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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A71161	The history of all religions in the world, from the creation down to this present time in two parts : the first containing their theory, and the other relating to their practices ... : to which is added, a table of heresies : as also a geographical map, shewing in what countrey each religion is practised ... / by William Turner ...	Turner, William, 1653-1701.	1695 (1695)	Wing T3347; ESTC R6111	329,028	716

in aliud opus destinato Hence their Encaenia solemn Feasts at their Devoting of their Temples to the Worship of some Idol God Modern Heathen I confess I have not yet met with any thing in my reading to fill up this Section but am willing to leave a void space for the Reader to fill up at his leisure for his own Use for I cannot be induced to think but they generally use some Ceremony for this purpose tho perhaps our Travellers finding the Structures erected and peradventure long before their Arrival into the Countries might see nothing of it nor make enquiry about it Diabolical Delrius tells us out of a French Book of Florimund Raimunds a Senator of the King 's in the Court of Burdeaux that an old Woman Tried in that Court A. 1594. for Witch-craft confessed of her own accord That being a Girl she was enticed by an Italian Man on the Eve of S. John Baptist at Midnight to go with him into a certain Feild where the Italian mark'd out a Circle on the ground with a Beech Wand and muttered certain words over which he read out of a black Book and presently upon it a great black Goat stood by them with great Horns attended with two Females and by and by a Man came in Priests Habit c. Mag. Disq l. 6. 5. Priests and Church Officers their Distinction and Office Jewish 1. The High Priest whose Office was 1. Peculiar to himself as to enter into the Holy of Holies once a year upon the Propitiation day 2. Common with other Priests He had his Suffragan or Sagan 2. Inferior Priests whose Office was 1. To burn Incense and Offer Sacrifice 2. To sound the Trumpets for War and Assemblies 3. To slay the Sacrifices 4. To instruct the People 5. To Judg of the Leprosy David divided the Company of Priests into 24 Orders who were to serve in their turns by lot 1 Chro. 24. the chief of every Rank was called Summus Sacerdos 3. Levites in David's time divided 1. Into Treasurers some Gershonites 2. Judges and Overseers some Cohathites 3. Porters some Merarites 4. Singers In Moses time they bore the Tabernacle and Vessels c. 4. Prophets 1. Extraordinary Seers 2. Ordinary Expositors of the Law which no later times were 1. Wise men Pharisees wise above the Text of the Law taught Traditions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. Scribes not the Writing-Masters but Doctors of the Law who were to Write Read and Expound the Law of Moses 3. Disputers who taught Allegories and the Mystical Senses of the Text call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Darshanim and their Homily Midrasch Note the First-born of all the Tribes were to manage Religious Affairs 'till the Levites were chosen in their room Exod. 13.2.15 Christian I. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Consecrated to the more proper and immediate acts of Worship These were I. Bishops usually chosen out of the Presbyters distinct from and Superiour to Presbyters as Blondid and Salmasius confess about the latter end of the Second Century Consider 1. Their Office viz. To Teach and Instruct the People to administer the Sacraments Excommunicate Absolve to preside in the Assemblies of the Clergy to ordain inferiour Officers to call them to Account to Suspend c. to urge the observance of Ecclesiastical Laws to appoint indifferent Rites to inspect and provide for those of their Charge 2. Order 1. Chorepiscopi Suffragan or County Bishops Vicarii Episcopi where the Diocess was large in imitation of the Seventy Disciples for so many they were at first 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Visitors Rural Presbyters who were to go up and down the Countrey to correct what was amiss 3. arch-Arch-Bishops Metropolitans in every great City who were to Ordain or to Ratifie Elections of Bishops once a Year to Summon the Bishops under them to a Synod to enquire direct admonish suspend determine c. 4. Metropolitans Honorary or Titular without any real power yet taking place of other Bishops 5. Patriarchs Primates 2. Presbyters who were to Preach Baptize Consecrate the Eucharist assist the Bishop in publick Administrations These were 1. Clerici Superioris loci Antistites in ordine secunde Presbytens of every great City who were a kind of Ecclesiastical Senate Counsellors and Assistants to the Bishops in their Government and had Seats of Eminency in the Churches next the Bishop's Throne 2. Ordinary Presbyters N. B. They did not usually exercise the Power conferred by Ordination upon them in any Diocess without leave from the Bishop 3. Deacons who were to attend at the Lord's Table where the People met every Lord's Day to offer for the Poor Hence they have used to deliver the Sacramental Elements to the People also to Preach and Baptize Assistants to the Priest as he to the Bishop the number in any one place not above Seven 1. Arch-Deacon the Eye of the Bishop chosen out of the Deacons to inspect all parts of the Diocess 2. Sub-Deacon who assisted the Deacons waited at the Church Doors usher'd in and brought out the several Orders Catechumens c. