empire of the Will with the other faculties and powers of the soule which are meerely Spirituall as Love and Hatred with the like They that dispute thus have much reason on their side yet if we consider well the order and method that our Understanding and Wils do use in the production of their actions we shal find that the influence of the Heavenly bodies must have something to do therein though indirectly and accidentally for all Terrestriall creatures by a graduall kind of subordination being governed by the Heavenly it must needs follow that whatsoever is naturall in man as the organs of the body and all the senses must feele the power of their influence Now is the Soule so united and depends so farre upon the senses that she cannot produce any act unlesse they ministerially concurre and contribute thereunto by presenting the matter to her which is the intelligibles species Whence it necessarily comes to passe that in regard of this straight league and bond which is betweene them she partakes somewhat and yealds to that dominion which the Starres have over the sensuall appetite which together with the Will are dispossed off and incited I will not say forced by their influxes And as that famous Wisard the oldest of the Trismegisti did hold that the Intelligences which are affixed to every Spheare doe worke through the organs of the body upon the faculties of the mind an opinion almost as old as the World it selfe so it may be said more truly that by the sensuall appetite by the frailty and depravation of the will the Heavenly bodies worke very farreâ—upon the Spirituall Powers and passions of the Soule and affect them diversly though by accident and indirectly as I said before The position therefore of the Heavens and Asterismes which governe the Spanish Clime being different in their vertue and operations to them of France the Minds and Fancies of both People must by a necessary consequence bee also different Yet notwithstanding that this assertion be true yet it doth not follow that the Influxions of the Starres and diversity of Climes are the sole cause of this Antipathy and Aversenesse for there are many Nations which live under farre more distant and differing Climes which disaffect not one another in that degree therefore there must be some other concurring Accidents and extraordinary motive of this evill I reade it upon record in the Spanish Annales that Lewis the eleventh desiring a personall Conference with the King of Castile they both met upon the borders the Spaniards came full of Iewels and Gold Chaines and richely apparelled Lewis though otherwise a wise and gallant Prince yet had he an humor of his own to weare in his hat a Medaille of Lead which he did at this enterview nor were his attendants but Regis ad Exemplum but meanely accoutred which made the Spaniards despise them and make disdainefull Libels of them which broake out afterwards into much contempt and disaffection which came to bee aggravated more and more And if we say that the Devill made use of this occasion to engender that violent Hatred which raignes between these two Nations it would not bee much from the purpose for the least advantage in the World is sufficient for him to iufuse his venom where he finds hearts never so little disposed to receive it either by naturall or contingent causes Adde hereunto the vast extent of greatnesse the Spaniard is come to within these Sixe score yeares by his sundry new acquest which fils the French full of jealousies of emulation and apprehension of feare and 't is an old Aphorisme Oderunt omnes quem metuunt Furthermore another concurring motive may be that there passe usually over the Pyreneys from Gascoigne and Bearne great numbers of poore French tatterdimallians being as it were the Scumme of the Countrey which do all the fordid and abject offices to make a purse of money whereof Spaine is fuller than France from Spaine also there come to France many poore Spaniards to bee cured of the Kings Evill the common people of both Nations measuring the whole by the part and thinking all to be such it must needs breed mutuall apprehensions of disdaine and aversion between them so that what was at first Accidentall seemes in tract of time and by these degrees to diffuse it selfe like Originall sinne fâ—om Father to Sonne and become Naturall But I have beene transported too farre by this speculation considering that I proposed to my selfe brevity at first in this small discours SECT. VII ANd now being come from France to Spaine make accoump for matter of fertility of soyle that you are come from Gods blessing to the warme Sun who is somewhat too liberall of his beames here which makes the ground more barren and consequently to be a kind of Wildernesse in comparison of France if you respect the number of People the multitude of Townes Hamlets and Houses for about the the third part of continent of Spaine is made up of huge craggie Hils and Mountaines amongst which one shall feele in some places more difference in point of temper of heat and cold in the ayre then 'twixt twixt Winter and Sommer under other Climes But where Spaine hath water and Valleis there she is extraordinarily fruitfull such blessings humility carieth alwayes with her So that Spaine yeeldeth to none of her neighbours in perfection of any thing but only in Plenty which I beleeve was the ground of a Proverbe they have amongst them No ay cosa mala en