another way The Cardinal of Richlieu was so strongly of opinion that this Place was necessary to the Crown that he could not resolve to have it restored to the Duke of Savoy whatsoever inconveniences might arise from the contrary Most part of the Italian Princes confirmed him in these Sentiments by the secret Sollicitations of their Ministers to that purpose They were glad that France should have a Door open to enter Italy when occasion should require to have a Foreign Army to Counter-ballance the excessive Power of the Spaniards By complying thus with their desires France would recover their Friendship lost by the Peace of Lions in 1601. by which they quitted to the Duke of Savoy the Marquisate of Saluces and consequently gave up the Passes of the Alpes and the French King's Authority grew so much the greater as the Power of the Spaniards was more lessen'd Besides the Cardinal could not leave behind him a more Illustrious Monument of his good Conduct than a place of this Importance which was formerly quitted by Henry the III. to the Dukes of Savoy The Difficulty was how to find a way to keep it without breaking the Peace of Italy but it could not be done against the Duke of Savoy's Consent Therefore the Cardinal who had already a great Esteem for Mazarine and knew that he was likewise well-accepted by the Duke of Savoy charged him with this Negotiation which he perform'd to his Satisfaction The Duke of Savoy having consented to leave Pignerol in the hands of France they got him besides what was promised to him the Possession of Canaves which was dismembred from Montferrat by the Treaty of Querasque to the prejudice of the Duke of Mantua Both the Spaniards and the Imperialists who knew nothing of the Negotiation concerning Pignerol which was kept secret were surprised that France should spoil the Duke of Mantua their Ally to serve the Duke of Savoy who had taken Arms against them but time discovered the Mystery No noise was to be made about it before Mantua was Restored the Passages of the Country of the Grisons remitted to their Ancient Masters and the Hostages released for the Spaniards who had a visible Interest in keeping the French on the other side of the Mountains would certainly have broken the Treaty rather than permitted Pignerol to remain in their hands It was therefore necessary so to order Affairs that if the French quitted the Place in Compliance to the Treaty they should be secure of returning into it again The Duke of Savoy promised to do it after the Execution of the Treaty and for a Pledge of his Word sent the Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas his Brothers into France under pretence that they were to pass into Flanders But the Cardinal feared least this Prince to whom this Place was at least as Important as it was to France would not be as good as his Word since the Spaniards would infallibly be ready to assist him in this occasion with all their Forces Therefore they labour'd to find out some Stratagem or other to secure themselves of continuing still in the Possession of Pignerol though at the same time they made a shew of quitting it so that no body should perceive it This difficult business was committed to the Marquess of Villeroy who carried it on in such a manner that he deceived not onely the Spaniards and the Piedmontois but the French themselves He pick'd out Three hundred Men whom he pretended to trust with a Secret Order he had lately received from the King which was to send them with all speed to the Cittadel of Casal and commanded them to send away their Baggage with the rest of the Garrison who were disposing themselves to clear the Place at the time prefixt being about Three thousand Men in number and to take their way to Dauphine In the mean time he caused them to hide themselves in several secret holes of the Castle and particularly in an old Garret where was a long time ago a Door Wall'd up adjoyning to the Dungeon Villeroy caused this Garret to be divided by a Partition of Boards and at one side Corn to be laid up and on the other side where the Wall'd-door was lay part of his Men. But because this would have met with very much difficulty in the Execution if many Piedmontois had been in the Place he caused a Report to be spread abroad That the Plague was at Pignerol and particularly in the Cittadel which put a stop to the curiosity of the People from flocking thither and also to the speedy Levies which the Duke of Savoy intended to make there for the Garrison The Count of Verrue sent by the Duke to Receive the Place was acquainted with the Secret but the Imperial and Spanish Commissioners had not the least suspicion of it As soon as they were arriv'd they saw the French Troops go out in a File towards Dauphine and Villeroy took care himself to Conduct them to all the Magazines affecting in this an extraordinary Punctuality to tire them and get time which succeeded so much the easier because the Commissioners were unwilling to enter any place that had not been before purifi'd with Fire and Sweet Odours for fear of catching the Plague Being entred the Cittadel where the Three hundred Souldiers were hid the Marquess deliver'd up the Gate to the Count of Verrue who committed it to Fifty or Threescore Souldiers under the Command of an Officer after which he drew the Garrison out and led the Commissioners to every part of it The Count had with him a Colonel of the Duke of Savoy named Porporati who knowing nothing of the Secret looked into every Corner with a great deal of Care so that Villeroy fearing least he should discover the place where most part of his Men were hid gave a Jog to the Count and turning himself to the Commissioners told them That it being already pretty late they would do well to send some body to visit the Fort of St. Bridget and this Commission was given to Porporati The Cardinal was so entirely resolv'd not to abandon the Cittadel of Pignerol that Villeroy had Orders to Imprison the Commissioners in case they should discover the Cheat and for this effect he had along with him Ten or Twelve of the most strong and resolute Fellows to put his Orders in Execution at the first sign This Resolution which could not be put in execution without a Scandalous Violation of the Treaty of Querasque and even of the Law of Nations sufficiently shewed how willing the Cardinal was to keep this Place By good hap the Commissioners were not aware of the Cheat and Villeroy got the very same day an Attestation from them by which they acknowledg'd That Pignerol was faithfully deliver'd again into the hands of the Savoyards He sent it Post to Ferrara to have the Hostages released Not above four or five Persons were in the Cittadel to look after the Magazines and the Piedmontois
who were at the Gate had an Order to let no body in except one Page of the Count of Verrue to entertain them in the opinion that there was no body in the Cittadel This business lasted Two and thirty days during which the hidden Souldiers did not want Provisions for they were abundantly provided before Now it was necessary to draw these Souldiers out of their holes and to perswade the World That they were got in again in spight of the Duke of Savoy Therefore they onely look'd for a Pretence which would not have been so easie a thing to find if the Duke of Feria Governour of Milan had been more quick in executing the Treaty of Querasque who fearing least the French would not answer his honest and fair Dealing retained Two German Regiments in the State of Milan and some Neapolitan Cavalry whom he had Promised to dismiss The French being informed of it begun immediately to complain highly of it and to say That Count Merode threatned again to invade the Passes of the Valteline The Great Sums of Money which Spain was accused to furnish the Queen-Mother with did not help a little to heighten these Complaints and they were carried to the Duke of Feria by Cardinal Mazarine in very high words purposely to exasperate the Spaniards to some Infraction or other which might give occasion to the French to say That they were constrained by the Duke's Contraventions to Possess themselves again of Pignerol On his side Feria begun likewise to complain of the French because the Garrisons of Mantua and of Casal were full of Souldiers of their Nation and the Grisons Fortified the Passage of Steich against the Treaty of Monzon He Publish'd a Writing