofgar 576. Leofrick 31 449 505 510 514. Leofstan 277 301 302 449. Leofwin 211 341 480. Leogria clxiii Leolin Prince of Wales 238. S. Leonards-forest 179. Leonard Tho. 83. Leonel Duke of Clarence 51 370. LEONIS CASTRUM 681. Monasterium 577. Leonminster see Lemster Leons or Lion 937. Leon in Spain 558. Leon Vaur 558. S. Leonard 's Forest 169. Lepers 778. Leprosy 448. Leskerd 8 19. Lesley 948. Lesleys 928 943. Lestoffe 376. Lestormin 8. Lestrange Hamon 393. Eubulo 473 474. John 544 548 239 256 309 391. Lestranges 548 549 550. Lestuthiel 8. Leth 899. Lethowsow 1110. Letrim 1005. Lettidur 286. LEUCARUM 614. Leucopibia 910. LEVATRAE 807. Levels 725. Level-tax 181. Leventhorps 295. S. Leven 20. Leven 833. Levens 805 810. Levin riv 917 927 949. Levingston 900 905. Levinus 10. Lewellin 556. Lewes 173 182. Lewes Isl 1072. Robert 319. Lewis Dauphin 201 202 205 474. Thomas 481 487. John 636. Sir John 729. a Welch family 284. Lewkenors 172. Lewkneys 179. Lexinton 483 486. Ley riv 339. Ley and Leigh 104. Leys 112. Leyburn 809. Leyden cxxv Leymouth 340. Leyton 340 355. stone 355. Lhan 595 603 654. Lhan Babo 678. Badarn Owen 661. Dhewi Brevi 641 644. Dhinam 653. Dien 330. Badarn Vawr 642. Eeblic 665. Eedr 641. Eery 667. Boydy 625 628. Bren 627. Deilaw Vawr 627. yn Dhyvri 621. Drinio Common 587. Edern 645. Elian 675. Elwy 687. Enion Vrenin 691. Gadok 620. Goedmor 645 677. Gristiolis 677. Gwert 681. Gyvelach 619. Hamwlch 593. Heron 10. Idan 375. Idlos 650. Iltud Vawr 618. Isav 645. y Krwys 647. Lyeni 593. Newydh 626 Rhudh 680 Rhwydrus 677. Rwst 685. S. Aered 594. Stephan-castle 623. Vaes 675 676. Vair 678 Vair y Bryn 637. Vair is Gaea 6â—5 Vair yng Hornwy 674. Viangel 686. Vihangel Geneur glyn 647. Vihangel Gerwerth 627 Vihangel Tat y Lhyn 593. Uw Lhyn 663. Vylhin 651 654. Wennog 678. Yken 366. Lhavan what 641. Lhech what 620. yr Ast 645 677. Lhecheu what 619. Lhech y Gowres 647. Lhe Herbert 656. Lhewelin aur Dorchog 659. ap Sâ—tsylht 685. ap Jorwerth 685. ap Gruffydh 585 586 592 635 666 685. Lheweny riv 590. Lhoegrig 671. Lhong what 311. Lhongporth 311. Lhoyd Pierce 677. John 685. Lhug 587. Lhwn 311. Lhwyn 392 399 645. Lhwyven 624. Lhygwy 677. Lhyn 468. Lhyn-Promont 664. Lhyn yr Avanck 645. y Dymarchen 669. Eigian 669. Lhan Lhwch 892. Lhydaw 665. Lhyngklys 592. Peris â—65 669. Savadhan 590 592 626. Feirn 669. Teivi 641. Lhyr King 677. Lhysvaen 678. LIBNIUS fluv 994. Lichfield 532 c. Licinus 784. S. Licius Simon de 474. Leckey-hill 518. Lid 834 408. riv 25 Town in Kent 211. Lidbury 578 581. Liddesdale 905. Lidford 25 38. Lidgate 369. John 370. Lidston 25. Leesnes-abbey 189. Liffer riv 1019. Liffy riv 993. LIGA 1110. LIGON 1110. Ligons 520. Lilborne 432 439. Lilleshull-abbey 545. Lillingstons 281. Lime Riv. and Town 43 51. Lime in Kent 209 210 223. Lime-stone 711 714. Limerick 983. Liming 199. LIMNI 1050. Limoges 709. Limsey Ralph 294 295. Rob. de 505 533. Lin riv 481. Lincoln 467 c. Rob. de 47 48. Henr. Bishop of 263. Oliver Bishop of 272. Alexander Bishop of 256 263 269 465 469 484. Edward Earl of 155. John Earl of 265 266 377 483. De Lincolnia a family 54. Lindaw 468. Linde T. de la 47. Linham 