much worse and in the fourth that of Doctrine not at all better then our own which we are in the next passage of the Article required to reforme 3. Wherein if hereafter we shall find any thing as upon farther understanding thereof it is not impossible we may that may seem to us favouring of Popery Superstition Heresie or Schisme or contrary to sound doctrine or the power of godlinesse we shall be bound by the next Article to endeavour the extirpation after we have bound our selves by this first Article to the preservation thereof 4. Wherein we already find some things to our thinking so far tending towards a Superstition and b Schisme that it seemeth to us more reasonable that we should call upon them to reforme the same then that they should call upon us to preserue it Secondly we are not satisfied in the next branch concerning the Reformation of Religion in our own Kingdome in Doctrine Worship Discipline and Government How we can sweare to endeavour the same which without making a change therein cannot be done 1. Without manifest scandall to the Papist and Separatist 1. By yeelding the cause which our godly Bishops and Martyrs and all our learned Divines ever since the Reformation have both by their writings and sufferings maintained who have justified against them both the Religion established in the Church of England to be agreeable to the Word of God 2. By justifying the Papists in the reproaches and scorne by them cast upon our Religion whose usuall objection it hath been and is that we know not what our Religion is that since we left them we cannot tell where to stay and that our Religion is a c Parliamentary Religion 3. By a tacite acknowledgement that there is something both in the doctrine and worship whereunto their conformity hath been required not agreeable to the Word of God and consequently justifying them both the one in his Recusancy the other in his Separation 4. By an implied Confession that the Lawes formerly made against Papists in this Kingdome and all punishments by virtue thereof inflicted upon them were unjust in punishing them for refusing to joyne with us in that forme of Worship which our selves as well as they doe not approve of 2. Without manifest wrong unto our selves our Consciences Reputation and Estates in bearing false witnesse against our selves and sundry other wayes by swearing to endeavour to reforme that as corrupt and vicious 1. Which we have formerly by our Personall Subscriptions approved as agreeable to Gods Word and have not been since either condemned by our own hearts for so doing or convinced in our judgements by any of our Brethren that therein we did amisse 2. Which in our Consciences we are perswaded not to be in any of the foure specified particulars as it standeth by Law established much lesse in the whole foure against the Word of God 3. Which we verily believe and as we think upon good grounds to be in sundry respects much better and more agreeable to the Word of God the practice of the Catholique Church then that which we should by the former words of this Article sweare to preserve 4. Whereunto the d Lawes yet in force require of all such Clerks as shall be admitted to any Benefiâ—e the signification of their hearty assent to be attested openly in the time of Divine Service before the whole congregation there present within a limited time and that under pain upon default made of the losse of every such Benefice 3. Without manifest danger of Perjury This branch of the Article to our best understandings seeming directly contrary 1. To our former solemne Protestation which we have bound our selves neither for hope feare or other respect ever to relinquish Wherein the Doctrine which we have vowed to maintaine by the name of the true Protestant Religion expressed in the Doctrine of the Church of England we take to be the â—ame which now we are required to endeavour to reform and alter 2. To the Oath of Supremacy by us also taken according to the Lawes of the Realme and the Statutes of our University in that behalfe Wherein having first testified and declared in our Consciences that the Kings Highnesse is the only supreme Governour of this Realme we doe after swear to our power to assist and dâ—fend all Jurisdictions Privileges Preheminences and Authorities granted or belonging to the Kings Highnesse His Heires and Successors or united and annexed to the Imperiaâ—â— Crowâ—â— of this Realmâ— One of the which Privileges and Preheminences by an expresse Statute so annexed and that even in termiâ—â— in the selfe-same words in a manner with those used in the Oath is the whole power of Spirituall or Ecclesiasticall Jurisdiction for the correction and reformation of all manner of errors and abuses in matters Ecclesiasticall as by the e words of the said Statute more at large appeareth The Oath affording the Proposition and the Statute the Assumption we find no way how to avoyd the Conclusion §. IV. Of the Second Article of the Covenant FIrst it cannot but affect us with some griefe and Amazement to see that antient forme of Church-Government which we heartily and as we hope worthily honour as under which our Religion was at first so orderly without violence or tumuk and so happily reformed and hath since so long flourished with Truth and Peace to the honour and happinesse of our owne and the envy and admiration of other Nations not only 1. Endeavoured to be extirpated without any reason offered to our understandings for which it should be thought necessary or but so much as expedient so to doe But also 2. Ranked with Popery Superstition Heresie Schisme and Prophanesse which we unfainedly professe our selves to detest as much as any others whatsoever 3. And that with some intimation also as if that Government were some way or other so contrary to sound doctrine or the power of godlinesse that whosoever should not endeavour the extirpation thereof must of necesssity partake in other mens sins which we cannot yet be perswaded to believe 4. And we desire it may be considered in case a Covenant of like forme should be tender'd to the Citizens of London wherein they should be required to sweare they would sincerely really and constantly without respect of persons endeavour the extirpation of Treason the City Government by a Lord Major Aldermen Sheriffes Common-Councel and other officers depending thereon Murther Adultery Theft Cosenage and whatsoever shall be c. lest they should partake in other mens sinnes whether such a tendry could be looked upon by any Citizen that had the least spirit of freedome in him as an act of Justice Meeknesse and Reason Secondly for Episcopall Government we are not satisfied how we can with a good Conscience sweare to endeavour the extirpation thereof 1. in respect of the thing it selfe Concerning which government we thinke we have reason to believe 1. That it is if not
