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that_o matter_n of_o religion_n be_v the_o subject_n of_o that_o conference_n and_o that_o soon_o after_o in_o the_o same_o year_n come_v letter_n from_o king_n philip_n to_o the_o duchess_n of_o parma_n disclaim_v the_o interpretation_n which_o have_v be_v give_v to_o his_o letter_n by_o count_n egmont_n declare_v his_o pleasure_n be_v that_o all_o heretic_n shall_v be_v put_v to_o death_n without_o remission_n that_o the_o emperor_n edict_n and_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n shall_v be_v publish_v and_o observe_v and_o command_v that_o the_o utmost_a assistance_n of_o the_o civil_a power_n shall_v be_v give_v to_o the_o inquisition_n when_o this_o be_v divulge_v at_o first_o the_o astonishment_n be_v great_a throughout_o their_o province_n but_o that_o soon_o give_v way_n to_o their_o rage_n which_o begin_v to_o appear_v in_o their_o look_n in_o their_o speech_n their_o bold_a meeting_n and_o libel_n and_o be_v increase_v by_o the_o miserable_a spectacle_n of_o so_o many_o 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maestricht_n and_o the_o burse_n by_o arm_n the_o submission_n of_o antwerp_n and_o other_o town_n the_o defection_n of_o count_n egmont_n from_o the_o counsel_n of_o the_o confederate_a lord_n as_o they_o be_v call_v the_o retreat_z of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n into_o germany_n and_o the_o death_n of_o brederode_n with_o the_o news_n and_o preparation_n of_o king_n philip_n sudden_a journey_n into_o the_o low-countries_n as_o well_o as_o the_o prudence_n and_o moderation_n of_o the_o duchess_n in_o govern_v all_o these_o circumstance_n the_o whole_a estate_n of_o the_o province_n be_v perfect_o restore_v to_o its_o former_a peace_n obedience_n and_o at_o least_o appearance_n of_o loyalty_n king_n philip_n whether_o have_v never_o real_o decree_v his_o journey_n into_o flanders_n or_o divert_v by_o the_o pacification_n of_o the_o province_n and_o apprehension_n of_o the_o moor_n rebel_a in_o spain_n or_o a_o distrust_n of_o his_o son_n prince_n charles_n his_o violent_a passion_n and_o disposition_n or_o the_o expectation_n of_o what_o have_v be_v resolve_v at_o bayonne_n grow_v ripe_a for_o execution_n in_o france_n give_v over_o the_o discourse_n of_o see_v the_o low-countries_n but_o at_o the_o same_o time_n take_v up_o the_o resolution_n for_o dispatch_v the_o duke_n of_o alva_n thither_o at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n of_o ten_o thousand_o veterane_n spanish_a and_o italian_a troop_n for_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o governess_n the_o execution_n of_o the_o law_n the_o suppress_n and_o punishment_n of_o all_o who_o have_v be_v author_n or_o fomentor_n of_o the_o late_a sedition_n this_o result_n be_v put_v sudden_o in_o execution_n though_o whole_o against_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o duchess_n of_o parma_n in_o flanders_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o feria_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a minister_n in_o spain_n who_o think_v the_o present_a peace_n of_o the_o province_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v invade_v by_o new_a occasion_n nor_o the_o royal_a authority_n lessen_v by_o be_v make_v a_o party_n in_o a_o war_n upon_o his_o subject_n nor_o a_o minister_n employ_v where_o he_o be_v so_o profess_o both_o hate_v and_o hate_a as_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n in_o the_o low-countries_n but_o the_o king_n be_v unmovable_a so_o that_o in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n 1567._o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n arrive_v there_o with_o a_o army_n of_o ten_o thousand_o the_o best_a spanish_n and_o italian_a soldier_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o choice_a officer_n which_o the_o war_n of_o charles_n the_o five_o or_o philip_n the_o second_o have_v breed_v up_o in_o europe_n which_o with_o two_o thousand_o germane_a the_o duchess_n of_o parma_n have_v raise_v in_o the_o last_o tumult_n and_o under_o the_o command_n of_o so_o old_a and_o renown_a a_o general_n as_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n make_v up_o a_o force_n which_o nothing_o in_o the_o low-countries_n can_v look_v in_o the_o face_n with_o other_o eye_n than_o of_o astonishment_n submission_n or_o despair_n upon_o the_o first_o report_n of_o this_o expedition_n the_o trading-people_n of_o the_o town_n and_o country_n begin_v in_o vast_a number_n to_o retire_v out_o of_o the_o province_n so_o as_o the_o duchess_n write_v to_o the_o king_n that_o in_o few_o day_n above_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o man_n have_v leave_v the_o country_n and_o withdraw_v both_o their_o money_n and_o good_n and_o more_o be_v follow_v every_o day_n so_o great_a antipathy_n there_o ever_o appear_v between_o merchant_n and_o soldier_n whilst_o one_o pretend_v to_o be_v safe_a under_o law_n which_o the_o other_o pretend_v shall_v be_v subject_a to_o his_o sword_n and_o his_o will._n and_o upon_o the_o first_o action_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n after_o his_o arrival_n which_o be_v the_o seize_v count_n egmont_n and_o horn_n as_o well_o as_o the_o suspect_a death_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o berghen_n and_o imprisonment_n of_o montigny_n in_o spain_n whither_o some_o month_n before_o they_o have_v be_v send_v
and_o bold_a army_n be_v able_a to_o withstand_v the_o torrent_n of_o a_o stubborn_a and_o enrage_a people_n which_o ever_o bear_v all_o down_o before_o it_o till_o it_o come_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o different_a channel_n by_o art_n or_o by_o chance_n or_o till_o the_o spring_n which_o be_v the_o humour_n that_o feed_v it_o come_v to_o be_v spend_v or_o dry_v up_o of_o themselves_o the_o foreign_a force_n refuse_v to_o depart_v be_v declare_v rebel_n whereupon_o the_o spanish_a troop_n force_n and_o plunder_v several_a town_n and_o antwerp_n among_o the_o rest_n by_o advantage_n of_o the_o citadel_n with_o equal_a courage_n and_o avarice_n and_o defend_v themselves_o in_o several_a hold_n from_o the_o force_n of_o the_o state_n till_o don_n john_n arrival_n at_o luxenburgh_n the_o only_a town_n of_o the_o province_n where_o he_o think_v himself_o safe_a as_o not_o involve_v in_o the_o defection_n of_o the_o rest_n the_o estate_n refuse_v to_o admit_v he_o without_o his_o accept_n and_o confirm_v the_o pacification_n of_o ghent_n which_o at_o length_n he_o do_v by_o leave_n from_o the_o king_n and_o enter_v upon_o the_o government_n with_o the_o dismission_n of_o all_o foreign_a troop_n which_o return_v into_o italy_n but_o soon_o after_o don_n john_n whether_o out_o of_o indignation_n to_o see_v himself_o but_o a_o precarious_a governor_n without_o force_n or_o dependence_n or_o desire_v new_a occasion_n of_o fame_n by_o a_o war_n or_o instruct_v from_o spain_n upon_o new_a counsel_n he_o take_v the_o occasion_n of_o complement_a queen_n margaret_n upon_o her_o journey_n out_o of_o france_n to_o the_o spa_n and_o on_o a_o sudden_a seize_v upon_o the_o castle_n of_o namur_n whereupon_o the_o province_n for_o the_o three_o time_n throw_v off_o their_o obedience_n call_v the_o prince_n of_o orange_n to_o brussels_n where_o he_o be_v make_v protector_n of_o brabant_n by_o the_o state_n of_o that_o province_n and_o preparation_n be_v make_v on_o both_o side_n for_o the_o war_n while_o spain_n be_v busy_a to_o form_v new_a army_n and_o draw_v they_o together_o in_o namur_n and_o luxenburgh_n the_o only_a province_n obedient_a to_o that_o crown_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n agree_v to_o elect_v