of Portugal by all whom being refus'd he at length obtain'd it of Ferdinand and Isabella King and Queen of Spain who in the Year 1492. gave him Three Ships with Men and Provisions with these he set out and happily effected his Intention discovering Cuba and Hispaniola and return'd to Spain 1493. Afterwards Americus Vespusius being set forth by Emanuel King of Portugal discover'd the Southern Continent of America which Name he had the Honour to give to all that vast Country 149â— Maximilian Emperor an excellent Prince 1493. Henry VIII King of England 1509. he married Katharin of Spain the Widow of his Brother Arthur 1509. Charles V. Son of Philip who was the Son of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy which Philip married Ioan the Heiress of Spain by which means Charles succeeded in both these Estates 1516. and was chosen Emperor on the Death of Maximilian 1519. Fr. Picus Count of Mirandola in Italy and D. Erasmus Native of Rotterdam flourished Martin Luther begins to Preach in Germany against Indulgences and other Errors of the Church of Rome 1517. Solyman styl'd The Magnificent began to Reign 1520. The Island and City of Rhodes after a vigorous Defence taken by the Turks 1523. Belgrade was taken and Vienna besieg'd by Solyman King Henry of England Wars successfully with France 1510. writes against Luther and obtains the Title of Defender of the Faith 1521. Is divorc'd from Queen Katharin and marries Anne Bollen 1533. Beheads her and marries Iane Seymour 1536. Marries Anne of Cleeve and Katharin Howard 1540. Marries again the Lady Katharin Parr 1543. he advanc'd Cardinal Wolsey to the highest pitch of Greatness who having displeas'd him is pull'd down and Cromwel advanc'd 1531. Cromwel also disgrac'd and beheaded 1540. This King suppress'd Monasteries and made way for the Reformation which follow'd in the Reigns of his Son and Daughters The Straights of Magellanica in America discover'd and nam'd by Ferdinand Magellan 1520. Mexico and Peru conquer'd by the Spaniards about this time The Name of Protestant first began on occasion of a Protestation the Lutherans made against a Decree of the Chamber of Spire against them 1529. The Smalcaldan League or agreement between the Protestants of Germany for their mutual Defence made at Smalcald 1540. The Council of TRENT began 1540. Edward VI. Son of Henry VIII by his Wife Iane Seymour succeeds his Father at 9 Years of Age 1547. a wonderfully wise and pious Prince he reforms Religion and expels the Superstition and false Doctrin of the Romish Church his Uncle Edward Seymour the Protector beheaded 1551. Mary his Sister succeeds him 1553. she restores Popery marries Philip the Son of the Emperor Charles V. afterwards King of Spain 1554. loses Callice which had been held by the English ever since King Edward IIId's time 1557. Elizabeth her Sister Queen of England 1558. restores the Reformation and reigns with great Wisdom and Reputation 44 Years The Emperor Charles V. Resigns all his Kingdoms 1557. Ferdinand his Brother chosen Emperor 1558. Philip II. his Son succeeds him in Spain 1558. Charles IX King of France 1560. The Civil War for Religion began there 1562. The Massacre of the Protestants at Paris 1572. Maximilian II. Emperor 1564. The Wars in the Low-Countries against the Inquisition c. began 1565. King Philip sends Duke d' Alva to suppress it 1567. William Prince of Orange heads the Protestants in the Low-Countries 1572. Under whose Protection Holland throws off the Spanish Yoke and soon after Six more of the Provinces joyn with them and altogether conclude a solemn Union at Vâ—recht 1579. Queen Elizabeth being at this time at War with Spain gives them assistance The famous Sea Fight at Lepanto wherein the Venetians kill 20000 Turks and sink 200 Galleys 1572. Henry III. King of France 1574. The Holy League in France began 1576. Rodolphus II. Emperor 1576. Sir Francis Drake Sails through the Magallonnie Streights thence over to the Phillipine Islands and the East-Indies and having encompass'd the whole Globe of the Earth returns to England 1580. Pope Gregory XIII Corrects the Calander 1582. William Prince of Orange Assassinated at Delft 1584. Succeeded by his Brother Maurice who for many Years maintain'd the War against the Spaniards The Spaniards with a mighty Armado attempt to invade England but are totally routed by the English 1588. Mary Queen of Scots beheaded in England 1587. Henry III. King of France is stab'd by Ia. Clement a Friar 1589. Henry IV. King of Navarre succeeds him 1589. Turns Roman Catholick restores the Peace of the Nation Years of Jes. Chr. Makes an Edict at Nants in favour of the Protestants 1598. Is stab'd by Ravillac 1610. Iames King of Scotland succeeds Queen Elizabeth in the Throne of England 1602. The Gun-powder Plot 1605. Philip III. King of Spain 1598. Peace made between Spain and Holland whereby the united Provinces are declar'd a free State 1609. Lewis XIII King of France 1610. Gustavus Adolphus the famous King of Sweden began to Reign 1611. Matthias King of Hungary and Bohemia elected Emperor 1612. Frederick Count Palatine of the Rhine Marries the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to King Iames of England 1612. Frederick II. chosen Emperor 1619. The Elector Palatine being chosen King of Bohemia is oppos'd by the Emperor and defeated in the Battle of Prague 1620. Philip IV. King of Spain 1621. The Elector Palatine outed of all his Dignity given to the Duke of Bavaria 1624. Great Wars in Germany ensued King Charles I. King of England succeeds his Father 1625. Henry Frederick Prince of Orange succeeds Maurice 1625. Cardinal Richelieu chief Minister in France He labours to ruine the Protestant Party and finally takes the City Rochel their chief Strength after a long Siege and vigorous Defence 1628. The renown'd Gustavus Adolphus after many victorious Acts in Germany Italy c. is slain at the Battle of Lutzen in Germany November 6 1632. Christina his Daughter succeeds him 1632. Count Tilly the Emperor's General famous for his Conquests in Bohemia Denmark and Germany died 1632. Portugal throws off the Spanish Yoke and receives Iohn Braganza of the ancient Royal Family for their King 1640. Ferdinand III. chosen Emperor 1637. The Rebellion and Massacre in Ireland 1641. King Charles by reason of the Factious disorders in London retires into the North is denied entrance into Hull 1642. Sets up his Standard at Nottingham Aug. 2. 1642. Lewis XIV the present King of France began to Reign being then but Five years old 1643. William II. Prince of Orange Father of his present Majesty of Great Britain succeeded his Father in all his Honours 1647. Peace among the Germans c. concluded at Munster in Westphalia 1648. The Civil War rages in England King Charles I. Martyr'd 164â— The famous Rebellion at Naples on occasion of the grievous Excises headed by Thomas Aniello commonly call'd Massanello 1647. Oliver Cromwel usurps the Government of England under the Name of Protector 1651. The Prince of Orange dyes October 8. 1650.