Espana sino lo que habla there is nothing ill in Spaine but that which speakes And did Spaine excell in Plenty as she doth in perfection of what she produceth specially did she abound in Corne whereof she hath not enough for the fortieth mouth as also had she Men enough whereof besides the Warres so many Colonies draine her shee would prove formidable to all her Neighbours But let the French glory never so much of their Country as being the richest embroidery of Nature upon Earth yet the Spaniard drinks better Wine eates better Fruits weares finer Cloth hath a better Sword by his side and is better Mounted than he Being entred Spaine he must take heed of Posting in that hot Countrey in the Summer time for it may stirre the masse of bloud too much When hee comes to Madrid for I know no other place secure enough for a Protestant Gentleman to live in by reason of the residence of our Ambassador he may take new Spanish servants for I presume he discharged his French when he forsooke Paris There hee shall find the King constant all the Seasons of the yeare in the midst of his Kingdom as the heart in the body or the Sun in the Firmament whence the one giveth vigor to the little world th' other to the great in equall proportion And the first thing he must fall to is Language which hee shall find far more easie than the French for in point of
one begins his repast where the other ends the one begins with a Sallet and light meat the other concludeth his repast so the one begins with his boyled the other with his roast the Frenchman will Eate and Talke and Sing sometimes and so his Teeth and his Tongue go often together the Spaniards Teeth only walk and fals closely to it with as little noyse and as solemnly as if he were at Masse Go to their Gate the Frenchman walks fast as if he had a Sergeant always at his heeles the Spaniard slowly as if hee were newly come out of some quartan Ague the French go up and down the streets confusedly in clusters the Spaniards if they be above three they go two by two as if they were going a Procession the French Laquays march behind the Spaniards before the one beckens upon you with his hand cast upward the other downward the Frenchman will not stick to pull out a Peare or some other thing out of his pocket and eate it as he goes along the street the Spaniard will starve rather than do so and would never forgive himselfe if he should commit such a rudenesse the Frenchman if he spies a Lady of his acquaintance he will make boldly towards her salute her with a kisse and offer to Vsher her by the hand or arme the Spaniard upon such an encounter useth to recoyle backward with his hands hid under his Cloack and for to touch or kisse her he holds it a rudenesse beyond all barbarisme a kind of sacriledge the Frenchmen is best and most proper on Horseback the Spaniard a foot the one is good for the Onset the other for a retrait the one like the Wind in the Fable is full of ruffling fury the other like the Sun when they went to try their strength upon the Passengers Cloake The one takes the ball before the bound A la volee the other stayeth for the fall the one shuffleth the Cards better the other playes his game more cunningly your French-man is much the fairer Duellist for when hee goeth to the Field he commonly puts off his doublet and opens his breast the Spaniard cleane contrary besides his shirt hath his doublet quilted his coat of maile his cassock and strives to make himselfe impenetrable Go to their Tune the one delights in the Ionique the other altogether in the Dorique Go to their Speech the one Speakes oft the other seldome the one Fast the other slowly the one mangleth cuts off and eates many Letters the other pronounceth all the one contracts and enchaines his words and speakes pressingly and short the other delights in long breathed Accents which he prolates with such pauses that before he be at the period of his Sentences one might reach a Second thought The ones Mind and Tongue go commonly together and the first comes sometimes in the arreare the others Tongue comes flagging a fourlong after his mind in such a distance that they seldome or never meet and justle one another In sine Mercury swayeth ore the one and Saturne ore the other insomuch that out of the premisses you may inferre that there is an Intellectuall Politicall Morall and Naturall oposition betweene them both in their Comportement Fancies Inclinations Humours and the very Understanding so that one may say What the one is the other is not and in such a visible discrepancy that if one were fetched from the remotest parts of the Earth the Sunne displayeth his beames upon yea from the very Antipods hee would agree with either better than they do one with another SECT. VI ANd truly I have many times and oft busied my spirits and beaten my brains hereupon by taking information from dead and living men and by my own practicall observations to know the true cause of this strange antipathy betwixt two such potent and so neare neighbouring Nations which bringeth with it such mischiefe into the World and keepes Christendome in a perpetuall alarme For although the Ill Spirit bee the principall Author thereof as being the Father and fomenter of all discord and hatred it being also part of the Turkes letany that warres should continue still betweene these two potent Nations to hinder the happy fruit that might grow out of their Vnion yet neverthelesse