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vid. Pag. 25. Mahometan 1. Musti i. e. Interpreter of the Alcoran who is as High-Priest attending only Matters of Faith and Religion He is Head of the Church and decides all Questions in their Law 2. Cadilesquiri Talismani i. e. Doctors of the Law resident at C. P. or where the Prince pleaseth These are as it were Patriarchs They examine the Cadis of divers Provinces These also call the People to Prayers among the Turks 3. Mulli qu. Bishops who place and displace Church-men at pleasure 4. Nuderisi qu. Suffragans who are to inspect the Cadis 5. Cadis Judges to punish Offenders there is one in every City 6. Naipi Young Judges or Candidates for the Office 7. Hogi who write Books and teach Sciences 8. Calfi who read unto them that Write 9. Sosti Young Students or Novices in the Law Some add Sophi Singers of Psalms c. Ancient Heathen 1. Pontifex Maximus the highest of the Chief Priests who was to appoint the Ceremonies belonging to the Worship of the Gods 2. Flamen or High Priest who was named according to the Gods whom they served as Hamen Martialis Hamen Dialis Humen Quirinalis c. 3. Priests 1. Of Cybele Curetes Corybantes Galli 2. Of Ceres and Bacchus Fratres Arvales who offered Sacrifices Ambarvales Hostias and Judged about the bounds of Fields 3. Of Mars Salii who were to keep the Ancile 4. Of Pan Lupercales c. 5. Of Jupiter Druids in use amongst the Gauls Curiones were Parish-Priests or Curates Two for a Curia Fifty Curiae in Rome over these was Curio Maximus 4. Priestesses of Vesta Vestal Virgins Six or Four in number who were to attend the Sacrifices of Ops or Bona Dea and to keep a Fire continually burning for the safety of the Empire as God hath set Stars in the Firmament for the good of the World Modern Heathen 1. The

are Tombs for his Wives and Children In another Chappel at C. P. lies buried Sultan Selim with his 37 Children about him his Grandfather In another Amaruth his Father with 45 Children only Emperors and Bassaes Thus others are buried in Fields with Marble Stones at the Head another at the Feet Ancient Heathen The Romans burned the Bodies of the Dead that the Soul might be purged in Fire before it ascended to the Stars Quintil. Declam 10. Yet they excepted from this burning the Bodies of Traitors Tyrants Killers of their Masters Feloes de se Young Infants The four first as profane the Infants as needing no purgation The Grave of an Infant was called Suggrundium of others Bustum The Egyptians and Persians used not burning At Funerals were used Orations Sword-plays and Feasts and a Doal among the Romans The Romans first buried in their private Houses To bury in the City was forbidden by a Law Hominem mortuum endo Vrbe nei sepelito neive urito in a Roman Edict it was prohibited to burn the Dead within two miles of the City The Rich were buried in their own Suburbane Fields where stately Monuments were erected on the sides of the publick ways as of the Via Flaminia the ground for so many Feet consecrated The Poor at Puticulae so called from the little Pits or Graves Among the Lacedemonians and in some parts of Greece and at last in Rome it self Burial was admitted within the City Lastly it was admitted in the Temples Amongst the Druids whatever was dear to Great Persons whilst living was sent to the Fire after them when dead viz. Living Creatures Servants or Clients Caes de Bell. Gall. Vide plura in Parte Secunda Modern Heathen In the East-Indies the Ceremony of Burying differs according to Places In some places they carry the Body cloathed in goodly Apparel sitting in a Chair with the beat of a Drum with the attendance of Friends and Relations and after the usual ablution the Body is surrounded with wood and the Wife who hath followed in Triumph hath her Seat prepared there where she places her self singing and seeming very desirous to die a Bramen ties her to a Stake in the middle of the Funeral Pile and sets fire to it the Friends pour Odoriferous Oyls into it In other places the Bodies are carried to the River-side put in the water and washed and then the Wife holding her Husband on her Knees and recommending her self to the prayers of the Bramen she desires him to set fire to the Pile In some places they fill deep Pits with combustible matter and throw the Body in and the Wife after she hath sung and danced to shew the firmness of their resolution and sometimes the Maid-slaves throw themselves after their Mistresses to shew their Love In other places the Husband is interred with his Legs a-cross and the Wife put into the same Grave alive and when the Earth is filled up to their Neck they are strangled by the Bramens The Woman being burnt with all their Ornaments of Gold Silver c. the Bramens pick up all that is precious out of the Ashes none else being suffered to touch them But the Mahometan Governours endeavour to suppress this Barbarous Custom M. de Theven They believe