we can swear to endeavour the extirpation of the Church-Government by Law established without forfeiture of those Obligations 1. Having in the Oath of Supremacie acknowledged the King to be the onely Supreme Governour in all Ecclesiasticall Causes and over all Ecclesiasticall Persons and having bound our selves both in that Oath and by our Protestation To maintain the Kings Honour Estate Jurisdictions and all manner of Rights it is cleare to our understandings that we cannot without disloyalty and injury to Him and double Perjury to our selves take upon us without his consent to make any alteration in the Ecclesiasticall Lawes or Government much lesse to endeavour the extirpation thereof Unlesse the imposers of this Covenant had a power and meaning which they have openly d disclaimed to absolve us of that Obedience which under God we owe unto His Majesty whom they know to be intrusted with the Ecclesiasticall Law 2. We cannot sincerely and really endeavour the extirpation of this Government without a sincere desire and reall endeavour that His Majesty would grant His Royall Assent to such extirpation Which we are so far from desiring and endeavouring that we hold it our bounden duty by our daily prayers to beg at the hands of Almighty God that he would not for our sins suffer the King to doe an act so prejudiciall to his honour and conscience as to consent to the rooting out of that estate which by so many branches of his e Coronation Oath he hath in such a solemne manner sworn by the assistance of God to his power to maintain and preserve 3. By the Lawes of this Land f the Collation of Bishopricks and g Deanries the h fruits and profits of their Lands and Revenues during their vacancies the i first fruits and yearly tenths out of all Ecclesiasticall Promotions and sundry other Privileges Profits and Emoluments arising out of the State Ecclesiasticall are established in the Crown and are a considerable part of the Revenues thereof which by the extirpation of Prelacy as it is in the Article expounded or by subsequent practice evidenced will be severed and cut off from the Crown to the great prejudice and damage thereof Whereunto as we ought not in common reason and in order to our Allegiance as Subjects yeeld our consent so having sworn expresly to maintain the Kings honour and estate and to our power to assist and defend all Jurisdictions c. belonging to His Highnesse or united and annexed to the Imperiall Crown of the Realm we cannot without manifest Perjury as we conceive consent thereunto 4. The Government of this Realm being confessedly an Empire or k Monarchy and that of a most excellent temper and constitution we understand not how it can become us to desire or endeavour the extirpation of that Government in the Church which we conceive to be incomparably of all other the most agreeable and no way prejudiciall to the state of so well a constituted Monarchy In so much as King JAMES would often say what his long experience had taught him No Bishop no King Which Aphorisme though we find in sundry Pamphlets of late yeares to have been exploded with much confidence and scorn yet we must professe to have met with very little in the proceedings of the late times to weaken our belief of it And we hope we shall be the lesse blamed for our unwillingnesse to have any actuall concurrence in the extirpating of Episcopall Government seeing of such extirpation there is no other use imaginable but either the alienation of their Revenues and Inheritances which how it can be severed from Sacrilege and Injustice we leave others to find out or to make way for the introducing of some other form of Church-Government which whatsoever it shall be will as we think prove either destructive of and inconsistent with Monarchicall Government or at least-wise more prejudiciall to the peaceable orderly and effectuall exercise thereof then a well-regulated Episcopacy can possibly be §. V. Of the other parts of the Covenant HAving insisted the more upon the two first Articles that concern Religion and the Church and wherein our selves have a more proper concernment We shall need to insist the lesse upon those that follow contenting our selves with a few the most obvious of those many great and as we conceive just exceptions that lye there against In the third Article we are not satisfied that our endeavour to preserve and defend the Kings Majesties Person and Authority is so limited as there it is by that addition In the Preservation and defence of the true Religion and Libertyes of the Kingdome Forasmuch as 1. No such limitation of our duty in that behalf is to be found either in the Oathes of Supremacy and Alleagiance which no Papist would refuse to take with such a limitation nor in the Protestation nor in the Word of God 2. Our endeavour to preserve the Rights and Privileges of Parliaments and the Libertyes of the Kingdomes is required to be sworn of us in the same Article without the like or any other limitation added thereunto 3. Such limitation leaveth the duty of the Subject at so much loosenesse and the safety of the King at so great uncertainty that whensoever the People shall have a mind to withdraw their obedience they cannot want a pretence from the same for so doing 4. After we should by the very last thing we did viz. sweaâ—ing with such a limitation have made our selves guilty of an actuall and reall dimiâ—â—tion as we conceive of His Majesties just power and greatnesse the obtestation would seem very unseasonable at the least with the same breath to call the world to bear witnesse with our Consciences that we had no thoughts or intentions to diminish the same 5. The swearing with such a limitation is a Testimony of the Subjects Loyaltie to our seeming of a very strange nature which the Principles of their severall Religions salved the Conscience of a most resolute Papist or Sectary may securely swallow and the Conscience of a good Protestant cannot but strâ—in at In the fourth Article 1. We desire it may be considered whether the imposing of the Covenant in this Article do not lay a necessity upon the Son of accusing his own Father and pursuing him to destruction in case he should be an Incendiary Malignant or other evill Instrument such as in the Article is described A course which we conceive to be contrary to Religion Nature and Humanity 2. Whether the swearing according to this Article doth not rather open a ready way to Children that are sick of the Father Husbands that are weary of their Wives c. by appealing such as stand between them and their desires of Malignancy the better to effectuate their unlawfull intentions and designes 3. Our selves having solemnly protested to maintain the Liberty of the Subject and the House of Commons having publiquely declared against the exercise of an Arbitrary Power with Order that
