Stephen and Miles Cogan Adventurers with Strongbow in the first Attack and possessors of Lands for their Service succeeded him next to them succeeded Hugh de Lacy and Robert le Power both interested persons in Ireland Le Power being then Governor of Waterford and Wexford was possest of a great Estate in those Countries * Cambden of Ireland and Hugh de Lacy marrying the Daughter of Rodorick King of Connaght had a considerable Interest in Ireland by her right the King still approving interested persons fittest to govern Ireland that designing to send over his own Son John he first made him King of Ireland to give him a peculiar Interest in that Kingdom †Hovenden p. 77. from his time being anno Dom. 1185. until Lionel Duke of Clarence 1361. near 200 years that Edward the Third's Son was sent over who by right of his Wife was Earl of Ulster and Lord of Connaght I find Ireland governed for the most part by Butlers of the House of Ormonde Fitz Morris Fitz John Fitz Gerralds c. of the Houses of Kildare and Desmond with Woggans Barrys Powers Bourkes Burminghams c. and in intervals by Dignitaries of the Church or other Ministers of State in Ireland I find very few but either had considerable Interest in Ireland or otherwise settled on them at their sending over or purchased by them in the time of their Service and settled there with their Families In all which time we read of very few Factions until that of Desmond who raised a Dissention betwixt the English of Blood and English of Birth which bred such ill Blood in his own Families Veins as boyled up to the ruine of it afterwards in the Queens days 1583. and from the time of the Duke of Clarence 1361. until 1385. the Earl of Oxford was created Duke of Ireland and Marquess of Dublin at his coming over of Twelve Lord Lieutenants and Deputies c. in that time not above two or three at the most but Butlers Gerralds c. Next Richard the Second sent over Mortymer Lord Lieutenant but first created him Earl of Ulster Lord of Trim Clare and Connaght 1398. from him until the year 1449. I find not above four or five viz. Sir John Stanly Scroop Sutton de Gray c. and they but short times but persons of Ireland viz. Talbots Gerralds and Butlers the later six times in this short space of about fifty years Then was Richard Duke of York being Earl of Ulster Lord of Connaght and Meath by Descent from Lionel Duke of Clarence Lord Lieutenant But for a more distinct Account of Irelands Chief Governours since the Conquest I shall refer the Reader to the ensuing Catalogue as I find it recorded by Borlacy Spencer Campian Hanmer Marlburroughs Hooker c. wherein I have only noted some few remarkable things that happened under some of their Governments designing only a brief Catalogue of both sorts to make good my Position that the Policy of England hath still found it best to govern Ireland by its own Members or persons peculiarly interested in its prosperity But this is observable when Noblemen c. were sent out of England to govern Ireland it was not of choice but rather of necessity as in these and the like cases First to ballance Factions amongst the English Lords of Ireland when their animosities grew so high that Interest of State required a more indifferent Hand at the Helm which proceeded from their great Power ruling their Tenants c. as Soveraign Princes over large Teritories by the Brehon Laws whereby multitudes both of English and Irish more depended upon their Favour than the Kings but that sort of Lordship is utterly extinguished root and branch the greatest Lords of Ireland are as subject to the Kings Laws as the meanest man and the whole Militia of the Kingdom under the Kings immediate Commission and Pay therefore that Reason ceaseth Second Reason was to ballance Factions in the Court of England especially in the Barons Wars and in the Contest betwixt the two Houses of York and Lancaster c. but the two Roses now are not only graffed but so well grown upon one stalk that danger is over Thirdly in times of considerable Rebellions when either of these two Reasons swayed 1. When the Work required persons of greater Experience in Martial Affairs than it it was supposed Ireland afforded but Ireland is now so well furnished with Noble persons of approved Courage and Conduct that it is able to supply England if the Kings Affairs should require it with Officers from the Truncheon to the Halbert to conduct a Royal Army 2. When the great Lords of Ireland were in Factions one against the other especially those of English Race as the Geraldines and Butlers c. which two Houses mantained an inveterate Feud for several Generations yet by turns were chiefly employ'd by Henr. 7th and 8th till the 20th year of the Raign of Henry the Eighth Thomas the Son of Gerrald Earl of Kildare then Prisoner in the Tower broke out into Rebellion from which time the King sent over English Governours during his Life as Skeffington the Lord Gray Brereton St. Leger c. which course his Son Edward the Sixth and both his Daughters Mary and Elizabeth imitated him in for the most part the like King James and Charles the First but the reason thereof must be attributed to the Change or rather Reformation of Religion most of the Noble Families of Ireland capable of chief Trust still adhering to the Roman Superstition and consequently uncapable of promoting a Protestant Interest which case is now otherwise most of the ancient Nobility of Ireland are Protestants as may appear in my Schedule of Irelands Nobility and as that reason of State is ceased so hath the practice since About two years after the Rebellion Jan. 1643. James then Marquess now Duke of Ormonde was sworn Lord Lieutenant since which time being 39 years Jan. last he hath born the Honour of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland except from the 18th of September 1669. the Lord Roberts entred until the â—4th of August 1677. the Earl of Essex surrender'd not full eight years so that the Duke hath born the Honour 31 years and actually exercised the Regency 19 years being interrupted about 12 years viz. from December 1650. he left Clanrickard Deputy until the 28th of July 1662. when His Grace was again sworn Lord Lieutenant and as he hath exercised the longest Regency so hath he had the most difficult Work of any chief Governor since the Conquest First Commander of an Army for some years under great wants the hardest task to a noble spirited General Secondly Fighting against a people he desired and endeavoured the Welfare of that would not believe him until they found it to their cost that their Ingratitude and Treachery to him and their Princes Interest that he asserted sell upon their own pates Thirdly Fighting for a Prince in no capacity to support him