leaving his Princess the Daughter of King Charles II. with Child of our present King who was Born Nov. 14. 1650. The Island Iamaica in America taken by the English 1655. Christina Queen of Sweden resigns her Crown and goes to Rome 1654. Carolus Gustavus Duke of Deux-ponts her Cousin succeds her 1654. Alphonsus King of Portugal succeeds his Father 1656. Being Lunatick is confin'd and his Brother made Regent Leopoldus-Ignatius-Iosephus the present Emperor of Germany began to Reign Iuly 22. 1658. Oliver Cromwel dy'd Sept. 3. 1658. A War between France and Spain having lasted 25 Years is at length ended by a Peace concluded in the Isle of Pheasants near the Pyrenean Mountains 1659. After half a dozen Changes of Government in England in one Years time the Rump being by General Monk's Management dissolv'd and a Free Parliament chosen it was resolv'd by the Parliament April 20. That Charles II. was lawful and undoubted King and Messengers immediately sent to Breda to invite him Home 1660. EPOCHA XIV King Charles II. Restor'd the ancient Government and Laws of England Re-establish'd and Europe in a Profound Peace 1660. ANd here we must make a Stand for who can pass so pleasant a Sight as this happy Year gives us of the peaceful State of all Europe without taking a View of the agreeable Prospect In England our celebrated Augustus shuts up the Temple of Ianus and by his happy Influence gives the Muses Liberty and the Merchant Protection Learning and Wit flourish Trade enriches the Nation and a general Joy drives away the Sorrows which the late Tyrannical Usurpation had cast over all the good and honest part of the People The hungry Beggars that had usurp'd the Senate-house were now expell'd and forc'd to refund the sweet Morsels which they had robb'd the King the Clergy and their Fellow-Subjects of under the specious Name of Sequestration In short the King the Laws the ancient Liberty Government and Peace was restor'd and England was made happy In Germany the War which the Emperor King of Poland and Elector of Brandenburg had maintain'd against the King of Sweden was ended that between Sweden and Denmark as also between France and Sweden terminated and finally France and Spain reconcil'd by the Pyrenean Peace and afterwards by the Marriage of the the Infanta to the King So that we may truly call this Annus Pacificus of Europe and compare this with the Augustan Age. May 29 1660. King Charles II. makes his Triumphant Entrance into London it being the Day of his Birth in the Twelfth Year of his Reign and on the 23d of April following was Crowned Leopold Ignatius being at that time Emperor of Germany Philip IV. King of Spain Lewis XIV King of France Alphonso King of Portugal Charles X. King of Sweden Christiern V. King of Denmark Alexius Michaeliwitz Czar of Moscovy Iohn Casimer King of Poland Alexander VII Pope of Rome Franciscus Molino Doge of Venice Ferdinand II. Duke of Florence Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy and finally Mahomet IV. Sultan of the Turks 1661. In France Cardinal Mazarine being dead Mar. 9 1661. that King takes the Government wholly into his own Hands The Dauphin Born Nov. 1. 1661. King Charles of England marries Donna Catherina Infanta of Portugal May 22. 1662. Venner and the Fifth Monarchists make a Riot and bloody Rebellion for a few Days in London 166â— The first Dutch War 1665. A raging Pestilence at London 1665. War proclaim'd against France who side with the Dutch 1665 6. A violent Fire which burnt down the greatest part of London 1666. The Dutch at Chatham 1667. A Peace concluded at Breda by England with France and Holland 1667. War betwixt France and Spain 1667. The Theatre at Oxford built by A. Bp. Sheldon 1668. Treaty of Peace between Spain and France at Aix la Chapelle 1668. The City and Island of Candia taken by the Turks 1669. Clement IX Pope 1670. The Duke of Lorrain dispossest of his Dominions by the French 1670. The second Dutch War 1672. The French King invades Holland over-runs the Country and commits very barbarous Ravage 1672. Spain declares against France 1673. A Faction in Holland headed by de Witt taking Advantage of the Prince of Orange's Minority had some Years before this resolv'd no more to admit of a Stadtholder but at this time the miserable State of their Country through the French Tyranny which was carried on because the Dutch wanted some skilful Captain made the People mutiny and oblige the States to restore the Prince to the Dignity and Honours of his Ancestors 1674. Peace between England and Holland 1674. Victor Amadaeus present Duke of Savoy succeeds his Father 1675. Pope Clement X. dies and is succeeded by Benedict Odeschalci who took the Name of Innocent XI 1676. The Prince of Orange comes over to England and marries the Lady Mary our late gracious Queen 1677. Peace concluded at Nimeguen between France and Holland 1678. Also between Spain and France 1678. Also between the Emperor and France The Popish Plot in England discover'd 1678. The Dauphin marries the Princess of Bavaria 1679. The Duke of Burgundy eldest Son to the Dauphin born 1681. Algiers Bombarded by the French 1682. The Czar of Moscovy dying causes Disputes which of the Sons should succeed at length 't was agreed they both should Reign together 1682. War between the Emperor and the Turks Tangier quitted and destroy'd by the English 1683. Vienna Besieg'd by the Turks 60 Days at length Reliev'd and the Siege rais'd with great Slaughter of the Turks by the King of Poland Sept. 12. 1683. Genoa Bombarded by the French 1684. Luxemburg taken by the French 1684. King Charles II. died Feb. 6. 1684 5. and is immediately succeeded by his Brother Iames Duke of York Earl of Argyle Invades Scotland 1685. Duke of Monmouth Invades England 1685. Both defeated and Executed by K. Iames 1685. The Grand Seignior Mahomet IV. being depos'd Solyman III. succeeds him 1687. The French King breaks the Peace with Germany and his Son takes Philipsburg Octob. 1688. The People of England oppress'd by King Iames's Government the Prince of Orange in prosecution of an Invitation to that purpose comes over to England with an Army for their Relief Nov. 5. 1688. King Iames quits the Government and retires privately from Whitehall Dec. 12. 1688. being put ashore at Feversham returns to London Decemb. 1688. The Prince of Orange comes to London and King Iames retires to Rochester 1687. whence he privately departs for France 1688. A Convention or Parliament being assembled they declare William Prince of Orange together with his Princess Mary King and Queen of England Feb. 13. 1688 8. France declares War against Holland Nov. 1688. K. William and Q. Mary Crowned Apr. 21. 1689. England declares War against France May 7th 1689. The Convention of Scotland Resolve to offer the Crown to King William and Queen Mary Apr. 16. 1689. which the Deputies present to him May 16. 1689. King Iames passes from
vast Eternity should have produc'd Wits able to invent Mills Printing the Mariners Compass and the many other most useful things which the few Years in comparison of Eternity since Noah hath produc'd CHAP. II. Rules to be observed in writing History HIstory being a true Narration for Benefit of Posterity interwoven with many memorable Events either of Peace or War ought to be attempted without Rules and Art An Historian is not to be guided implicitely by his Genius how great soever it be And the manner after which we commonly judge of History sufficiently shews that of all Works of the Mind none require so great Attention and so exact a Method Nevertheless the Rules I here set down are not intended for those that shall write History for the future but only for Youth that shall read what is already written Their Judgments must be elevated and plac'd as it were above the Authors they peruse that theâ— may not servilely rely upon them and believe whatever they have written to be unquestionable On the other side it is a Fault in our Imaginations to slight the Ancients for Wit has ever been the Growth of all Ageâ— and all Countries yet at the same time it will be acknowledg'd no less a Weakness to look upon what they have left us as Miracles We ought to treat our Ancestors neither with Submission nor Contempt but with a just Enquiry into their Perfections and Deserts As the Rules I am about to give are not of my Invention the Publick being wholly Indebted for them to the ingenious Translator of Salust so I shall disclaim all pretence to any Merit thereby it having been only my Business to translate the learned Preface of that judicious Critick History consists of two Parts I. Narration which is the Body of it and whose Business is to relate impartially all remarkable Actions of this Life And II. Political Reflections which are its Soul and which are to be imitated upon all Occasions 