a scandall upon our Religion 1. That we practice that our selves which we condemne in the Papist viz. Swearing with Jesuiticall equivocations and mentall reservations 2. That we take the glorious and dreadfull Name of God in vaine and play fast and loose with Oathes in as much as what we swear to day in one sense we may swear the direct contrary to morrow in another And 3. It will give strength to that charge which is layd to the Presbyterian party in speciall both a by Jesuites and b Sectaries that there is no faith to be given to Protestants whatever they swear because they may swear one thing in their Words and in their own sense mean another The second way is to take the Covenant with these or the like generall Salvo's expressâ—d viz. So far as lawfully I may So far as it is agreeable to the Word of God and the Lawes of the Land Saving all Oathes by me formerly taken c. But 1. We beleeve this mocking of God would be so far from freeing us from the guilt of Perjury that thereby we should rather contract a new guilt of most vile and abominable Hypocrisie 2 It seemeth all one unto us the thing being otherwise supposed unlawfull as if we should swear to kill steal commit adultery or forswear our selves so far as lawfully we may 3. If this would satisfie the Conscience we might with a good Conscience not only take the present Covenant but even subscribe to the Councell of Trent also yea and to the Turkish Alcoran and swear to maintain and defend either of them viz. so far as lawfully we may or as they are agreable to the Word of God Thirdly for the second Article in particular in the branch concerning the extirpation of Church-Government we are told that it is to be understood of the whole Government taken collectively and in sensu composito so as if we doe endeavour but the taking away of Apparitors only or of any other one kind of inferiour officers belonging to the Ecclesiastcall Hierarchy we shall have sufficiently discharged our whole promise in that particular without any prejudice done to Episcopacy But 1. Neither the composers of the Covenant by their words nor the imposers of it by their Actions have given us the least signification that they meant no more 2. Yea rather if we may judge either by the cause or the effects we may well think there was a meaning to extirpate the whole government and every part thereof in the Article expressed For 1. The Covenant being as we have no cause to doubt framed at the instance of the Scots and for the easier procuring of their assistance in the late War was therefore in all reason so to be framed and understood as to give them satisfaction considering what themselves have c declared against Episcopacy we have little reason to beleeve the taking away Apparitors or any thing lesse then the rooting out of Episcopacy it self would have satisfied them 2. The proceedings also since the entring of this Covenant in endeavouring by Ordinance of Parliament to take away the Name Power and Revenues of Bishops doe sadly give us to understand what was their meaning therein Fourthly as to the scruples that arise from the Soveraignty of the King and the duty of Allegiance as Subjects we find two severall wayes of answering but little satisfaction in either 1. The former by saying which seemeth to us a piece of unreasonable and strange Divinity that Protection and Subjection standing in relation either to other the King being now disabled to give us protection we are thereby freed from our bond of subjection Whereas 1. The Subjects obligation Jus subjectionis doth not spring from nor relate unto the actuall exercise of Kingly protection but from and unto the Princes obligation to protect Jus Protectionis Which obligation lying upon him as a duty which he is bound in conscience to performe when it is in his power so to doe the relative obligation thereunto lyeth upon us as a duty which we are bound in conscience to performe when it is in our power so to doe His inability therefore to performe his duty doth not discharge us from the necessity of performing ours so long as we are able to doe it 2. If the King should not protect us but neglect his part though having power and ability to perform it his voluntary neglect ought not to free us from the faithfull performance of what is to be done on our part How much lesse then ought we to think our selves dis-obliged from our subjection when the Non-protection on his part is not from the want of will but of power 2. The later wherein yet some have triumphed by saying that the Parliament being the supreme Judicatory of the Kingdome the King wheresoever in person is ever present there in his power as in all other Courts of Justice and that therefore whatsoever is done by them is not done without the King but by him But craving pardon first if in things without our proper sphere we hap to speak unproperly or amisse We must next crave leave to be still of the same mind we were till it shall be made evident to our understandings that the King is there in his power as it is evident to our senses that he is not there in his Person Which so far as our naturall reason and small experience will serve us to judge all that hath been said to that purpose can never doe For first to the point of presence 1. We have been brought up in a beliefe that for the making of Lawes the actuall d Royall assent was simply necessary and not onely a virtuall assent supposed to be included in the Votes of the two Houses otherwise what use can be made of his Negative voice or what need to e desire his Royall assent to that which may be done as well without it 2. The f Statute providing that the Kings assent to any Bill signified under his great Seal shall be to all intents of Law as valid effectual as if he were personally present doth clearly import that as to the effect of making a Law the Kings Power is not otherwise really present with the two Houses then it appeareth either in his Person or under his Seal Any other real presence is to us a riddle not much unlike to that of Transubstantiation an imaginary thing rather devised to serve turnes then believed by those that are content to make use of it 3. Such presence of the King there when it shall be made appeare to us either from the writs whereby the Members of both Houses are called together or by the standing Lawes of the Land or by the acknowledged judgement and continued practice of former and later ages or by any expresse from the King himself clearly declaring his minde to that purpose we shall then as becometh us acknowledge the same and willingly submit thereunto And as for