that when People die they go into another World and will have occasion for many of the same things they use here Courts Jewish 1. ECclesiastical the Synagogues Mat. 10.17 the end of them was to put a difference between things Holy and Unholy Clean and Unclean and to determine Controversies It was a Representative Church Mat. 18.16 Tell the Church They had Power of Excommunication which was of three Degrees 1. Niddui putting out of the Synagogue Joh. 9.22 It prohibited the Person for 30 days more or less 1. Society with any within four Cubits 2. Eating and Drinking with any 3. Use of the Marriage-Bed 4. Shaving Washing It allowed him To be at Divine Service To teach and be taught To hire Servants or be hir'd 2. Cherem Anathema done in publick with Curses and Candles 3. Schamatha Maranatha Excommunicatio in Secreto Nominis Tetragrammati an Excommunication to Death 1 Joh. 5.16 The President herein was the High-Priest next his Sagan 2. Civil 1. The Sanhedrim from whence was no Appeal The Place the Paved Chamber of the Court of the Temple Joh. 19.13 The Judges 71 in number out of every Tribe six except Levi and out of that but four Junius 2. The Lesser Consistory Two-fold 1. Consisting of 23 Aldermen two at Jerusalem one at the Door of the Court before the Temple the other at the Door of the Mount of the Temple and in most Cities one kept in the Gates 2. Of 3 Aldermen erected in lesser Cities in the Gates These sate not on Lise and Death Ancient Christian It is not to be expected that the Primitive Christians could have any Civil or Political Courts having as yet got no Civil Power or Government into their hands till the time of Constantine the Great And as for the Ecclesiastical neither could that be so regular and compleat as might be desired For though we read of the Synod of the Apostles Acts 15. Roman Caesarian Gallick Pontick Ostroenick Asiatick Arabick c. before the Reign of Constantine the Great yet no General Council till then viz. A. Chr. 325 kept at Nice called Oecumenick or General as afterwards at Constantinople Ephesus Chalcedon and two more at Constantinople all which are universally acknowledged and these were 1. Called by the then present Emperor 2. They were free for all Bishops Priests and Deacons I think I am in the right for at Nice there was an infinite number of all Degrees of Ecclesiasticks Bishops Priests and Deacons 3. They took upon them the Censure of Doctrines and Practices 4. They had power of inflicting Penalties of Suspension Deposition Excommunication The Civil Government was various according to the Places and Countries But whatever it was the Ecclesiastical Persons bore a part of the burden in many places the Common People often making application to them in cases of difference as St. Augustine frequently complains that he was over-charged with the trouble of Arbitrations between his Neighbours c. It being expected that they who were the Messengers of Grace and Peace should be both skilful and willing to promote Peace among their Neighbours Mahometan They who have place in the Divan are 1. Visiers 2. Cadilesquers 3. Beglerbegs 4. Nischangi viz. the Keeper of the Seals 5. Defterdais or Treasurers 6. Many Secretaries or Clerks 7. Capigi Basha and Chiaux Basha keep the Door All Persons of any Quality Country Religion may be heard here The Grand Visier sits as Judge A Tryal shall not last above four or five Hours at most here M. de Thev The Musti sits with the King every Day in Judgment except Friday when the King sits alone Rosse Persons here plead their own Causes Tavern Divano a Court near the Emperor's or Grand

night or can give no Account of their Living Here they are bound to make Lace Sew or Employ their time perpetually in some honest Labour Those of the better sort are permitted to have Chambers apart in one large Room I saw about 100 of them and some very well dressed and fine which was an unexpected sight to me and would sure be more strange in France or England The Weeshuis or Hospital for Children where there are 600 Orphans carefully looked after and well Educated The Dolhuis is for such as are delirous Mad or Melancholick The Gasthuis for the Sick is large and hath a great Revenue The Mannenhuis for Old Men and such as are no longer able to labour towards their own Support Besides all these there are great Sums of Mony Collected for the Poor so that there is not a Beggar to be seen in the Streets And upon all appointments of meeting at the Tavern of elsewhere and upon many other occasions whosoever fails to come at the exact time forfeits more or less to the use of the poor Dr. Brown's Travels Vnity and Peaceableness Jews THe Jews as to their Principles ever came short of the Christians in this respect 't is true they were obliged to Love one another But that Precept was not backt and enforced with such advantagious Arguments to them as to us Nevertheless their Divisions and Quarrels among themselves have not been very Notorious above other People And in case of strife between Neighbours it is their custom between their Vespers and Nocturns whilst they stay in the Synagogue to endeavour a Reconciliation and he that cannot prevail with his Neighbour to be Reconciled goeth to the Common-prayer-book