it must bee thought that hee cannot shed this poyson and sow these cursed tares unlesse hee had some grounds to work his designe upon And to fly to the ordinary termes of Sympathy and Antipathy I know it is the common refuge of the ignorant when being not able to conceive the true reason of naturall Actions and Passions in divers things they fly to indefinite generality and very often to these inexplicable termes of Sympathy and Antipathy Some as Doctor Garcia and other Philosophicall Authors attribute this opposition to the qualities of the clymes and influences of the Stars which are known to beare sway over all Sublunary bodies insomuch that the position of the Heavens and Constellations which hang over Spaine being of a different vertue and operation to that of France the temper and humours of the Natives of the one ought to bee accordingly disagreeing with the other An opinion which may gaine credit and strength from the authority of the famous Hippocrates who in his Book of Ayre Water and Climes affirmeth that the diversity of Constellations cause a diversity of Inclinations of humors and complexions and make the bodies whereupon they operate to receive sundry sorts of impressions Which reason may have much apparance of truth if one consider the differing fancies of these two Nations as it hath reference to the Predominant Constellations which have the vogue and qualifie the Seasons amongst them For then when the heate beginneth in Spaine the violence thereof lasteth a long time without intension or remission or any considerable change the humour of the Spaniard is just so for if he resolves once upon a thing he perseveres he ponders and dwels constantly upon it without wavering from his first deliberation it being one of his prime axiomes that Deliberandum est diu quod statuendum est semel It is farre otherwise in France for be it Sommer or Winter Autumne orSpring neither the cold nor heate nor serenity of Ayre continueth nere so long without a sensible vicissitude and change so that it may be truly said there in the morning Nescis quid serus Vesper trahat Therefore it being granted that all Elementary bodies depend upon the motion and vertue of the Heavenly the people of France must of necessity partake of the inconstancy of the Clime both in their passions and dispositions But this reason though probable enough resolves not the question to the full for although we should acknowledge that the Celestiall bodies by their influxions do domineere over Sublunary creatures and â—osse and tumble the humours and the masse of bloud as they list it cannot be said notwithstanding that this vertue extends to those actions that depend immediatly upon the absolute
behold a thing of wonder an Impossibility in an impossibility a rich magnificent City seated in the very jaws of Neptune where being built and bred a Christian from her very infancy a Prerogative she justly glorieth of above all other States she hath continued a Virgin ever since nere upon twelve long ages under the same forme and face of Government without any visible change or symptome of decay or the least wrinkle of old age though her too neer neighbour the Turk hath often set upon her skirts and sought to deflowre her wherein he went so farr that he took from her Venus joynture which she had long possessed and was the sole Crown she ever wore But if one in Story observes the cours of her actions he shall find that she hath subsisted thus long as much by Policy as Armes as much by reach of Wit and advantage of treaty as by open strength it having beene her practise ever and anon to sow a piece of Fox tayle to the skinne of S. Marks Lyon Here one shall find the most zealous Patriots of any yet some would maintaine though I do not that the Venetians are but indifferently wise single though they be very Politique when they are together in the Senat. Having observed in the Republique of Venice what is most remarquable and there are many things in that Government worth the carying away specially the sight of Nova Palma a Castle built after the newest rules of Fortification he may visit the other ancient Townes of Italy and so to Naples where he may improve his knowledge in Horsmanship and then repasse through other free States whereof Italy is full And truly a wonder it is to see how in so small an extent of ground which take all dimensions together is not so big as England there should bee so many absolute and potent Princes by Sea and Land which I beleeve is the cause of so many Dialects in the Italian tongue which are above ten in number As hee traverseth the Countrey hee must note the trace forme and site of any famous Structure the Platforms of Gardens Aqueducts Grots Sculptures and such particularities belonging to accommodation or beauty of dwelling but specially of Castles and Fortresses wherwith Italy abounds the whole Countrey being frontier almost all over SECTION IX And with the naturall situation of Countreyes a Travellershould observe also the Politicalposition thereof how some are seated like Mercury amongst the Planets who for the most part is either in combustion or obscurity being under brighter beames than his own Such is Savoyand Loraine and other Princes of Italy who are between more potent neighbours than themselves and are like sâ—reens tossed up and down and never at quiet And they that are so situated may say as the Mouse once answered the Cat who