1. Narration ought to be Brief and Concise especially in Orations History and Epick Poetry because a Reader there does not care to hear that which he has already comprehended Scaliger has made a very false Judgment of Salust when he stiles him Omnium Scriptorum Numerossimum and in my Judgment the two Seneca's Quintilian Aulus Gillius Macrobius Sidonius Apollinaris c. have given a much better Account of him Three Things contribute to Brevity of Style 1. Genius 2. Art And 3. Language First A strong and lively Genius is requir'd that may go through with a Work and surmount all vulgar Eyes the Tokens of which are to have Thoughts and Conceptions where Truth and Novelty are join'd Salust was naturally bent to Brevity and Cicero on the contrary to Copiousness which is necessary to be known since that for want of such Reflection many learned Men have taken false Measures Some that Nature design'd to resemble Salust in his way of Writing have nevertheless made it their Endeavours to imitate Cicero and others that were born to follow Cicero have presum'd to imitate Salust so that by these means both have done violence to their Genius and lost that easy genuine Air without which it is impossible either to move or please Yet it is absolutely necessary that an Author who enclines towards the Genius of Cicero should read Salust to prevent his Style from running out and on the contrary those that come nearest Salust should have recourse to Cicero when their Style is like to be broken and too concise To produce a compleat Work two Things are necessary 1. Exact Composition And 2. Careful Revisal That is to say neither to compose with Negligence nor correct with Precipitation but in both to have a principal Regard to Art 2. Art in the Composition prevents making use of any Thing either foreign to the purpose or unprofitable tho' Art be oftentimes tyranniz'd over by an Head-strong Genius yet Correction always revenges its Quarrel and brings a too exhuberant Genius to Reason Whilst a Man is Composing he may give a loose to his Genius but when he comes to Revise he must have his Eyes full of Severity At the time of a serious â—â—eflection Art is busied in paring off Superfluities retrenching Excursions and enlivening Obscurities and Flatnesses There is a sort of Brevity which proceeds from Chance Whimsy and Dryness or Weakness of Conception or Genius but this we cannot commend for Brevity ought only to be the Product of Knowledge Reflection or Judgment A Writer therefore must beware of too great a Restraint as a Slavery and too great a Freedom as a pernicious Liberty Historical Narration nevertheless will admit of introducing more Circumstances than Oratorial because among all the Circumstances of an Action an Orator only makes use of those which are for his purpose Nay he has moreover a liberty of feigning them where he supposes they may be understood Historical or speaking Pictures There are two sorts of Pictures One Dumb as Draughts and Sculptures of all kinds and the other Speaking as History Poetry and Oratory Three Things contribute to render these speaking Pictures agreeable 1. They must be done after the Life 2. They must denote the Persons by the Parts of them that are most necessary to be known And 3. They must always have chief Regard to that Action which best becomes the Person they represent Heroes Harangues or Speeches They may be abridged and made conformable to the Style of the History which they are made use of in as Salust most commonly has done Three Duties of an Historian 1. To desâ—ribe Things 2. To represent Actions And 3. To relate Discourses Thirdly Style or Language is to be considered either as to 1. The Action 2. The Ornaments Or 3. It s Purity Relating to Action it is 1. Sublime 2. Indifferent And 3. Low or Humble In regard of Ornaments the first place is given to 1. The Indifferent 2. The Sublime And 3. The Low or Humble In regard of Purity the chief Rank is bestowed on The Low or Humble Style This last Style is what an Historian ought to make use of being least warm and consequently more comely since a Mind that it is not embarassed with any Passion is more capable of adorning its Discourse for that long Calm which reigns throughout the whole Course of History would infallibly tire instead of pleasing us if it were not sometimes quickned and enlivened by a briskness of Style and variety of Figures But at the same time others say of History O nari Res ipsa negat Contenta Doceri An eloquent Oration like a Race or a Combat has an Influence over its Auditor suitable to the force it bears when on the contrary History rather resembles a calm Walk or to say better a long Voyage where if its Reader does not meet with either Pleasure or Profit in the Way he soon grows weary and dissatisfied An Historian is obliged to set Truth in its best Light which is an
and told Seleucus that his Son's Distemper was Incurable How so said the King Because reply'd the Physician he is in love with my Wife Ah! said Seleucus to him I know you are more my Friend than to let my Son die and to hinder him from marrying your Wife Pray Sir replied Erasistratus were it your Case would you let him have yours Ay Ay said the King and all my Dominions to boot if his Life could not be saved without it Upon this the Physician unravelled the whole Mystery to him and told him in plain terms that Stratonice was the Person whom he so passionately lov'd Seleucus was as good as his Word called the People together and made a very pathetical Speech to them that they might not be surprized at such an unusual kind of Marriage For thô he had already a Son by his dear Stratonice yet he made no scruple to marry her to Antiochus his eldest Son and not a Man opposed it Thô this Complaisance was very irregular yet none can deny but Seleucus was a very great Prince He was killed by Ptolemy after he had reigned about 35 years 3668. 2. Antiochus Soter succeeded his Father and reigned about 12 years 282 3680. 3. Antiochus Theos the Son of Antiochus Soter and Stratonice reigned about 24 years His Sirname of Theos was given him by the Milesians because he had freed them from the Tyranny of Timarchus He was poisoned by Laodicea one of his Wives whom he had put away and afterwards recalled to Court 270 3704. 4. Seleucus Callinicus or Poron succeeded his Father and reigned about 20 years He died with a fall off his Horse This King aided by the Gauls engaged in a long War against Antiochus Hierax 246 3723. 5. Seleucus Seraunus succeeded his Father and reigned 3 years He was poisoned in Phrygia by his Lieutenant-Generals as he was marching to make War against Attalus 227 3726. 6. Antiochus the Great succeeded his Brother Seleucus being sent for from Babylon by the Aâ—my which was then encamped in Syria that so he might take Possession of the Kingdom He reigned about 36 years He was engaged in a War against several Nations First he waged War against Ptolemy Philopator King of Egypt was beat by him and sued for a Peace which Ptolemy very generously granted him Afterwards he carried on a War against the Romans by whom he was always worsted so that at last he was obliged to sue for a Peace This King likewise routed Malon received Hannibal invaded Greece and was defeated by Glabrio At last having his Treasures drained by these unsuccessful Wars to fill them up again he resolved upon rifling the Temple of Iupiter in Elimais but he was killed in the Attempt by the People of the Place Before his Death he nominated his Son Seleucus Philopator for his Successor 224 3763. 7. Seleucus Philopator succeeded his Father and reigned about 12 years He did little because the ill Successes of his Father against the Romans had exhausted his Kingdom This is that Seleucus mentioned in the Second Book of Maccabees where 't is said of him that because of the Respect which he bore to the High-Priest Onias he supplied the Temple with its necessary Sacrifices every year However Daniel stiles him Vilissimus indignus Decore Regio i. e. The basest and the worst of Men not worthy of the Royal Diadem 187 About the end of his Reign he was prevailed upon to send Heliodorus to rifle the Treasures belonging to the Temple of Ierusalem and it may be very well affirmed that his Weakness was the cause of those Troubles and Seditions which afterwards happened both in Church and State He was at last killed by Heliodorus 3775. 