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power_n	law_n	prince_n	sovereign_a	3,774	5	9.4515	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57360	The cabinet-council containing the cheif [sic] arts of empire and mysteries of state : discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms grounded on authority, and experience : and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.; Cabinet-council	Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.; Milton, John, 1608-1674.	1658 (1658)	Wing R156; ESTC R8392	78,451	210

do spring and proceed from the Soveraign Magistrates and Commissioners And here is to be noted that every Commission ceaseth if he that granted the Commission doth dye or revoke it or if the Commissioners during his Commission shall aspire to Office and Authority equall to his that made it CHAP. X. Of Magistrates their Qualifications and Elections A Magistrate is an Officer having power to command in the State and albeit that every Magistrate be an Officer yet every Officer is not a Magistrate but they only that have power to command Also in making of Officers and Magistrates in every Commonweale three things are specially to be observed viz who doth make them what men they are that should be made and the forme and manner how they are made The first appertaineth to him or them in whom the Soveraigntie resteth the second also belongeth to Majestie yet therein the Laws are commonly followed especially in Aristocracies and States popular In the one the Magistrates are chosen out of the most wealthy or most noble In the other elected out of the whole multitude The forme and manner of choosing Magistrates in Aristocracies and States Popular is either by election by lot or by both and their Office is to compel those that doe not obey what Soveraigntie commandeth for all force of Commandment lyeth in compulsion Commandment likewise is of two sorts the one may be called Soveraign and absolute above Lawes above Magistrates and above people In Monarchies such command is proper to the Prince only in Aristocracies it resteth in the Nobility and in Democracies the people have that power The second Commandments are Subject both to Soveraignty and Law Here is to be noted that every Magistrate may recall his own Commandement and forbid what he did Command yet cannot revoke that which he hath Judged * Also in presence of the Soveraign all Authority of Magistrates ceaseth and in presence of great Magistrates the inferior have no power and Magistrates equall cannot doe any thing but by consent if his Colleagues or fellow-Magistrates be present CHAP. XI Observations intrinsically concerning every publick State in points of Justice Treasure and Warr THe First concern matter Intrinsick The Second touch matter Extrinsick Matters Intrinsick are three The Administration of Justice The Mannaging of the Treasure The disposing of things appertaining to War Matters Extrinsick are also three The skill how to deale with neighbours The diligence to vent their designes● The way how to win so much confidence with some of them as to be made partaker of whatsoever they mean to enterprise Touching Administratio● of Justice The good and direct Administration of Justice is in all places a Principal part of government for seldome or never shall we see any people discontented and desirous of alteration where Justice is equally administred without respect of persons and in every State this consideration is required but most of all in Countries that doe front upon other Princes or were lately conquered Hereunto the Princes vigilancy and the Magistrates uprightness are especially required for oftentimes the Prince is deceived and the Magistrates corrupted it behoveth also the Prince to maintain the Judges and Ministers of Justice in their reputation and yet to have a vigilant eye upon their proceedings and the rather if their Authority doe include equity and from their censure be no appeale and if their Office be during life and they are men born and dwelling in the same Country all these things are duly to be considered of the Prince for as to call the Judges into q●estion is as it were to disgrace the Judicial seate so to wink at their corruptions were matter of just discontent to the Subject in this case therefore the Prince cannot doe more then by his wisdom to make choise of good men and being chosen to hold them in good reputation so as the ordinary course of Justice may proceed for otherwise great disorder contempt and general confusion will ensue thereof Secondly he is to keep his eye open upon their proceedings and Lastly to reserve unto himself a supream power of Appellation Touching the Treasure The want of money is in all States very perilous and most of all in those which are of least strength and doe confine upon Nations with whom they have commonly War or unassured peace but most perilous of all to those Governments which are remote from the Prince or place where they are to be relieved The means to leavie Treasure are four First the Customs and Impositions upon all sorts of Merchandize and Traffique is to be looked unto and advanced Secondly the excessive eating of usury must be suppressed Thirdly all super●luous charges and expences are to be taken away Lastly the doings and accounts of Ministers are severally to be examined Touching the