in which he expos'd at length the Infractions which he thought the French had made against that of Querasque and said That they might be followed with greater Inconveniencies The Ministers of France who sought after a Quarrel took up these words as if the Duke of Feria had meant That as soon as the French Troops were gone out of Italy he would Revenge himself of those Infractions he imputed to them Furthermore they had notice that the Emperour at the Instance of Spain had declared void the Investiture sent to the Duke of Mantua unless the Treaty of Ratisbon should be exactly observed and thereupon the French gave out That the Spaniards had a Design to Invade a-new the States of the Duke of Mantua Upon this they dispersed a Manifesto with the Consent of the Duke of Savoy though they complained of him in publick in which after great Complaints against the Unfair Dealings of the Spaniards and their Allies and especially of the Duke of Savoy to carry on their Trick more secretly they declared that the King was resolved to secure the Peace of Italy and to protect his Allies there For this purpose Servien ask'd the Duke of Savoy to deliver back several Places in Piedmont and amongst others Pignerol for the Reception of the French Army which was to pass thither again The Ministers of France protested before God and Men that it was not out of any Ambitious Motive or to disturb the Peace of Italy that the King their Master demanded these Places but on the contrary to make it more firm and to give the Allies that Peace which they desired so earnestly to enjoy The Duke of Savoy so carried himself as if he thought this Demand very strange and told Servien the Reasons he had to deny it but Servien replied That if he would not grant of his own free accord what the King desired the Army which was in Dauphine and in Provence should repass the Mountains by force for the Security of his Allies He allowed the Duke Three Days to consider of it after which he threatned him in case of Denial with the Invasion both of Piedmont and Savoy In the mean while this Prince sent to acquaint the Duke of Feria with the Pretensions of the French and to Ask Succours of him to oppose this Intended Invasion The Governour of Milan offered him all the Assistance which was in his Power When they came to the Particulars this Prince Ask'd for the Defence of Savoy Ten thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse and half that number for Piedmont besides his own Troops He thought this would suffice for the present since Winter was so near He desired also that Spain should immediately Pay him off all the Arrears due to him which His Catholick Majesty had Promised him after which they might at leasure Discourse of what was Necessary to be done for the future The Duke of Savoy knew that it was impossible for the Governour of Milan to satisfie his Demands and he made them on purpose that they should not think it strange if he delivered Pignerol to the French seeing they were not in a condition to Protect him against them The Governour of Milan Answered That he would immediately supply him with what Help he could and that as soon as the New Levies were made in the State of Milan he would send them with all speed to him In the mean while the Spaniards offered to enter into Negotiation with the French upon this matter but Servien would not hearken to it before the Duke of Savoy had Answered his Demands Lastly To deceive the Spaniards effectually the Duke Assembled * The 19th of October his Council in which it was Concluded That since he could not hope to receive from them the Succours he wanted to defend himself against the French it was better to come to an Agreement and of two Evils to choose the least The Dutchess of Savoy feigned likewise to interpose with her Brother for the Moderation of the Demands which Servien had made They agreed afterwards upon these Articles That the Duke of Savoy should neither directly nor indirectly help those who would endeavour to cause any Disturbance in France during the Absence of the Queen-Mother and of the Duke of Orleans That he should grant free Passage to the French Troops in case there should be a necessity to send them again into Montferrat or the Peace came to be disturbed on the side of the Grisons or of Mantua That to give a Pledge to the French King that he would keep his Word he should deposite the Town and Cittadel of Pignerol with the Three Forts of Perusa in the hands of the Swisses who were intrusted before with Susa That the same Swisses should take an Oath That they would faithfully keep these Three Places during Six Months at the end of which they should restore them to the Duke of Savoy unless the Prince should think fit in case the same Conjunctures happened to have their Trust further prolonged Nevertheless that His Majesty might put a Governour into the Place who should take the same Oath Afterwards with the consent of the Duke a French Garrison was exchang'd with that of the Swisses and the Three hundred Souldiers came out of the places where
Pomerania after the Death of Duke Bogislaus the XIV since he was not in a condition to molest the Imperialists The second Prince that died this year was Charles Gonzaga Duke of Mantua While he lived in France as a †The 25th of September Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 478. Subject he had a great Reputation and passed for a Prince of equal bravery and prudence After he became a Soveraign he seemed to bend under the weight of Affairs and could not find any expedient to hinder the desolation of his Countrey either by the way of Arms or that of Negotiation He left his Dominions to Charles his Grandson born of the Duke of Rethel and Mary of Mantua who was his Guardian She was the Daughter of Vincent Duke of Mantua and Margaret of Savoy Daughter to Charles Emanuel The Third was Butos-Amadeo Duke of Savoy who died the 7th of October He was as much esteem'd as any Prince of his time for his Conduct both in Peace and War The onely thing he is blamed for was his weakness in suffering Mazarine to perswade him to deliver up Pignerol to France by which Surrendry he left his Territories on the other side the Mountains to their discretion and Mercy 'T is true he deceived Spain in doing so but at the same time he deceived himself infinitely more and onely kept the bare Title of a Soveraign Prince unless he had a mind to show the marks of his Soveraignty by causing his Country to be ruined by the French whose will he was otherwise obliged to follow Francis Hyacinth his Son succeeded him who dying soon after Charles Emanuel took his place an Infant Four years old The Duke his Father left Christina of France his Guardian and Regent who was owned in this quality by the Senates of Turin and Chambery and by all the Orders of Piedmont and Savoy The Death of this * Siri Ibid. p. 481. Prince was fatal to his Estates because he was engaged in an open War with Spain who now had a fair opportunity to invade them and would so much the sooner embrace it because the Regent being Sister to the King of France she would in all probability depend wholly upon him On the other side Maurice Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas favoured Spain openly who might have a plausible pretence to come into Piedmont to put them in possession of the Guardianship and Regency to which they might pretend whenever they thought fit These considerations inclined Madam of Savoy and her Council to endeavour to make a Peace with Spain as soon as might be to hinder the ruine of her Country Besides she discover'd soon after the Death of the Duke her Husband how little she was to rely upon the Ministers of the King her Brother L'Emery Ambassador of France at Turin design'd with the assistance of the French Troops that were quarter'd about Verceil where the Duke died to seize upon the Person of the Dutchess and of the Princes her Sons under a pretence to prevent the designs of the Spaniards who would endeavour to engage this Princess in their Party or at least to observe a Neutrality The Ambassador proposed this enterprize to the Mareschal de Crequi but the Mareschal would not consent to be the Instrument of a violence of this nature against a Daughter of France and against Princes that were under the King's Protection However the Ambassador who was perfectly well acquainted with the Cardinal-Duke's Temper and