8. Antiochus Epiphanes or the Illustrious who had been carried to Rome as an Hostage after the Defeat of his Father Antiochus the Great made his Escape thence at the end of 3 years and Demetrius the Son of Seleucus was sent thither in his stead As soon as Antiochus was returned into Syria Heliodorus who would fain have been King killed Seleucus But Eumenes and Attalus outed Heliodorus and left Antiochus the Illustrious in quiet Possession of the Kingdom of Syria who reigned over it about 12 years He took away the High-Priesthood from Onias who was a Man of excellent Piety and bestowed it on the Impious Iason his Brother and the next year he took it again from Iason and bestowed it on his Brother Menalaus who gave more Money than the former for it Two years after this a Rumour being spread that Antiochus died in his Expedition against Egypt Iason raised great Disturbances in Ierusalem which caused Antiochus after he had defeated the Egyptians to exercise unheard-of Cruelties in Iudea and to carry away all their Treasures Afterwards Antiochus sent Apollonius into Iudea who one Sabbath-day killed a whole Congregation who were got together to offer Sacrifice Some say that he sent Lysias Gorgian Timotheus and other Commanders against the Iews who were all routed by Iudas Maccabeus Much about this time it was that this Iudas retired into the Wilderness choosing to live upon Herbs rather than defile himself with those prophane Meats which in all Parts were then sacrificed But at last Antiochus hastening out of Persia to Ierusalem with a Design to cut off all the Iews of that Place fell out of his Chariot bruised his whole Body and died of a loathsome Disease 175 3786. 9. Antiochus Eupator succeeded his Father and reigned about 2 years Lysias according to some but Philip according to others governed his Kingdom made a Peace with Iudas Maccabeus which was soon after violated About this time it was that Eleazar having assaulted an Elephant upon which he supposed the King was killed the Beast and was crushed to Death by the fall of him 164 Antiochus having taken Bethsura went against Ierusalem and made a Peace with the Iews but it being broke he caused the Walls to be demolished led away Menalaus along with him whom he put to Death as the Cause of all the War and put Alcimus into his Place 3788. 10. Demetrius Soter the Son of Seleucus Philopator having made his Escape from Rome came to Antioch put Antiochus and Lysias to Death and when he was King sent Bacchides into Iudea with Alcimus to whom he promised the High-Priesthood He afterwards sent thither Nicanor who made a League with Iudas Maccabeus but he having broke it was soon after killed by Nicanor This Demetrius reigned about 11 years 162 The People of Antioch rebelling against Demetrius took a young Man named Alexander who was said to be the Son of Antiochus the Illustrious and being assisted by the Neighbouring Kings set him upon the Throne 3799. 11. Alexander Epiphanes or Balas becoming Master of Ptolemais sent to Ionathan to make a League with him and settled him in the High-Priesthood which had been vacant 7 years and a half by the Death of Alcimus This Ionathan was the first High-Priest of the Race of
the Maccabees After this Demetrius raised Forces against Alexander but was defeated and killed by him By this means Alexander was established in the Kingdom of Syria over which he reigned 6 years 151 Demetrius the eldest Son of Demetrius Soter being willing to revenge the Death of his Father and to regain his Kingdom had great Success therein Apollonius join'd with him and was sent by Demetrius into Iudea to fight the Iews who were in League with Alexander Ionathan and Simon engaged him several times At last Alexander ravaged Syria Ptolemy Philopator and Demetrius marched against him where Ptolemy was wounded in the Engagement Within a few days after Alexander was killed by his Domesticks and Ptolemy upon the sight of his Head died for Joy 3805. 12. Demetrius Nicanor became at last sole King of Syria and suffered the Iews to live very peaceably Ionathan laid Siege to the Fortress of Ierusalem and Demetrius sent to have him come to him and give him an Account of that Action Ionathan still continued the Siege and pacified Demetrius by his Presents 145 No sooner had Demetrius Nicanor disbanded his old Forces having as he thought no further Occasion for them but Tryphon laid hold on the Opportunity to make young Antiochus Sirnamed the Divine King who was the Son of Alexander He endeavoured to make Ionathan his Friend who did him great Services 3807. 13. Antiochus the Divine set up by Tryphon but afterwards the latter being minded to be King himself instead of Antiochus and being afraid Ionathan should oppose him in his Designs surpriz'd and killed him Simon is Elected in his Place to be both General of the Army and High-Priest He several times defeated Tryphon who that he might the more easily usurp the Regal Dignity killed Antiochus 143 3809. 14. Tryphon the Vsurper In his time Demetrius Nicanor marched with his Forces into Media to strengthen himself against Tryphon where he was taken Prisoner by the General of the Army of the King of Persia and Media At last the Soldiers could not away with Tryphon and went over to Cleopatra the Wife of Demetrius who surrender'd her self and her Army to her Brother Antiochus Sedetes 141 3812. 15. Antiochus Sedetes took the Government upon him and reigned about 10 years He at first made a League with Simon the High-Priest and afterwards very dishonourably broke it sending Cendebeus against him whilst he went in pursuit of Tryphon who retired into Apamea which being taken he was killed there Simon the High-Priest being very old sent his Sons against Cendebeus who beat him This only served to foment the Jealousy of his Son-in-Law Ptolemy against the Father and his Children who killed the Father and two of his Sons in a Feast to which he had invited them In the Eighth Year of the Reign of Antiochus Sedetes there happened an Earthquake at Antioch at 10 a clock in the morning on February the 21st After this Antiochus with his Army were cut off in Parthia which gave way for his Brother Demetrius to remount the Throne 138 3822. Demetrius Nicanor reassumed the Throne after his return from the Parthians where he had been Prisoner But he had debauched himself so much among the Parthians and grew by his Pride so intolerable that neither his Soldiers nor his Subjects could endure him but chose themselves another King 128 16. Alexander Zebenna was the Man they Elected who was the Son of a certain great Merchant Demetrius was abandoned by all Men fled from one Country to another and at last was assassinated as he was going into a Ship But some say he was killed by his Wife Cleopatra Zebenna in his Prosperity proved ungrateful to his Friends and forgot his old Benefactor Ptolomy Physicon who had set him upon the Throne Ptolomy by way of Revenge assisted Antiochus Gryphus against him who defeated put him to flight and afterwards killed him 3826. 17. Antiochus Gryphus reigned 8 years very prosperously and all Syria enjoyed a profound Peace His Mother Cleopatra offended at her Son 's good Fortune upon his return from the War he had successfully ended against Zebenna presented him with a Glass full of rank Poison He excused himself out of Compliment and his Mother still urged him to drink it off At last he frankly told her That he was informed of her ill Will towards him and that she could not clear her Innocence better than by drinking up what she was so civil to offer him Upon this she was forced to drink off what she had prepared for her Son and so was poisoned Antiochus Cyzicenus declared War against his Brother Gryphus but was defeated by him 3835. 18. Antiochus Cyzicenus had the Fortune at last to defeat his Brother Gryphus who fled away and was turned out of his Kingdom which his Brother became Master of But no sooner was he King but he gave himself up to all manner of Pleasures and Debaucheries He associated with none but Comedians Buffoons Jugglers and Fencers He applied himself very seriously to the making of Puppets dance and became so great a Master in that Mechanical Art that he could make Figures of Birds to fly and run along as if they were natural 115 3856. 19. Seleuchus the Son of Antiochus Gryphus having raised Forces declared War against his Uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus They came to an Engagement wherein Antiochus was defeated His Horse carried him into the Enemies Camp and he for fear of being taken alive killed himself 92 3860. 20. Antiochus the Pious the Son of Antiochus Cyzicenus having escaped the Ambuscades which his Uncle had laid for him declared War against him after he had taken upon him the Diadem at Arada Seleucus was routed beaten out of all Syria and fled into Cilicia He was received there by the Mopseates who being enraged by the extravagant Contributions which Seleucus raised upon them burnt him in his Palace with two of his Friends Upon this Antiochus and Philip two Twin-Brothers of Seleucus in revenge of his Death besieged Mopsuesta took it by Storm and demolished it Antiochus the Pious marched against them and defeated them Antiochus was drowned in a River as he fled away and his Brother Philip reigned together with Antiochus the Pious and afterwards they endeavoured by War to decide which of the two should be sole Master 90 3861. 21. Demetrius Euceres the Son of Antiochus Gryphus was seated upon the Throne of Damascus by Ptolemy Lathurus But Antiochus the Pious opposed the new King being assisted by his Brother Philip's Forces Iosephus says that Antiochus the Pious was killed in a Battel against the Parthians 89 22. Philip and Demetrius Euceres both of them the Sons of Gryphus became Masters of the Kingdom of Syria Thus for these last years the Seleucides raising continual Commotions with each other for the Crown were at length cut off in several Battels The Syrians offended at these Disturbances called in Tigranes King of Armenia and submitted to his Government 3863. 23 Tigranes called in