matter of Custom and Impost thereof assuredly a great profit is in every State to be raised chiefly where Peace hath long continued and where the Country affordeth much plenty of Commodities to be carried out and where ports are to receive shipping The moderating of Interest is ever necessary and chiefly in this age by reason that money aboundeth in Europe since the Trafficke into the Indies for such men as have money in their hands great plenty would in no wise imploy the same in Merchandize if lawful it were to receive the utmost usury being a course of most profit and greatest security The taking away of superfluous expences is no other thing then a certain wise and laudable parsimony which the Romans and other well governed States did use These expences consist in Fees Allowances and Wages granted to Ministers of little or no necessity also in Pensions Rewards Entertainmens and Donaries with small difficultie to be moderated or easily to be suppressed * By abridging or taking away of these needless expences a marvelous profit will be saved for the Prince but if he continue them and by imposing upon the people doe think to increase his Treasure or Revenew besides the loss of their love he may also hazzard their obedience with many other inconveniences Touching Warr Whatsoever Prince or Common weale is Neighbor to any people which can will or were wont to offend it is necessary to have not only all things prepared for defence of his Person and Country but also to forecast and use every caution and other diligence for the inconveniencies which happen to government are suddain and unlookt for yea the providence and provision required in this case ought to be such as the expences all other waies imployed must stay to supply the necessity of war CHAP. XII Extrinsick observation shewing how to deale with Neighbor Princes and Provinces respectively how to prevent their designes and decypher their intendments THis first point of matter extrinsick is of such quality as being well handled procureth great good but otherwise becometh dangerous for the proceeding must be diverse according to the diversitie of the ends which the Prince or Governor

Tam Marti Quam Mercurio The true and lively Portraiture of the Hoble. and learned Knight Sr. Walter Ralegh Ro Vaughan sculp The Cabinet-Council Containing the Cheif ARTS OF EMPIRE And MYSTERIES of STATE DISCABINETED In Political and Polemical Aphorisms grounded on Authority and Experience And illustrated with the choicest Examples and Historical Observations By the Ever-renowned Knight Sir WALTER RALEIGH Published By JOHN MILTON Esq Quis Martem tunicâ tectum Adamantinâ dignè scripserit London Printed by Tho. Newcomb for Tho. Johnson at the sign of the Key in St. Pauls Churchyard near the West-end 1658. To the READER HAving had the Manuscript of this Treatise Written by Sir Walter Raleigh many years in my hands and finding it lately by chance among other Books and Papers upon reading thereof I thought it a kinde of injury to withhold longer the work of so eminent an Author from the Publick it being both answerable in Stile to other Works of his already Extant as far as the subject would permit and given me for a true Copy by a Learned Man at his Death who had Collected several such peices John Milton THE Principal Contents CHAP. I. THe Definition and Division of Publick Weals and Soveraign States according to their several Species or Kindes Pag. 1. Chap. 2. Of Soveraign or Monarchick Government with its essential Marks and specifical Differences Pag. 2. Chap. 3. Of Monarchies Seigniorile exemplified in the Turkish and West-Indian Empire Pag. 5. Chap. 4. Of Monarchies Royal with the Means to maintain them Pag. 7. Chap. 5. Of Monarchies Tyrannical Pag. 9. Chap. 6. Of new-found Monarchies and Principalities with the Means to perpetuate them Pag. 10. Chap. 7. Of Councils and Counsellors in general Pag. 14. Chap. 8. Of Councils in some particular Monarchies Aristocraties and Democraties Pag. 15. Chap. 9. Of Officers and Commissioners with their respective Distinctions Pag. 17. Chap. 10. Of Magistrates their Qualifications and Elections Pag. 18. Chap. 11. Observations intrinsically concerning every Publick State in Points of Justice Treasure and War P. 20. Chap. 12. Extrinsick Observations shewing how to deal with Neighbor Princes and Provinces respectively how to prevent their Designs and decypher their Intendments Pag. 24. Chap. 13. Observations confirmed by Authorities of Princes and Principalities charactering an excellent Prince or Governor Pag. 28. Chap. 14. Of the Princes intimate Counsellors and Ministers of State with their several Requisites Pag. 32. Chap. 15. The Art of Ruling or Mystery of Regiment Pag. 38. Chap. 16. Of Princely Authority wherein it consists and how far to be extended and delegated Pag. 40. Chap. 17. Of Power and Force and how to be raised and maintained P. 42. Chap. 18. Of Conspiracy and Treason with the causes and ways of prevention or discovery Pag. 44. Chap. 19. Of Publick Hate and Contempt with the occasions and means to redress and avoid it Pag. 47. Chap. 20. Of Diffidence and Dissimulation in the mannage of State Affairs Pag. 54. Chap. 21. Of War Defensive and Invasive with Instructions touching Laws of Arms Soldiers and Military Discipline Pag. 56. Chap. 22. Of Generals and Commanders and