the Argument drawn from the Analogie of other Courts wherein the Kings Power is alwayes supposed to be virtually present under submission we conceive it is of no consequence 1. The Arguments à minore and ȧ majore are subject to many fallacies and unlesse there be a parity of reason in every requisite respect between the things compared will not hold good A Pety Constable they say may doe something which a Justice of Peace cannot doe And the Steward of a pety Mannour hath power to adminster an Oath which as we are told the House of Commons it self hath no power to doe 2. That the high Court of Parliament is the supream Judicatory we have been told it is by vertue of the Kings right of presiding there he being g the Supream Judge and the Members of both Houses his Councell Which being so the reason of difference is plaine between that and other Judicatories in sundry respects 1. The Judges in other Courts are deputed by him and doe all in his name and by his authority and therefore the presence of his power in those Courts of ministeriall Jurisdiction is sufficient his personall presence not necessary neither hath he any personall vote therein at all But in the high Court of Parliament where the King himself is the Supreme Judge judging in his own name and by his own authority his Power cannot be presumed to be really present without either the actuall presence of his person or some virtuall representation thereof signified under his great Seal 2. The Judges in inferiour Courts because they are to act all in his name and by his Authority doe therefore take Oathes of fidelity for the right exercising of Judicature in their severall places sitting there not by any proper interest of their owne but only in right of the King whose Judges they are and therefore they are called the Kings Judges and his Ministers But in the high Court of Parliament the Lords and Commons sit there in Councell with the King as Supreme Judge for the good of the whole Realm and therefore they are not called the Kings Judges but the Kings Councell and they have their severall proper rights and interests peculiar and distinct both between themselves from that of the Kings by reason whereof they become distinct h Orders or as of late times they have been stiled in this sense as we conceive i three distinct Estates Each of which being supposed to be the best Conservators of their own proper interest if the power of any one Estate should be presumed to be virtually present in the other two that Estate must needs be in inevitably liable to suffer in the proper Interests thereof Which might quickly prove destructive to the whole Kingdome The safety and prosperity of the whole consisting in the conservation of the just rights and proper interests of the maine parts viz. The King Lords and Commons inviolate and entire 3. The Judges of other Courts for as much as their power is but ministeriall and meerly Judiciall are bounded by the present Lawes and limited also by their owne Acts so as they may neither swerve from the Laws in giving Judgement nor reverse their owne Judgements after they are given But the High Court of Parliament having by reason of the Kings Supreme Power presiding therein a Power Legislative as well as Judiciall are not so limited by any earthly Power but that they may change and over-rule the Lawes and their own Acts at their pleasure The Kings Personall assent therefore is not needfull in those other Courts which are bounded by those Lawes whereunto the King hath already given his personall assent but unto any Act of Power beside beyond above or against the Lawes already established we have been informed and it seems to us very agreeable to reason that the Kings Personall Assent should be absolutely necessary Forasmuch as every such Act is the exercise of a Legislative rather then of a Judiciall power and no Act of Legislative power in any Community by consent of all Nations can be valid unlesse it be confirmed by such person or persons as the Soveraignty of that Community resideth in Which Soveraignty with us so undoubtedly resideth in the person of the King that his ordinary style runneth Our k Soveraign Lord the King And he is in the Oath of Supremacie expresly acknowledged to be the onely Supreme Governour within his Realmes And we leave it to the wisdome of others to consider what misery and mischief might come to the Kingdome if the power of any of these three Estates should be swallowed up by any one or both the other and if then under the name of a Judiciall there should be yee really exercised a Legislative power 4. Since all Judiciall Power is radically and originally in the King who is for that cause styled by the Lawes l The Fountaine of Justice and not in any other Person or Persons but by derivation from him it seemeth to us evident that neither the Judges of inferiour Courts of ministeriall Justice nor the Lords and Commons assembled in the High Court of Parliament may of right exercise any other power over the Subjects of this Realm then such as by their respective Patents and Writs issued from the King or by the known established Laws of the Land formerly assented unto by the Kings of this Realm doth appear to have been from him derived unto them Which Lawes Patents and Writs being the exact boundary of their severall Powers it hath not yet been made appeare to our understandings either from the Lawes of the Realme or from the tenour of those Writs by which the Parliament is called that the two Houses of Parliament have any power without the King to order command or transact but with him m to treat consult and advise concerning the great affairs of the Kingdome In which respect they have sundry times in their Declarations to His Majesty called themselves by the name of His great Councell And those Lawes and Writs are as we conceive the proper Topick from which the just power of the Honourable Houses can be convincingly deduced and not such fraile Collections as the wits of men may raise from seeming Analogies and Proportions VIII Of the Negative Oath WE are not satisfied how we can submit to the taking of the Negative Oath 1. Without forfeiture of that liberty which we have sworne and are bound to preserve With which liberty we conceive it to be inconsistent that any obligation should be laid upon the Subject by an oath not established by Act of Parliament 2 Without abjuring our a naturall Allegiance and violating the Oathes of Supremacy and Allegiance by us formerly taken By all which being bound to our power to assist the King we are by this Negative Oath required to swear from our heart not to assist him 3. Without diminution of His Majesties just Power and greatnesse contrary to the third Article of the