evidence the authentickness of this opinion by the practice of our Princes since the Conquest p. 122 to 156 A Copy of the present Establishment of Ireland p. 156 to p. 162 A Table for reducing Plantation-Acres into English c. p. 162 163 The establishment of the Subsidies of Ireland p. 164 to 172 CHAP. VI. On Coins IN answer to this Question whether it be advisable to enhance the Value or debase the Alloy of the currant Money of Ireland p. 137 to 188 The Contents of the Supplement p. 181 SECT I. THe Objection answered If the Government of Ireland by its own Members be of so great advantage to the Trade and Wealth of Ireland why was it no more advanc'd under the Lords Justices and Duke of Ormond in their nine years Government p. 181 to 190 Sect. 2. Answering the Objection p. 93 What those Popish Principles are that make them so desperately dangerous to humane Society 1. Not the Religion of their Church relating to Worship but the Policies of their State respecting Government p. 193 194 Their Principles inconsistent with humane Society abstracted p. 195 196 to 199 Their Principles of Treason and Rebellion c. collected p. 200 to 203 The Comment or Gloss made on their inhumane rebellious Principles by their own Authors p. 204 to 207 Since all these wicked Principles have attended the Popes pretended Infallibility and Supremacie from whence did they proceed Answered 1. Negatively not from Christ nor his Apostles nor from the ancient Fathers nor Councels p. 208 209 2. Positively from Vsurpation Treachery and Rebellion p. 210 SECT II. Shewing the Original of their bloody Principles p. 211 The Jesuits first adopted them who are charactered by the locusts prophecied of to ascend out of the Bottomless-pit Rev. 9 p. 211 212 No other Votaries or Orders of Friars c. answers the description p. 213 The design of their Institution by the Pope was to manage his Treasons c. against Princes p. 214 SECT III. Shews that no Authority but the Pope and his Illegal Council of Trent ever confirm'd their Institution p. 214 The Illegality of the Council of Trent proved p. 215 216 217 Rome is no Mother-Church nor Mistress of other Churches and why p. 218 Rome only hath the Primacy in Apostacie ibid. The testimony of Rome's vile Apostacie from her own Learned and Applauded Authors p. 219 220 221 The bloody work Rome's Apostacy and the Pope's Rebellion against Emperors c. made in Italy p. 222 They enjoyed not the Supremacie until they had so vexed and wearied the Emperors that to stay the stream of blood they kept running in Christendom they permitted them to do what they pleased p. 222 All Papists in Ireland not jesuited Papists p. 222 223 Not only their principles but their persons and Order exploded and banisht bymost Popish Princes and States p. 223 224 SECT IV. Of the natural consequences of their inhumane principles p. 225 They abrogate all Laws of Humanity and Divinity p. 225 226 The iniquity of their principles aggravated by fathering their villanies on innocent persons p. 227 The Popes advantage above all Tyrants in the World to Massacre and Assassinate by his Emissaries in all parts to perform his pleasure p. 228 Instances of their detestable stabbing and poysoning of Princes c. ibid. They have made Temples and Sanctuaries their Slaughter-houses in time of Worship ibid. They have poysoned their Disciples by the Sacramental Wine p. 229 What vitious men many of their infallible Popes have been ibid. Like Popes like Preists like Priests like People p. 230 SECT V. Shews their Tyrannical practice since they usurpt the Supremacy p. 231 Instances of Emperors and Princes Excommunicated Deposed and Destroyed by them p. 232 233 Their imperious insultings over mighty Princes submitting to their censurre p. 234 The reason why so many High born Potent Princes have so sordidly subjected themselves to their Tyranny is from Gods judgment upon them p. 235 Princes no sooner become Slaves to the Pope but turn Tyrants over their own Subjects ibid. After his Holiness became his Mightiness he contented not himself to insult over some Christian Princes by the aid of others but brought them all to lay their profane necks under his holy feet by his own power p. 235 236 The Popes cruel project by the Jesuits to have incenst the Turk against the Patriarch of Constantinople and thereby to have destroyed all the Asian Christians that would not own his Supremacy p. 236 237 The saying of Rodulph the Emperor as to the danger of Princes imposing on their Subjects consciences p. 237 Shutting the mouth of Gods Ministers hath usually lifted up the hands of Gods judgments p. 238 The Jesuits bloody work in the West and East-Indies ibid. Of all the Countries in the World England with its Territories hath been the mark the Jesuits have levelled their fiery darts at for 100 years past p. 239 SECT VI. Of the inconsistency of their principles with the just Power and Rights of Temporal Princes p. 140 The most Sovereign Prince under the Popes Jurisdiction more Slaves than any Conquered or Tributary Prince is to the Great Turk instances p. 240 No hereditary Title though of the most ancient Royal Dissent can secure them p. 241 No legal Election c. can do it p. 242 No strength of Arms nor strong Holds can preserve them against their Assassinations p. 243 No Oaths Articles of Peace nor publick Leagues can do it p. 243 244 No Sovereign Prince in the World that either is free or knows how to be so from the Popes Supremacy if not infatuated but would choose it p. 245 Popish Harmonie is only in their Errors Superstitions and Immoralities ibid. Popish Slavery not only Corporal but Spiritual we must believe against reason and sense or be damn'd Hereticks p. 246 Christians must either he Rebels at home or Hereticks at Rome if the Pope and their Prince fall out ibid. We must believe their Blasphemie is Pietie and their Rebellion Loyaltie or be perverse Hereticks instances p. 246 247 The bloody Massacres of Paris and Ireland were perpetrated in Gods name and for Gods Glory and Service p. 246 247 Their most horrid Treasons and Rebellions must be esteemed Loyaltie and for the service of the Prince they rebel against p. 248 to 252 It would be better both for the Papists and Protestants if moral loyal Papists would distinguish themselves from Jesuited Papists p. 352 Vnity in Loyaltie on Civil Interests much more easie and safe than in Religious p. 252 253 The Scripture as positive against Subjects Rebellion on the account of Religion as any one Wickedness there condemn'd p. 254 The Wars betwixt the Protestants of France Germany Belgia c. against their Princes was not primarily for Religion but what p. 255 The difference betwixt Papists and Protestants in their claims of liberty of Conscience p. 255 No vengeance of God upon Popish Persecutors will restrain them instances p. 256 257 SECT
