for a witness that the remedy bears date from the disease even from that time when it was said at Corinth which was surely in the Apostles days I am of Paul I am of Apollos I am of Cephas as appears in his Comment upon Titus Surely therefore St. Jerome never dreamt that Episcopacy was Antichristian nor ever designed to effect that from evidence of Scripture which has been since attempted by the power of the Sword Ignatius his advice for the subjection of Presbyters to their Bishop suited well enough with his Principles as indeed it did with those of all Christendom besides till at last mens interest led them on as to urge Presbytery from St. Jerome so to quote St. Paul for Rebellion 3. But thirdly from the consideration of this great variety of Opinions to salve this confusion of names it may perhaps be seasonable to enquire whether there be really found in Scripture such a Communion of names as is pretended I am conscious that herein I advance an Hypothesis against many great and justly venerable Names And therefore I shall only humbly propose a twofold distinction for the clearing those places of Scripture which concern the point in question The first is between the Universal Church and those particular Provinces wherein Churches were planted under their respective Rulers In the former respect I grant that the word Presbyter is indifferently applied to the Chief Governours of the Church and that they are the same persons who are in one place called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which word whether it were Translated into the Church from the Jewish Synagogue or else taken from Age which brings experience and consequently fits for Government was in those days rather an appellative of dignity than a distinctive character of an Office And therefore generally in the Acts of the Apostles while Jerusalem and Christendom were in a manner of the same extent the word Presbyter which in particular Churches was still a title of Honour had hear a more ample and undetermined signification But if any of our adversaries take advantage from this concession I desire him only to consider that the Apostles are oftner called by the name of Deacons than the chief Governours of the Church by the name of Presbyters As Deacons of God and of Christ 1 Thess 3.2 Deacons of the New Testament 2 Cor. 3.6 Deacons of the Gospel Ephes 3.7 Deacons of righteousness 2 Cor. 11.15 Deacons of the Church Col. 1.25 I confess that our Translation in these and other parallel places always read Ministers in stead of Deacons as is observed in thirty places in the vulgar Latin of St. Jerome yet it is the very same word which is rendred Deacons in the Epistles of Timothy and Titus Which containing Apostolical Directions for the management of Particular Churches de statu Ecclesiastia compositae as Tertullian speaks distinguish Church Orders by their Names and Titles as well as their Offices and Powers And therefore thought in respect of the Universal Church the principal Rulers are sometimes stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to signify their Superiority over the Brethren sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to denote their immediate Ministration and attendance upon Christ the great Bishop of our Souls and Apostle of our profession Yet nothing will follow from hence but that in particular Churches they might be both limited and restrained the one to the second Order of Priests the other to the Attendants upon the Bishops So that this observation gives the same ground for Deacons to contest with Presbyters as it does for Presbyters with Bishops And thence because the Apostles and the Brethren are indifferently called Disciples they will by this way of arguing strengthen the pretence of the Independents and as 't is worded by a learned Writer hold the stirrop to the Congregations to throw themselves out of the Saddle But secondly If this Communion of names be pretended in particular Churches as at Philippi Ephesus and Creet I shall crave leave with Epiphanius to make another distinction o particular Churches from one another For he in his Refutation of Aerius his Argument drawn from the Communion of names objects to him his not understanding the Histories of the Primitive plantation of Churches asserting That at the first forming of them which could not be perfected in an instant there were in some places Bishops without Presbyters and in other Presbyters without Bishops which could be no inconvenience for a small space of time since those who planted them were sufficiently enabled to supply the defect of either He never observed this confusion of names which has been since pretended as neither did any that went before him but thought this one consideration to be valid enough to convince his adversary both of errour in Interpreting Scripture and of Ignorance in the Monuments of the Church But granting all that we have hitherto asserted and moreover that the objection from the plurallity of Bishops mentioned at Ephesus and Philippi be fully taken off upon this presumption that in the Apostles days there were more Bishops than one in a City 'till a more perfest Coalescence was at length made between the Jewish and the Gentile Converts yet notwithstanding it may be still demanded What is all this to the case before us For here in a particular Church the Church of Ephesus the same persons in the same Speech are called both Presbyters and Bishops To which I