REASONS Of the present judgement of the Vniversity of OXFORD CONCERNING The Solemne League and Covenant The Negative Oath The Ordinances concerning Discipline and VVorship Approved by generall consent in a full Convocation 1. Jun. 1647. AND Presented to Consideration ACADEMIA OXONIENSIS Printed in the Yeare 1647. A Solemn League and Covenant for Reformation and defence of Religion the honour and happinesse of the King and the Peace and Safety of the three Kingdomes England Scotland and Jreland WE Noblemen Barons Knights Gentlemen Citizens Burgesses Ministers of the Gospell and Commons of all sorts in the Kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland by the Providence of God living under one King and being of one Reformed Religion having before our eyes the glory of God and the advancement of the Kingdome of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ the honour and happinesse of the Kings Majestie and His Posterity and the true publick Lybertie Safetie and Peace of the Kingdoms wherein every ones private condition is included and calling to mind the treacherous and bloudy plots Conspiracies Attempts and practices of the Enemies of God against the true Religion and Professors thereof in all places especially in these three Kingdomes ever since the Reformation of Religion and how much their rage power and presumption are of late and at this time increased and exercised whereof the deplorable estate of the Church and Kingdom of Ireland the distressed estate of the Church and Kingdome of England and the dangerous estate of the Church and Kingdome of Scotland are present and publick Testimonies We have now at last after other meanes of supplication Remonstrance Protestations and Sufferings for the preservation of our selves and our Religion from utter ruine and destruction according to the commendable practice of these Kingdomes in former times and the Example of Gods People in other Nations after mature deliberation resolved and determined to enter into a mutuall and solemne League and Covenant wherein we all subscribe and each one of us for himselfe with our hands lifted up to the most High God do swear I. THat we shall sincerely really and constantly through the Grace of God endeavour in our severall places and callings the preservation of the Reformed Religion in the Church of Scotland in Doctrine Worship Discipline and Government against our common Enemies The Reformation of Religion in the Kingdoms of England and Ireland in Doctrine Worship Discipline and Government according to the Word of God and the example of the best reformed Churches And shall endeavour to bring the Churches of God in the three Kingdomes to the nearest conjunction and uniformity in Religion Confession of Faith Form of Câ—urch Government Directory for Worship and Catechizing That we and our posterity after us may as Brethren live in Faith and Love and the Lord may delight to dwell in the midst of us II. That we shall in like manner without respect of persons endeavour the extirpation of Popery Prelacy that is Church Government by Archbishops Bishops their Chancellours and Commissaries Deans Deans and Chapters Archdeacons and all other Ecclesiasticall Officers depending on that Hierarchy Superstition Heresie Schisme Profanenesse and whatsoever shall be found to be contrary to sound Doctrine and the power of Godlinesse lest we partake in other mens sinnes and thereby be in danger to receive of their plagues and that the Lord may be one and his Name one in the three Kingdomes III. We shall with the same sincerity reallity and constancy in our severall Vocations endeavour with our estates and lives mutually to preserve the Rights and Privileges of the Parliaments and the Liberties of the Kingdomes and to preserve and defend the Kings Majesties person and authority in the preservation and defence of the true Religion and Liberties of the Kingdomes that the world may bear witnesse with our consciences of our Loyaltie and that we have no thoughts or intentions to diminish His Majesties just power and greatness IIII. We shall also with all faithfullnesse endeavour the discovery of all such as have been or shall be Incendiaries Malignants or evill Instruments by hindring the Reformation of Religion dividing the King from his people or one of the Kingdomes from another or making any faction or parties amongst the people contrary to this League and Covenant that they may be brought to publick triall and receive condigne punishment as the degree of their offences shall require or deserve or the supream Judicatories of both Kingdomes respectively or others having power from them for that effect shall judge convenient V. And whereas the happinesse of a blessed Peace between these Kingdomes denied in former times to our progenitours is by the good providence of God granted unto us and hath been lately concluded and setled by both Parliaments we shall each one of us according to our place and interest endeavour that they may remain conjoyned in a firm Peace and Union to all posterity And that Justice may be done upon the wilfull opposers thereof in manner expressed in the precedent Articles VI We shall also according to our places and callings in this common cause of Religion Liberty and Peace of the Kingdomes assist and defend all those that enter into this League and Covenant in the maintaining and pursuing thereof and shall not suffer our selves directly or indirectly by whatsoever combination perswasion or terrour to be divided and withdrawn from this blessed Union and Conjunction whether to make defection to the contrary part or to give our selves to a detestable indifferencie or neutrality iâ— this causâ— which so much concerneth the glory of God the good of the Kingdoms and the honour of the King but shall all the dayes of our lives zealously and constantly continue thereiâ— against all opposition promote th esame according to our power against all lets and impediments whatsoever and what we are not able our selves to suppress or overcome we shall reveal make known that it may be timely prevented or removed All which we shall do as in the sight of God And because these Kingdoms are guilty of many sinnes and provocations against God and his Son Jesus Christ as is too manifest by our present distresses and dangers the fruits thereof We professe and declare before God and the world our unfained desire to be humbled for our owne sins and for the sins of these Kingdoms especially that we have not as we ought valued the inestimable benefit of the Gospel that we have not laboured for the puritie and power thereof and that we have not endeavoured to receive Christ in our hearts nor to walke worthy of him in our lives which are the causes of other sinnes and transgressions so much abounding amongst us And our true and unfained purpose desire and endeavour for our selves and all others under our power and charge both in publick and in private in all duties we owe to God and man to amend our lives and each one to goe before another in the