set up another and from thence all their Subjects are absolved from their Oaths of Allegeance c. they must believe it having never read St. Peter though claimed for their own peculiar Apostle from whose pretended Supremacy they usurp theirs who as if he had foreseen the abuse they would put upon his Doctrine more expresly declares the Supremacy in the Civil Magistrate than the other Apostles in his first Epistle ch 2. v. 13. Submit your selves to every Ordinance of Man for the Lords sake whether it be to the King as Supream or unto Governours as unto them that are sent by him c. So St. Paul as if he had foreseen the Apostacy of the Roman Church from their primitive Obedience to the Civil Magistrate is more express in his Epistle to the Romans chapt 13. from the 1st to the 19th vers than to any other Church he writes to saith he Let every Soul be subject to the higher Powers for there is no Power but of God The Powers that be are ordained of God Whosoever therefore resisteth the Power resisteth the Ordinance of God and they that resist shall receive to themselves Damnation So that the Pope and his Clergy must prove they are no Souls before they can prove they are not bound by this Divine Canon for every Soul is required to be subject Object If it be as you say that the Irish Papists in the last bloody Massacre were under no personal provocation to fill them with malice and revenge nor are depraved in principles of Humanity but are of a sociable kind friendly temper and capable of the highest improvements in the liberal Sciences and ingenious Arts whence is it they have so often been treacherous and bloody as their Histories declare If you place all their Faults upon their Religion you might do well to instance what Points of their Religion render them so dangerous c. considering they profess themselves Christians and own the the same God and believe in the same Jesus c. Answ It is not the Religion of the Church of Rome viz. what properly relates to Faith and Worship due to God but the Policies of the State of Rome that render them so incompatible with civil Order and Society multitudes of Christians live safely mixed with Turks and Pagans in Asia and Africa under the Governments of their respective Patriarchs of Constantinople Alexandria Antioch Aethiopia India c. without any dread of Assassinations or Massacres frequent in Popish Countries of whom it may be said as of Manasseh King of Israel they have made Cities and Countries to swim with Blood witness Piedmont Bohemiah France Ireland Belgia c. besides the multitudes destroyed by their unjust Wars in vindication of their usurped Supremacy c. whereby Christendom hath been made an Akeldima and all this from Principles foreign to their own Christianity and novel to their Church as was believed in Gregory the Greats time who exploded the Title of Supremacy c. as Antichristian but I shall respit my more particular Answer to the Supplement at the end of this Treatise whereto I refer all Answers to Objections being not willing to interrupt the argumentative part that it is the Interest of the Irish to promote the Prosperity of the English Protestants in Ireland And having hinted the miserable Desolation and Ruine a weak and feeble English Interest hath encouraged them to bring upon themselves and posterities and the desperate hazards of an utter Extirpation if they should attempt another Rebellion and that an equal Prosperity with their English Neighbours they do and may enjoy if they please I shall close this Chapter with this Repetition that if it be more their Interest to be in safety than in danger to be in equal capacity of Honour and Trust from their Prince with his Protestant Subjects than excluded if it be their Interest to enjoy the Fruit of their Labours and leave their Possessions and Wealth to their Children rather than to have them possess'd by others if it be their Interest to enjoy the hearty good Will and Respects from their Protestant Neighbours rather than their Prejudice arising from their Jealousie and Dread of being massacred robbed and spoyled by them in a word if it be their Interest to secure to themselves and posterities a settled prosperous state rather than to be subject to frequent ruine and destruction then it is their Interest to promote the Prosperity of the English Interest amongst them for whilst that is weak and impotent these things can never be at best not long continue whilst there is a Pope that can not only pardon Rebels and Murderers but also approve and applaud the most barbarous actions as meritorious or a Foreign Popish Prince to encourage and aid them or a Jesuited Priest to instigate them to it If this be the present state of Ireland that the English Interest there hath gained so much ground by the last Act of Settlement c. What now obstructs its progress to that strength and perfection you propose Vide Supplement SECT II. Shewing that above all it is the Interest of the Protestants of Ireland to promote the potency of the English Interest in Ireland IF it be not only the Interest of England but of the Romanists of Ireland to promote the Prosperity and Potency of the English Interest how much more is it the great Interest of all Protestants in Ireland by all lawful and possible means to do it England is obliged more remotely but the Protestants of Ireland more immediate would you not see and feel the miseries of 1641. repeated would you not see your Wives ravish'd and Infants ript out of their Wombs your Daughters deflowred your innocent Babes barbarously murdered before your eyes your stately Buildings in a flame your well improved and planted Estates all laid waste your Princes Authority despised and his Laws rejected your Religion reproached and suppressed as a pestilent Heresie c. I say if these and the like dismal calamities be worth the avoiding then let nothing in your power be omitted tending to the promotion and security of a potent English Interest which nothing will so naturally effect as a vigorous propagation of Trade and Manufacture it is not your building stately Houses nor the draining planting and stocking your Land with the best English Corn and Cattel c. will do it your 41. Experience may convince you all that may be immediately surprised and destroyed by your Enemies and put them in a capacity to maintain a destructive War against you but the well planting our Wall Towns and erecting them where they are wanting and keeping them in a posture of defence by their own Militia's which will be ready Receptacles to the English Families dispersed in the Country adjacent and by the aid of the Country Militia's able to imbody against an Enemy that would fortifie the English Interest and this may be easily effected without much charge to the King or Country by