a_o governor_n of_o their_o own_o and_o send_v to_o mathias_n the_o emperor_n brother_n to_o offer_v he_o the_o charge_n at_o this_o time_n begin_v to_o be_v form_v the_o malecontent-party_n in_o the_o low-countries_n which_o though_o agree_n with_o the_o rest_n in_o their_o hatred_n to_o the_o spaniard_n and_o defence_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o law_n yet_o be_v not_o incline_v to_o shake_v off_o their_o allegiance_n to_o their_o prince_n nor_o change_v their_o old_a and_o establish_a religion_n and_o these_o be_v head_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o areschot_n and_o several_a great_a man_n the_o more_o averse_a from_o a_o general_a defection_n by_o emulation_n or_o envy_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n his_o greatness_n who_o be_v now_o grow_v to_o have_v all_o the_o influence_n and_o credit_n in_o the_o counsel_n of_o the_o league_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o this_o party_n after_o don_n john_n sudden_a death_n the_o duke_n of_o parma_n succeed_v he_o gainded_z strength_n and_o reputation_n upon_o his_o come_n to_o the_o government_n and_o a_o entrance_n upon_o that_o great_a scene_n of_o glory_n and_o victory_n which_o make_v both_o his_o person_n so_o renown_v and_o the_o time_n of_o his_o government_n signallize_v by_o so_o many_o sieges_n and_o battle_n and_o the_o reduction_n of_o so_o great_a a_o part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o province_n to_o the_o subjection_n of_o spain_n upon_o the_o growth_n of_o this_o party_n and_o for_o distinction_n from_o they_o who_o pursue_v a_o middle_a and_o dangerous_a council_n be_v at_o length_n to_o become_v a_o accession_n to_o one_o of_o the_o extreme_n the_o seven_o northern_a province_n meet_v by_o their_o deputy_n at_o utrecht_n in_o the_o year_n 1579_o frame_v that_o act_n or_o alliance_n which_o be_v ever_o after_o call_v the_o union_n of_o utrecht_n and_o be_v the_o original_a constitution_n and_o frame_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n which_o have_v since_o be_v so_o well_o know_v in_o the_o world_n by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n this_o union_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o spaniard_n breach_n of_o the_o pacification_n of_o ghent_n and_o new_a invasion_n of_o some_o town_n in_o gelderland_n and_o be_v not_o pretend_v to_o divide_v these_o province_n from_o the_o generality_n nor_o from_o the_o say_a pacification_n but_o to_o strengthen_v and_o pursue_v the_o end_n of_o it_o by_o more_o vigorous_a and_o unite_a counsel_n and_o arms._n the_o chief_a force_n of_o this_o union_n consist_v in_o these_o point_n draw_v out_o of_o the_o instrument_n itself_o the_o seven_o province_n unite_v themselves_o so_o as_o if_o they_o be_v but_o one_o province_n and_o so_o as_o never_o to_o be_v divide_v by_o testament_n donation_n exchange_n sale_n or_o agreement_n reserve_v to_o each_o particular_a province_n and_o city_n all_o privilege_n right_n custom_n and_o statute_n in_o adjudge_v whereof_o or_o difference_n that_o shall_v arise_v between_o any_o of_o the_o province_n the_o rest_n shall_v not_o intermeddle_v further_o than_o to_o intercede_v towards_o a_o agreement_n they_o bind_v themselves_o to_o assist_v one_o another_o with_o life_n and_o fortune_n against_o all_o force_n and_o assault_v make_v upon_o any_o of_o they_o whether_o upon_o pretence_n of_o royal_a majesty_n of_o restore_a catholic_a religion_n or_o any_o other_o whatsoever_o all_o frontier-town_n belong_v to_o the_o union_n if_o old_a to_o be_v fortify_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o province_n where_o they_o lie_v if_o new_a to_o be_v erect_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o generality_n all_o impost_n and_o custom_n from_o three_o month_n to_o three_o month_n to_o be_v offer_v to_o they_o that_o bid_v most_o and_o with_o the_o income_n of_o the_o royal_a majesty_n to_o be_v employ_v for_o the_o common_a defence_n all_o inhabitant_n to_o be_v list_a and_o train_v within_o a_o month_n from_o 18_o to_o 60_o year_n old_a peace_n and_o war_n not_o to_o be_v make_v without_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o province_n other_o case_n that_o concern_v the_o management_n of_o both_o by_o most_o voice_n difference_n that_o shall_v arise_v upon_o the_o first_o between_o the_o province_n to_o be_v submit_v to_o the_o stadtholder_n neighbouring-prince_n lord_n land_n and_o city_n to_o be_v admit_v into_o the_o union_n by_o consent_n of_o the_o province_n for_o religion_n those_o of_o holland_n and_o zealand_n to_o act_v in_o it_o as_o seem_v good_a unto_o themselves_o the_o other_o province_n may_v regulate_v themselves_o according_a to_o the_o tenor_n establish_v by_o mathias_n or_o else_o as_o they_o shall_v judge_n to_o be_v most_o for_o the_o peace_n and_o welfare_n of_o their_o particular_a province_n provide_v every_o one_o remain_v free_a in_o his_o religion_n and_o no_o man_n be_v examine_v or_o entrap_v for_o that_o cause_n according_a to_o the_o pacification_n of_o ghent_n in_o case_n of_o any_o dissension_n or_o difference_n between_o province_n if_o it_o concern_v one_o in_o particular_a it_o shall_v be_v accommodate_v by_o the_o other_o if_o it_o concern_v all_o in_o general_n by_o the_o stadtholder_n in_o both_o which_o case_n sentence_n to_o be_v pronounce_v within_o a_o month_n and_o without_o appeal_n or_o revision_n the_o state_n to_o be_v hold_v as_o have_v be_v former_o use_v and_o the_o mint_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o shall_v hereafter_o be_v agree_v by_o all_o the_o province_n interpretation_n of_o these_o article_n to_o remain_v in_o the_o state_n but_o in_o case_n of_o their_o difference_n in_o the_o stadtholder_n they_o bind_v themselves_o to_o fall_v upon_o and_o imprison_v any_o that_o shall_v act_v contrary_a to_o these_o article_n in_o which_o case_n no_o privilege_n nor_o exemption_n to_o be_v valid_a this_o act_n be_v sign_v by_o the_o deputy_n of_o gelderland_n zutphen_n holland_n zealand_n utrecht_n and_o the_o omland_n of_o freeze_v jan._n 23_o 1579_o but_o be_v not_o sign_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n till_o may_n follow_v and_o with_o this_o signification_n judge_v that_o by_o the_o same_o the_o superiority_n and_o authority_n of_o archduke_n mathias_n be_v not_o lessen_v in_o the_o same_o year_n this_o union_n be_v enter_v and_o sign_v by_o the_o city_n of_o ghent_n nimmegue_n arnhem_n leewarden_n with_o some_o particular_a noble_n of_o frizeland_n venlo_n yper_n antwerp_n breda_n and_o bruges_n and_o thus_o these_o province_n become_v a_o commonwealth_n but_o in_o so_o low_a and_o uncertain_a a_o state_n of_o affair_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a motion_n and_o affection_n of_o man_n mind_n the_o different_a end_n and_o interest_n of_o the_o several_a party_n especial_o in_o the_o other_o province_n and_o the_o mighty_a power_n and_o preparation_n of_o