example of a reall Reformation that the Lord may turn away his wrath and heavy indignation and establish these Churches and Kingdoms in truth and peace And this Covenant we make in the presence of Almighty God the searcher of all hearts with a true intention to perform the same as we shall answer at that great day when the secrets of all hearts shall be disclosed Most humbly beseeching the Lord to strengthen us by his holy Spirit for this end and to blesse our desires and proceedings with such successe as may be deliverance and safety to his people and encouragement to other Christian Churches groaning under or in danger of the yoke of Antichristian tyrannie to joyn in the same or like Association and Covenant to the glory of God the enlargement of the Kingdome of Jesus Christ and the peace and tranquility of Christian Kingdoms and Common-wealths The Negative Oath I A. B. Doe sweare from my heart that J will not directly nor indirectly adhere unto or willingly assist the King in this War or in this Cause against the Parliament nor any Forces raised without the consent of the two Houses of Parliament in this Cause or Warre And J doe likewise sweare that my comming and submitting my selfe under the Power and Protection of the Parliament is without any manner of Designe whatsoever to the prejudice of the proceedings of this present Parliament and without the direction privity or advice of the King or any of his Councell or Officers other then what J have now made knowne So helpe me God and the contents of this Booke Reasons why the Vniversity of Oxford cannot submit to the Covenant the Negative Oath the Ordinance concerning Discipline and Directory mentioned in the late Ordinance of Parliament for the Visitation of that place WHereas by an Ordinance of the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament for the Visitation and Reformation of the University of Oxford lately published power is given to certain persons therein named as Visitors to enquire concerning those of the said University that neglect to take the Solemne League and Covenant and the Negative Oath being tendred unto them and likewise concerning those that oppose the execution of the Ordinances of Parliament concerning the Discipline and Directory or shall not promote or cause the same to be put in execution according to their severall places and callings We the Masters Scholars and other Officers and Members of the said University not to judge the Consciences of others but to cleare our selves before God and the world from all suspicion of Obstinacie whilst we discharge our own present to consideration the true reasons of our present judgment concerning the said Covenant Oath and Ordinances Expecting so much Justice and hoping for so much Charity as either not to be pressed to conforme to what is required in any the premisses further then our present judgements will warrant us or not condemned for the refusing so to doe without cleare and reall satisfaction given to our just scruples §. I. Of the Prâ—facâ— to the Covenâ—â—t THe Exceptions against the Introductory Preface to the Covenant although we insist not much upon because it may be said to be no part of the Covenant yet among the things therein contained the acknowledgment whereof is implicitely required of every Covenanter 1. We are not able to say that the rage power and presumption of the enemies of God in the sense there intended is at this time increased 2. Nor can truly affirme that we had used or given consent to any Supplication or Remonstrance to the purposes therein expressed 3. Nor doe conceive the entring into such a mutuall League and Covenant to be a lawfull proper and probable meanes to preserve our selves and our Religion from ruine and destruction 4. Nor can believe the same to be according to the commendable practice of these Kingdomes or the example of Gods people in other Nations When we find not the least foot-step in our Histories of a sworne Covenant ever entred into by the people of this Kingdome upon any occasion whatsoever nor can readily remember any commendable example of the like done in any other Nation but are rather told by the defenders of this Covenant that a the world never saw the like before §. II. Of the Covenant in grosse FIrst we are not satisfied how we can submit to the taking thereof as it is now imposed under a penalty 1. Such imposition to our seeming being repugnant to the nature of a Covenant which being a Contract implyeth a a voluntary mutuall consent of the Contractors whereunto men are to be induced by perswasions not compelled by power In so much that the very words of this Covenant in the Preface conclusion and whole frame thereof runne in such a forme throughout as import a consent rather grounded upon prudentiall motives then extorted by Rigour 2. Without betraying the Liberty which by our protestation we are bound and in the third Article of this Covenant must sweare with our lives and fortunes to preserve To which Liberty the imposition of a new Oath other then is established by Act of Parliament is expressed in the b Petition of Right and by the Lords and Commons in their c Declarations acknowledged to be contrary 3. Without acknowledging in the Imposers a greater Power then for ought that appeareth to us hath been in former time challenged Or can consist with our former Protestation if we rightly understand it in sundry the most materiall branches thereof Neither secondly are we satisfied although the Covenant should not be imposed upon us at all but only recommended to us and then left to our choice 1. How we should in wisedome and duty being Subjects of our own accord and free will enter into a Covenant wherein He whose Subjects we are is in any wise concerned without his consent either expressed or reasonably presumed It being in his power as we conceive by the equity of the Law Numb. 30. to annull and make void the same at his pleasure 2. How we can now that His Majesty hath by His publique d Interdict sufficiently made known His pleasure in that behalfe enter into a Covenant the taking whereof he hath expresly forbidden without forfeiting that Obedience which as we are perswaded by our naturall Allegiance and former Oathes we owe unto all such His Majesties Commands as are not in our apprehensions repugnant to the will of God or the positive Laws of this Kingdome III. Of the first Article of the Covenant WHerein first we are not satisfied how we can with judgement sweare to endeavour to preserve the Religion of another Kingdome 1. Whereof as it doth not concerne us to have very much so we professe to have very little understanding 2. Which so far as the occurrents of these unhappy times have brought it to our knowledge and we are able to judge is in three of the foure specified particulars viz. Worship Discipline and Government