Adultery 18. That according to a probable Opinion if a Tax imposed on Merchandize is not just it is lawful to use false Weights to gain the more and if he be charged for so doing he may deny it by Oath making use of equivocal expressions when he is brought upon Interrogatories before a Judge Escober ad M.J. p. 93. A Tenent useful to Merchants but pernicious to the Farmers of Customs 19. That he who hath a will to commit all the venial sins that are doth not sin mortally Granados Diana Muchat ad M.J. p. 98. as they do that question the Popes Infallibity 20. That a man doth not commit any sin or is guilty of any irreverence towards God when he presumes to address himself to him in his devotions having an intent mortally to offend him Ad M.J. p. 98. 21. That a religous man having made use of a Woman may kill her if she offer to discover what passed between them Ad M.J. p. 19. You may easily guess what Religion this religious man is of You may read their pious slights as they call them Letter 10. p. 137. to 155. in the business of Confession Pennance and Absolution They affirm Absolution ought not to be denied or delayed though the Sinner continue in habitual sins against the Laws of God Nature and the Church though you discover not the least hope of amendment M.J. p. 145. vid. the Bishop of Machlin's Collection and Rejection of 43 horrid Errors ad M.J. p. 90. But what is yet mentioned are but little piccadilloes only inconvenient to neighbourly Society and civil Converse betwixt private persons and to blast their Reputation or deceive them of their Good and Lives is but a petty Retale trade Therefore I shall hint a few of their Whole-sale Merchants that trade for Empires Kingdoms and States which are the great Arms of the Tree of Supremacy c. the other but small Boughs and some of them twigs comparatively And that you may believe their deposing and dethroning Kings is from good Authority read the Reasons given by Saunders the Jesuit published by Ursinus p. 190. If the Pope be infallible which no Roman Catholick dare question there is great reason he should be supream and make Laws for the regulating the Consciences of fallible erring Princes and States the first we read of that assumed this supream Power as an Article of the Catholick Faith was Hildebrand which Dr. Paget observes pag. 248. and records his infallible princely Canons I shall only mention these few That it is lawful for the Bishop of Rome to make new Laws for the necessity of the times which all Princes and States are obliged to observe though they cross their own Laws and hazard the ruine of their Interest or Lives That the Pope only may use Imperial Robes lest temporal Princes should mistake their carnal Emperor for their spiritual Lord and Master That all Princes shall kiss the Popes Feet his Hands being seldom clean from Blood or Lips from Blasphemy That it is lawful for him to depose Emperors c. because they are so much his slaves as to let him That no general Synod might be called without his Holiness Command lest they should proceed contrary to his Instructions which his Council of Trent durst not do That he ought to be judged by no man lest they should judge him as others his predecessors to be Atheists Conjurers Blasphemers perjured persons Traytors Tyrants Whoremongers Sodomites infectious monsters of men That he is not to be accounted Catholik that agrees not with the Church of Rome Vid. Ursinus pag. 204. to 240. that never yet agreed with her self in any thing but what tended to the propagating Error and suppressing the Truth That Subjects do not sin when they refuse without reason alledged to submit to a Law whereof there hath been a legal Proclamation made by their Prince Ad M.J. p. 92. That Clergymen are not subject to secular Princes nor obliged to any obedience to their Laws even though those Laws are not any way contrary to the State Ecclesiastical pag. 92. Saith Bellarmine if the Pope should command us to sin we are bound to obey him Others say if the Pope should lead thousands to Hell we must not reprove him vid. Pooles Nullity of the Romish Faith p. 243. And admit their Popes to be such as Baronius Platina Genbrandus and others of their own Authors describe them to be monsters of men rather Defilers than Rulers of the Roman Seat prodigious slaves to all Vices and the wickedst of men none more filthy that is admit the Popes be as bad as Vice can make them yet saith Bellarmine Kings are rather Slaves than Lords Church-men being as far above them as the Soul is above the Body that Bishops who are at the Popes nod may depose them Nay saith Masconius Prins Romish Positions of Rebellion 1650. the Pope is above Law against Law and without Law and therefore can do all things he is Rex Regnum and Dominus Dominantium in short he hath the same Tribunal with God himself vid. Regula juris Romani quoted by Ursinus p. 193. Well might one of their great Clergymen say when he found a Bible he knew not who was the Author of it but sure he was some pestilent Heretick for he every where condemns the Doctrines of our Church Pooles Nullity of the R. F. p. 218. Their Sublimity and Immensity is so great said Cassenius Ursinus p. 186. no mortal man can comprehend it no man can express it no man can think it vide Bishop Taylors Dissu Part 1. He can increase the number of the holy Scriptures dethrone Kings and dispose of all temporal Dominions at his pleasure punish them with temporal punishments and this Power is more necessary over Princes than over Subjects if he could not depose Kings and compell their Subjects to execute his Power his Power were not only inefficax but insufficiens Review of the Council of Trent ' An excommunicate King may with impunity be deposed or killed by any one ' Suarez Des Fid. lib. 3. cap. 23. ' Nay F. Parsons affirms p. 149. that if any Christian Prince whatsoever decline the Roman Religion c. he presently loseth all Power and Dignity before any Sentence of the Pope is pronounced and his Subjects are absolved from all Oaths of Allegiance and ought to reject such a one from the Government of Christians by the strictest bond of Conscience and the utmost hazard of their Souls for he hath ipso sacto lost his Kingdom ' Id. p. 109. 149 160. ' The Pope is not only advanced by these Papal Janisaries above all the Emperors and Princes but above all that is called God ' vid. Prynnes Roman Positions of Rebellion 1650. Dr. Du Moulins Vind. Answ to Apolog. 1666. But to compleat all the rest lest any Promise or Faith engaged to Hereticks when Policy of State requires it should after