begin_n of_o the_o year_n 1665_o be_v not_o only_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o relation_n but_o even_o the_o observation_n of_o this_o present_a age_n i_o shall_v either_o leave_v as_o more_o obvious_a and_o less_o necessary_a to_o the_o account_n i_o intend_v of_o the_o civil_a government_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n or_o else_o reserve_v they_o till_o the_o same_o vein_n of_o leisure_n or_o humour_n invite_v i_o to_o continue_v this_o deduction_n to_o the_o present_a time_n the_o affair_n of_o this_o state_n have_v be_v complicate_v with_o all_o the_o variety_n and_o memorable_a revolution_n both_o of_o action_n and_o counsel_n that_o have_v since_o happen_v in_o the_o rest_n of_o christendom_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o will_v close_v this_o relation_n with_o a_o event_n which_o arrive_v soon_o after_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o truce_n and_o have_v like_a to_o have_v break_v it_o within_o the_o very_a year_n if_o not_o prevent_v by_o the_o office_n of_o the_o neighbour_n prince_n but_o more_o by_o a_o change_n of_o humour_n in_o the_o unite_a state_n conspire_v to_o the_o conservation_n of_o the_o new-restored_n peace_n in_o these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n 1609_o die_v the_o duke_n of_o cleves_n and_o juliers_n without_o heir-male_n leave_v those_o dutchy_n to_o the_o pretension_n of_o his_o daughter_n in_o who_o right_a the_o duke_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o nieuburgh_n possess_v themselves_o of_o such_o part_n of_o those_o territory_n as_o they_o first_o can_v invade_v each_o of_o they_o pretend_v right_a to_o the_o whole_a inheritance_n brandenburg_n seek_v protection_n and_o favour_n to_o his_o title_n from_o the_o unite_a province_n nieuburgh_n from_o archduke_n albert_n and_o from_o spain_n the_o archduke_n new_o respire_v from_o so_o long_a a_o war_n have_v no_o desire_n to_o interess_n himself_o in_o this_o quarrel_n further_o than_o the_o care_n that_o the_o dutch_a shall_v not_o take_v advantage_n of_o it_o and_o under_o pretext_n of_o assist_v one_o of_o the_o party_n seize_v upon_o some_o of_o those_o dominion_n lie_v contiguous_a to_o their_o own_o the_o dutch_a be_v not_o so_o equal_a nor_o content_a to_o lose_v so_o fair_a a_o occasion_n and_o surprise_v the_o town_n of_o juliers_n though_o pretend_v only_o to_o keep_v it_o till_o the_o party_n agree_v and_o believe_v that_o spain_n after_o have_v part_v with_o so_o much_o in_o the_o late_a truce_n to_o end_v a_o quarrel_n of_o their_o own_o will_v not_o venture_v the_o breach_n of_o it_o upon_o a_o quarrel_n of_o their_o neighbour_n but_o the_o archduke_n have_v first_o take_v his_o measure_n with_o spain_n and_o foresee_v the_o consequence_n of_o this_o affair_n resolve_v to_o venture_v the_o whole_a state_n of_o flanders_n in_o a_o new_a war_n rather_o than_o suffer_v such_o a_o increase_n of_o power_n and_o dominion_n to_o the_o state_n and_o thereupon_o first_o in_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o nieuburgh_n require_v from_o they_o the_o restitution_n of_o juliers_n and_o upon_o their_o artificious_a and_o dilatory_a answer_n immediate_o draw_v his_o force_n together_o and_o with_o a_o army_n under_o the_o command_n of_o spinola_n march_v towards_o juliers_n which_o the_o state_n be_v in_o no_o care_n of_o as_o well_o provide_v for_o a_o bold_a defence_n but_o make_v a_o sudden_a turn_n and_o sit_v down_o before_o wesel_n with_o such_o a_o terror_n and_o surprise_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o he_o carry_v the_o town_n before_o the_o dutch_a can_v come_v in_o to_o their_o assistance_n wesel_n be_v a_o strong_a town_n upon_o the_o rhine_n which_o the_o duke_n of_o brandenburg_n pretend_v to_o as_o belong_v to_o the_o duchy_n of_o cleve_n but_o the_o citizen_n hold_v it_o at_o this_o time_n as_o a_o imperial_a town_n and_o under_o protection_n of_o the_o dutch_a who_o amaze_v at_o this_o sudden_a and_o bold_a attempt_n of_o spinola_n which_o make_v he_o master_n of_o a_o pass_n that_o lie_v fair_a for_o any_o further_a invasion_n upon_o their_o province_n especial_o those_o on_o other_o side_n the_o rhine_n engage_v the_o office_n of_o both_o the_o english_a and_o french_a crown_n to_o mediate_v a_o agreement_n which_o at_o length_n they_o conclude_v so_o as_o neither_o party_n shall_v upon_o any_o pretence_n draw_v their_o force_n into_o any_o part_n of_o these_o dutchy_n thus_o the_o archduke_n have_v by_o the_o fondness_n of_o peace_n new_o make_v a_o truce_n upon_o condition_n impose_v by_o the_o dutch_a now_o by_o the_o resolution_n of_o make_v war_n obtain_v a_o peace_n upon_o the_o very_a term_n propose_v by_o himself_o and_o by_o spain_n a_o event_n of_o great_a instruction_n and_o example_n how_o dangerous_a it_o ever_o prove_v for_o weak_a prince_n to_o call_v in_o great_a to_o their_o aid_n which_o make_v they_o a_o prey_n to_o their_o friend_n instead_o of_o their_o enemy_n how_o the_o only_a time_n of_o make_v a_o advantageous_a peace_n be_v when_o your_o enemy_n desire_v it_o and_o when_o you_o be_v in_o the_o best_a condition_n of_o pursue_v a_o war_n and_o how_o vain_a a_o counsel_n it_o be_v to_o avoid_v a_o war_n by_o yield_v any_o point_n of_o interest_n or_o honour_n which_o do_v but_o invite_v new_a injury_n encourage_v enemy_n and_o dishearten_v friend_n chap._n ii_o of_o their_o government_n it_o be_v evident_a by_o what_o have_v be_v discourse_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n concern_v the_o rise_n of_o this_o state_n which_o be_v to_o be_v date_v from_o the_o union_n of_o utrecht_n that_o it_o can_v proper_o be_v style_v a_o commonwealth_n but_o be_v rather_o a_o confederacy_n of_o seven_o sovereign_a province_n unite_v together_o for_o their_o common_a and_o mutual_a defence_n without_o any_o dependence_n one_o upon_o the_o other_o but_o to_o discover_v the_o nature_n of_o their_o government_n from_o the_o first_o spring_n and_o motion_n it_o must_v be_v take_v yet_o into_o small_a piece_n by_o which_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o each_o of_o these_o province_n be_v likewise_o compose_v of_o many_o little_a state_n or_o city_n which_o have_v several_a mark_n of_o sovereign_a power_n within_o themselves_o and_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o their_o province_n not_o be_v conclude_v in_o many_o thing_n by_o the_o majority_n but_o only_o by_o the_o universal_a concurrence_n of_o voice_n in_o the_o provincial-state_n for_o as_o the_o states-general_n can_v make_v war_n or_o peace_n or_o any_o new_a alliance_n or_o levy_n of_o money_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o every_o province_n so_o can_v the_o states-provincial_a conclude_v any_o of_o those_o point_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o each_o of_o the_o city_n that_o by_o their_o constitution_n have_v a_o voice_n in_o that_o assembly_n and_o though_o in_o many_o civil_a cause_n there_o lie_v a_o appeal_n from_o the_o common_a judicature_n of_o the_o city_n to_o the_o provincial_a court_n of_o justice_n yet_o in_o criminal_n there_o lie_v none_o at_o all_o nor_o can_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o a_o province_n exercise_v any_o judicature_n seize_v upon_o any_o offender_n or_o pardon_v any_o offence_n within_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o a_o city_n or_o execute_v any_o common_a resolution_n or_o law_n but_o by_o the_o justice_n and_o officer_n of_o the_o city_n itself_o by_o this_o a_o certain_a sovereignty_n in_o each_o city_n be_v discern_v the_o chief_a mark_n whereof_o be_v the_o power_n of_o exercise_v judicature_n levy_v of_o money_n and_o make_v war_n and_o peace_n for_o the_o other_o of_o coin_v money_n be_v neither_o in_o particular_a city_n or_o province_n but_o in_o the_o generalty_n of_o the_o union_n by_o common_a agreement_n the_o main_a ingredient_n therefore_o into_o the_o composition_n of_o this_o state_n be_v the_o freedom_n of_o the_o city_n the_o sovereignty_n of_o the_o province_n the_o agreement_n or_o constitution_n of_o the_o union_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n which_o make_v the_o order_n i_o shall_v follow_v in_o the_o account_n intend_v of_o this_o government_n but_o whereas_o the_o several_a province_n in_o the_o union_n and_o the_o several_a city_n in_o each_o province_n as_o they_o have_v in_o their_o order_n and_o constitution_n some_o particular_a difference_n as_o well_o as_o a_o general_a resemblance_n and_o the_o account_n of_o each_o distinct_o will_v swell_v this_o discourse_n out_o of_o measure_n and_o to_o little_a purpose_n i_o shall_v confine_v myself_o to_o the_o account_n of_o holland_n as_o the_o rich_a strong_a and_o of_o most_o authority_n among_o the_o province_n and_o of_o amsterdam_n as_o that_o which_o have_v the_o same_o preeminency_n among_o the_o city_n the_o sovereign_a authority_n of_o the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n amsterdam_n consist_v in_o the_o decree_n or_o result_v of_o their_o senate_n which_o be_v compose_v of_o six_o and_o thirty_o man_n by_o who_o the_o justice_n be_v