and shutting it knocks upon it with his Hand saying Ani Kelao I conclude the business i. e. I leave off Praying til my Adversary be reconciled which accordingly is done Purchas Christians The Christian Religion reconciled Jews and Gentiles When Novatus or Novatian had made a disturbance in the Church of Rome concerning receiving the Lapsed into Communion Dionysius Bishop of Alexandria writing to him tells him 't is better to suffer any thing than that the Church of God should be rent into pieces Euseb Hist Eccl. l. 6. c. 45. Cyprian saith He that Rents the Unity of the Church destroys the Faith Disturbs the Peace Dissolves Charity and Profanes the Holy Sacrament De Vnit Eccl. How passionately Sollicitous Constantine the Great was for composing the Arrian Heresie Vid. vit cjus l. 2. c. 64. Theod. H. Eccl. l. 1. c. 11. When perverse and unquiet Persons raised Debates and Contests about the See of Constantinople Gregory Nazianzen then Bishop of the place stood up in the midst of the Assembly told the Bishops how unfit it was that they who were Preachers of Peace to others should fall our among themselves He begg'd of them by the Sacred Trinity to manage their Affairs calmly and peaceably and if I saith he be the Fonds that raises the storm throw me into the Sea and let these storms and tempests cease I am willing to undergo whatever you have a mind to and tho innocent and unblamable yet for your peace and quiet am content to be banish'd the Throne and to be cast out of the City Only according to the Prophet's Counsel be careful to love Truth and Peace and therewith freely resign'd his Bishoprick tho legally settled in it Vit. Greg. Naz. per. Greg. Presb. S. Chrysostom Bishop of Constantinople after Greg. Naz. having refuted those petty Cavits which his Adversaries had made against him adds But if you suspect these things of me we are ready to deliver up our place and power to whomsoever you will only let the Church be preserved in Peace and Unity Hom. 11. in Ep. ad Eph. Who is there among you saith Clemens in his Epistle to the Corinthians of that generous temper that compassionate and charitable disposition Let him say If these Schisms and Contentions this Sedition hath arisen through my means or upon my account I will depart and be gone whither soever you please only let Christ's Sheepfold together with the Elders placed over it be kept in peace Irenaus to Pope Victor about Easter tells him that Bishops in former times tho differing in the Observation of it yet always maintained an entire Concord and Communion one with another Euseb When Polycarp came to Rome from the Churches of the East to treat with Pope Anicetus about Easter and other Affairs tho they could nor satisfy-each other about the Controversy yet kissed and Embraced each other with mutual Endearments and Received the Holy Communion together And Anicetus gave Polycarp leave to Celebrate the Eucharist in his Church Vid. Innocent dict Ephr. Syr. Muscovites The Muscovites sottishly and insolently command Ambassadors to be uncovered first and by force take all advantages over them and are uncivil to strangers and not complaisant amongst themselves At Nice-novogrod the Chancellor's Steward coming to see us the Ambassadors invited him to Dinner but when they were to sit down the Pristaff would take place of him Whore's Son and Dog were the mildest of their Terms for half an hour and better At last by intreaty of the Embassadors were reconciled D. of Holstein's Emb. Trav. They are much given to Quarrelling and Railing one at another but seldom Fight unless with Fists and Switches And tho they forbear Cursing Swearing and Blaspheming yet their railing expressions even of Parents and Children mutually is such as cannot be expressed without horrour Idem In Persia At Ispahan Aug. 28. 1637. The Augustine Friers came to entreat the Embassadors to honour them with their presence next day at the Celebration of the Feast of S. Augustine their Patron the same favour they desired of the Muscovian Poslanick Alexci Savinouits as also of an Armenian Bishop and the English Merchants who tho of a different Religion and that in Europe they would have made some difficulty of it Yet live like Brethren and true Christians among their common Enemies D. of Holstein's Emb. Travels p. 204. Modern Heathens The Bannyans are no Swaggerers no Roysters they abhor Domineering and Fighting yea suffer themselves to be fleeced by any Man rather than resist or shed Blood by breach of Peace or making the least Opposition They love no Tumult no Innovation are content to submit rather than govern and wish all were of their Mind that is to say morally Honest Courteous in Behaviour Temperate in Passion Decent in Apparel Abstemious in Diet Industrious in their Callings Charitable to the Needy Humble Merciful and so Innocent as not to take away the Life of the silliest Vermin and no marvel for so they might dislodge their Friends of a peaceful Mansion for they verily credit the Passage of Souls into Beasts Sir Tho. Herb. Trav. into Persia Obedience to Civil Governours Jews THE Jews of late Ages have been found Flexible to any Civil Government though in former times not so For beside the Insurrections made in