against the King and most barbarous inhumane Cruelties exercised upon his most loyal Subjects in Ireland did they transact in the Kings Name to which they counterfeited his Great Seal vide Borlacy fol. 29. and declared all they did was for the Kings Service See their Remonstrance at Trim March 17. 1642. with their other Addresses but especially the grand Bond of their Catholick Confederacy their Oath of Association they declare thus in the Preamble As also for the defence and safeguard of his Majesties Person regal Power just Prerogatives Honour State and Rights in the body of the Oath thus I A.B. do prosess swear and protest before God his Saints and Angels that I will during my life bear true Faith and Allegiance to my Soveraign Lord Charles c. that I will to my power during my life defend uphold and maintain all his just Prerogatives Estates and Rights c. Now to say this in that very act in which the Bond of their treasonable Rebellion consisted which after the greatest deliberation they agreed to publish in contempt of the Kings Laws and Soveraign Power puts dull Hereticks to a stand what to make of Popish Loyalty unless they can loyally rise in Rebellion against their King and barbarously murder two or three hundred thousand of his loyal Subjects for his Honour and Service Sir John Temple p. 6. The Lords of the Pale desired Commissions and Arms to resist the Rebels and then imployed them to assist them for his Service Sir John Temple p. 60. They maintained a long and bloody War against His Majesties Vice-Roy and Army commissioned by him for His Majesties Service After near two years viz. June 1643. they by the utmost extremity of War against the Kings Vice-Roy had reduced his Majesties Army into great extremities of wants c. yet in their Instrument impowering their Commissioners to treat about the Cessation they stile themselves His Majesties most faithful Subjects necessitated to take up Arms for the Defence of His Majesties just Prerogatives and Rights vide Dr. Borlace pag. 126. And this near two years after His Majesty had declared them and their Adherents and Abettors lewd and wicked persons that had rob'd and massacred multitudes of his loyal Protestant Subjects Rebels and Traitors against his Royal Person Enemies to his Crown c commanding his Justices and Army to prosecute the said Rebels and Traitors with Fire and Sword as persons unworthy of Mercy or Favour vid. Dr. Borlaco's Hist fol. 53 54. It is evident His Majesty esteemed that Treason and Rebellion they called Loyalty and good Service yet so confident they were all they had done consisted with their Loyalty they menaced the Lords Justices and Council July 1643. if any Messenger brought any Papers to them containing other Language than to His Majesties loyal and obedient Subjects they should not return safe Dr. Borlace p. 128. And to pass by all the Breaches of their Articles of Cessation which you may read a Brief of in Dr. Borlace's Hist fol. 147 148. Take but a brief view of their Behaviour after the Peace was proclaimed 1646 and 1648. 1. They treacherously contrived to cut off the Lord Leutenant and his Army who in confidence of the Articles of Peace they had got into their Quarters as far as Cashel Borlace p. 161 Their Excommunicating all that adhered to the Peace and joyning with the Nuntio's Army to besiege and distress the Lord Lieutenant with the Kings Army in Dublin Borl p. 162 165. Their treacheorous Consult at Waterford to cut off the Lord Lieutenant and his Party who visited them in kindness to contrive their Security and was instrumental to the great hazard of his Person to preserve a Body of Foot that had otherwise been cut off in their Retreat from passage were these things for His Majesties Service Borlace's Hist fol. 231 232. Nay from that time all their Affronts Indignities and Contempts put upon the Kings Authority in the Persons of the Marquesses of Ormond and Clanriccard were still for the Kings Service you may read in Borlace's History of the Years 1650 1651. When not only the Lord Lieutenant was dayly affronted to that height as is not to be parallell'd for Rudeness and Ingratitude and after all his patience bearing with and winking at so many repeated affronts which his high Spirit would have disdained the least part of if the Kings Interest had not weighed down all they excommunicated and rejected his Person and Authority with all imaginary reproach and slander vide Borlace 259. to 273. but it was still for the Kings Service And little better Treatment did that most loyal and upright Catholick Peer the Marquess of Clanriccard meet with from his Countrymen vide id 291. to 295. But after all for that unpardonable sin of Loyalty c. was excommunicated as a Contemner of the Authority of the Church because he would not betray his Trust from his Prince vide idem fol. 287. But all these intolerable Affronts and Contempts put on the Kings Authority from the Peace 1648. was only by the Clergy and Nuntio's Party for not only the Marquess of Clanriccard but many other Catholick Noblemen and Gentlemen with a considerable party of the Popish Army adhered stedfastly to the Kings Authority to the last the other only pretended to it Which fully evidenceth all Papists as is before asserted are not Jesuited Papists And it would be better both for themselves and us if they would more visibly distinguish themselves that we might know our Fiends from our Enemies My Opinion is those Subjects indulged by their Prince in the Liberty of their Consciences ought not only to explode all pernicious Principles to the Peace of his State in themselves but detect them where they discover them in others of their Sect or Persuasion or otherwise they justly suffer those Miseries that shall ensue by their neglect for though Unity in Religion is an excellent bond for Christian neighbourly Society where it can be obtained without violence to Reason and Conscience Yet I judge an Unity in Loyalty that is mutually to adhere to the Civil Constitutions of the Government they live under is much more steddy and safe Civil Interest being much more inclusive and less disputable than Religious for since St. Paul withstood St. Peter to the Face Galat. 2.11 and that sharp Contention betwixt Saint Paul and Barnabas on which they separated Acts 15.39 I do not find either in sacred or other History but there hath been Contentions and Divisions in the Church but still their Civil Interest was the same against Pagan Persecutors until that wicked Error of the Arrians became potent and persecuted the Orthodox since which time that Antichristian Spirit of Persecution hath rendered Christians less sociable than Pagans That were I to choose my Habitation in the world I should think my self more safe and comfortable in the Neighbourhood of moral Turks or Heathens that retain the Principles of Humanity than amongst such Christians