according_a to_o their_o different_a or_o agree_a custom_n to_o the_o states-general_n every_o one_o send_v their_o deputy_n in_o what_o number_n they_o please_v some_o two_o some_o ten_o or_o twelve_o which_o make_v no_o difference_n because_o all_o matter_n be_v carry_v not_o by_o the_o vote_n of_o person_n but_o of_o province_n and_o all_o the_o deputy_n from_o one_o province_n how_o few_o or_o many_o soever_o have_v one_o single_a vote_n the_o province_n differ_v likewise_o in_o the_o time_n fix_v for_o their_o deputation_n some_o send_n for_o a_o year_n some_o for_o more_o and_o other_o for_o life_n the_o province_n of_o holland_n send_v to_o the_o states-general_n one_o of_o their_o noble_n who_o be_v perpetual_a two_o deputy_n choose_v out_o of_o their_o eight_o chief_a town_n and_o one_o out_o of_o north-holland_n and_o with_o these_o two_o of_o their_o provincial_a council_n of_o state_n and_o their_o pensioner_n neither_o stadtholder_n or_o governor_n or_o any_o person_n in_o military-charge_n have_v session_n in_o the_o states-general_n every_o province_n preside_v their_o week_n in_o turn_n and_o by_o the_o most_o qualify_a person_n of_o the_o deputy_n of_o that_o province_n he_o sit_v in_o a_o chair_n with_o arm_n at_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o long_a table_n capable_a of_o hold_v about_o thirty_o person_n for_o about_o that_o number_n this_o council_n be_v usual_o compose_v of_o the_o greffier_n who_o be_v in_o nature_n of_o a_o secretary_n sit_v at_o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o table_n when_o a_o foreign_a minister_n have_v audience_n he_o be_v seat_v at_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o table_n over-against_o the_o precedent_n who_o propose_v all_o matter_n in_o this_o assembly_n make_v the_o greffier_n read_v all_o paper_n put_v the_o question_n call_v the_o voice_n of_o the_o province_n and_o form_n the_o conclusion_n or_o if_o he_o refuse_v to_o conclude_v according_a to_o the_o plurality_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o resign_v his_o place_n to_o the_o precedent_n of_o the_o ensue_a week_n who_o conclude_v for_o he_o this_o be_v the_o course_n in_o all_o affair_n before_o they_o except_o in_o case_n of_o peace_n and_o war_n of_o foreign_a alliance_n of_o raise_v or_o coin_v of_o money_n or_o the_o privilege_n of_o each_o province_n or_o member_n of_o the_o union_n in_o all_o which_o all_o the_o province_n must_v concur_v plurality_n be_v not_o at_o all_o weigh_v or_o observe_v this_o counsel_n be_v not_o sovereign_a but_o only_o represent_v the_o sovereignty_n and_o therefore_o though_o ambassador_n be_v both_o receive_v and_o send_v in_o their_o name_n yet_o neither_o be_v their_o own_o choose_a nor_o foreign_a minister_n answer_v nor_o any_o of_o those_o mention_a affair_n resolve_v without_o consult_v first_o the_o state_n of_o each_o province_n by_o their_o respective_a deputy_n and_o receive_v order_n from_o they_o and_o in_o other_o important_a matter_n though_o decide_v by_o plurality_n they_o frequent_o consult_v with_o the_o council_n of_o state_n nor_o have_v this_o method_n or_o constitution_n ever_o be_v break_v since_o their_o state_n begin_v except_v only_o in_o one_o affair_n which_o be_v in_o january_n 1668_o when_o his_o majesty_n send_v i_o over_o to_o propose_v a_o league_n of_o mutual_a defence_n with_o this_o state_n and_o another_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o flanders_n from_o the_o invasion_n of_o france_n which_o have_v already_o conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o spanish_a province_n and_o leave_v the_o rest_n at_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o next_o campania_n upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o have_v the_o fortune_n to_o prevail_v with_o the_o states-general_n to_o conclude_v three_o treaty_n and_o upon_o they_o draw_v up_o and_o sign_v the_o several_a instrument_n in_o the_o space_n of_o five_o day_n without_o pass_v the_o essential_a form_n of_o their_o government_n by_o any_o recourse_n to_o the_o province_n which_o must_v likewise_o have_v have_v it_o to_o the_o several_a city_n there_o i_o know_v those_o foreign_a minister_n who_o duty_n and_o interest_n it_o be_v to_o oppose_v this_o affair_n expect_v to_o meet_v and_o to_o elude_v it_o which_o can_v not_o have_v fail_v in_o case_n it_o have_v run_v that_o circle_n since_o engage_v the_o voice_n of_o one_o city_n must_v have_v break_v it_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o conclude_v these_o alliance_n without_o commission_n from_o their_o principal_n the_o deputy_n of_o the_o states-general_n venture_v their_o head_n if_o they_o have_v be_v disow_v by_o their_o province_n but_o be_v all_o unanimous_a and_o lead_v by_o the_o clear_a evidence_n of_o so_o direct_a and_o so_o important_a a_o interest_n which_o must_v have_v be_v lose_v by_o the_o usual_a delay_n they_o all_o agree_v to_o run_v the_o hazard_n and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v disow_v that_o they_o be_v applaud_v by_o all_o the_o member_n of_o every_o province_n have_v thereby_o change_v the_o whole_a face_n of_o affair_n in_o christendom_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o triple-alliance_n and_o the_o peace_n of_o aix_n which_o be_v conclude_v about_o four_o month_n after_o so_o great_a have_v the_o force_n of_o reason_n and_o interest_n ever_o prove_v in_o this_o state_n not_o only_o to_o the_o unite_n of_o all_o voice_n in_o their_o assembly_n but_o to_o the_o absolve_v of_o the_o great_a breach_n of_o their_o original_a constitution_n even_o in_o a_o state_n who_o safety_n and_o greatness_n have_v be_v chief_o found_v upon_o the_o severe_a and_o exact_a observance_n of_o order_n and_o method_n in_o all_o their_o counsel_n and_o execution_n nor_o have_v they_o ever_o use_v at_o any_o other_o time_n any_o great_a mean_n to_o agree_v and_o unite_v the_o several_a member_n of_o their_o union_n in_o the_o resolution_n necessary_a upon_o the_o most_o press_a occasion_n than_o for_o the_o agreeing-province_n to_o name_v some_o of_o their_o able_a person_n to_o go_v and_o confer_v with_o the_o dissent_v and_o represent_v those_o reason_n and_o interest_n by_o which_o they_o have_v be_v induce_v to_o their_o opinion_n the_o council_n of_o state_n be_v compose_v of_o deputy_n from_o the_o several_a province_n but_o after_o another_o manner_n than_o the_o states-general_n the_o number_n be_v fix_v gelderland_n send_v two_o holland_n three_o zealand_n and_o utrecht_n two_o a_o piece_n friezland_n overyssel_n and_o groninghen_n each_o of_o they_o one_o make_v in_o all_o twelve_o they_o vote_v not_o by_o province_n but_o by_o personal_a voice_n and_o every_o deputy_n preside_v by_o turn_n in_o this_o council_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n have_v session_n and_o a_o decisive_a voice_n and_o the_o treasurer-general_n session_n but_o a_o voice_n only_o deliberative_a yet_o