taken on both sides should be restored 20. Pausanias the Son of Plistoanax succeeded his Father and reigned 14 years and then was banished 18. Agis the Son of Archidamus succeeded his Father and reigned 25 years It was he who broke the Truce with the Athenians Of this Peloponnesian War there has been already sufficient said both in this Place and in the Chapter which treats of the Athenians It was there mentioned that Mindarus was defeated that the Lacedemonians sued for a Peace which was refused them and that at last Lysander the Lacedemonian worsted the Athenians took Athens and placed his Governors there so that we shall not here add any thing farther about it Years of the World Years before Christ. 3555. 21. Agesipolis the Son of Pausanias succeeded and reigned 13 years Aristodemus was his Governor 395 Years of the World Years before Christ. 3547. 19. Agesilaus the Son of Archidamus was set up by Lysander and reign'd 41 years 403 During the Reign of these Kings the Lacedemonians sent their Ambassadors to Nepheretes King of Egypt for a Supply He granted them 100 Galleys and a great deal of Corn. Agesilaus one of the Lacedemonian Kings surprized Tissaphernes the General of the Persians fell upon and defeated him near Sardes After this he took a great many Towns and struck such a Terror into the Persians that they thought their Empire was then tottering But to divert the Storm by their Gold they corrupted several of the Grecian States to declare War against the Lacedemonians among the rest were Thebes and Attica Upon this Agesilaus was recalled and at his return defeated the Confederated Army of Boeotians Athenians Argives Corinthians c. near Cheronâ—a But the Athenians were at first Masters by Sea Câ—non the Athenian Admiral defeating the Lacedemonian Fleet under the Command of Pysander near Cnidus The Lacedemonians seeing they were not strong enough at Sea dispatched Teleutias with a Squadron of 12 Ships more Teleutias making Rhodes took 10 Ships from the Athenians commanded by Philocrates by which means the Lacedemonians began again to be formidable by Sea Years of the World Years before Christ. 3568. 22. Cleombrotus the Brother of Agesipolis succeeded and reigned 9 years 382  About this time the Lacedemonians thought it Adviseable to strike up a Peace with Athens The Peace was no sooner concluded but they set upon Chastizing their Allies which had in the late War associated with their Enemies They forced the Mantineans to demolish the Walls of their City and to retire into the Villages and the Philiasians to receive those whom they had banish'd home again Artaxerxes King of Persia thinking the Grecians might be serviceable to him in his intended Expedition against the Egyptians offered Peace to them Which thô at first was refused by some yet at length was accepted by all the States except the Thebans who were looked upon as Enemies of the common Welfare of Greece Upon this Cleombrotus the King of Sparta invaded Beotia but was defeated and killed at the Battel of Leuctra by the Thebans under the Command of Epaminondas This Battel happened in the second year of the 102 d Olympiad in the year of the World 3579 before Christ 371. Ariobarzanes the General of Artaxerxes sent Philiscus into Greece to make up a Peace between the Thebans and Lacedemonians Their Deputies met at Delphos but no Accommodation could be made between them because the Thebans would not consent that Messina should be under the Power of the Lacedemonians Upon this Philiscus declared himself in favour of the latter and granted them Supplies Within a while after under the Reign of Cleomenes II. they had another Engagement at Mantinea wherein Epaminondas was mortally wounded but yet defeated the Spartans Years of the World Years before Christ. 3579. 23. Agesipolis II. the Son of Cleombrotus succeeded and reigned only 2 years 371 3581. 24. Cleomenes II. how long he reigned is uncertain 369 25. Acrotatus I. 3611. 26. Aretas the Son of Acrotatus reigned 44 years 339 3655. 27. Acrotatus II. the Son of Aretas succeeded and reigned 15 years 295 3670. 28. Leonidas II. succeeded and reigned 17 years 280 Years of the World Years before Christ. 3588. 20. Archidamus II. the Son of Agesilaus reigned 23 years 362 3611. 21. Agis the Son of Archidamus reigned about 9 years 339 3620. 22. Eudamidas I. Son of Archidamus and Brother to Agis succeeded 330 23. Archidamus III. the Son of Eudamidas succeeded his Father 24. Eudamides II. the Son of Archidamus 25. Agis III. succeeded and reigned ... years Leonidas within a while got the sole Power into his Hands For Agis being desirous to reform the State and restore the Laws of Lyâ—urgus was strangled by the Ephori 3687. 29. Cleombrotus Son-in-Law to Leonidas succeeded and reigned 25 years 263 3712. 30. Cleomenes III. succeeded and reigned about 18 years He poisoned Euridamas and put up in his stead Epiclidas a Descendant of Eurysthenes 238 26. Eurydamus the Son of Agis was poisoned by Cleomenes 27. Epiclidas the Son of Leonidas set up by Cleomenes This Cleomenes destroyed the Ephori put an End to their Power and restored the Discipline instituted by Lycurgus He afterwards warred against the Acheans took from them Argos and the greatest part of Peloponnesus Afterwards he was routed by Antigonus King of Macedon and fled into Egypt where he was very honourably received by Ptolemy Euergetes but barbarously killed by Ptolemy Philopator And thus with him ended the Grandeur of Lacedemonia after it had lasted so many years and was the Envy as well as Glory of all Greece Three Tyrants afterwards ruled but came all to untimely Deaths After them History is silent as to the Affairs of Lacedemonia but certain it is that at last it became with the rest of Greece part of the Roman Monarcby of which we shall hereafter treat at large CHAP. XII Of Corinth COrinth was one of the finest richest and most powerful Cities of all Greece It was situated almost in the middle of the Isthmus where the Egean and Ionian Seas meet lying about 40 Leagues from Patâ—as 25 from Athens 40 from Lacedemonia and 12 or 13 from Argos It was Commanded by the Fort called Acro Corinthos which was raised on the top of a very high Hill where was very even Ground and which was encompassed by very strong Walls Within this Fort were a great many Fountains of fresh and fair Water among the rest the Pyrenian Fountain celebrated by Homer in his Odysseis The Siâ—uation of this Fort was so Advantageous that Cicero stâ—led it Greciae Oculus i. e. The Eye of Greece He withal adds that Corinth composes the Beauty and Lustre thereof aâ—d that it was one of the three Cities which the Romans would acknowledge to be capable of bearing the weight of a great Empire In this City St. Paul sojourned 18 months in which time he preached the Gospel wiâ—h good Success and afterwards wrote to them two excellent Epistles which are