knew that in matters of State abundance of things are approved of when done which would not be allowed to be done if leave was asked before-hand did not for all this desist from his Design But the Dutchess happening to be informed of it order'd the Marquiss de Ville with the Troops of Piedmont to enter into Verceil by night and caused the Gates to be shut to several French Officers that came thither under a pretence of Buying Victuals for their Souldiers By this means she frustrated this Design and the Troops of France had Orders to remove from Verceil The Marquiss de S. Maurice Ambassador of Savoy in France having received the News of the Death of the Duke his Master went to carry it to the King and Cardinal who promised to protect the young Duke and the Durchess with all the Forces of the Kingdom The Cardinal gave the Ambassador to understand who complain'd of Emery's design that the King had no hand in it and that he would go to assist his Sister in Person if it were necessary At the same time he advised the Dutchess to two things one of them was to put such Subjects of the Duke as she was well assured of into all the Strong Places of Piedmont and Savoy the other was To treat her Brother-in-Law with all the Civility imaginable but not to suffer them to come into the Dominions of the Duke her Son Upon this the Ambassador told him That the best way the Dutchess could take to live at peace with all the World would be to clap up a Peace with Spain To which the Cardinal answer'd That she might expect from the King her Brother every thing that was for the advantage of the House of Savoy even though it should be against the Interest of the Crown but that he did not see any security in a particular Peace The Cardinal afterwards made a Solemn Visit to the Ambassador where after the first Compliments were over he told him That he was surprized that Madam of Savoy had any suspicion of the French Troops since the Mareschal de Crequi had immediately drawn them off from about Verceil and conducted them to Casal that he had discover'd upon this occasion the inclination of some of her Counsellors that had advised her to send with all expedition into Spain which apparently tended to disengage her from France that he hoped a General Peace would be soon concluded but that if the Dutchess and her Council were too impatient the King would not hinder her from making a particular accommodation by her self but that his honour would not permit him to abandon his other Allies The Cardinal of * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 485. Savoy was desirous at the same time to come into Piedmont to offer his Services to the young Duke and the Regent by word of Mouth but she desired him to let it alone for fear of giving any suspicion to France with whom he very well knew she was obliged to manage her self cautiously since neither her Brother nor her Husband could have drawn the Indignation of that Court down upon them without being considerable losers by the bargain She likewise received Compliments from Prince Thomas by the Marquiss Palavicini This Prince represented to her That the French under a show of protecting her might take the opportunity to seize upon Piedmont and Savoy and that if Spain was induced to bring the War thither for that reason the States of the House of Savoy would be inevitably ruin'd
the Party of the Princess Margaret whom they received as the Wife of the Duke of Orleans and for whom they had been at a great expence as well as for him But the Infanta happening to die at this * Tâ—e 1st of â—â—cem time obliged them to think of other things However it was perceived plainly enough that Monsieur was weary of Flanders and the Queen-Mother and Madam were afraid that this inconstant Prince wou'd abandon them at the first opportunity The Cardinal who was fully inform'd of all †Siri Mem. 〈◊〉 T. 7. 〈◊〉 7â—0 〈◊〉 1â—th of Dâ—câ—m Summon'd a Council before the King to Advise what Measures were to be taken in this conjuncture and whether the King ought to be reconcil'd to the Queen his Mother or to the Duke of Orleans This Minister according to his custom made a long Harangue to perswade His Majesty That it was his Interest to grant no satisfaction either to one or the other He told him That the Queen-Mother had appeared long ago ill-affected to the State That before she left France the King had offer'd her very reasonable Terms of Reconciliation as Places Governments and so forth by which she might easily perceive that he had no intention to use her with any Rigour That nevertheless she had fled to the declared Enemies of the Crown which she had never done but out of a Principle of Revenge and because she never design'd to come to any sort of Accommodation That she cou'd not be ignorant that her joyning with the Duke of Orleans wou'd displease the King and that all good Frenchmen must blame her for having recourse to the Spaniards That since she had broke through all these considerations it was a sure Indication that she had an implacable hatred to France That her Actions notoriously contradicted her words in which she protested that she had no design against the State but that she was full of Dissimulation as visibly appear'd in the whole Conduct of her Life That it wou'd be no advantage to the King to be Reconciled with her and call her home but that on the contrary several great Inconveniences might happen upon it because it wou'd be then a harder matter to perswade Monsieur to return That her falling out with him and his Domesticks was the most forcible Reason that induced Puilaurens to advise his Master to avoid those places where he might find the ill effects of the Mortal hatred of that Princess and therefore if she came into France Puilaurens wou'd have the less inclination to carry the Duke of Orleans thither That supposing Monsieur wou'd not upon this be unwilling to return yet they were likely to gain nothing by his coming home since it might easily so happen that the Queen and he wou'd joyn afresh together for the better execution of their wicked designs That the King wou'd find it a harder matter to Marry Monsieur again to whom he pleas'd and principally to the Princess Mary of Conzaga for whom the Queen-Mother had an invincible aversion That the Tranquillity of the Kingdom wou'd be more endanger'd since those that had harbour'd any ill designs wou'd certainly go and communicate them to the Queen-Mother whom they knew to be of a resolute and revengeful temper whereas they durst not repose any confidence in the Duke of Orleans who was known to be inconstant That the King wou'd not have the same Peace of Mind nor be in the same security as to his Person That he wou'd not be obey'd so punctually since the ill-affected wou'd hope to be supported by the Queen-Mother That the Lives of His Majesty's Servants wou'd be in greater danger because it wou'd be an easier matter to destroy them near at hand than afar off That though the Queen-Mother and Monsieur were both of them to morrow in France perfectly satisfy'd by the King as to both their particulars and a Misunderstanding still continu'd between them it was certain that in three Months time they would be discontented and wou'd as certainly reunite in their discontents whereas if Monsieur was in the Kingdom and the Queen out of it it wou'd be difficult for them to maintain any great correspondence together In this Advice we find the Cardinal's Interest confounded with that of the King and Kingdom but we must do him the Justice to allow his Reasonings to be solid enough if we set down the word Cardinal all â—long where he makes mention of France or of the King The design of it manifestly tended to keep the Queen-Mother at least out of the Kingdom but as it wou'd have been too odious to publish to all the World that her Son wou'd never be reconciled to her The Council in appearance concluded the contrary but at the bottom 't was the same thing because they knew well enough that this Princess wou'd not stoop so low as to do what they resolved to demand of her It was therefore pretended That if the Queen-Mother wou'd convince all People that she had no hand in the Assassinates which some of her Servants had projected by delivering the Authors of these Pernicious Counsels to Justice the King wou'd give her leave to return into France put her in full possession of her Jointure and permit her to