he_o have_v much_o credit_n here_o be_v for_o life_n and_o so_o be_v the_o person_n depute_v to_o this_o council_n from_o the_o noble_n of_o holland_n and_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n of_o zealand_n the_o rest_n be_v but_o for_o two_o three_o or_o four_o year_n the_o council_n of_o state_n execute_v the_o resolution_n of_o the_o states-general_n consult_v and_o propose_v to_o they_o the_o most_o expedient_a way_n of_o raise_v troop_n and_o levy_v money_n as_o well_o as_o the_o proportion_n of_o both_o which_o they_o conceive_v necessary_a in_o all_o conjuncture_n and_o revolution_n of_o the_o state_n superintend_v the_o milice_fw-la the_o fortification_n the_o contribution_n out_o of_o enemy_n country_n the_o form_n and_o disposal_n of_o all_o passport_n and_o the_o affair_n revenue_n and_o government_n of_o all_o place_n conquer_v since_o the_o union_n which_o be_v gain_v by_o the_o common_a arm_n of_o the_o state_n depend_v upon_o the_o states-general_n and_o not_o upon_o any_o particular_a province_n towards_o the_o end_n of_o every_o year_n this_o council_n form_v a_o state_n of_o the_o expense_n they_o conceive_v will_v be_v necessary_a for_o the_o year_n ensue_v present_v it_o to_o the_o states-general_n desire_v they_o to_o demand_v so_o much_o of_o the_o states-provincial_a to_o be_v raise_v according_a to_o the_o usual_a proportion_n which_o be_v of_o 100000_o g_z r_n gelderland_n 3612_o g_o rs_fw-la 05_o st_z 00_o d_o holland_n 58309_o g_o rs_fw-la 01_o st_z 10_o d_o zealand_n 9183_o g_o rs_fw-la 14_o st_z 02_o d_o utrecht_n 5830_o g_o rs_fw-la 17_o st_z 11_o d_o friezland_n 11661_o g_o rs_fw-la 15_o st_z 10_o d_o overyssel_n 3571_o g_o rs_fw-la 08_o st_z 04_o d_o groningue_n 5830_o g_o rs_fw-la 17_o st_z 11_o d_o this_o petition_n as_o it_o be_v call_v be_v make_v to_o the_o states-general_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o governor_n and_o council_n of_o state_n which_o be_v but_o a_o continuance_n of_o the_o form_n use_v in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o sovereign_n and_o still_o by_o the_o governor_n and_o council_n of_o state_n in_o the_o spanish_a netherlands_o petition_n signify_v bare_o ask_v or_o demand_v though_o imply_v the_o thing_n
demand_v to_o be_v whole_o in_o the_o right_n and_o power_n of_o they_o that_o give_v it_o be_v use_v by_o the_o first_o count_n only_o upon_o extraordinary_a occasion_n and_o necessity_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o house_n of_o burgundy_n and_o austria_n grow_v to_o be_v a_o thing_n of_o course_n and_o annual_a as_o it_o be_v still_o in_o the_o spanish_a province_n the_o council_n of_o state_n dispose_v of_o all_o sum_n of_o money_n destine_v for_o all_o extraordinary_a affair_n and_o expedite_v the_o order_n for_o the_o whole_a expense_n of_o the_o state_n upon_o the_o resolution_n first_o take_v in_o the_o main_a by_o the_o states-general_n the_o order_n must_v be_v sign_v by_o three_o deputy_n of_o several_a province_n as_o well_o as_o by_o the_o treasurer-general_n and_o then_o register_v in_o the_o chamber_n of_o account_n before_o the_o receiver-general_n pay_v they_o which_o be_v then_o do_v without_o any_o difficulty_n charge_n or_o delay_n every_o province_n raise_v what_o money_n it_o please_v and_o by_o what_o way_n or_o mean_n send_v its_o quota_fw-la or_o share_v of_o the_o general_a charge_n to_o the_o receiver-general_n and_o convert_v the_o rest_n to_o the_o present_a use_n or_o reserve_v it_o for_o the_o future_a occasion_n of_o the_o province_n the_o chamber_n of_o account_n be_v erect_v about_o sixty_o year_n ago_o for_o the_o ease_n of_o the_o council_n of_o state_n to_o examine_v and_o state_n all_o account_n of_o all_o the_o several_a receiver_n to_o control_v and_o register_v the_o order_n of_o the_o council_n of_o state_n which_o dispose_v of_o the_o finance_n and_o this_o chamber_n be_v compose_v of_o two_o deputy_n from_o each_o province_n who_o be_v change_v every_o three_o year_n beside_o these_o college_n be_v the_o council_n of_o the_o admiralty_n who_o when_o the_o states-general_n by_o advice_n of_o the_o council_n of_o state_n have_v destine_v a_o fleet_n of_o such_o a_o number_n and_o force_v to_o be_v set_v out_o have_v the_o absolute_a disposition_n of_o the_o marine_a affair_n as_o well_o in_o the_o choice_n and_o equipage_n of_o all_o the_o several_a ship_n as_o in_o issue_v the_o money_n allot_v for_o that_o service_n this_o college_n be_v subdivide_v into_o five_o of_o which_o three_o be_v in_o holland_n viz._n one_o in_o amsterdam_n another_o at_o rotterdam_n and_o the_o three_o at_o horn_n the_o four_o be_v at_o middlebourgh_n in_o zealand_n and_o the_o five_o at_o harlinguen_n in_o friezland_n each_o of_o these_o be_v compose_v of_o seven_o deputy_n four_o of_o that_o province_n where_o the_o college_n reside_v and_o three_o name_v by_o the_o other_o province_n the_o admiral_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n the_o vice-admiral_n have_v session_n in_o all_o these_o college_n and_o preside_v when_o he_o be_v present_a they_o take_v cognizance_n of_o all_o crime_n commit_v at_o sea_n judge_v all_o pirate_n that_o be_v take_v and_o all_o fraud_n or_o negligence_n in_o the_o payment_n or_o collection_n of_o the_o custom_n which_o be_v particular_o affect_v to_o the_o admiralty_n and_o appliable_a to_o no_o other_o use_n this_o fond_a be_v not_o sufficient_a in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v supply_v by_o the_o state_n with_o whatever_o more_o be_v necessary_a from_o other_o fond_n but_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n be_v little_o exhaust_v by_o other_o constant_a charge_n beside_o that_o of_o convoy_n to_o their_o several_a fleet_n of_o merchant_n in_o all_o part_n the_o remainder_n of_o this_o revenue_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o build_n of_o great_a ship_n of_o war_n and_o furnish_v the_o several_a arsenal_n and_o store_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o provision_n necessary_a for_o the_o building_n and_o rig_v of_o more_o ship_n than_o can_v be_v need_v by_o the_o course_n of_o a_o long_a war._n so_o soon_o as_o the_o number_n and_o force_v of_o the_o fleet_n design_v for_o any_o expedition_n be_v agree_v by_o the_o states-general_n and_o give_v out_o by_o the_o council_n of_o state_n to_o the_o admiralty_n each_o particular_a college_n furnish_v their_o own_o proportion_n which_o be_v know_v as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o the_o several_a province_n in_o all_o money_n that_o be_v to_o be_v raise_v in_o all_o which_o the_o admiral_n have_v no_o other_o share_n or_o advantage_n beside_o his_o bare_a salary_n and_o his_o proportion_n in_o prize_n that_o be_v take_v the_o captain_n and_o superior_a officer_n of_o each_o squadron_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o several_a college_n the_o number_n of_o man_n appoint_v for_o every_o ship_n after_o which_o each_o captain_n use_v his_o best_a diligence_n and_o credit_n to_o fill_v his_o number_n with_o the_o best_a man_n he_o can_v get_v and_o take_v the_o whole_a care_n and_o charge_n of_o victual_v his_o own_o ship_n for_o the_o time_n intend_v for_o that_o expedition_n and_o signify_v to_o he_o by_o the_o admiralty_n and_o this_o at_o a_o certain_a rate_n of_o so_o much_o a_o man_n and_o by_o the_o good_a or_o ill_a discharge_n of_o his_o trust_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o provide_v surgeon_n medicine_n and_o all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o the_o health_n of_o the_o man_n each_o captain_n grow_v into_o good_a or_o ill_a credit_n with_o the_o seaman_n and_o by_o their_o report_n with_o the_o