Latines earnestly sued for a Peace which was granted them Thus ended all the Wars made upon Tarquin's Account who being abandoned by all his Friends fled to Aristodemus the Prince of Cuma where he soon after died in the 90th year of his Age. 497 Upon the finishing of this War Posthumius laid down his Office and Appius Claudius and Servilius Priscus were made Consuls And now the Differences between the Plebeians and Patritians broke out afresh and were carried so high that neither the leading them to fight against the Vosci Aequi and Sabines nor all the Proposals of the Senate could reconcile and bring the meaner sort back from Mons Sacer whither they were retired till such time as they granted that they might choose Annual Officers of their own among themselves to protect them from the Injuries and Insolencies of the Patritians The Senate was forced to comply with their Demands and they made choice of L. Iunius Brutus Sicinius Bellulus C. and P. Licinius and Icilius Ruga for their Officers who were called Tribunes of the People They were at first only Five but at last their Number increased to Ten who in time grew so Exorbitant that by some Authors they were stiled Pestes Reipublicae This remarkable Change of the Roman State from Aristocracy to Democracy or rather to a mixture of both happened in the 260th year of the City 46th after the beginning of the Persian Monarchy and in the 3d year of the 71st Olympiad III. Period from the Creation of the Tribunes to the Decemviri lasted 42 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3458. The Office of Tribunes being ratified by the Senate the Commons obtained farther that they might choose Two out of their own Body yearly to assist these Officers which Assistants were afterwards called Aediles Upon these Grants made the Commons readily Listed themselves to march against the Volsci under the Command of Posthumius the Consul He took Longula and Polustia from them and invested their Metropolis Corioli which was taken by Storm through the Bravery of a valiant Patritian named Caius Marcius who from thence was Sirnamed Coriolanus Upon this and the Defeat of the Antiates who came to the Relief of Corioli the Volsci were forced to make Peace Within a short time Coriolanus was accused by the Tribunes of aiming at Sovereignty and Tyranny and condemned to Perpetual Banishment He retired to Antium excited the Volsci against the Romans being made their General marched against his own Countrymen took several Cities from them and at last sat down before Rome it self This struck such Terror into the Romans that both Senate and People unanimously agreed to send him Ambassadors with Proposals of Restoration He rejected all but at last being conquered by the Intreaties of his Mother his Wife and Children drew the Volsci from Rome and was afterwards cut in Pieces by them 492 After this the Romans were engaged in several Wars abroad with the Volsci Hernici Aequi Veientes Hetrurians and Sabines we shall not relate the Particulars of each but only in General take notice that in some Engagements the Romans were worsted in most came off Conquerors and forced their Enemies to make Peace At home there happened great Disturbances within this Period of Time the most Remarkable of which with some other considerable Things we think fit briefly to relate The first Disturbance arose from the Lex Agraria the Law for dividing the Conquered Lands among the Meaner sort which was the occasion of many Disorders and Mischiefs for many years together It was at first proposed by Cassius thrice Consul who aimed at the Sovereignty and promised to be put into Execution by the Senate who waved the doing it for a great many years But at last Cassius when out of his Consulship was called to an Account for his Ambition and was condemned to be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock which was accordingly done The next great Disturbance happened upon the account of one Volero a turbulent Man who when made Tribune to revenge an Affront offered him by the Consuls who would some time before have listed him for a Common Soldier was a great Instrument of passing a Law for the Establishing the Comitia Tributa Within this time the whole Family of the Fabii who undertook to defend the Roman Frontiers and had posted themselves in a Castle called Cremera were all cut off by the Enemy Quintius Cincinnatus was taken from the Plow first made Consul and within a year made Dictator in both which Posts he behaved himself with a great deal of Prudence Conduct and Courage Within the same compass of time happened first a Famine and then a Plague at Rome which cut off a great many of the Inhabitants At last they sent Ambassadors to Greece to bring such Laws from thence as were most Excellent and most Conducive to the Good of the Commonwealth Upon their Return the Decemviri were created who were ten Men to be Elected yearly out of the Chief of the Senate Upon this the Consuls elect resigned and were made two of the Decemvirate and the Tribunes Aediles Questors c. were divested of all their Authority This notable Change of the Roman State happened in the 302d year of the City in the 2d year of the 82d Olympiad 88 years after the beginning of the Persian Monarchy and 450 years before Christ. IV. Period from the Decemviri to the Military Tribunes lasted only 8 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3500. The Decemviri were elected annually by the Comiâ—ia Centuriata as the Consuls were but governed one at a time by turns the rest differing little from private Persons only they had a Beadle going constantly before them At first they governed with so much Justice Moderation and Equity that the People were charmed with their Conduct and Administration but they soon degenerated to Tyranny and Oppression which occasioned the short Duration of their Power The first Set of these Decemviri reduced the Laws brought from Greece with some Additions of their own Customs into ten Tables and the next Decemviri added two Tables more from whence they were called The Laws of the Twelve Tables so much talked of by the Roman Authors 450 The Decemvirate regarded neither Senate nor People but cut off the most considerable Citizens of both sorts Among the rest Siccius Dentatus the Roman Achilles was killed traiterously by a Party of 100 Horse which he headed against the Sabines At last Appius one of the Decemvirate attempting to abuse the Daughter of Virginius hasten'd the Downfal of that Form of Government which ended in less than 3 years time and returned to its former State of being governed by Consuls Valerius and Horatius were made Consuls for the remaining part of the year After which the Tribunes thought fit to call the Decemviri to an Account Appius was committed to Prison and before his Trial was found dead Oppius the next to him in Guilt was accused condemned and killed
himself in Prison The other Eight banished themselves This year the Consuls warred so successfully against the Aequi Volsci and Sabines as to deserve a Triumph Within 3 years after the Romans obtained another signal Victory over the Aequi and Volsci And now the Tribunes being more turbulent than ever nothing would satisfie them but the passing two Laws the one for permitting Marriages between Patritians and Plebeians and the other for making the Plebeians capable of the Consulship The first was passed but as an Expedient for the other it was proposed That six Governors should be chosen with Consular Authority three Patritians and three Plebeians who were stiled Tribuni Militum i. e. Military Tribunes V. Period from the Creation of the Military Tribunes to the Burning of Rome by the Gauls lasted 54 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3508. The first Military Tribunes who were created were only three Patritians whose Office expired at the end of 8 weeks and Consuls created afresh This year two new Officers named Censors were chosen out of the Patritians to estimate Men's Estates and to inspect into the Lives and Manners of Men And the Romans gained a Victory over the Volsci leading Cluâ—ius their General in Triumph Within 3 years after Sp. Melius by his Bounty to the Poor affected to be King upon which Q. Cincinnatus was again made Dictator and chose Servilius Ahala for the Master of his Horse who slew Sp. Melius in the Forum The Tribunes enraged at the Death of their Friend Melius caused Military Tribunes to be created for one year The next year Consuls were again created and a War carried on against Tolumnius King of the Veientes to whom the Fidenates had revolted This War proved so dangerous at first that the Romans were forced to create a Dictator but they obtained a signal Victory over their Enemies Corn. Cossus a Tribune in the Army killing the King Tolumnius and obtaining the Opima Spolia which he offered to Iupiter 442 It would be too long to relate the particular Wars which the Romans had with their Neighbours the Volsci Aequi Fidenates and Veientes to tell you of the several Dictators made in this time and of the Change of the Government from Consuls to Military Tribunes from them to Consuls again which ever and anon happened We think it sufficient to recite some of the most memorable Passages of these Times The Questors were increased from Two to Four but a long time e're they could get any Plebeians to be chosen into that Office The Military Tribunes were increased first from Three to Four and then to Six but a considerable time before they could get any Plebeians into the Number In this Period of Time the Slaves conspired to fire the City and seize upon the Capitol but were discovered and executed The Romans proclaimed War against the Veientes besieged the City Veii which was taken after 10 years Siege by Camillus who won over the Falisci by his Generosity to yield to the Romans and was for little or no reason afterwards banished After