live in any of her Houses that were at a distance from the Court. As for what related to Monsieur the Cardinal observ'd That this Prince's Absence was at present Advantageous to His Majesty but that the longer he tarried among the Spaniards with whom he daily contracted a greater Friendship the more it was to be feared that he wou'd one day destroy in a moment what had been doing for several years with no little difficulty for the welfare of the State That however these ills were at a distance whereas the Mischief which he might occasion if he lived in France and was ill-affected to it as he certainly was wou'd be felt presently That if Monsieur came back into France upon those Conditions the King had offer'd him which as they were honourable to himself so they were not prejudicial to France his return wou'd be advantageous to the Kingdom but that there was a great deal to fear and but little to hope if he came back upon those Terms which Puilaurens had insisted upon the last Summer viz. the Government of Auvergne and Macon to be the Residence of Monsieur and his Houshold because that then this Prince wou'd be in a condition to give the Spaniards an entrance at any time into the Kingdom who wou'd be glad of such an opportunity That if matters were so they must lay aside all thoughts of attacking any of their Neighbours either to enlarge the Kingdom or to assist the Confederates of the Crown because it was always to be fear'd that the Spaniards wou'd make some Irruption on that side and that though they did not break in upon them yet they wou'd cause so many alarms there that their hands wou'd be effectually
interpose in this Affair because it was notorious to all the World that this Convocation was almost wholly composed of Court-Bishops who to advance their own Fortunes were ready to say every thing the King and his Minister wou'd have them and that if it was the King's Pleasure nay if one of his Ministers was of a different Opinion they wou'd find no Difficulty to frame another Declaration directly opposite to the former Lest the Spaniards might obtain of the Pope a Declaration contrary to that of the Clergy of France or lest his Holiness might express his Dislike of it †The 12th of October the King sent the Bishop of Montpelier to Rome to instruct him for what Reasons they had declared the Marriage of his Brother to be null But he was expresly ordered not to let fall the least Word by which it might be gather'd that the King had sent him thither as having any occasion for the Papal Authority to support his Right or as if the Nullity of Monsieur's Marriage was doubtful He was only commanded to inform the Pope what dangerous consequences an Alliance with the House of Lorrain might derive upon the Crown and to represent to him the several just Reasons his Majesty had to complain of the Princes of that Family The Queen-Mother had sent the Viscount Fabbroni * In May. Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 272. some months before to Rome to be her Resident at that Court and endeavour to perswade the Pope to employ his Interest to reconcile her to the King since she cou'd not prevail upon the Cardinal who was resolved to let her die out of the Kingdom †The 25th of May. Siri ibid. At the same time she writ to the Pope to prevent the two Crowns from coming to an open Rupture and to procure a general Peace to Europe In another Letter which almost contains the same Things †The 1st of June Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. 4. Cap. 53. she nominated for her Resident not the Viscount but the Abbot Fabbroni her Almoner The Queen-Mother owns in this Letter that she had dispatched a Gentleman to the Emperour to incline him to a Peace perhaps out of this consideration That when it came to be concluded she might be comprehended in it and so might once more see France in spight of the Cardinal She had likewise sent to the King of Spain for the same Reason as it appear'd by another of her Letters to * See it in Aubery's Life of the Cardinal lib. 4. ◠5 Mazarine Nuncio extraordinary in France As the Cardinal was the chief man that had voted for declaring a War against Spain to render himself more necessary to the King than he wou'd have been in time of Peace she thought it wou'd be no small Mortification to him to see her take the contrary Party which besides was more suitable for her self who was Mother to the King of France and to the Queen of Spain than that which this Minister had perswaded the King to take Some time after she writ a long †Dated the Last of Aug. Aubery ibid. Letter to the King which she address'd to Mazarine as not knowing how to have it brought any other way to his Majesty But she was mightily mistaken in her man for Mazarine was entirely devoted to the Minister without troubling himself whether this was conformable to his Character of Nuncio Thus he deliver'd it into the Cardinal's hands †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 33◠who cou'd have been content to suppress it but durst not do it because he understood that the Queen had sent other Copies of the Letter to be carried to the King The Expedient he made use of to hinder this Letter from producing any effect was to accuse the Queen-Mother for having endeavour'd to corrupt the Duke of Rohan in favour of the Spaniards by the means of one Clausel who was hanged for that reason The Contents of this Letter principally related to the War from which the Queen endeavour'd to disswade her Son by all manner of Arguments She told him among other Things That War is never just but when it is necessary and that the Justice and Necessity of it are only founded upon Preservation and Defence which are not lawful but when all other means are insufficient that War is an Evil which is not tolerated but to avoid a greater And what Evil continued she are you constrain'd to avoid and what Advantage can you expect equal to the Loss you expose your self to Hitherto you have been the Arbitrator of Peace and War but so soon as you quit the Quality of a Judge for that of a Party neither of the two will any longer depend upon you The Forces the Conduct and the Interests of your Enemies will be balanced with yours The disproportion between them not being extraordinary consequently the Success cannot be infallible and if they are uncertain how can you be assured that the ill which must of necessity happen to one of the two Parties will not fall upon yours She afterwards represented to him the Mischiefs which France might suffer by this War and told him that his Father had always recommended to her to keep the Kingdom in Peace with her Neighbours and that if ever she saw the King her Son ready to declare War against them She was to conjure him by his ashes and by his memory not to come to those Extremities or if he happen'd to be engaged in them she shou'd perswade him to bring a speedy remedy to them and listen to a Peace as being the properest means to preserve what he had left him having purchased it with his own blood and by the perils and fatigues of twenty years Mazarine to acquit himself outwardly of his Duty as Nuncio Extraordinary who was sent on purpose for the Peace desired the King to answer this Letter but the King refus'd to do it He alledg'd for the reason of his silence that if he answer'd a Letter so seditious so much inclining to the Spanish Interest and so full of pretended Affection while the Queen-Mother endeavour'd to corrupt the Duke of Rohan he shou'd be forced to lay before him the great Injury she did to France That she made a great Bustle about the Advice of the late King to maintain a Peace with Spain but that the design of it was to decry the present Government to render the Cardinal odious and to cause an Insurrection of the People That when the Queen-Mother wou'd carry her self truly like a Mother he wou'd honour her as such and that it was purely out of respect to her that he wou'd not answer her Letter but that the Nuncio might return her such an Answer as he shou'd think convenient All this while * Siri Ibid. p. 360. Monsieur continued firm in his Resolution not to agree to have his Marriage declared null All that they cou'd draw from him was That if the Pope