admiralty_n upon_o who_o opinion_n and_o esteem_n the_o fortune_n of_o all_o sea-officer_n depend_v so_o as_o in_o all_o their_o expedition_n there_o appear_v rather_o a_o emulation_n among_o the_o particular_a captain_n who_o shall_v treat_v his_o seaman_n best_o in_o these_o point_n and_o employ_v the_o money_n allot_v for_o their_o victual_v to_o the_o best_a advantage_n than_o any_o little_a knavish_a practice_n of_o fill_v their_o own_o purse_n by_o keep_v their_o man_n bell_n empty_a or_o force_v they_o to_o corrupt_a unwholesome_a diet_n upon_o which_o and_o upon_o cleanliness_n in_o their_o ship_n the_o health_n of_o many_o people_n crowd_v up_o into_o so_o little_a room_n seem_v chief_o to_o depend_v the_o salary_n of_o all_o the_o great_a officer_n of_o this_o state_n be_v very_o small_a i_o have_v already_o mention_v that_o of_o a_o burgomaster_n of_o amsterdam_n to_o be_v about_o fifty_o pound_n sterling_a a_o year_n that_o of_o their_o vice-admiral_n for_o since_o the_o last_o prince_n of_o orange_n death_n to_o the_o year_n 1670_o there_o have_v be_v no_o admiral_n be_v five_o hundred_o and_o that_o of_o the_o pensioner_n of_o holland_n two_o hundred_o the_o greatness_n of_o this_o state_n seem_v much_o to_o consist_v in_o these_o order_n how_o confuse_v soever_o and_o of_o different_a piece_n they_o may_v seem_v but_o more_o in_o two_o main_a effect_n of_o they_o which_o be_v the_o good_a choice_n of_o the_o officer_n of_o chief_a trust_n in_o the_o city_n province_n and_o state_n and_o the_o great_a simplicity_n and_o modesty_n in_o the_o common_a port_n or_o live_n of_o their_o chief_a minister_n without_o which_o the_o absoluteness_n of_o the_o senate_n in_o each_o town_n and_o the_o immensity_n of_o tax_n throughout_o the_o whole_a state_n will_v never_o be_v endure_v by_o the_o people_n with_o any_o patience_n be_v both_o of_o they_o great_a than_o in_o many_o of_o those_o government_n which_o be_v esteem_v most_o arbitrary_a among_o their_o neighbour_n but_o in_o the_o assembly_n and_o debate_n of_o their_o senate_n every_o man_n ability_n be_v discover_v as_o their_o disposition_n be_v in_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o life_n and_o domestic_a among_o their_o fellow-citizen_n the_o observation_n of_o these_o either_o raise_v or_o suppress_v the_o credit_n of_o particular_a man_n both_o among_o the_o people_n and_o the_o senate_n of_o their_o town_n who_o to_o maintain_v their_o authority_n with_o less_o popular_a envy_n or_o discontent_n give_v much_o to_o the_o general_a opinion_n of_o the_o people_n in_o the_o choice_n of_o their_o magistrate_n by_o this_o mean_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o though_o perhaps_o the_o nation_n general_o be_v not_o wise_a yet_o the_o government_n be_v because_o it_o be_v compose_v of_o the_o wise_a of_o the_o nation_n which_o may_v give_v it_o a_o advantage_n over_o many_o other_o where_o ability_n be_v of_o more_o common_a growth_n but_o of_o less_o use_n to_o the_o public_a if_o it_o happen_v that_o neither_o wisdom_n nor_o honesty_n be_v the_o quality_n which_o bring_v man_n to_o the_o management_n of_o state-affair_n as_o they_o usual_o do_v in_o this_o commonwealth_n beside_o though_o these_o people_n who_o be_v natural_o cold_a and_o heavy_a may_v not_o be_v ingenious_a enough_o to_o furnish_v a_o pleasant_a or_o agreeable_a conversation_n yet_o they_o want_v not_o plain_o downright_a sense_n to_o understand_v and_o do_v their_o business_n both_o public_a and_o private_a which_o be_v a_o talon_n very_o different_a from_o the_o other_o and_o i_o know_v not_o whether_o they_o often_o meet_v for_o the_o first_o proceed_v from_o heat_n of_o
the_o brain_n which_o make_v the_o spirit_n more_o airy_a and_o volatile_a and_o thereby_o the_o motion_n of_o thought_n light_a and_o quick_a and_o the_o range_v of_o imagination_n much_o great_a than_o in_o cold_a head_n where_o the_o spirit_n be_v more_o earthy_a and_o dull_a thought_n move_v slow_a and_o heavy_a but_o thereby_o the_o impression_n of_o it_o be_v deep_a and_o last_v long_o one_o imagination_n be_v not_o so_o frequent_o nor_o so_o easy_o efface_v by_o another_o as_o where_o new_a one_o be_v continual_o arise_v this_o make_v dull_a man_n more_o constant_a and_o steady_a and_o quick_a man_n more_o inconstant_a and_o uncertain_a whereas_o the_o great_a ability_n in_o business_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o steady_a pursuit_n of_o some_o one_o thing_n till_o there_o be_v a_o end_n of_o it_o with_o perpetual_a application_n and_o endeavour_v not_o to_o be_v divert_v by_o every_o representation_n of_o new_a hope_n or_o fear_n of_o difficulty_n or_o danger_n or_o of_o some_o better_a design_n the_o first_o of_o these_o talent_n cut_v like_o a_o razor_n the_o other_o like_o a_o hatchet_n one_o have_v thinness_n of_o edge_n and_o fineness_n of_o metal_n and_o temper_n but_o be_v easy_o turn_v by_o any_o substance_n that_o be_v hard_a and_o resist_v tother_o have_v toughness_n and_o weight_n which_o make_v it_o cut_v through_o or_o go_v deep_a wherever_o it_o fall_v and_o therefore_o one_o be_v for_o adornment_n and_o other_o for_o use._n it_o may_v be_v say_v further_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o heart_n common_o go_v along_o with_o that_o of_o the_o brain_n so_o that_o passion_n be_v warm_a where_o imagination_n be_v quick_a and_o there_o be_v few_o man_n unless_o in_o case_n of_o some_o evident_a natural_a defect_n but_o have_v sense_n enough_o to_o distinguish_v in_o gross_a between_o right_n and_o wrong_n between_o good_a and_o bad_a when_o represent_v to_o they_o and_o consequent_o have_v judgement_n enough_o to_o do_v their_o business_n if_o it_o be_v leave_v to_o itself_o and_o not_o sway_v nor_o corrupt_v by_o some_o humour_n or_o passion_n by_o anger_n or_o pride_n by_o love_n or_o by_o scorn_n ambition_n or_o avarice_n delight_n or_o revenge_n so_o as_o the_o coldness_n of_o passion_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o natural_a ground_n of_o ability_n and_o honesty_n among_o man_n as_o the_o government_n or_o moderation_n of_o they_o the_o great_a end_n of_o philosophical_a and_o moral_a instruction_n these_o speculation_n may_v perhaps_o a_o little_a lessen_v the_o common_a wonder_n how_o we_o shall_v meet_v with_o in_o one_o nation_n so_o little_a show_n of_o part_n and_o of_o wit_n and_o so_o great_a evidence_n of_o wisdom_n and_o prudence_n as_o have_v appear_v in_o the_o conduct_n and_o success_n of_o this_o state_n for_o near_a a_o hundred_o year_n which_o need_v no_o other_o testimony_n than_o the_o mighty_a growth_n and_o power_n it_o arrive_v to_o from_o so_o weak_a and_o contemptible_a seed_n and_o beginning_n the_o other_o circumstance_n i_o mention_v as_o a_o occasion_n of_o their_o greatness_n be_v the_o simplicity_n and_o modesty_n of_o their_o magistrate_n in_o their_o way_n of_o live_v which_o be_v so_o general_a that_o i_o never_o know_v one_o among_o they_o exceed_v the_o common_a frugal_a popular_a air_n and_o so_o great_a that_o of_o the_o two_o chief_a officer_n in_o my_o time_n vice-admiral_n de_fw-fr ruiter_n and_o the_o pensioner_n de_fw-fr wit_n one_o general_o esteem_v by_o foreign_a nation_n as_o great_a a_o seaman_n and_o the_o other_o as_o great_a a_o statesman_n as_o any_o of_o their_o age_n i_o never_o see_v the_o first_o in_o clothes_n better_a than_o the_o common_a sea-captain_n nor_o with_o above_o one_o man_n follow_v he_o nor_o in_o a_o coach_n and_o in_o his_o own_o house_n neither_o be_v the_o size_n building_n furniture_n or_o entertainment_n at_o all_o exceed_a the_o use_n of_o every_o common_a merchant_n and_o tradesman_n in_o his_o town_n for_o the_o pensioner_n de_fw-fr