answer that if 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 denote the universal Church my first distinction holds good But if not I have the Testimony of Irenaeus an authority next to Apostolical to extend the word Church beyond the City of Ephesus and Bishops and Presbyters beyond one Order of the Clergy For so he writes in his Third Book and Fourteenth Chapter In Mileto enim Convocatis Episcopis presbyteris qui erant ab Epheso a reliquis proximis Civitatibus To which the late Vindicator of Monsieur Daillee seems to return an answer by giving Irenaeus the lye A Divi Lucae narratione seorsim abit But surely when St. Paul says vers 25 All you among whom I have gone Preaching the Kingdom of God he seems to intimate a greater extent than the single City of Ephesus will amount to and consequently to give us some ground for a reconcilement between Irenaeus and St. Luke And therefore I shall make no other use of our Authors reply than to observe another instance of the hard fate of the Fathers of the Church however ancient and Apostolical when they cross mens Interests and Opinions For if we urge them with Ignatius he is spurious and suppositious and therefore to be rejected if with Irenaeus he is false and fabulous and so not to be believed I have thus far explained the difficulty arising from the phrase of the Text and therein justified my dissent from our English Translation in reading Bishops instead of Overseers And as the Reverend Fathers of
prodigious that if ever the Church hath show'd her self undutiful to the State it is in suffering such a pestilent Enemy to Government to enjoy the benefit of her Communion There is a second pretence against the interest of the Holy Ghost in a Bishops Consecration That Christ gave the fulness of his Spirit only to St. Peter and his Successors but nothing to the other Apostles who seem to be joyned in Commission with him So that whatever power and authority is enjoyed by Bishops who succeed them they hold it not immediately from Christ but only as Suffragans of his pretended Vicar But since this is a point in which the Roman Schools are divided among themselves as appears by the contrary assertions of Soto Victoria Alphonsus à Castro and others and the Dispute seems at last to be resolved rather into the exercise of the Power or as the Schools love to speak the application of the matter of it than the power it self it is properly the subject of another consideration and does not so directly contradict what we have hitherto concluded from the Text. And therefore I shall proceed to raise an inference or two from the Holy Ghosts Concerment in the collation of Episcopal Power which will likewise take in the remaining part of my Division First then if the Holy Ghost has made you Bishops you may hence infer the weight and burden of your Calling It is sure no ordinary employment where the Commission for it comes under the Broad Seal of Heaven 'T was God that gave the Law upon Mount Sinai and therefore Moses who was to deliver it to the People exceedingly quakes and trembles And if St. Paul be rapt up into the third Heaven to receive Instructions for the Gospel we presently hear of his Reproaches and Distresses and the great trouble coming upon him from the care of all the Churches No wonder therefore if when he had acquainted the persons here in the Text with the derivation of their Authority he forthwith presents them with a prospect of their danger His own encounter at Ephesus could not procure that rest and quiet for the Bishops he left behind him but that after his departure there were beasts to be fought with still For this I know that grievous Wolves shall enter in among you I shall not here take upon me the work of an Historian nor give an account how in all Ages of the Church the lusts of the Flesh and the Devils of Hell have with their utmost Malice set themselves against it If we do but open our Eyes and behold the present face of Religion among our selves we shall find arguments enough to call forth your utmost circumspection A great door is open to you and many adversaries For if that turbulent Spirit of Rebellion and Disobedience which not long since possest rent and tore this Nation and was by a Miracle of his Providence a while since cast out walks about night and day seeking to return to the place from whence he came with seven other Spirits more wicked than himself so to make our last estate prove worse than the former If there are so many Tobiahs and Sanballats that envy the remainders of the prosperity of Sion so many Zebahs and Zalmunahs that say to one another Let us take unto our selves the houses of God in possession that seek to alienate or diminish the Churches Rights robbing God in Tithes and Offerings and then say Wherein have we robb'd him If the fiery Jesuit on the one hand and the restless Fanatick on the other bend all their wit and power first to smite the Shepherd and then to scatter and glean up the Sheep compassing Sea and Land to make Proselytes and when they have gained them making them ten times more the Children of Hell than themselves If what St. Paul Prophesied at Ephesus be now fulfilled with us that of our selves men arise speaking perverse things to draw away Disciples after them and stretching the Articles of the Church of England to so much a greater latitude than the Catholick Church allows that for as much as in them lies Pelagius and Socinus shall find here both shelter and