725. Lindisfarne 772 776 778 1103. Lindley 452. Lindsey 464 467 477. Earls of 478 479. Lindseies a family 915 923 938 943. Lords of Wolverly 505. Lindum a City of Rhodes 311. LINDUM 467 468 488. in Scotland 900. Lingens 655. LINGONES 501 713 731. Linstock 832. Linlithquo 468 900. Linternum 468. LISIA 1110. Lismor 981. Lithancraces 847. Lionesse 5 20. Liquorice 485 712 715. Liskeard 119. Lisles or de Insula 131 132 139 407 411 412. L'isle de Dieu 1114. de Rey 1115. Lismehago 923. Lisours Albreda 712. a fam 712. Listers 544. Litherpool or Lirpool 790. Lith-hill 164. Littleburies 565. Littleborrough 480 484. Little-chester 491 497. Little-cot 99. Littleton Tho. 517 518. Littleton Paynel 104. Littletons 518. Littons 294. LITTUS ALTUM 497. Lley 275. Llawn 328. Llhawn 311. Liver riv 10. Liulphus 778. Lixnaw Barons of 977. The Lizard 7. S. Liz Simon de 423 433 440 474. S. Lizes 421 425 440. Vid. de S. Licio Load-stones 28. Local Genius's 709. Lochor-river 613. Locusts 661. Lode-works 2. Loder 808. Lodge-lane 495. Lodge on the Wold 447. Loghor 614. Loghor-river ibid. LOGIâ— fluv 1019 1020. Lollham-bridges 435. Lollius Urbicus lxviii Lon fl 795 811. LONCASHIRE 795 c. Londey-Island 1049. LONDON 310 c. Maurice Bishop of 314 329 346 357. William Bishop of 357. Richard Bishop of 351. Maurice of 921. Londons a family 611 621. London's Monast 929. Longar-river 914. Longchamps 46. Longditch 435. Longdon 517. Long Espee 797. Longford 491. Longford-County 1000. Longleat 89 105. LONGOVICUM 778. Longspees E. of Salisb. 93. Longstone 23. Longton Walter de 538. Longvilles 281 282. LONGUS fluv 947. Long-witenham-hill 275. Lonsdale 806. Loo riv and Town 9. Loopole-lake 7. Loose 192. Lophamford 375. Lora Wife of William Marmion 196 Count. of Leicester 200. Lords clxxvi Lorges 914. Lorn a Fam. 930 934 952. Loseley 154. Losse riv 943. Lostwithiel 19. Lothbroc 397. Lovaine Lords of 345. LOVANTIUM 626 645. Lovebone 23. Loudhams 494. Lovel Will. 61. Francis Vic. 253. Thomas 325. John Lord 467. Lovels 253 263 266 385 429 437 542 543. LOVENTIUM 590 592. LOVENTIUM DIRMETARUM 624 626 645. Lovetoft Eust 421. Lovetofts 425 485 706. Lovets a Fam. 424 491. Lovet-castle 946. Lough-Aber 923 945. Argick 801. Regirgh 999. Corbes 1001. Mesk 1004 Eagh 1013 1019. Ern 1009. Fort 1019. Longus 947. Aw 952. Bruin bay 956. Cure 907. Ediff 952. Fin 931 952. Kinkeran 933. Keave ibid. Lomund 917. Lathea 944. Lothy 945. Nesse 944 956. Maban 907. Rian 911. Louth 471. Louth County 1007. Lowlanders clxiv Lowther Sir J. 817 841. LOXA fluv 943. LUCENI 978. Lucia Grand-daughter of E. Leofrick 505 506. Lucullus 165. Lucy Godfrey 11â— Richard 189 34â— 369 445. Lucy Daughter of John Nevil 156. Miles Earl of Hereford 590. Wife of Marmaduke de Thwenge 752. Lucys a Family 502. Lud riv 471. K. Luddus 310 312. Ludham 390. Ludlow 541. Ludlows a Fam. 545. Ludwall 655. Luffeld a Fam. 281. Luffenham-South 455 456 Lug riv 576. LUGVBALLIA 772. Lullingston 190. E. Lullington 539. Lumley John Baron of â—8 171. Rich. Earl of Scarborough 765. Barons of 752. Lumleys 778 859. Lundenwic 222. Lupanaria 322. Lupel 253. Lupicinus lxxix 201. Lupus Hugh 564 565 567