their requisite Abilities in Martial enterprises and expeditions Pag. 67. Chap. 23. Of Councils in War and Directions Tactick and Stratagematick with advice how to make an honorable Peace Pag. 71. Chap. 24. Of Civil War with the Causes and Remedies thereof Pag. 80. Chap. 25. A Collection of Political Observations confirmed by Reason and Experience advertising Princes Statesmen and private persons how to demean themselves in all Fortunes and Events Pag. 88. Chap. 26. Maximes of State or Prudential Grounds and Polemical Precepts concerning all Estates and forms of Policy in times of Peace or War c. confirmed by select Narrations and Historical Parallels Pag. 153. THE Cabinet Council Containing the chief Arts of EMPIRE AND Mysteries of State CHAP. I. The Definition and Division of Publick Weales and Soveraign States according to their several species or kinds A Common-wealth is a certain Soveraign Government of many Families with those things that are common among them All Common-wealths are either Monarchies Aristocraties Democraties A Monarchie is that State where the Soveraignty resteth in the person of one only Prince An Aristocratie is where some small part of the people have in the● as a body corporate the Soveraignty and supream power of the whole State A Democrati● is where all the people have Power and Authority Soveraign So doth it appear that the place and person where the Soveraigntie resteth doth cause the State to be either a Monarchie an Aristocratie or Popular Government CHAP. II. Of Soveraign or Monarchick Government with its Essential markes and Specifical differences SOveraigntie is an absolute and perpetual power in every publike State and he is properly and only a Soveraign that acknowledgeth no Superior or Equal nor holdeth of any other Prince person or power but God and his own sword The First mark of Soveraigntie is absolute Power and Authority to command all Subjects in general and every of them in particular without consent of any other person or persons either greater or inferior to himself The Second mark of Majesty is Authority to make War and conclude Peace at his pleasure The Third is Power to bestow all Honors and cheif Offices at his pleasure The Fourth marke of Soveraigntie is Appellation The Fifth mark and last is power to pardon all Subjects by rigor of Law or otherwise condemned in Life Lands Goods or Honors These Powers are not to be imparted to any Officer Deputy or other Magistrate but in the Princes absence and for some urgent occasion Monarchies are of three sorts Signioril Royal Tyrannical The Diver●●tie of Monarchies doth no● proceed from the Nature of the State but the diverse proceedings of those Princes that governe for great difference there may be between the nature of the Common wealth and the Government thereof That Prince that giveth the Magistracies Honors and Offices without respect of Nobility Riches or Vertue may be said to governe popularly And that Monarchy may be said to b● governed Aristocratically when the Monarch imparteth the principal Honors and Offices to the Noble and Rich men only The same difference there is to be found in States Aristocratical and Popular for the one and the other may be both Signioril or Tyrannical A Monarch Signioril is he who by force of Arms and just War is made owner of mens bodies and goods and governeth them as a Master of a Familie governeth base Servants and Slaves A Monarch Royal is he whose Subjects are obedient unto his Laws and the Monarch himself obeyeth the Lawes of God and Nature suffering every Subject to enjoy liberty natural with property in Lands and Goods governing as a Father governeth his Children A Monarch Tyrannical is he who without regard to the Law of God or Nature commandeth Free-men as Slaves and useth their Lands and Goods as his own CHAP. III. Of Monarchie Signioril Exemplified in

must pray in aide of others If he can doe the first he needeth not doubt but being driven to the other his greatness cannot long continue● for albeit a matter of no difficultie it is to perswade a people yet to make them constant is a work well neer impossible Example Thes●us Cyrus Romulus The Second sort of new Princes are such as be aspired by favor or corruption or by the vertue or greatness of fortune or friends A Prince by any or all these means advanced and desirous to hold his Estate● must indeavor by his own vertue to maintain himself without depending upon any other which may be done by this means First to assure all enemies from offending Secondly to win the love and friendship of so many neighbours as possibly he may Thirdly to compass all designes tending to his honor or profit and bring them to pas● either by fraud or force Fourthly to make himself honoured and followed of Captains and Soldiers Fifthly to oppress all those that would or can offend Sixthly to be obsequious liberal to frinds magnanimous terrible to Foes Seventhly to c●sse all old and unfaithfull bands and entertain new Eighthly to hold such Amitie with Kings and Princes as they ought reasonablie to favor him● or else they would offend easily they cannot● Example Giovannie Torrigiani Caesar Borgi● The Third and last meanes whereby private persons doe aspire to Principalities is not force and violence● but meer good-will and favor of men The cause or occasion thereof is only vertue or