wit_n who_o have_v the_o great_a influence_n in_o the_o government_n the_o whole_a train_n and_o expense_n of_o his_o domestic_a go_v very_o equal_a with_o other_o common_a deputy_n or_o minister_n of_o the_o state_n his_o habit_n grave_n and_o plain_a and_o popular_a his_o table_n what_o only_o serve_v turn_v for_o his_o family_n or_o a_o friend_n his_o train_n beside_o commissary_n and_o clerk_n keep_v for_o he_o in_o a_o office_n adjoin_v to_o his_o house_n at_o the_o public_a charge_n be_v only_o one_o man_n who_o perform_v all_o the_o menial_a service_n of_o his_o house_n at_o home_n and_o upon_o his_o visit_n of_o ceremony_n put_v on_o a_o plain_a livery-cloak_n attend_v his_o coach_n abroad_o for_o upon_o other_o occasion_n he_o be_v see_v usual_o in_o the_o street_n on_o foot_n and_o alone_o like_o the_o common_a burger_n of_o the_o town_n nor_o be_v this_o manner_n of_o life_n affect_v or_o use_v by_o these_o particular_a man_n but_o be_v the_o general_a fashion_n or_o mode_n among_o all_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o state_n for_o i_o speak_v not_o of_o the_o military_a officer_n who_o be_v reckon_v their_o servant_n and_o live_v in_o a_o different_a garb_n though_o general_o modest_a than_o in_o other_o country_n thus_o this_o stomachful_a people_n who_o can_v not_o endure_v the_o least_o exercise_n of_o arbitrary_a power_n or_o imposition_n or_o the_o sight_n of_o any_o foreign_a troop_n under_o the_o spanish_a government_n have_v be_v since_o enure_v to_o all_o of_o they_o in_o the_o high_a degree_n under_o their_o own_o popular_a magistrate_n bridle_v with_o hard_a law_n terrify_v with_o severe_a execution_n environ_v with_o foreign_a force_n and_o oppress_v with_o the_o most_o cruel_a hardship_n and_o variety_n of_o tax_n that_o be_v ever_o know_v under_o any_o government_n but_o all_o this_o whilst_o the_o way_n to_o office_n and_o authority_n lie_v through_o those_o quality_n which_o acquire_v the_o general_a esteem_n of_o the_o people_n whilst_o no_o man_n be_v exempt_v from_o the_o danger_n and_o current_n of_o law_n whilst_o soldier_n be_v confine_v to_o frontier-garrison_n the_o guard_n of_o inland_n or_o trading-town_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o burgher_n themselves_o and_o whilst_o no_o great_a riches_n be_v see_v to_o enter_v by_o public_a payment_n into_o private_a purse_n either_o to_o raise_v family_n or_o to_o feed_v the_o prodigal_a expense_n of_o vain_a extravagant_a and_o luxurious_a man_n but_o all_o public_a money_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o safety_n greatness_n or_o honour_n of_o the_o state_n and_o the_o magistrate_n themselves_o bear_v a_o equal_a share_n in_o all_o the_o burden_n they_o impose_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n orange_n though_o intermit_v upon_o the_o untimely_a death_n of_o the_o last_o and_o infancy_n of_o this_o present_a prince_n yet_o as_o it_o must_v be_v ever_o acknowledge_v to_o have_v have_v a_o most_o essential_a part_n in_o the_o first_o frame_n of_o this_o government_n and_o in_o all_o the_o fortune_n thereof_o during_o the_o whole_a growth_n and_o progress_n of_o the_o state_n so_o have_v it_o ever_o preserve_v a_o very_a strong_a root_n not_o only_o in_o six_o of_o the_o province_n but_o even_o in_o the_o general_a and_o popular_a affection_n of_o the_o province_n of_o holland_n itself_o who_o state_n have_v for_o these_o last_o twenty_o year_n so_o much_o endeavour_v to_o suppress_v or_o exclude_v it_o this_o begin_v in_o the_o person_n of_o prince_n william_n of_o nassaw_n at_o the_o very_a birth_n of_o the_o state_n and_o not_o so_o much_o by_o the_o quality_n of_o be_v governor_n of_o holland_n and_o zealand_n in_o charles_n the_o five_o and_o philip_n the_o second_v time_n as_o by_o the_o esteem_n of_o so_o great_a wisdom_n goodness_n and_o courage_n as_o excel_v in_o that_o prince_n and_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v from_o he_o derive_v to_o his_o whole_a race_n be_v indeed_o the_o quality_n that_o natural_o acquire_v esteem_n and_o authority_n among_o the_o people_n in_o all_o government_n nor_o have_v this_o nation_n in_o particular_a since_o the_o time_n perhaps_o of_o civilis_n ever_o be_v without_o some_o head_n under_o some_o title_n or_o other_o but_o always_o a_o head_n subordinate_a to_o their_o law_n and_o custom_n and_o to_o the_o sovereign_a power_n of_o the_o state_n in_o the_o first_o constitution_n of_o this_o government_n after_o the_o revolt_n from_o spain_n all_o the_o power_n and_o right_n of_o prince_n william_n of_o orange_n as_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v careful_o reserve_v but_o those_o which_o remain_v inherent_a in_o the_o sovereign_n be_v devolve_v upon_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o states-general_n so_o as_o in_o they_o remain_v the_o power_n of_o make_v peace_n and_o war_n and_o all_o foreign_a alliance_n and_o of_o raise_v and_o coin_v of_o money_n in_o the_o prince_n the_o command_n
necessary_a commodity_n the_o last_o i_o shall_v mention_v be_v the_o mighty_a advance_v they_o have_v make_v towards_o engross_a the_o whole_a commerce_n of_o the_o east-indies_n by_o their_o success_n against_o the_o porteguess_n and_o by_o their_o many_o war_n and_o victory_n against_o the_o native_n whereby_o they_o have_v force_v they_o to_o treaty_n of_o commerce_n exclusive_a to_o all_o other_o nation_n and_o to_o the_o admission_n of_o fort_n to_o be_v build_v upon_o streights_n and_o pass_n that_o command_v the_o entrance_n into_o the_o traffic_n of_o such_o place_n this_o have_v be_v achieve_v by_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o people_n and_o mariner_n that_o have_v be_v able_a to_o furnish_v every_o year_n so_o many_o great_a ship_n for_o such_o voyage_n and_o to_o supply_v the_o loss_n of_o so_o many_o life_n as_o the_o change_n of_o climate_n have_v cost_n before_o they_o learn_v the_o method_n of_o live_v in_o they_o by_o the_o vastness_n of_o the_o stock_n that_o have_v be_v turn_v whole_o to_o that_o trade_n and_o by_o the_o conduct_n and_o application_n of_o the_o east-indy_n company_n who_o have_v manage_v it_o like_o a_o commonwealth_n rather_o than_o a_o trade_n and_o thereby_o raise_v a_o state_n in_o the_o indies_n govern_v indeed_o by_o the_o order_n of_o the_o company_n but_o otherwise_o appear_v to_o those_o nation_n like_o a_o sovereign_a state_n make_v war_n and_o peace_n with_o their_o great_a king_n and_o able_a to_o bring_v to_o sea_n forty_o or_o fifty_o man_n of_o war_n and_o thirty_o thousand_o man_n at_o land_n by_o the_o modest_a computation_n the_o stock_n of_o this_o trade_n beside_o what_o it_o turn_v to_o in_o france_n spain_n italy_n the_o straits_n and_o germany_n make_v they_o so_o great_a master_n in_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o europe_n as_o muscovy_n poland_n pomerania_n and_o all_o the_o baltique_a where_o the_o spice_n that_o be_v a_o indian-drug_n and_o europaean-luxury_n command_v all_o the_o commodity_n of_o those_o country_n which_o be_v so_o necessary_a to_o life_n as_o their_o â—ora_n and_o to_o navigation_n as_o hemp_n pitch_n mast_n plank_n and_o iron_n thus_o the_o trade_n of_o this_o country_n be_v discover_v to_o be_v no_o effect_n of_o common_a contrivance_n of_o natural_a disposition_n or_o situation_n or_o of_o trivial_a accident_n but_o of_o a_o great_a concurrence_n of_o circumstance_n a_o long_a course_n of_o time_n force_n of_o order_n and_o method_n which_o never_o before_o meet_v in_o the_o world_n to_o such_o a_o degree_n or_o with_o so_o prodigious_a a_o success_n and_o perhaps_o never_o will_v again_o have_v grow_v to_o sum_n up_o all_o from_o the_o situation_n of_o