this the Galli Senones entred Italy under the Command of Brennus invested Clusium broke up thence marched towards Rome defeated the Romans at the Battel of Allia entred Rome killed several of the Senators as they sat in their Robes in the Senate-House and burnt the City all but the Capitol which still held out against them VI. Period from the burning of Rome by the Gauls to the War with the Samnites lasted 46 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3562. After Rome was burnt the Gauls laid Siege to the Capitol which they were nigh taking by Surprize in the night had not the Romans discover'd the Assaulters by the Cackling of some Geese Camillus who had been banished laying aside his private Animosities returned to Rome at the Head of 40000 Ardeans and expelled the Gauls He perswaded the Romans who were for removing to Veji to fix at Rome and rebuild it M. Manlius who had before saved the Capitol was accused of Aiming at the Sovereign Power and was condemned to be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock which was accordingly executed In this Period several Dictators were created among the rest one to drive a Nail on the right side of Iupiter's Temple in the Capitol and two others for the Assembling the Comitia Centuriata for the Election of Consuls who were never known to be created upon the like Occasions before Within this time the Tribes were increased the Aediles Curules appointed publick Stage-Plays instituted to appease their Gods in a sore Plague several Battels fought successfully against the Gauls the Aequi Volsci and Hetrurians a Plebeian Dictator was created a Law made That one of the Consuls should be a Plebeian and the Military Tribunes were for ever laid aside 78 years after their first Creation 388 VII Period from the War with the Samnites to the Wars with Pyrrhus King of Epirus This Period takes up 63 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3608. Hitherto the Romans had only to do with their next Neighbours but now increasing in Strength and Power they ventured to engage the Warlike Samnites a People above 100 Miles off Rome The occasion of this War was the Samnites falling upon the Campanians who sent their Ambassadors to Rome to put themselves and their Country under the Protection of the Romans Upon this the two Consuls marched against them and after an obstinate Fight Valerius one of the Consuls defeated them in Campania whilst the other Consul Cornelius by his ill Conduct in Samnium had like to have lost the Victory which was retriev'd by the Boldness of P. Decius a Tribune in the Army After these Defeats the Samnites made Peace and became one of the Roman Allies 342 The next War which the Romans made was against the Latines who aided the Enemies of the Samnites then in Confederacy with Rome Against them Manlius Torquatus and P. Decius Mus were sent by the Senate who came to an Engagement with the Enemy wherein Decius one of the Consuls was killed and Manlius the other Consul gained the Victory Manlius returned in Triumph but was received by the old Men only the young Men refusing to do him that Honour because he had beheaded his own Son for charging the Enemy thô successfully contrary to his Orders The next Consuls warr'd against the Latines overthrew them and Publius the Plebeian Consul was afterwards made Dictator in which time he procured three remarkable Laws to be made At last the Latines were wholly subdued and brought to an entire Submission Within this Period Publius Philo formerly Consul and Dictator was made Praetor and was the first Plebeian who attained to that Honour Minutia a Vestal Virgin was buried alive for Incontinency the Romans fought the Sidicini and defeated them the Gauls threatned to attack the Romans upon which a Dictator was created 170 Women were put to Death for the Art of Poysoning upon which a Dictator was created to drive
a Nail into Iupiter's Temple being the second created upon such an Occasion and a War was carried on against the Inhabitants of Privernum in the Volscian State wherein the Romans were at last Conquerors It would be too tedious to give you a particular Relation of the Wars which the Romans had with the rest of the Italians we think it sufficient to tell you in general That they engaged the Samnites with great Success forcing them four times to a Peace That they were successful against the Tarentines the Palepolitians the Aequi Hetrurians and Vmbrians That in this compass of Time several Dictators were created several Tribes added to the old ones and the Cawsey called Via Appia made by Appius Claudius one of the Censors At last the Tarentines in Confederacy with the Lucani Messapii Brutii Apulii and Samnites declared War against the Romans but the Confederates not being able to oppose the Romans growing Power were in a short time forced to send for Pyrrhus King of Epirus to come over and assist them who was the first Foreign Enemy the Romans had ever engaged Within this Period the Plebeians procured the Plebiscita to pass into Laws and to bind the Patritians which was confirmed by Q. Hortensius the Dictator and from him called Lex Hortensia A Law was made That not the Bodies but the Money and Goods of Debtors should be responsible for their Debts VIII Period from the first Wars with Pyrrhus to the first Punick or Carthaginian War lasted 16 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3671. Pyrrhus King of Epirus being invited into Italy by the Tarentines and others warred against the Romans defeated them twice offered to enter into an Alliance with them which was rejected went into Sicily to drive the Tyrants thence returned into Italy was routed by Curius the Roman Consul and privately retreated into Greece leaving a Garison behind him in Tarentum which was soon after surrendred to the Romans From this War with Pyrrhus the Romans learned Skill in Martial Affairs and particularly the Art of Encamping by taking the Camp of Pyrrhus as it was pitched During this War which lasted about 6 years Pyrrhus was astonished at the Generosity of the Romans and especially for their detecting the Villanous Designs of his Physician who had offered them for a small Gratuity to poison his Master Soon after his Departure the Romans subdued the Tarentines Samnites Lucanians Hetrurians and in a word compleated the Conquest of all Iâ—aly in the 489th year after the building of the City Within this Period Ptolemy Philadelphus King of Egypt sent Ambassadors to congratulate the Roman Success and to enter into an Alliance with them and they in Compliment did the same to him About the same time Silver was first coined in Rome the Money before being all Brass and a third Dictator created for driving a Nail into Iupiter's Temple to asswage the Plague that reigned in the City 279 IX Period from the beginning of the First Punick War to the beginning of the Second which lasted 47 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3687. Hitherto the Romans carried on their Wars only against their own Countrymâ—n the Italians but had never as yet set foot out of Italy till at last they declared War against the Carthaginians The Romans began this War in Defence of their Allies the Mamertines against whom Hiero King of Syracuse warring was assisted by the Carthaginians This War lasted 24 years the most remarkable Transactions whereof we think fit briefly to relate Appius Claudius one of the Consuls was sent into Sicily raised the Siege of Messana defeated Hiero and the Carthaginians twice and returned to Rome with a noble Triumph The next year both the Consuls were sent to Sicily and Hiero was affrighted into Obedience and an Alliance with the Romans After this the Romans having learned from the Carthaginians to build Galleys sent out a Fleet of about 120 Sail which engaged the Carthaginian Fleet and defeated them This first Victory by Sea was gained by Duilius one of the Consuls who afterwards raised the Siege of Aegesta and took Macella by Storm The next year they invaded the Islands of Sardinia and Corsica which they took from Hanno the Carthaginian General who was slain there Many Towns in Sicily were taken and lost on both Sides After this the Romans resolved to remove the Seat of War into Africk set out a Fleet of 330 Sail under the Command of Regulus and Manlius Consuls Regulus defeated the Carthaginians a second time by Sea made a Descent upon Affrick and became Master of Clupea a City seated on the Promontory of Hermea Regulus was left Proconsul there who afterwards engaged and killed a Serpent of a monstrous size was defeated and taken by the Carthaginians aided by Xantippus the Lacedemonian was afterwards sent to Rome upon his Parole to procure a Peace but in love to his Country more than his own Life disswaded the Romans from it and with unspeakable Courage