Majesty had sent to him The Duke of Orleans appear'd to be well enough pleas'd and told him He was ready to sign the Promise that was proposed to him but he would not wholly conclude it till he had Written to the Count de Soissons if it were onely for form sake He likewise desired that Du Fargis Coudrai-Montpensier and the Abbot of la Riviere who had lately been sent to Prison should be set at liberty This though it was not wholly refused yet they intimated to him that it would be much more proper to ask these Favours of the King after he had entirely adjusted all differences with him The Abbot of la Riviere indeed was soon after released from his Confinement because he promised to joyn with Goulas the Duke's Secretary who was of the Cardinal's Party to perswade Monsieur to doe what the Minister desired of him As for a place of Security they thought it by no means fitting to grant him one and unless they granted that the Duke was afraid they would not keep their words with him Some of his Domesticks put that into his head as also to stick firm to the Count de Soissons from whose Interests the Court endeavoured to disengage him As he was naturally inconstant and irresolute he sometimes seemed inclin'd to make his own Agreement by himself yet Writ at the same time to the Count who had invited him to Sedan that he design'd to come and joyn him But at last the Offers of the Court and the Advice of those about him that favour'd it determined him for some time to make his Reconciliation without the Count and to feign himself sick of the Gout that he might not go to Sedan In the mean time several of those persons who had been in the party of Puilaurens came to Blois and Monsieur's Court increased every day The Dukes of Vendome and Beaufort came thither in private to offer their Services to him and the D. of Beaufort engaged to conduct him securely where-ever he would be pleased to go The Cardinal fearing lest this Prince might be prevailed upon to alter his Mind by the suggestions of those that were about him advised His Majesty to dispatch Orders to all the Governours of the Provinces and Towns about Blois to have an eye upon all the Passes and stop him in case he attempted to go farther till they had fresh Instructions Troops were posted in several places for the same reason and people were set at Blois to look after all Monsieur 's Motions and send advice of all that happen'd year 1637 Ever since the beginning of this year the Court was informed by Chavigny and the Count de Guiche who were sent expresly to Blois that the Duke of Orleans continued to demand a place of Security such as Blaye Blavet or Nantes The Count de Soissons demanded the same for himself before he would return to Court and named Verdun or Stenay The Duke supported this demand of the Count whom he seem'd willing enough to abandon before and sent Chaudebonne to Paris to demand farther for himself and enlargement of all his Domesticks that after a General Peace they should pay all his Debts that for the present they should pay him down all those Sums they had promised him and allow him a Hundred thousand Crowns towards some Buildings he was then about that they should not question any of his servants or of the Count de Soissons that he might reside where he pleased and that they would assign him out of the Treasury a Pension for the Maintenance of Madam so soon as she should come into France The King and Cardinal looked upon these Pretensions of Monsieur to be extravagant especially what related to the Places of Security which they thought these Princes demanded for no other reason but to be in a condition upon the first occasion of Discontent they pretended to receive to introduce the Enemies of the Crown into the Bowels of France So they were rejected and the King enlarged the Chevalier de Grignan out of the Bastile who had a great Ascendant over Monsieur hoping that when he was near his Person he might counter-balance the Credit of those who perswaded him to demand a place of security They were perswaded at Court that Monsieur was so effectually led by the instigation of others that they did not question but that if those that were about him would advise him to put himself into the King's hands without making any Stipulations he would immediately come and do it About the middle of January they sent him word That His Majesty would grant him all the Securities he could desire but that he was willing to see an end of this Affair Upon this Monsieur dispatched F. Gondran his Confessor to Court with demands like those he had made before They discover'd plainly by this that he onely endeavour'd to gain time to make his escape to Sedan to which place the Count de Soissons sought all manner of ways to draw him and that perhaps they waited till the Spaniards and Imperialists were in a condition to act in their favour So the Cardinal advised the King to go to Orleans in Person with His Guards to put an end to this business but he thought in the best way to send before-hand to Sedan to the Count de Soissons a * See it in Aubery ' s Mem. Tom. 2. p. 17. Writing to Sign by which he should declare That if His Majesty gave him leave to reside at Monzon a small Town in Champagne he would live there like a dutiful Subject and that if the Duke of Orleans endeavoured to debauch him from the Obedience he owed the King he would not assist him in any manner The Count answered That he would leave that matter to the Duke of Orleans to act in it as he pleased but refused to sign the Writing by which he should engage himself to live in one of the worst Towns in the Kingdom 'T is probable the Cardinal made him the offer of that City purposely to make him refuse it that so he might not make his peace with the King so soon for he hated him as much as he despised the Duke of Orleans when he had no body to advise him The Minister who put the same Sentiments into the King's Head about both the Princes perswaded him upon the receipt of this Answer to employ his Authority to make an end speedily with Monsieur and to leave the Count for some time out of the Kingdom So the King's departure for Orleans was fixed on the 25th of January and he was to carry along with him the French and Swiss Regiments of Guards with Twelve hundred Horse After some Negotiations Monsieur obtain'd a promise of the King that he wou'd not pass beyond Orleans but upon the Cardinal's * The 31st of January Arrival thither the Duke was so terribly affrighted that all that he insisted upon amounted only to this that they wou'd not
cardinal-Cardinal-Duke gave out that he hoped a General Peace wou'd be soon concluded yet in order to it there was no prospect of a Treaty set a-foot and the Court of Rome whose Proceedings are always very slow did not leave its usual pace to perswade the Crowns to a Peace The Fancy which had possessed the Cardinal-Duke not to acknowledge Ferdinand III. for Emperour hinder'd them from entring into any Negotiation Therefore among several Orders that were sent to the Mareschal d' Estrees The 1st of Jâ—nuâ—ry Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 542. relating to the manner he was to treat of a Peace or a Cessation of Arms at Rome he was ordered to find out a way to acquaint the Emperour's Ambassadour without letting him know that this Advice came from him that if a Negotiation was begun the Crown of France wou'd own Ferdinand III. Above all the Ambassadour was so to manage Matters that the Ministers of the House of Austria shou'd by no means perceive that the King had the least desire either for a Peace or a Truce lest any Advantage shou'd be made of such a Confession They seem'd to be mightily displeased with Count Ludovico Ambassadour of Savoy at Rome for that having proposed a Cessation of Arms in Italy he shou'd affirm that he knew it from very good hands that France wou'd not oppose it The Dutchess of Savoy * Aubery's Life of the Card. Lib. 6. Cap. 17. Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 8. p. 574. had one Father Monod a Jesuit for her Confessor who had a great Ascendant over the Mind of that Princess He seem'd to be mighty zealous for the House of Savoy and had been so far considered by Victor Amadeo that he concerned himself as much in Affairs of State as he did in those that regarded the Conscience It came into this Man's Head whether of his own proper Motion or by the Orders of Madam of Savoy to procure the Queen-Mother's Return into France For this end he took a Journey to Paris where he contracted an Acquaintance with Father Claussin the Jesuit and as he was a Man of extraordinary Address he engaged him easily in this Design They looked upon the Queen-Mother's Return to be as good as impossible so long as the Cardinal-Duke continued in favour and therefore they concerted Matters together to ruin his Reputation with the King To effect this Father Caussin as has been already observed began to insinuate into his Majesty that he cou'd not with a good Conscience suffer his Mother to be any longer out of the Kingdom The Cardinal coming to know that it was by Father Monod's Instigation that Father Caussin had embarked in this Affair after he had caused the former to be turned away endeavoured to remove Father Monod from the Dutchess of Savoy under a pretence that he secretly favoured the Spaniards The Cardinal caused d' Emery the Ambassadour to tell Madam of Savoy as from his Majesty that having several just Occasions to suspect Father Monod he desired her to dismiss him from Court The Dutchess having no reason to part with her Confessor whatever Stories were told against him wou'd by no means give her Consent to it and endeavour'd to disabuse the Cardinal But the latter who never hated any man by halves press'd her to turn him away with more Obstinacy than ever as if it had been impossible for the King to live peaceably with his Sister and to protect her so long as she kept this Jesuit about her Person He was so incens'd against him that he cou'd not forbear talking of him to the Ambassadour of Savoy though this Subject had no relation to the Discourse then in hand †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 575. * As the latter was one day telling the Minister how zealous Madam of Savoy was for the Interests of the Crown and what care she took that the Spaniards might not be able to attempt any considerable Enterprize which carried the least probability of Success he afterwards added that if any thing had happen'd disadvantageous to the Crown as for instance the Taking of Ponzone it was through the fault of his Majesty's Ministers in Italy The Cardinal answer'd That the Negligence of the Mareschal de Crequi and d' Emery was not to be excused but that as long as the Dutchess kept Father Monod near her they must expect the like Disorders since the King distrusted him and consequently his Ministers cou'd speak of nothing to Her Royal Highness with any Confidence The Ambassadour replied That Father Monod's living at Turin had not hinder'd the King's Ministers from executing his Orders The Cardinal persisted That he told him nothing but the truth and that his Majesty cou'd communicate none of his Designs to Madam of Savoy for fear lest she should tell him of them again At last under a pretence that Father Monod favour'd Cardinal Maurice and Prince Thomas although the Dutchess had evident proofs of the contrary she was forc'd to give her consent to have him †About the End of the Year apprehended The Jesuit being inform'd of it endeavour'd to prevent this blow but was taken upon the Frontiers and put in Prison at Montmelian In the mean time the Spaniards and the Princes of Savoy sent word to the Dutchess that if she observed the Neutrality they wou'd not make the least Attempt upon Piedmont On the other hand France sollicited her to renew the Treaty of a League offensive and defensive made with Victor Amadco in 1635 and which was to expire in the Month of July 1638. Most People were of opinion that this Treaty was actually broke by the Death of the Duke who concluded it as well as that of the Duke of Mantua and by the Agreement which the Duke of Parma had lately made with Spain The Dutchess was willing enough to make a defensive League as the Treaty of Pignerol had been by which France was obliged to defend Piedmont in case it was invaded by the Spaniards Upon this several tedious Contests happen'd and all that the Dutchess said she cou'd consent to concerning the War they wou'd have her continue against the Spaniards came to this That she wou'd attack the Places that had been taken in Montferrat As for the rest the Council of Savoy was clearly of opinion that she ought to keep the Neutrality to preserve her own Country without disengaging her self however from France or making any new Treaty with other Princes But it was insisted upon in France that she should renew the Treaty of Rivoli without having any regard to the Welfare of her State or the Power of a Regent which does not go so far as to declare a War unless there be urgent necessity for it Although she represented all this by her Ambassadour yet it signified nothing and they daily talked of sending a considerable Army into Piedmont to attack the Milaneze and to defend Piedmont against the Designs of the Cardinal of Savoy and Prince Thomas It
purpose for him directly to oppose the Kings pleasure did not show the least resentment at that time and so held a Council but took care that nothing of importance should be there proposed But the day following he represented to the King the ill effects such an innovation as this might produce and the great injury he did his own reputation as well as that of the Council if it should be said that nothing of any consequence could be debated there unless such a young man as the Master of the Horse was one of the number This remonstrance of the Cardinal made so deep an impression upon the King that he did not permit Cinq-Mars to come into the Council Chamber any more From that time the secret hatred which the Master of the Horse bore the Cardinal broke out in public and those occasions of discontent which this Minister lately gave him wrought a greater force upon the mind of an ambitious young man than all the services he had formerly done him However the King labour'd to reconcile them and outwardly they seem'd to be as hearty friends as ever But soon after they fell out and the occasion arose from the Favourite's desiring the King to make him a Duke and a Peer that he might marry the Princess Mary of Mantua who would not accept of him but upon that condition Having open'd this affair to the Cardinal who he foolishly imagin'd would comply with his desires this Minister tax'd him with imprudence and presumption setting before his eyes what he had done to raise his Father and himself from the simple rank of Gentlemen to the present degree of honour they enjoy'd Cinq-Mars who was of no less haughty a Spirit than the Cardinal could not hear him talk thus but with the greatest indignation and began to cabal with all his power to ruine his Patron and Benefactor He engag'd in his Interests Francis de Thou Son to the famous James Augustin de Thou * Siri Mer T. 2. p. 567. He was a most accomplish'd man in respect of all those qualities that are requir'd in a Gentleman of the Long Robe and being either a relation or a friend to several of those that resented the effects of the Cardinals hatred besides that this Minister had hinder'd him from being made one of the Councellors of State after he had for some time consider'd of the matter at last espoused the party of the Master of the Horse and engaged the Dukes of Orleans and Bouillon to countenance his designs There was the greater probability of succeeding because rhe King had expressed himself to be particularly desirous of a Peace to put an end to all those calamities and disorders which the private interests of his Minister had stirr'd up in the Kingdom The King had likewise frown'd upon several of the Cardinals creatures whom he did indeed esteem and fear but did not really love at the bottom As for Cinq-Mars he was now perfectly in the Kings favour and this brought abundance of persons over to his party In the mean time the Cardinal strengthen'd himseif by an alliance with the House of Conde by marrying Claire-Clemence de Maille Breze daughter to the Mareschal de Breze to the Duke of Enguien 'T is reported that the Prince of Conde who had at first rejected this match when it came to be propos'd to him suffered himself to be gain'd partly by the great fortune which the Cardinal bestow'd upon his Niece and partly out of fear lest the Cardinal should ruine him if he persisted any longer to despise an alliance with him * Siri Mer. T. 1. lib. 2. p. 231. The Marriage was celebrated on the 7th of February and a magnificent Ball was kept upon this occasion at the Cardinals Palace This Ballet represented the prosperity of the Arms of France and the Decorations of the Halls were