encouragement Lastly if there be so many Hereticks in the World that corrupt the Church of Christ Schismaticks that divide it and Atheists that contemn it It is then surely high time for you to look about you to contend earnestly for the Faith which was once delivered to the Saints to joyn your Heads your Hearts and your Hands together to support the tottering Ark which is now no longer Criminal and keep it from ever returning into the Tents of the Philistins which we have seen so miraculously redeemed from them But secondly notwithstanding all these disadvantages if the Holy Ghost have called you to your Office you may rest assured that he will own and protect you in the discharge If you held your Callings from the World the frowns of the World might discourage you But since 't is God that sets his Seal to your Commission you serve a Master who let the World be never so impatient will assuredly make good your Patent assert and justifie your Authority When God says concerning Cyrus I have called him Isa 48.15 it follows in the Text and I will make his way prosperous If God say to Jacob I have called thee no wonder to hear the encouragement he forth with gives him When thou goest through the water I am with thee and through the Rivers they shall not overflow thee It seems to be an opinion among the Ancient Fathers that every Bishop hath two Guardian Angels For besides that which is common to him with every man he has another as he is a Bishop appointed him at his Consecration But the stability of your Function Holy Fathers has a surer ground than in these fancies of men Even the God of Angels vouchsafes to become your peculiar Guardian And if the Church like Jacob's Ladder though the foot of it be on Earth has its head in Heaven there are not only Angels ascending and descending but God himself leans upon the top of it and keeps it firm A consideration this of great weight and moment especially under the apprehensions of publick danger It being usual with men in such exigents as those to betake themselves to their own Counsels and Contrivances and when these fail to despond and give over nay sometimes with a more preposterous piece of Policy to make Ship-wrack of a good Conscience in hopes to escape the storm But surely if we own such a thing as Divine Protection which is never forfeited but by distrust we shall ever find it try it when we will that the best way to secure our selves from danger is to be doing our duty For this infallibly engages God of our side who will be with us as long as we are with him It is safer for the Mariner in a Tempest to ride out the Storm then to strike to Shore And we
as give us occasion further to observe the secret and mystical connexion between Arrius his Doctrin and Aerius his Discipline I do not assert that St. Ignatius was Prophetical in affording the Church throughout his Epistles such signal testimonies against both Yet surely they ought to have been well weighted by those learned men who have rejected the works of that renowned Father before they chose rather than part with a Creature of their own interest and fancy to quit the advantages of those pregnant authorities against the Socinians incomparably clearer than all the Fathers of the Church put together for the first 300 years It is not my purpose to lay the Heresie of Arrius to the charge of Aerius his followers or to inquire into the causal influence of the one upon the other But methinks this one reflection how much Socinianism which is but Arrianism improved has thriven and prospered under the influence of the Presbytery in our neighbour Nation and as 't is greatly to be suspected in our own might prove a motive sufficient to our dissenting Brethren to consider that Heresie and Schism go usually together and to renounce that Schismatical Discipline which we have seen by woful experience so notoriously to shelter an Heretical Doctrin 2. We may observe that however learned men have dissented as to the particular periods of the Commencement of either Order yet in this they all agree that a superiority of the one above the other is of Apostolical institution Which observation if any man think to elude from the authorities of Ignatius Irenaeus Origen St. Ambrose or St. Austin I desire him only to read the learned Spalatensis his Examen of their Testimonies to make him for ever ashamed of obtruding them any more Nay so evident is this in the ancient Records of the Church that the Reverend Bishop Bilson out of Eusebius Hegesippas Socrates St. Jerome Epiphanius and others has given us as exact a Catalogue of the succession of Bishops from the Apostles in the four Apostolical Sees till the first Council of Nice as ever the Roman Archives could at any time give of their Consuls or our common Chroniclers of our Kings since the Conquest From which consideration we have ground for an answer to a twofold pretence of the Advocates of Presbytery the one in taking from us the Testimony of Ignatius the other in urging against us the Authority of St. Jerome As for the first of these it is Monsieur Dailles's principal argument from the Phrase that that blessed Martyr always makes a distinction in the names of Bishop and Presbyter which the Apostolical writings do so confessedly confound with one another But if this be his highest evidence as 't is manifest from his writings that it is it is but a small advantage to his Cause and cannot possibly support it self against any one of those