fortune or at least a certain fortunate craft and wittiness because he aspireth either by favor of the People or by favor of the Nobilitie for these contrary humors are in all Common wealths to be found And the reason thereof is that the great men do ever endeavor to oppress the people and the people do labor not to be oppressed by them Of these divers appetites one of these three ef●ects doe proceed viz. Principalitie ●iberty or Licencious life Principality may come either by love of the multitude or of the great men for when any of these factions do find it self oppressed then do they soon consent to make one a Prince hoping by his vertue and valor to be defended Example Francesco Sforz● Alessandro de Medici A Prince in this ●ort aspired to maintain his Estate must first consider well by which of these factions aforesaid he is advanced for if by favor of great men he be aspired then must he meet with many difficulties for having about him divers persons of great qualitie and such as were but lately his equals hardly shall he command them in such sort as it behoveth But if the Prince be advanced by the people● few or none shall hardly disobey him So it appeareth that a Prince made by the multitude is much more secure then he whom the Nobilitie preferreth for common people doe not desire to enjoy more then their own and to be defended from oppression but great men doe studie not only to hold their own but also to command and insult upon inferiors Note that all Monarchies are P●incipalities But all Principalities are not Monarchies CHAP. VII Of Councils and Counsellors in general A Senate or Council is a certain lawful assembly of Counsellors to give advice to him or them that have in the comon Weale Power Soveraign A Counsellor is called in the Latine Senator which word signifieth in effect an old man The Grecians and Romans also most commonly composed the●● Councils of ancient and expert persons for if they or the greater part of them had bin young men then might the Council have more properly bin called a Juvenate then a Senate The chief and most necessary note required in a Counsellor is to have no dependance of any other Prince or Common-weale either Oath Homage Natural obligation Pention or reward In this point the Venetians have bin ever most precise and for that reason doe not admit any Cardinal or other Clergieman to be either of or at their Councils therefore when the Venetian Sena●e is assembled the Usher being ready to shut the dore cryeth aloud Fuora Preti Depart Priest Note also that in every state of what quality soever a secret or Cabinet-Council is mainly necessary CHAP. VIII Of Councils in some particular Monarchies Aristocraties and Democraties THe King of Spaine for the government of his Dominions hath seven Councils viz the Council of the Indies the Council of Spaine the Council of Italy and the Low Countries the Council of War the Council of Orders the Council of Inquisition and the Council Royal. In France are three Councils viz the Council Privy the Council of Judges which they call Presidents et Conc●liers de Parlament and the great Council which they call assemblei d● troys estates Of Councils in Aristocraties In V●nice beside the Senate and great Council are four Councils viz the Sages of the Sea the Sages of the Land the Co●ncil of Tenn the three presidents of Quarantia and the Senate All which Councils do amount to 120 persons with the Magistrates The great Council of Ragusa consisteth of 60 persons and hath another privie Council of 12. Of Councils in Democraties Genoua hath 3 Councils● the great Council of 200 the Senate which consisteth of 60 and the privie Council which hath 26 Counsellors so it doth appear that in all Commonwealths be they Monarchies Aristocracies or Popular States The Council-privie is most necessarie and often used Also this difference is to be noted between the Councils in Monarchies and the Councils in Aristocracies and States Popular that is to say that all deliberations ●it ●o be published are in a Monarchie consulted and resolved upon in the Council privie and after ratified by Common Council But in Optimacies or popular government the Custom is contrary Here also is to be noted that albeit the use an● Authorit● of ever● Senate and Privie Councel is most needful yet hath it no Authority to command but in the name of those in whom the Soveraignty resteth for if Councellors had power to command absolutely then should they be Soveraigns and consequently all execution at their pleasure which may not be without detracting from Majestie which is a thing so soveraign and sacred as no Citizen or Subject of what quality soever may touch or approach thereunto CHAP. IX Of Officers and Commissioners with their respective Distinctions AN Officer is a person publick that hath charge ordinary and limited by Law A Commissioner is also a person publick● but his charge is extraordinary and limited by Commission Officers are of two ●orts and so be Commissioners the one hath power to command and are called Magistrates the other hath authority to execute so the one and the other are persons publick yet are not all publick persons either Officers or Commissioners Commissioners are ordained to govern in Provinces● in Warr in Justice in disposing the Treasure or some other Function concerning the State but all Commissions