asking how she did made answer I should be far better if you were further off How the state of the Popedome running from the Tirrhene to the Adriatique Sea is sited in Italy as France is in Europe in the midst and so fittest to embroyle or preserve in peace to disunite or conjoyne the forces of their neighbours and so most proper to be Umpires of all quarrels How the Dominions of Spaine are like the Planets in the Heaven lying in vast uneven distances one from the other But cleane contrary those of France are so knit and clustered together that they may be compared all to one fixed constellation How Germany cut out into so many Principal ties into so many Hansiatiqued and Imperiall Townes is like a great River sluced into sundry Channels which makes the maine streame farre the weaker the like may be said of Italy How the Signory of Venice is the greatest rampart of Christendome against the Turk by Sea and the hereditary territories of the house of Austria by Land which may be a good reason of State why the Colledge of Electors hath continued the Empire in that Line these 200 years He must observe the quality of the power of Princes how the Cavalry of France the Infantery of Spaine and the English Ships leagued together are fittest to conquer the World to pull out the Ottoman Tyrant out of his Seraglio from betweene the very armes of his fifteen hundred Concubines How the power of the North-East part of the European World is balanced between the Dane the Swede and the Pole c. And the rest between great Britaine France and Spaine as for Germany and Italy their power being divided 'twixt so many they serve only to balance themselves who if they had one absolute Monarch a piece would prove terrible to all the rest Spaine in point of treasure hath the advantage of them al She hath a Veteran Army always afoot but She is thinne peopled She hath many Colonies to supply which lye squandred up and down in disadvantagious unsociable distances Her people are disaffected by most nations and incompatible with some She wants bread She hath bold accessible coasts and Her West Indy Fleet besides the length of the passage and incertainty of arrivall is subject to casualties of Sea and danger of interception by Enemies And if England should breake out with Her in good earnest into acts of hostility those Islands which the English have peopled colonized and fortified lately being warned by Saint Christopher in the carrere to Her mines would be found to be no small disadvantage to Her France swarmes with men and now more than ever with Soldiers She is a body well compacted though often subject to Convulsions and high fits of Feavers the bloud gathering up by an unequall diffusion into the upper parts and it is no small advantage to Her that Her forme is circular so that one part may quickly run to succour the other She abounds with Corne and being the thorough fare of Christendome She can never want money She hath those three things which the Spaniard said would make Her eternall viz. Rome the Sea and Counsell for She hath the the Pope for Her friend having had his breeding in Her twenty years together Shee hath Holland for Her Arsenall and Richelieu for Counsell who since he sate at the helme hath succeeded in every attempt with that monstrous cours of Felicity They of the Religion are now Town-lesse and Arme-lesse and so are Her greatest Peeres most of them out of Office and Provinciall command So that if one would go to the intrinsique value of things France will not want much in weight of the vast unweldy bulk and disjointed body of the Spanish Monarchie Great Britaine being encircled by the Sea and there being an easie going out for the Natives and a dangerous landing for Strangers and having so many invincible Castles in motion I meane Her Ships and abounding inwardly with all necessaries and breeding such men that I may well say no King whatsoever hath more choyce of able bodies to make Soldiers of having also most of Her trade intrinsique with many other Insulary advantages She
need not feare any one Earthly power if She bee true to Her selfe yet would She be puzzled to cope with any of the other two single unlesse it be upon the defensive part but joyning with Holland She can give them both the Law at Sea and leaguing with any of the other two She is able to put the third shrewdly to it Now it cannot be denied but that which giveth the greatest check to the Spanish Monarchy is France And there is no lesse truth than caution in that saying that the yeaue of the Conquering of France is the morning of the Conquest of England and vice versa It hath not been then without good reason of State that England since that monstruous height of power that Spaine is come to of late hath endeavoured rather to strengthen France to beare up against Her than to enfeeble Her having contributed both her power and purse to ransome one of her Kings at that time when Spaine began to shoot out Her braunches so wide Besides during the last Ligue which raged so long through all the bowels of France with that fury when there was a designe to Cantonize the whole Kingdome Queene Elizabeth though offered a part would not accept of it for feare of weakning the whole Therefore this chaine of reciprocall conservation linking them together so strongly England may well be taken for a sure Confederate of France while France containes Her selfe within her present bounds but if