more intolerable then this of Garments is that universal practice of wearing Silk-hoods and Scarfs which every mean mans Wife and Servants c. yea Carmens and Porters Wives put on which increaseth the number of the former double But compute these sorts of Silken Heads and Shoulders worn by these Gammers to sixty thousand persons and compute that expence but at twenty Shillings each person a year it consumes of the Wealth of this Kingdom sixty thousand Pounds per ann Besides it turnes â—elt-making one of the expensivest Manufactures of Wooll in the Countrey and consequently one of the profitablest For it did not only manufacture a great proportion of our Woolls but employed therein a great number of industrious people And suppose the same number of Servants and mean mens Wives and Daughters c. that now wear Silk-hoods and Scarfs wore Hats or Searge-hoods at five Shillings each the Wooll being nor valued above half the price the profit of the Countrey by the labour of the people that is now lost would amount unto seven thousand five hundred Pounds per. ann So that by this one consumption of foreign Silk-Manufacture with its prevention of consuming of our own damnifies this Kingdom sixty seven thousand five hundred Pounds per ann Obj. If this be so how comes it England and France that much exceed Ireland's expence in Garbs and yet both flourishing Kingdoms in Trade and Wealth Answ First it is not granted they exceed Ireland the quantity and quality of the people considered for these Countreys are not only much more populous but far more wealthy and although the Nobility and Gentry of France are expensive yet the Peasant or ordinary People are restrained both by Law and Custom to wear the most ordinary product of their own Countrey And as I observed before the State of France gains rather than loses by the Garbs of particular persons For they sell more to others than pays for the foreign matter they manufacture for themselves But let us compare our selves with England the State and Garb whereof being more generally known to us than that of France and we shall find we much exceed England in the profuseness of our expences this way if the quality and quantity of persons be considered First England must be considered as a Family after many years gathering by great pains and good husbandry in possession of a great well-setled Estate but Ireland as a young Beginner if it have yet begun in the way to get Wealth And if a Gentleman of a thousand Pounds per ann will keep the Port and spend at the rate of another of ten thousand Pounds per ann the mischief of the Parity will soon appear and England does not only possess ten times the Wealth of Ireland but drives ten times his Trade and twenty to one is great odds in expences Secondly if England must be Irelands pattern in Garbs and Expences then review Englands Garb and Expences when its state was more sutable to Ireland and you will find it very mean and homely to what Ireland is now and as it increased in Wealth so in the expensiveness of its Garb and Port and so soon as the people began to break bounds on that hand the wisdom of those times saw reason to restrain them by sumptuary Laws as in the 17th of Edward the Third the Parliament ordained Rules for the Apparel of all Ranks and Degrees of persons as followeth First The Apparel of the Servants of Lords c. was not to exceed the value of twenty six shillings and eight pence their Wives and Children suitable and to wear no Deils above the value of twelve pence Secondly Handicrafts and Yeomen their whole Garment not to exceed the value of 40 shillings no Silk nor Silver c. their Wives Daughters suitable in their Vesture and Apparel to wear no Veil of Silk but of Yarn made within the Realm no Furs but Lamb Coney Cat and Fox Thirdly All Gentlemen under the state of a Knight having not above a Hundred pounds Rent per annum their Apparel not to exceed three pounds six shillings and eight pence if Rents of two Hundred Marks per annum and above they might wear Cloth to the value of Five Marks with Cloth of Silk and Silver their Wives and Children any Furs but no Ermines c. Fourthly Citizens worth Five Hundred Pounds to the value of Knights of One Hundred Pounds per annum if worth 1000 l. they might wear in the manner of Knights and Gentlemen of Two Hundred Pounds Rent per annum none of their Servants to exceed the value allowed to the Servants of Lords before mentioned Fifthly All Knights and Ladies that possess Lands or Rents above the value of Four Hundred Marks per annum to a thousand may wear their pleasure except Ermines and Iewels only on their Heads Sixthly all Ecclesiastical persons according to the custom of their Dignity or proportionably to their yearly Revenue by the former Rules of Knights and Gentlemen Lastly all Labourers and other people not worth forty Shillings are to wear Cloth not above 12 pence per yard These Rules were strengthned with the penalty of forfeiting all things worn contrary to them and by the same Statute Clothiers are injoyned to make their Clothes sutable to the Rates These Laws with some addition and increase of Penalties were again confirmed by Parliament the â—â—ard year of Edward the Fourth being near one hundred years after with power given to the Justices of the Peace to see the Statutes observed annexed to this Preamble Prayeth the Commons Assembled in Parliament to our Soveâ—â—â—â— Lord the King to call to his gracious Remembrance that in the times of his Noble Progenitors divers Ordiâ—â—â—â—◠〈◊〉 Statutes were made in this Realm of England for the Apparel and 〈…〉 Commons of the said Realm no â—â—ll Men 〈◊〉 Women so that none of them ought to use or wear ony inordinate and exâ—ensive Apparel but according to their Degrees which Statutes are not observed to the great displeasure of God and impoverishing this Realm c. And again in the twenty second year of the said King in Parliament Regulated and Confirmed with severe Penalties annexed to this Preamble Because that our Sovereign Lord the King hath conceived by a Petition made unto him by the Commons that divers Statutes and Ordinances touching restraint of excessive Apparel c. by their not due executions his said Realm is fallen into great misery and poverty and like to fall into more unless there be better Remedy provided c. Again in the seventh year of Henry the 8th these Laws were corrected and inlarged with more severe Penalties and all the former Acts repealed annexed to this Preamble Forasmuch as the great and costly Array used within this Realm contrary to the good Statutes thereof made hath been the occasion of great impoverishing of the Kings Subjects and provok'd divers of them to Rob and do Extortion and other unlawful deeds to