their_o country_n extend_v upon_o the_o sea_n divide_v by_o two_o such_o river_n as_o the_o rind_n and_o the_o mose_n with_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o ems_n weser_n and_o elve_v from_o the_o confluence_n of_o people_n out_o of_o flanders_n england_n france_n and_o germany_n invite_v by_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o town_n and_o by_o the_o constitution_n and_o credit_n of_o their_o government_n by_o the_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n and_o security_n of_o life_n and_o good_n subject_v only_o to_o constant_a law_n from_o general_a industry_n and_o parsimony_n occasion_v by_o the_o multitude_n of_o people_n and_o smallness_n of_o country_n from_o cheapness_n and_o easiness_n of_o carriage_n by_o convenience_n of_o canal_n from_o low_a use_n and_o deerness_n of_o land_n which_o turn_v money_n to_o trade_n the_o institution_n of_o bank_n sale_n by_o registry_n care_v of_o convoy_n smallness_n of_o custom_n freedom_n of_o port_n order_n in_o trade_n interest_n of_o person_n in_o the_o government_n particular_a traffic_n affect_v to_o particular_a place_n application_n to_o the_o fishery_n and_o acquisition_n in_o the_o east-indies_n it_o be_v no_o constant_a rule_n that_o trade_n make_v riches_n for_o there_o may_v be_v a_o trade_n that_o impoverish_v a_o nation_n as_o it_o 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use_n in_o short_a they_o furnish_v infinite_a luxury_n which_o they_o never_o practice_v and_o traffic_n in_o pleasure_n which_o they_o never_o taste_v the_o gentleman_n and_o officer_n of_o the_o army_n change_v their_o clothes_n and_o their_o modes_n like_o their_o neighbour_n but_o among_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n the_o merchant_n the_o rich_a trader_n and_o citizen_n in_o general_a the_o fashion_n continue_v still_o the_o same_o and_o other_o as_o constant_a among_o the_o seaman_n and_o boor_n so_o that_o man_n leave_v off_o their_o clothes_n only_o because_o they_o be_v wear_v out_o and_o not_o because_o they_o be_v out_o of_o fashion_n their_o great_a foreign_a consumption_n be_v french-wine_n and_o brandy_n but_o that_o may_v be_v allow_v they_o as_o the_o only_a reward_n they_o enjoy_v of_o all_o their_o pain_n and_o as_o that_o alone_a which_o make_v they_o rich_a and_o happy_a in_o their_o voluntary_a poverty_n who_o will_v otherwise_o seem_v 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of_o native_a and_o warlike_a subject_n which_o they_o can_v draw_v into_o the_o field_n upon_o any_o war_n with_o their_o neighbour_n national_a quarrel_n be_v decide_v by_o national_a army_n not_o by_o stipendiary_a force_n raise_v with_o money_n or_o maintain_v by_o constant_a pay_n in_o the_o several_a kingdom_n and_o principality_n of_o europe_n the_o body_n of_o their_o army_n be_v compose_v as_o they_o be_v still_o in_o poland_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n who_o be_v bind_v to_o attend_v their_o prince_n to_o the_o war_n with_o certain_a number_n of_o arm_a man_n according_a to_o the_o tenure_n and_o extent_n of_o the_o several_a lordship_n and_o land_n they_o hold_v of_o the_o crown_n where_o these_o be_v not_o proportionable_a to_o the_o occasion_n the_o rest_n be_v make_v up_o of_o subject_n draw_v together_o by_o love_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o their_o country_n by_o desire_n of_o conquest_n and_o spoil_n or_o necessity_n of_o defence_n hold_v together_o by_o 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the_o admiralty_n out_o of_o this_o revenue_n be_v supply_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o whole_a milice_fw-la of_o all_o public_a officer_n of_o the_o state_n and_o ambassador_n or_o minister_n abroad_o and_o the_o interest_n of_o about_o thirteen_o million_o owe_v by_o the_o states-general_n the_o standing-force_n in_o the_o year_n 70_o upon_o so_o general_a a_o peace_n and_o after_o all_o reformation_n be_v twenty_o six_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o man_n in_o ten_o regiment_n of_o horse_n consist_v of_o fifty_o troop_n and_o nineteen_o of_o foot_n consist_v of_o three_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o company_n the_o constant_a charge_n of_o these_o force_n stand_v they_o in_o six_o million_o one_o hundred_o and_o nineteen_o thousand_o gilder_n a_o year_n their_o admiralty_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n maintain_v between_o thirty_o and_o forty_o man_n of_o war_n employ_v in_o the_o several_a convoy_n of_o their_o merchant_n fleet_n in_o a_o squadron_n of_o eight_o or_o ten_o ship_n to_o attend_v the_o algerines_n and_o other_o corsair_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a and_o some_o always_o lie_v ready_a in_o their_o havens_n for_o any_o sudden_a accident_n or_o occasion_n of_o the_o state_n the_o common_a expense_n of_o the_o admiralty_n in_o this_o equipage_n and_o the_o build_v of_o ship_n be_v about_o six_o million_o a_o year_n beside_o the_o debt_n of_o the_o generalty_n the_o province_n of_o holland_n owe_v about_o sixty_o five_o million_o for_o which_o they_o pay_v interest_n at_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o but_o with_o so_o great_a ease_n and_o exactness_n both_o in_o principal_a and_o interest_n that_o no_o man_n ever_o demand_v it_o twice_o they_o may_v take_v up_o whatever_o money_n they_o desire_v whoever_o be_v admit_v to_o bring_v in_o his_o money_n take_v it_o for_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o favour_n and_o when_o they_o pay_v off_o any_o part_n of_o the_o principal_a those_o it_o belong_v to_o receive_v it_o with_o tear_n not_o know_v how_o to_o dispose_v of_o it_o to_o interest_n with_o such_o safety_n and_o ease_n and_o the_o common_a revenue_n of_o particular_a man_n lie_v much_o in_o the_o cantores_fw-la either_o of_o the_o generalty_n or_o the_o several_a province_n which_o be_v the_o registries_n of_o these_o public_a debt_n of_o the_o several_a impost_n and_o excise_n those_o that_o be_v upon_o certain_a and_o immovable_a possession_n as_o house_n and_o land_n be_v collect_v by_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o several_a place_n and_o by_o they_o pay_v in_o to_o the_o receiver_n because_o both_o the_o number_n and_o value_n of_o they_o be_v constant_a and_o easy_o know_v those_o which_o arise_v out_o of_o uncertain_a consumption_n be_v all_o set_v out_o to_o farm_n and_o to_o he_o that_o bid_v most_o some_o every_o three_o month_n some_o every_o six_o and_o some_o yearly_a the_o collection_n receipt_n and_o distribution_n of_o all_o public_a money_n be_v make_v without_o any_o
fee_n to_o officer_n who_o receive_v certain_a constant_a salary_n from_o the_o state_n which_o they_o dare_v not_o increase_v by_o any_o private_a practice_n or_o extortion_n so_o as_o whoever_o have_v a_o bill_n of_o any_o public_a debt_n have_v so_o much_o ready_a money_n in_o his_o coffer_n be_v pay_v certain_o at_o call_v without_o charge_n or_o trouble_v and_o assign_v over_o in_o any_o payment_n like_o the_o best_a bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o extraordinary_a revenue_n be_v when_o upon_o some_o great_a occasion_n or_o war_n the_o generalty_n agree_v to_o any_o extraordinary_a contribution_n as_o sometime_o the_o hundred_o penny_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n pole_n or_o chimney-money_n or_o any_o other_o subsidy_n and_o payment_n according_a as_o they_o can_v agree_v and_o the_o occasion_n require_v which_o have_v sometime_o reach_v so_o far_o as_o even_o to_o a_o imposition_n upon_o every_o man_n that_o travel_v in_o the_o common_a way_n of_o their_o 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