various Hypotheses which we just now mentioned for a solution of the doubt For first those who think that the Christian Priest-hood was originally preserved in one Order and at length by the Apostles distinguished into two though after the writing of their Epistles will rationally presume that the distinction of names took its date from the distinction of the things which Salmasius himself has owned against Petavius and that the ceasing to use the words promiscuously can never take off from our Author the credit of an Apostolical writer notwithstanding the pretended inconformity thereof to the writings of the Apostles themselves But secondly if we admit their opinion who conceive the Orders to be distinct even then when the names were common yet supposing that the Scriptures use them promiscuously there is a visible reason why Ignatius should distinguish For though two different things may sometimes indifferently pass under the same names when either they are used to express some notion or character that holds in common to them both or the subject matter determines the signification yet when in the same proposition they are both to be represented in their proper and distinct Idea according to all the laws of speaking or writing they will necessarily require distinct and proper appellations For how improper had it been to have exprest the peculiarities of several dignities in the same Stile and Character and to make a difference without a distinction How incongruous to common sense to specify three distinct Ecclesiastical Orders under the names of Presbyters Presbyters and Deacons and in inforcing the subjection of the one to the other bid Presbyters be subject to Presbyters So that upon the whole the great quarrel of our adversaries against Ignatius is this that his language is not like their opinion irrational and absurd As to their second refuge to wit the authority of St. Jerome I shall not interpose dogmatically in a Controversy in which the most able School-men and other learned Writers are so much divided It is the confident asseveration of Medina that St. Jerome and other of the Fathers agreed in the Heresie of Aerius but that the Church prudently tolerated that in the one which for different reasons it condemned in the other But upon this principle he will hardly be able to secure himself against the force of Bellarmine's reply How the Church then continued the pillar and ground of truth while She forsted Hereticks in her Bosom And how we can produce the Catholick Fathers as testifiers to the Christian Doctrin who in any one point of it symbolized with Hereticks deserted the sense of the Church and turned aside to the Flocks of the Companions And surely though St. Jerome might differ from others as a private Divine in some Interpretations of Scripture yet he so long kept himself sound as a Catholick Christian while he did not obtrude any of them against the tradition of the Apostles and the unity of the Church And therefore though I do not agree in his particular opinion as holding Church Government settled by our Savour himself in a clear and manifest subordination yet I do not desire among all the Fathers of the Church a more pregnant testimony than St. Jerome will afford us for a like imparity of Church Officers by Apostolical institution For 't is he who in his Epistle to Evagrius expressly calls it an Apostolical tradition and founded in the Old Testament that whatsoever priviledge Aaron and his Sons and the Levites enjoyed in the Temple Bishops Priests and Deacons might justly challenge in the Church 'T is he who informs us on the 23 of St. Matthew of the Apostles practice of ordaining Bishops and Presbyters in the several Provinces where they Preach'd the Gospel 'T is he who stiles the Governours of the respective Churches the Contemporaries of the Apostles by the name of Bishops as Mark of Alexandria Linus Cletus and Clemens of Rome James of Hierusalem Ignatius of Antioch and Policarp of Smyrna And though his opinion were that Bishops were postnate to Presbyters as instituted for the prevention of Schism yet I appeal to himself
as Pastors among Sheep and that he had a Kingdom though not of this World Thirdly therefore that this Spiritual Authority was dissolved and melted down into the Civil when the World came into the Church and the Empire became Christian must be made out one of these three wayes either from the original right of the Empire the revelation of God or the reason of the thing The right of the Empire stands upon this basis that the Power of the Church depended upon the confederation and consent of Christians which the Supream Magistrate may at his pleasure draw back and resume into himself But first against this pretended agreement of the Primitive Christians we may argue from all those instances of the agency of the Holy Ghost in constituting Church Officers which we have mentioned already All which bear evident Testimony to a positive Institution and a Divine Authority But secondly supposing it for the present I demand Whether the Primitive Christians had a right to enter into those confederacies antecedent to the command or allowance of the Empire or no If not we are brought back again to the Apostate Principles of the Leviathan And though I should grant Mr. Selden that Christians after the death of our Lord had the allowance of the State by that Act of the Empire which tolerated the Jews Yet to say that the Society was legally