Separation Wherein is prov'd from undeniable matter oâ— Fact and Reason that Separation from the Church of England is in the judgment of Papists and by sad experience found the most compendious way to introduce Popery and ruine the Protestant Religion in two Parts Octav by R.W. Interest of Ireland c. THE SECOND PART OF IRELAND'S INTEREST c. Proposing Expedients for Ireland's Relief against its Trade-obstructing and Wealth-consuming Maladies hinted in the First Part. CHAP. I. Of Banks and Corporation Trade I joyn them together not that it is necessary in Countreys qualified to manage them distinct but where Members and Stock is wanting they are very consistent in the same hands to be managed by the same united Stocks and Policies BAnks are of divers kinds designed for several uses but still aiming at the same end which is gain either to the State or particular Persons together with such credit to their Bills that they become current in all places and to all persons where and to whom assigned These Banks sometimes consist of particular persons but usually Societies as the Chamber of London Banks of Amsterdam and Venice c. Some of which chiefly designs Exchange as Placentia in Italy Lions in France others Usury as Genoa c. others both for the publick and private benefit in increasing Trade securing and employing Orphans Widows and helpless people to money c. Bodin * p 672. observes that in Florence Siana c. they had their Banks nam'd Mounts of Piety wherein he that would deposite any Sum at the Birth of a Daughter should receive ten times so much when they arriv'd at the age of eighteen years where also Poor men might borroâ— Money upon Pawns at low interest to prevent excessive Usuries whereby the poor were opprest and that Antonius Pius and Servius c. delivered the publick Money in the Treasury to industrious men to imploy in Trade on Pawns or other good security whereby the Merchant gained by Traffick and the publick Moneys increased by Interest besides saith he a greater benefit did arise the publick Treasure was preserv'd from the paws of Thieves and Horse-leeches at the Court and from being otherwise wasted by the Princes prodigality But I shall only treat of Banks as they relate to Trade and Commerce and become useful to others by accident Sometimes Banks are erected from the plenty of Money in places not capable of Trade or where persons are not willing to adventure in Trade and so employ their Money at Usury or Exchange to foreign places as Genoa Placentia and most of the Banks in Italy which are the greatest and ancientest Banks in the World Heylin observes the King of Spain was indebted to the Bank of Genoa a Tun and a half of Gold at one time and eighteen millions at another But since their case is not like to be Irelands I shall only insist upon Banks for the supply of the want of Money which may properly be called a Land or dry Bank yet not wholly without Money but like some Merchants who with a small Stock and large Credit will drive a great Trade This sort of Bank must be founded upon undoubted visible Credit that all persons who have Money to spare may covet to lodge it there rather than in any other place having the knowledge of the Solvent Capital for their security and the great Credit upon which the whole success of their Bank depends it being with them as with some Merchants that are not so much concerned to have twenty Bonds sued as one Bill of Exchange protested From whence it is the Rich in Holland are as glad to get their Money secur'd in Banks or Cantors as the Poor are to get their Children receiv'd into the Hospitals which our observing Countrey-man Sir William Temple * 229. hath not omitted in his Observations Whosoever is admitted to bring in his Money takes it for a great savour and when they pay off any part of the Principal those it belongs unto receive it with tears Not will what is proposed be found difficult for persons in Ireland of very obscure Capitals might obtain credit both at home and abroad for treble the Goods they take up and how much more then may be done on the Credit of such a Bank especially when we consider how many of our single Bankers or Exchangers have fail'd within these few years to the ruine of some and weakening the Estates of others to this Kingdom damage upwards of 50000 l. besides the scandal it hath brought on the credit of the Countrey that no man knows who to trust or where to lodge Money with security these Bankrupts being as promising hopeful men as most they have left behind them But since there is no security in Ireland can be so solvent and satisfactory as Land-Security other Stocks though never so great may be subject to decay and the Creditor not discern it as hath been too evident in some of the most creditable Companies and chief Bankers in London Yet a Land-security may be so setled by Law as it cannot be weakned in that it will not be in the power of the Bankers in any case to alienate or incumber their Title in those Lands otherwise than by Bank-credit since all are personally and equally concerned therein As for Example Suppose Dublin being the chief Seat of the grand Bank and twenty persons shall secure to each other Lands of 200 Pounds per. ann by Feofment or Statute-staple in trust on Defeasance for Bank-security if any former Settlements or Statutes be they will soon be discerned and there can be no collateral Incumbrance on that Security this will be a Security to a Bank of 4000 Pounds per. ann Lands being worth twelve years purchase within ten miles of the City which will raise a Bank-Security of 48 thousand Pounds And that no place or person might be depriv'd of the benefit hereof every chief Port may likewise have their Banks as Branches or Members of the Principal Bank and take into their Company the neer adjacent places and to hold a weekly correspondence with each other and credit each others Bills or Bank-tickets Nor will such Banks restrain or confine any man from the freedom of Trade for though none have the benefit of the Bank-credit that hath not a Bank-security yet shall they have liberty if they desire it to trade in Company with the Bankers and have equal profit with them proportionably to their respective Adventures and at the end of every voyage liberty to withdraw or continue their Stocks as they shall see cause and chuse the place they will adventure unto and the Commodities they will export or import or else left to trade by themselves as they please by which also all persons that either want knowledge in Trade or scruple Usury c. may imploy their Stocks be they great or small upon equal terms with the Bankers allowing only for Factorage or provision towards the maintenance of the