Covenant by acknowledging a power in the two Houses of Parliament in opposition to the Kings Power Whereas we professe our selves unable to understand how there can be any lawfull power exercised within this Realme which is not subordinate to the power of the King §. IX Of the Ordinances concâ—rning the Discipline and Directory FIrst concerning them all together we are not satisfied how we can submit to such Ordinances of the two Houses of Parliament not having the Royall Assent 1. As are contrary to the established Lawes of this Realm contained in such Acts of Parliament as were made by the joynt consent of King Lords and Commons 2. Nor so onely but also pretend by repeal to abrogate such Act or Acts For since Ejusdem est potestatiâ— destruere cujus est constituere it will not sink with us that a lesser power can have a just right to cancell and annull the Act of a greater 3. Especially the whole power of ordering all matters Ecclesiasticall being by the Lawes in expresse words for ever annexed to the Imperiall Crown of this Realm And upon what head that Crown ought to stand none can be ignorant As to the particular Ordinances those that concern the Discipline first 1. If under that title be comprehended the Government also we cannot submit thereunto without consenting to the eradication of a Government of reverend Antiquity in the Church Which notwithstanding the severall changes of Religion within this Realm hath yet from time to time been continued and confirmed â—y the Puâ—lique Laws and Great Charters of the Kingdome then which there cannot be a more ample testimony that it was ever held agreeable to the Civill Government and the Suâ—jects liberty Which also the successive Kings of this Realme at their severall Coronations have solemnly sworn to preserve And the continuance whereof for sundry reasons before upon the second Article of the Covenant specified we heartily wish and desire 2. But if the word Discipline be taken as it is in the first Article of the Covenant as contradistinguished unto the Government there is something even in that also wherein we are not fully satisfied viz. the leaving of so much power in so many persons and those many of them of meane quality for the keeping back of thousands of well-meaning Christians from the benefit and comfort of the blessed Sacrament An Austerity for which there appeareth not to us any probable warrant from the Word of God Bâ—â— which seemeth rather repugnant as to the generall principles of Christian prudence and charity so to the directions and practice of S. Paul in particular who in a Church abounding with sundry errors and corruptions both in faith and manners having first given order for the excommunicating of one onely person that by shamelesse continuance in a notorious sinne had brought a foule scandall upon the Gospell sufficing himself then with a generall proposall of the great danger of unworthy communicating remitteth every other particular person to a selfe-examination without any order either to Ministers or Lay-Elders to exclude any from the holy Communion upon their Examination As to the Ordinance concerning the Directory in particular we cannot without regret of Conscience during our present judgement and the continuance of the present Lawes consent to the taking away of the Book of Common-Prayer 1. Which by our Subscriptions most of us have approved with a solemne promise therewithall in the publique Service to use the forme prescribed therein and no other 2. Which according to our said Subscription and Promise and our bounden duty according to the Statute in that case provided we have hitherto used in our Churches Chappels and other Oratories to the great benefit and comfort of our soules 3. Which we verily beleeve not to contain any thing which with such favourable construction as of right ought to be allowed to all manner of Writings is not justly defensible which hath not been by learned and godly men sufficiently maintained against such exceptions as haue been heretofore taken thereat and which we are not confident by the Assistance of Almighty God we shall be able to justifiâ— as occasion shall be offered against all Papists and other oppugners or depravers thereof whatsoever 4. Which is established by an Act of Parliament made in peaceable times by as good and full authority as any under heaven can have over us Which doth so weigh with us that as it freeth us from the necessity of giving in any particular exceptions against the Directory or any thing therein contained so it layeth an inevitable necessity upon us of continuing the forme of Prayer therein enjoyned of not admitting any Directory or other forme to the prejudice thereof till the said Act shall by the like good and full authority be repealed In which Statute there is not onely an expresse Command given to all Ministers for the using of the same but there are also sanctions of severe punishments to be inflicted upon such of them as shall refuse so to doe or shall preach declare or speak any thing to the derogation or depraving of the Book of Common Prayer or of any thing therein contained or of any part thereof with punishments also to be inflicted upon every other person whatsoever the Lords of the Parliament not excepted that shall in like manner declare or speak against the said Book or shall by deed or threatning compell or otherwise procure or maintain any Minister to say open Prayer or to minister any Sacrament in any other manner or forme then is mentioned in the said Book or shall interrupt or hinder any Minister in the use of the said formes as by the words of the said Statute more at large may appeare Which Statute also hath had such an universall powerfull influence into the succeeding times that in all such * Statutes as have been since made against Popish Recusants the refusing to be present at Common-Prayer or to receive the Sacrament according to the formes and rites mentioned in that Book is expressed as the most proper legall character whereby to distinguish a Popish Recusant from a true Protestant In so much that use hath been made of that very Character in sundry Acts since the beginning of this present Parliament for the taxing of double payments upon Recusants THus have we clearly and freely represented our present judgement concerning the said Covenant Negative Oath and Ordinances which upon better information in any particular we shall be ready to rectifie Onely we desire it may be considered that if any one single scruple or reason in any the premisses remaine unsatisfied though we should receive full satisfaction in all the rest the Conscience would also remain still unsatisfied And in that case it can neither be reasonable for them that cannot satisfie us to presse us nor lawfull for us that cannot be satisfied to submit to the said Covenant Oath and Ordinances QUINTIL Quis damnaverit eum qui duabus