returned to Carthage and died there in Torment At last the Romans proved so successful that they became Masters of all Sicily subdued the Carthaginians a third time by Sea under the Command of Catulus forced them to buy a Peace with a vast Sum of Money and submit to Conditions very Advantageous to the Romans In this War the most considerable Commanders among the Carthaginians were Annibal Amilcar and Asdrubal the first of which being the Admiral of their Fleet was crucified by his own Soldiers after he had been unfortunately beaten by the Romans at Sea 263 During these Wars abroad the People of Rome had no leisure to quarrel at home but all was quiet between the Patritians and Plebeians The year wherein the War was ended is another and the last Addition was made to the Tribes which now made up the Number 35. About this time the first Tragedies and Comedies were made by Livius Andronicus a Grecian who was afterwards followed by Nevius Soon after the Peace the Carthaginians fell into an Intestine War which lasted above 3 years and was ended by Amilcar After this the Romans were invited by the Sardinians into their Island which the Carthaginians stomack'd but were forced to yield not being in a Posture to begin a new War The sixth year after the Carthaginian War the Temple of Ianus was shut the second time the Romans being at Peace with all their Neighbours which lasted five years In the sixth it was opened by a War they had with Teuta the Queen of the Illyrians who had affronted the Romans by killing Lucius one of their Ambassadors They fought against the Illyrians both by Sea and Land took several Towns from them and forced them to beg Peace After this the Praetors were encreased to four two of which were sent to Sicily and Sardinia The Romans had Wars with the Cisalpine Gauls defeated them in several Rencounters and obliged them at last to submit About this time the Libertini or Freed Slaves
raised great Disturbances in Rome which were soon quelled The Illyrians revolted but were reduced by Aemilius and Livius the Consuls X. Period from the beginning of the Second Punick War to the finishing of it by Scipio Africanus lasted 17 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3734. The Occasion of the second Punick War was the Success which the Carthaginians had in Spain and their taking Saguntum then in Alliance with Rome The Romans sent to demand the Carthaginians to deliver Hannibal their General up to them which being refused they declared War against them 216 The War being broke out Hannibal leaving Hanno to take care of Spain march'd at the Head of 50000 Foot and 9000 Horse directly towards Italy He first crossed the Pyrenaean Mountains into Gaul passed the Rhosne arrived at the Foot of the Alps and in 15 days passed those inaccessible Mountains with great Danger and Difficulty with the loss of above half his Army When he got footing in Italy he defeated Scipio one of the Roman Consuls at Pavia and his Collegue Sempronius in another Battel near the River Trebia From the Country of the Gauls Hannibal marched into Hetruria where at the Lake called Thrasymene he defeated the Romans again cutting off their whole Army and their Consul Flaminius with a Detachment of 4000 Men sent by Servilius the other Consul to join Flaminius before the Battel Upon these Defeats the Romans created Fabius Maximus Dictator who chose Minutius Rufus for his Master of the Horse This Fabius marched against Hannibal and wearied him out by Delays from whence he was called Cunctator but his Master of the Horse imprudently engaged the Enemy and had been entirely defeated if Fabius had not come in to his Assistance and brought him and the Army off The next year happened the famous Battel of Cannae wherein the Romans were defeated and Aemilius one of the Consuls killed with 50000 Men 2 Quaestors 21 Tribunes 80 of the Senatorian Order and a great many Knights This last Defeat caused a dreadful Consternation in Rome but yet they would not hearken to any Overtures of Peace Had Hannibal upon this Success marched directly to Rome he had in all probability compleated his Conquests but drawing his Army into Quarters of Refreshment in Capua his Soldiers grew Effeminate and ever after he declined in his Fortune for in the next Campagn he was defeated thrice by the Romans After this Hannibal had Tarentum betrayed to him and the Romans besieged Capua and took it thô attacked by the Enemy who came to its Relief and thô to divert them from their Design Hannibal marched towards Rome from whence he decamped without doing any thing At last Asdruhal the Brother of Hannibal was sent into Italy with Supplies but himself and Army was cut in pieces by the Romans under the Command of Livius and Nero the two Consuls Notwithstanding these Wars with Hannibal the Romans proclaimed and carried on a War against Philip King of Macedon In Sardinia they had great Success killing in one Battel 12000 Carthaginians taking many Prisoners among the rest Asdrubal Hanno and Mago Persons of Note Sicily revolted from the Romans but was at last wholly subdued by them Syracuse after 3 years Siege being taken by Marcellus and destroyed In Spain the Romans Affairs were managed with great Success by Scipio upon whose Death young Scipio afterwards Sirnamed Africanus was sent into Spain in the Quality of Proconsul Five years after this Scipio was made Consul sent into Sicily afterwards crossed into Africa re-established Masanissa King of Numidia upon his Throne having taken Syphax the Usurper Prisoner He gave the Carthaginians so much Disturbance that they were forced to recall Hannibal who upon his arrival in his Native Country had an Interview with Scipio but when no Accommodation could be made they came to a Battel wherein the Romans proved Conquerors and the Enemy forced to sue for a Peace which was granted them upon Terms very Honourable and Advantageous to the Romans And thus ended the second Punick War after it had lasted about 17 years XI Period from the end of the Second Punick War to the end of the Third and the Destruction of Carthage containing the space of 55 Years Years of the World Years before Christ. 3751. Soon after the Peace with the Carthaginians the Romans carried on a War against Philip King of Macedon which was occasioned by his entring into an Alliance with Hannibal after the memorable Battel of Cannae They had a fresh occasion to do this at the earnest Request of the Athenians and the Complaints of Attalus King of Pergamus and the Rhodians Sulpitius Galba the Consul was sent against him who defeated him several times and was near taking him by the Assistance of Attalus and the Rhodians he raised the Siege of Athens This year Furius the Praetor obtained a great Victory over the Gauls who had revolted and invested Cremona After this Quintus Flaminius the Consul was sent against King Philip who beat him out of the Streights whilst his Brother Lucius with Attalus regained several Confederate Towns Upon this the Treaty of Peace was set on foot but came to nothing till Philip being defeated at Cynocephalae was forced to beg Peace 199 About this time the Romans gained two signal Victories over the Gauls Within a year after some Disturbances were raised in Rome about the Oppian Law And soon after they had Wars with Antiochus King of Syria who was several times defeated by Scipio Asiaticus and Africanus the two Brothers and at last forced to a Peace upon very Dishonourable Terms Within 3 years after the War was ended against Antiochus Scipio Africanus was called to an Account by the Tribunes but came off Honourably and withdrew to Linternum in Campania where he liv'd retiredly After this the Romans had only some Petty Wars with the Ligurians Istrians Sardinians Corsicans and Celtiberians But within a short time had Wars with Perseus King of Macedon who broke the League which his Father Philip had made and was defeated taken Captive and led in Triumph by the Romans as has been already declared At last the Romans found a Pretence to begin the third Carthaginian War which was their being in Arms against Masanissa a Roman Ally Accordingly a War was proclaimed against them with a full Resolution utterly to destroy Carthage Three years together it held out against the Roman Consuls but in the fourth was taken and laid in Ashes by Scipio Aemilianus who by this Victory confirmed the Sirname of Africanus to him and his Heirs for ever Within this Period of Time the number of Praetors was increased from Four to Six Rome began to be Polished by the Conversation it had with the Grecians and Plautus and Terence two Comedians flourished the former brought Comedy the latter the Latin Language to very great Perfection XII Period from the Destruction of Carthage to the end of the Sedition of the Gracchi lasted 23 Years Years of the