vast Trade Spain had ingrossed both in the East and West Indies and in Africa they might yet have enjoyed had not cruel de Alva by his inhumane severities forced the Dutch to cast off the Spanish iron Yoke and defend their Liberties whereby as Sir William Temple observes by the great multitudes of people crowded together in a narrow compass of Land they were necessitated to improve their Industry at Sea and after the Spaniards and Fortugals who were then the Subjects of Spain had entirely enjoyed the enriching Trade of the East Indies c. as before for almost one hundred years viz. from Anno 1498. until 1595. the Dutch sent a Fleet from Amsterdam and then in 1600. the English sent four Ships viz. the Assention the Dragon the Hector and Susan under the Command of Captain Lancaster since which by the prudent Government of that Company hath equalized the Portuguies and Dutch having erected Plantations and Factories at Ormus c. in Persia at Agria Cambasan Suraâ— c. in the Moguls Country at Man Salupan Armagon Pecana Siam on the Coast of Chormandel the Isles of Sumatra Bantam c. that now they furnish Italy and Turkie with all those Indian Commodities which about fifty years ago they bought there to the ruine of the Trade of Syria and Egypt c. who have now only an Inland Trade by Caravans from Aleppo Damasco and Mecha c. And out of the Ashes of their Barbary Company ruined by the Civil Wars of Fez arose the Levant or Turkie the most flourishing and beneficial Company now in England incorporated by King James I do but hint these things here to evidence the undoubted advantage of Company Trade insisting largely upon them in my Treatise of Traffique in the Chapter of Discoveries of new Trades And that this way of Corporation-Trade has not only greatly enlarged Trade but enriched the places of its Residence we have manifold instances the ancient Company of Merchant-Adventurers now called the Hamborough Company erected by Edward the first in 1296. was courted by the Duke of Brabant to make their Residence at Antwerpe where they first settled the English Staple and had granted to them great Priviledges and made the City flourish in Trade which being observed by that inspectious Prince Edward the third he to bring the Trade to his own Ports prohibited the Transportation of Wools and granted great encouragement to Dutch Weavers to set up their Craft in England and soon after prohibited all foreign Cloth from being transported into the Realm confirmed by Edward the Fourth who settled their Priviledges by Charter in the year 1406. which hath been confirmed and enlarged by all his Successors Queen Elizabeth for the better vending their Cloths when their Quantity exceeded home Markets gave them power under the Great Seal to treat with foreign Princes and States for places to settle the Residence of their Factors and Stores upon which all the Princes and States in Flanders Holland and Germany strove who should enjoy them and wheresoever they removed they drew a vast Trade after them their present Residence is at Dortrech for the Netherlands and Hamborough for Germany where the chief Court of their Fellowship now resides they transport all sorts of Cloths dressed and dyed Lead Tin Oyl Stockens Hats Spanish Fruits and Wines and make their returns in Linnings Rhenish Wines Mather Hops Sope Wire Copper Brass Iron Steel Quick-silver Gunpowder Flax Hemp Allom Wax c. This Company hath power by their Charter yearly to elect a Governour Deputy Governour and Assistants and to settle their Residents Courts in any parts beyond Sea and several places in England as London York Hull Newcastle c. with power of making Acts and Ordinances so as they are not repugnant to the Law of England for the better Government of their Trade likewise power to hear and decide Causes to implead sine and punish Offendors This grew to be the most flourishing Company for Trade in the world until Philip and Mary erected the Muscovy Company which soon wrested a great part of their Trade from them which were at first called the Corporation for Discovery of new Trades a Design that would well sute with the present state of Ireland whose great Priviledges were confirmed and enlarged as before by Queen Elizabeth much after the method of the other and their Trade much the same and after this studious Princess for the Improvement of the Trade and Wealth of her Country added to these she found the three other Companies beforementioned viz. the Levant or Turkie Company which made the first Discovery of that vast Trade since driven in the Signorie of Venice and the Dominions of the Grand Seignior and thereby oserved the vast Trade betwixt Aleppo and other Levant Ports with the East Indies managed by Land carriage which encouraged them to enquire into a more cheap and gainful way to obtain East India Commodities at first Hand And that produc'd that most famous Country-inriching Company called the East India Company who obtain'd a Charter for great Priviledges from the Queen and hath managed their Trade by a joint Stock reported to be 600000 l. whereby they have built and maintained a gallnt Fleet of stately Ships for War as well as Burthen imployed multitudes of people in their Plantations Ships and Factories to the great Honour and Wealth of their Country And after this in the 21. year of the Reign of that most famous Queen that is in the year 1579. did she incorporate the Eastland Company and endow them with great Priviledges and Immunities to trade in Denmark Sweden Poland Prusia and Pomerland from the River Odera Eastward And it is worth observing how small beginnings in Trade beget great increase Trade like that Grain of Mustard-seed our Saviour speaks of being cast into the ground grows up to a great tree that the Fowls of the air may lodge in the Branches of it and it is also observable if foreign Traffique did live yet it never flourished in this part of the world until it was managed by united Stocks and Policies as in the forementioned instances in our own Country besides what is of the same kind amongst all our Neighbours flourishing in Trade And as in these many examples from past times evidence that they esteemed this way of Traffique the only way to increase Trade so is their Wisdom approv'd and confirm'd by the prudent in this age His Majesty that now is hath set to his Seal that Corporation-trade is the strength of foreign Traffique by his not only confirming what his Royal Predecessors before did but also by his adding the African and Canary Companies the first not only endowed with priviledge that sounds like Princely Prerogatives as power of Peace and War raising Forts building and equipping Ships of War c. to appoint Governors to constitute Laws c. and dignified with the title of the Royal Company and well they may when His Royal Highness hath bore