Jure divino in the strictest sense that is to say expressely commanded by God in his Word yet of Apostolicall institution that is to say was established in the Churches by the Apostles according to the mind and after the example of their Master Jesus Christ and that by virtue of their ordinary power and authority derived from him as deputed by him Governors of his Church 2. Or at least that Episcopall Aristocracy hath a fairer pretension and may lay a juster title and claime to a Divine institution then any of the other formes of Church-Government can doe all which yet do pretend thereunto viz. that of the Papall Monarchy that of the Presbyterian Democracy and that of the Independents by Particular Congregations or Gathered Churches 2. But we are assured by the undoubted testimony of Antient Records and later Histories that this forme of Government hath beene continued with such an universall uninterrupted unquestioned succession in all the Churches of God and in all Kingdomes that have beene called Christian throughout the whole world for fifteen hundred yeers together that there never was in all that time any considerable opposition made there against That of Aërius was the greatest wherein yet there was little of consideration beside these two things that it grew at the first but out of discontent and gained him at the last but the reputation of an Heretique From which antiquity and continuance we have just cause to fear that to endeavour the extirpation thereof 1. Would give such advantage to the Papists who usually object against us and our Religion the contempt of antiquity and the love of novelty that we should not be able to wipe off the aspersion 2. Would so diminish the just authority due to the consentient judgement and practice of the universall Church the best interpreter of Scripture in things not clearly exprest for Lex currit cum praxi that without it we should be at a losse in sundry points both of Faith and Manners at this day firmely believed and securely practiced by us when by the Socinians Anabaptists and other Sectaries we should be called upon for our proofes As namely sundry Orthodoxall explications concerning the Trinity and Co-equality of the Persons in the God-head against the Arians and other Heretiques the number use and efficacy of Sacraments the Baptising of Infants Nationall Churches the observation of the Lords-Day and even the Canon of Scripture it self Thirdly in respect of our selves we are not satisfied how it can stand with the principles of Justice Ingenuity and Humanity to require the extirpation of Episcopall Government unlesse it had been first cleerly demonstrated to be unlawful to be sincerely and really endeavoured by us 1. Who have all of us who have taken any Degree by subscribing the 39. Articles testified our approbation of that Government one of those a Articles affirming the very Book containing the form of their Consecration to contain in it nothing contrary to the Word of God 2. Who have most of us viz. as many as have entred into the Ministery received Orders from their hands whom we should very ill requite for laying their hands upon us if we should now lay to our hands to root them up and cannot tell for what 3. Who have sundry of us since the beginning of this Parliament subscribed our names to Petitions exhibited or intended to be exhibited to that High Court for the continuance of that Government Which as we then did sincerely and really so we should with like sincerity and reality still not having met with any thing since to shew us our errour be ready to doe the same again if we had the same hopes we then had of the reception of such Petitions 4. Who hold some of us our livelyhood either in whole or in part by those titles of Deanes Deanes and Chapters c. mentioned in the Articles being members of some Collegiate or Cathedrall Churches And our memories will not readily serve us with any example in this kind since the world began wherein any state or profession of men though convicted as we are not of a crime that might deserve deprivation were required to bind themselves by oath sincerely and really to endeavour the rooting out of that in it selfe not unlawfull together wherewith they must also root out themselves their estates and livelyhoods 5. Especially it being usuall in most of the said Churches that such persons as are admitted members thereof have a personall Oath administred unto them to maintain the honour Immunities Libertyes and profits of the same and whilst they live to seeke the good and not to doe any thing to the hurt hindrance or prejudice thereof or in other words to the like effect Fourthly in respect of the Church of England we are not satisfied how we can swear to endeavour the extirpation of the established Government no necessity or just Cause for so doing either offering it selfe or being offered to our understandings 1. Since all change of Government unavoidably bringeth with it besides those that are present and evident sundry other â—â—â—onveniences which no wit of man can possibly fore-see to provide against till late experience discover them We cannot be sure that the evils which may ensue upon the change of this Government which hath been of so long continuance in this Kingdome is so deeply rooâ—ed in the Lawes thereof and hath so neere a conjunction with and so strong an influence upon the Civill State and Government as that the change thereof must infer the necessity of a great alteration to be made in the other also may not be greater then the supposed evils whatsoever they are which by this change are sought to be remedied For there are not yet any come to our knowledge of that desperate nature as not to be capable of other remedy then the utter extirpation of the whole Government it selfe 2. Whereas the House of Commons have b remonstrated that it was far from their purpose or desire to abolish the Church-Government but rather that all the members of the Church of England should be regulated by such Rules of Order and Discipline as are established by Parlâ—ament and that it was Malignancie to infuse into the people that they had any other meaning We are loth by consenting to the second Article to become guilty of such Infusion as may bring us within the compasse and danger of the fourth Article of this Covenant 3. Since it hath been declared by sundry c Acts of Parliament That the holy Church of England was founded in the state of Prelacy within the Realm of England We dare not by endeavouring the extirpation of Prelacy strike at the very foundation and thereby as much as in us lyeth cooperate towards the â—â—ine of this famous Church which in all conscience and dâ—ty we are bound with out utmost lawfull power to uphold Lastly in respect of our Obligations to His Majesty by our Duty and oathes we are not satisfied how