changed five times as well as the habits of the Actors The first represented the Earth embellished with Forrests and Harmony supported upon a Cloud with abundance of Birds singing The second discover'd the Alps cloathed with Snow with Italy upon a Mountain and at a great distance Arras and Casal The third shew'd the Sea environed with Rocks and cover'd with Ships and Gallies with three Sirens The fourth an open Sky from whence the Nine Muses descended and the fifth the Earth adorn'd with Flowers with Concord upon a gilded Chariot The Theatre being changed into a magnificent Hall the Queen attended by all the Court went to place herself at the upper end of it and the Duke of Enguien taking her out to dance the Ball began and ended with a stately Collation of Sweet-meats The Nuptials were afterwards celebrated on the 11th of the same month with that magnificence which the Cardinal affected to show upon such occasions During the divertisements of this * Ibid. p. 232. Marriage the Minister contriv'd to mortifie the Parliament of Paris which had presumed more than once to make some opposition to his demands Some weeks after the King assembled all the several Chambers and came thither accompanied by the Princes of the Blood several Dukes and Peers and many eminent Lords of the Court He there caused a Declaration to be read which prohibited the Parliament to concern themselves with any affairs of State and commanded them to receive his Edicts not to disapprove but confirm them The King farther declared that he intended to take the absolute power into his hands of disposing of all the Offices of Parliament and to reward with them such as pleased him and at the same time deposed the President Barillon and the Councellors Scarron Salo and some others that had been banisht before He likewise ordained that the Parliament every three months should give the Chancellor an account of what they did and every year take out a permission from his Majesty to continue in their respective functions By this the King absolutely destroyed the authority of the Parliament of Paris as if they had abused their power by opposing the arbitrary proceedings of the Cardinal This Prince it seems imagined that only himself and his Minister were interested in the preservation of the Kingdom and thought nothing was just but what this imperious Prelate pretended to be so Those that had the Courage to defend the Rights of Parliament urged in vain that the persons that composed it had never pretended to be their Kings Tutors nor to arrogate a power superior or equal to theirs nor to set up for Tribunes of the People as their enemies injuriously accused them They own'd themselves to be the Kings Subjects and to derive their power from his Authority but then they said that a Secret of Policy lay concealed in the exercise of their Offices which the Flatterers at Court were not acquainted with That the ancient Kings of France being sensible that a pure Monarchy where all the Laws depend upon the Will of one single person were but of a short continuance had wisely
deceive the Princes of Italy b. 306 365. Bassee taken by the French b. 295. And re-taken by the Spaniards b. 326. Bassompierre Francis of commands the Army of Campagne a. 36. Is made a Mareschal de Camp in the Army of Anjou Ib. 42. Made a Mareschal of France Ib. 67. His Embassy into Swisserland a. 162. His Embassy into England Ib. 195. Lieutenant General before Rochel a. 218. Of the Army of Susa Ib. 309. Refuses the Cardinal to secure the Swisses for him a. 356. Sent to the Bastile Ib. 373. Bearn The re-establishment of the Catholic Religion in that Country a. 50. Makes an insurrection and is reduced Ib. 55. Beaufort Duke of flies into England b. 352. Bellegarde Duke of sent to Anger 's to the Queen Mother a. 41. Ruins the affairs of that Princess by his delay Ib. 43. Comes back to Court to negotiate in the name of Monsieur a. 325. Belliévre Ambassadour of France in England b. 219. His Sentiments upon the Trial of the Duke de la Valette b. 225 Berule Peter of sent to Rome for the Marriage of Henrietta Maria a. 84. His Death a. 324. The Judgment the Cardinal pass'd upon it ibid. Biscay displeased at their Vsage from the Court of Madrid b. 355 Blainville sent to negotiate with the Queen-Mother a. 33 34 Ambassadour in England ibid. 162 c. Boizeaval Valet de Chambre to the King b. 218 Bologne the Country about destroy'd and ravag'd by Cantelmo b. 328 Bottero Prince of blocked up in Tarragon b. 303 Bouillon Mareschal of the Broils he was concerned in a. 5 6 8 12 13 Bouillon Duke of an Enemy to the Cardinal b. 309. Is reconciled to the King b. 323. Goes into Italy b. 340. Apprehended at Casal b. 345. Carried to Lions b. 346. Confesses b. 348. Loses the City of Sedan to save his Life b. 353 Bourdeaux Archbishop of Commands the French Fleet b. 168. Gains a Victory at Sea over the Spaniards b. 211. Chases their Fleet b. 300. Beats them before Tarragon b. 303. Is beaten and disgraced b. 304. Braganza Duke of made King of Portugal b. 261 Breme besieged and taken by Leganez b. 202 Breves Governour of the Duke of Anjou turned away a. 88 Brezé Marquis of made Mareschal of France b. 46. Commands the Army in the Low-Countries b. 147. The Mareschal de Brezé takes Sens b. 295. Is made Viceroy of Catalonia b. 306. Goes to Barcelona ibid. Brezé Marquis of attacks the Spanish Fleet b. 300 Brisac taken by the Duke of Weymar b. 208. Falls into the hands of France b. 249 Brulard See Puysieux Buckingham Duke of why he wou'd make a War upon France a. 210. Makes a Descent upon the Isle of Rhée a. 212. His Manifesto ib. 213. The Fault he committed ib. 215. Beaten out of the Island ib. 219. Kill'd at Plimouth a. 235 Buel Eugenius defends Arras b. 256 Bullion Ambassadour in Piedmont a. 197. Made Superintendant of the Finances b. 46. At his Death accuses the Cardinal with being the cause of the War b. 315 C. Caen the Citadel of that Town attack'd and taken a. 38 Campanella Thomas his Prediction that Gaston should never be King a. 292 Cantelmo d'André ravages the Country about Bologne b. 328 Capelle taken by the Spaniards b. 169. Retaken by the French b. 188 Caracciolo Mestre de Camp to the Spaniards beaten by the Duke of Savoy a. 117 Cardinal Infanta his Irruption into Picardy b. 169. Defeats Seven thousand Men belonging to the States b. 209. Raises the Siege of Gueldres ib. Tries in vain to relieve Arras b. 256. And to relieve Aire b. 293. Besieges it again b. 294. Dies b. 296 Carmail Count of sent to Prison b. 143 Casal vainly attack'd by Duke Gonzales de Cordova a. 295. By Spinola a. 343. Delivered a. 352 Casal receives a French Garrison that did not stir out of it b. 23 202 Castres a Hugonot City ill used by the Parliament of Toulouse a. 142 Catalonia rebels b. 258. Calls in the French b. 259 Yields it self up to France b. 299 Catelet taken by the Spaniards b. 169. Retaken by the French b. 209 Caussin a Jesuit Confessor to Lewis XIII in disgrace b. 196 c. Cengio taken by the Spaniards b. 224 Caesar de Gonzaga Duke of Guastalla pretends to the Dukedom of Mantua a. 225. Accommodates his Affairs b. 13 Chalais Henry de Tallerand Marquis of the History his Designs and of his Death a. 185 c. 189 S. Chamond Marquis of the King's Lieutenant in Provence b. 8 Chambers of Justice establish'd by the Cardinal a. 189. b. 11 28. For the trial of Cinq-mars b. 348 Chanteloube Father raises a Difference between the Queen-Mother and the Duke of Orleans b. 52. Injures the Queen's Affairs ibid. 56 76 c. 110 Charles I. King of England the ill Conduct of this King in relation to his Marriage a. 87 162. Begins to quarrel ibid. 165 210. And makes a Peace with France ibid. 312. Complains of France b. 361 Charles de Gonzaga Duke of Nevers comes to be Duke of Mantua a. 225. How he took possession of it ibid. c. 289. France favours him a. 293. The Spaniards and the Emperour endeavour to turn him out of it a. 294 297 300 305. Weakly assisted by France and the Venetians a. 297 299 301. Not able to support himself a. 304 343. Beaten out of his Dominions a. 343. Accommodates his Affairs b. 13. Dies b. 193 Charles Emanuel his Design upon Genoua a. 106. His Preparations for that end a. 110. Difference of Opinion between him and the Constable de Lesdeguieres about the attack of the Genouese ibid. 111. His Faults a. 112. Misunderstanding between him and the Constable ib. 118. A Fault he commits ib. 120. Projects against the Spaniards ibid. 130. Complains of the Treaty of Monzon ibid. 176. They endeavour to appease him ibid. 197. Enters into Montferrat a. 294 295 Charles Emanuel designs to amuse France a. 307. Is reconciled to her ib. 310. The Proposals he makes to the Cardinal a. 334. Escapes from Rivoli to Turin ibid. 336. Dies a. 345. His good and bad Qualities ib. Charles Emanuel Son to Victor Amadeo Duke of Savoy b. 224 Châteauneuf Ambassador at Venice and in the Valteline and in Switzerland a. 198. c. Made Keeper of the Seals 361. They are taken from him b. 58 Châtillon Count of made a Mareschal of France a. 66. Sent to command the Army in the Low-Countries b. 148. Takes Yvoix b. 188. Besieges St. Omers in vain ibid. 208. Is disgraced ibid. 209. Commands in Champaigne and observes the Motions of Piccolomini b. 240. Retakes Yvoix ibid. 241. Goes to besiege Arras b. 256. Commands the Army in Champaigne b. 316. Defeated by Lamboi b. 322 c. Chavigny the Conference he had with the Nuncio Scoti b. 237 Chevreuse Dutchess of beloved and ill used by the Cardinal a. 192 Christina of France Tutoress of the Children she had by Victor Amadeo b. 193 Christina the perplexity