dissolved when they came more narrowly to be enquired into is to take off the Glory of Martyrdom from those who notwithstanding the Edicts of the Empire kept on the Assemblies of the Church and the brand of Apostacy from others who pleaded for themselves that they had left them If it be said that the Society of the Church had this right of mutual Confederation the case is just where it was For whether the Governours of the Church subsist immediately by Divine Right or no yet if the Church as a Society for the better maintaining of Christianity by Divine Right be enabled to appoint them obedience is justly due to them in the Affairs of Christianity independent upon the Powers of this World And surely water will rise no higher than the place from whence it descended nor can the Empire ever come to challenge the Rights of the Church which were antecedent to any Act of it unless it have pleased the Great Soveraign of both to declare his Pleasure for transferring them For if the Church be a Society immediately constituted by God then can it not be dissolved in time but by the same Power which established it at the beginning But where is there to be found in Scripture any shadow of an Ordinance for this Temporary condition of the Church Surely all things there seem to run in another strain If Timothy be instructed by St. Pauls how to behave himself in the Church of God he is forthwith charged to keep the Commandment unblameable untill the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ If the Angel of Thyatira be reprehended for the remiss exercise of his Authority he has likewise a command from our Saviour to hold it fast and maintain it 'till his coming Christ did not appoint Pastors in his Church only 'till the time of Constantine but 'till we all come in the unity of Faith and the Knowledge of the Son of God to a perfect man Which woful experience will assure us was not effected in Constantine's dayes nor will it ever be 'till the consummation of all things The darkness which over-spreads our understandings can never be dispelled but by the Light of Glory nor can our hearts be entirely reunited but by that Charity which never fails There remains therefore only the last way of arguing and that is from the reason of the thing For thus it is pleaded that unless both Powers reside intirely in the same Persons they must both expect the same Fate which attends a Kingdom divided against it self by reason of daily and vexatious contentions between the Church and Common-wealth the Sword of Justice and the Shield of Faith and which is more than this in the breast of every Christian between the Christian and the Man Thus what we deny to Nature shall be effected by Grace the Gospel of Peace shall retrieve a State of War and this pretended Order and Government become but another name for Confusion And though I have before barred this Method of Reasoning by supposing Christianity to be a positive Constitution of Divine Grace albeit Religion in general be a moral Virtue yet because the Charge is of so high a Nature as if the Churches claim of Power from God rendred it uncapable of the Protection of his Vice-gerent and Christs coming to fit Inhabitants for another World were a means to dis-people this I am obliged for the removal of suspition to propose these following considerations First therefore though other Religions may be justly presumed prejudicial to the publick Peace in as much as the Devil who is the Inventor of them is withal the Author of Confusion in the Government of the World yet such is the peculiar genius of Christianity that where-event is either Preached or Received it can create no Jealousie in in the State The ground upon which this Assertion stands is this that it disclaims all title to the Sword but leave him that takes it to perish with it though it be drawn in the defence of Christ himself Surely he that had legions of Angels at his command in stead of sending forth Apostles to Convert men to the Faith might have Commissioned Generals to destroy the Unbelievers But this in the esteem of Infinite Wisdom was judged more Military than Religious and the way of Propagating his Gospel had been inconsistent with the design of it This therefore being supposed that Christianity leaves the power of the Sword in those hands in which it finds it how can it possibly make any alteration as to any Temporal Condition vhich is professedly maintained by it And therefore that great bugbear of Imperium in Imperio need not be so terrible as men would make it as long as their Objects Ends and Offices stand as really distinguished as their Obligations And these were the Thoughts that Christians had of their Religion as long as Christianity was understood In the Church then as of old in Israel there was no Smith to provide Swords and Spears though against their persecuting Philistins And though this intire renunciation of all claim to any thing wherein the Civil Power was concerned proved unable to protect them either from Slander or Persecution yet that which exited the rage and fury of their Enemies was rather an averseness to the Christians Doctrine than any jealous concern for their own safety It being abundantly evinced by the ancient Apologies of the Church Writers against the Gentiles that though they did not believe the Christian Faith they could not in Civil justice persecute a Christian No their Lives then were a Transcript of their Doctrin and their Obedience was