Shee should reduce the Spaniard to that desperate passe in the Netherlands as to make him throw the helve after the hatcher and to relinquish those Provinces altogether it would much alter the case for nothing could make France more suspectfull to England than the addition of those Countreyes for thereby they would come to be one continued piece and so England her overthwart neighbour should bee in a worse case than if the Spaniard had them entirely to himselfe For it would cause Her to put Her selfe more strongly upon Her Guard and so increase Her charge and care To conclude this point there cannot be a surer maxime and fuller of precaution for the security of England and Her Allies and indeed for all other Princes of this part of the World than Barnevelt gave of late yeares a little before he came to the fatall block Decrescat Hispanus nec crescat Francus But I have been transported too farre by this ticklish digression which requires an ampler and more serious Discours In fine with these particulars a Traveller should observe the likenesse and sympathy of distant Nations as the Spaniard with the Irish the French with the Pole the German specially Holsteinmen with the English and in Italy there have beene many besides my selfe that have noted the countenance and condition of some people of Italy specially those that inhabite Lombardy to draw neere unto the ancient Brittaines of this Island which argues that the Romanes who had their Legions here so many hundred yeares together did much mingle and clope with them Amongst other particulars the old Italian tunes and rithmes both in conceipt and cadency have much affinity with the Welsh and the genius of a people is much discovered by their prosody for example Vlisse ô lass◠ô dolce Amor◠muoro c. This agrees pat with the fancy of the Welch Bards whose greatest acutenesse consists in Agnominations and in making one word to tread as it were upon the others heele and push it forward in like letters as in the precedent example whereof many Italian Authors are full appeareth SECT. X. HE must also observe the number of Languages and difference of Dialects as neere as he can in every Countrey as hee passeth along The French have three dialects the Wallon vulgarly called among themselves Romand the Provensall whereof the Gascon is a subdialect and the speech of Languedoc They of Bearne and Navarre speak a Language that hath affinity with the Bascuence or the Cantabrian tongue in Biscaie and amongst the Pyrenean mountaines The Armorican tongue which they of low Brittaine speake for there is your Bas-Breton and the Breton-Brittonant or Breton Gallois who speakes French is a dialect of the old Brittish as the word Armorica imports which is a meere Welsh word for if one observe the Radicall words in that Language they are the same that are now spoken in Wales though they differ much in the composition of their sentences as doth the Cornish Now some of the approvedst Antiquaries positively hold the Originall Language of the Celtae the true ancient Gaules to be Welsh And amongst other Authors they produce no meaner than Caesar and Tacitus to confirme this opinion For Caesar saith that the Druydes of Gaule understood the Brittish Druyds who it seemes were of more account for their Philosophy because as he saith the Gaules came usually over to be taught by them which must bee by conference for there were few books then Besides Tacitus in the life of Iulius Agricola reporteth that the Language of the Brittaines and the Gaules little differed I restraine my selfe to the middle part of France called Gallia Celtica for they of Aquitaine spake a language that corresponded with the old Spanish they of Burgundy and Champagny with the German and most part of Provence spake Greek there having beene a famous Colony of Grecians planted in Marseilles Other small differences there are up and down in other Provinces of France as the low Norman useth to contract many words as he will often say I' ay un pet à faire for I' ay un petit affaire and the Poictevin will mince the word and say ma Mese mon pese for ma Mere mon Pere but these differences are not considerable The Spanish or Castilian tongue which is usually called Romance and of late years Lengua Christiana but it is called so only amongst themselves for a Spaniard will commonly aske a stranger whether hee can speake Christian that is Castillian The Spanish I say hath but one considerable dialect which is the Portugues which the Iewes of Europe speake more than any other language and they hold that the Messias shall come out that Tribe that speake the Portingal language other small differences there are in the pronunciation of the gutturall letters in the Castillian but they are of small moment They of the Kingdome of Valencia and Catalunia Goth-land speake rather a language mixed of French and Italian In the Mountaines of Granada the Alpuxarras they speake Morisco that last part of Spaine that was inhabited by the Moores who had possessed it above 700 yeares But the most ancient speech of Spaine seemes to have beene the Bascuence or the Cantabrian tongue spoken in Guipuscoa the Asturias and in some places amongst the Pyrenes but principally in the Province of Biscaye which was never conquered by Roman Cartaginian Goth Vandall or Moore which Nations overrunne all the rest of Spaine though some more some lesse therefore whensoever the King of Spaine commeth to