Duke of Rohan b. 156 Ferrandine Duke of beaten by the Archbishop of Bourdeaux b. 300 303 Feuquiéres Marquis of attacks Thionville and is defeated by Piccolomini b. 239 240 Fleet Spanish beaten by the French b. 338 Frederic Henry Prince of Orange joyns the French Army b. 148. The Progress he made that Campagne b. 149 c. Does not agree with the French Generals Ib. 149 151. Will not hazard a Battel b. 150. Receives the Title of Highness b. 173. Takes Breda b. 189. Raises the Siege of Gueldre b. 209. Takes Gennep b. 294. Does a considerable Service to the Cardinal b. 368 Fontanet taken by the Duke of Savoy b. 163 Fontarabia besieg'd in vain by the French b. 210 Fontrailles his Negotiation in Spain b. 340 Force James Nompar de Caumon Marquis of Governour of Bearn a. 46. Defends Montauban ibid. 59. Is made Mareschal of France a. 65. Commands in Italy a. 344 c. Force Mareschal of in Lorrain b. 11. The difficulty he made of going against Monsieur b. 33. Goes into Lorrain ibid. 96. Into Germany b. 119 134 c. Into Lorrain b. 139 France The State of that Kingdom in 1627. a. 204 c. Franche-Comté attack'd by France b. 166 French submissive to the Arbitrary Authority of their Kings and Ministers a. 202 c. Francis Hyacinth Duke of Savoy b. 193 G. Gatas Matthias commands an Imperial Army in Germany b. 135. Takes Wormes ibid. 137. And Keyserslauter ibid. 139. Abandons the Siege of Deuxponts ibid. 140. Flies before the Duke of Weymar ibid. Afterwards pursues him b. 141. Ravages the Electorate of Triers and plunders Alsatia b. 145. Ravages Burgundy and retires ibid. 167 Gaston de Bourbon Duke of Anjou his Education a. 88. Is admitted into the Council ibid. 181. His endeavours in favour of the Mareschal d'Ornano ibid. 182 183 c. The mean Spirit of this Prince a. 184. Cabals against the Minister ibid. 185. Another instance of his mean Spirit a. 190. Marries Madamoiselle de Montpensier a. 192. Has a Daughter by her and loses her a. 211. Intriguing about his Second Marriage ibid. 212. His desire to command the Army of Rochelle a. 213 221. Falls passionately in love with Marie de Gonzaga a. 222. This Marriage is oppos'd a. 290 c. Goes for Dauphiné and returns to Paris a. 306 318. Retires to Joinville and from thence to Nancy a. 321. Complains highly of the Cardinal a. 322 c. Is reconciled and embroils himself a-fresh a. 365. Retires to Orleans a. 366. Goes out of the Kingdom ibid. 374. Complains to the Parliament of Paris 374 Gaston de Bourbon Duke of Orleans obliged to leave Nancy b. 25. Returns thither b. 27. Invades France in an hostile manner b. 32. The King issues out a Declaration against him b. 32 33. Intercedes in vain for the Duke of Montmorency b. 36 38. Makes his Peace b. 37. Complains that they had deceived him b. 51. Retires into the Low Countries b. 52. His Marriage with the Princess Margaret of Lorrain b. 66. The Queen-Mother and he do not agree b. 82. A Declaration concerning him b. 90. The Parliament perplexed about his Marriage b. 91. His Marriage judged valid by the Vniversity of Louvain b. 102. Makes a Treaty with the King of Spain b. 104. Refuses to accept any Arbitrators about his Marriage b. 106. Reconciles himself to the Queen-Mother b. 107. Treats with the King his Brother about his return b. 110. Comes into France b. 112. Will not hearken to the dissolution of his Marriage ibid. 112 113. The King puts out a Declaration in favour of him b. 114. His Civilities to the Spaniards b. 122. His Domesticks apprehended b. 124. Receives a new Council b. 126. Is made Generalissimo of the Army in Picardy b. 171. Combines with the Count de Soissons to ruine the Cardinal b. 174. Retires to Blois b. 176. What happened between the Court and him after this retreat ibid c. His reconciliation b. 181. Espouses the Party of the Master of the Horse b. 339. Confesses all they would have him b. 348 Gatta Charles of enters into Turin b. 271 Gave besieged and taken from the Genoueses a. 114 115 118 Genoua the Quarrels between the Duke of Savoy and that City a. 106. An Attempt made upon that City a. 110 c. 112 c. Relieved by the Spaniards a. 121. The Princes of Italy stickle for her a. 122. She takes Courage a. 124 127. And is wholly delivered from her fear a. 132 Gennep taken by the Hollanders b. 294 St. George Duke of mortally wounded under the Walls of Barcelona b. 298 St. Geran Mareschal of when raised to that Dignity a. 24 Gondi his Journey to the Low Countries and his Conversation with the Queen-Mother b. 108 c. Gregory XV Pope a. 55 Grisons abandoned by France a. 178 Grisons discontented at France a. 197 199 Grisons enter into a League with the House of Austria b. 189 190 Guiche Count of marries a Relation of the Cardinal b. 114. Beaten by the Spaniards b. 327. Comforted by the Cardinal b. 328 Guise Duke of the Broils he was concerned in under the Regency of Marie de Medicis a. 8 15. Makes War against the Rochellers a. 68. Being made Admiral of the Levant refuses to throw up that place to the Cardinal a. 362 Guise Duke of ill used and constrained to retire into Italy b. 8. Loses his Government of Provence b. 31. Is denied leave to come back into France b. 31 Guiton John of Mayor of Rochelle his Bravery a. 236. His remarkable Answers a. 250 Guebriant Count of commands part of the Troops of the Duke of Rohan b. 192. Is in the Duke of Weymar's Army b. 246. Commands it b. 255. Is made Mareschal of France b. 333. Defeats Lamboi b. 360. Takes several places in the Electorate of Cologne b. 361 Gustavus Adolphus enters Germany and makes an Alliance with France a. 344. Desires in vain to see the King of France b. 25. His Answer to a Proposal made him to confer with the Cardinal ibid. 25 Gustavus Adolphus slain b. 53 H. Hallier takes Carolet b. 209. Guards a Convoy to Arras b. 257 Halluyn Duke of raises the Siege of Leucate b. 186. Obtains a Mareschal's Staff b. 187 Harcourt Count of regains the Isles of St. Honorat and St. Margaret b. 186. Takes Quiers and beats the Spaniards b. 235. Returns to Carmagnole and beats Prince Thomas ibid. Raises the Siege of Casal b. 267. Besieges Turin b. 269. Takes it b. 273. Besieges Yvreé in vain b. 291. Takes several places ibid. 292. Regains what Cantelmo had taken in the Bolonnois b. 329 Hautefort Madam of loved by the King b. 251. Removed from Court b. 354 Hêdin attack'd and taken by the Marquis de la Milleraye b. 239 241 Henrietta Maria the Negotiations about her Marriage with the Prince of Wales a. 76 c. 86 Hugonots ill us'd in France a. 56. Make an Insurrection ibid. 57. War is made against them
La Mothe Houdancourt goes to command in Catalonia b. 300. What Progress he makes there b. 301. Blocks up Tarragon ib. c. Beats the Spaniards 302. Relieves Almenas b. 305. Is made a Mareschal of France b. 333. Beats D. Pedro d' Arragon and takes him Prisoner b. 334. Besieges Tortose in vain b. 336. And takes Monzon ib. Gives Battel to Leganez b. 357 c. Moyenvic taken from the Duke of Lorrain b. 12 N. Nancy surrendred to the King b. 74 Nari Bernardon sent by Urban VIII into France a. 102. His Negotiation about the Valteline ibid. Negropelisse put to the Sword a. 68 Nobility ruin'd under Lewis XIII a. 202 208 Norlingue a Battel lost near this City by the Swedes b. 118 Notables An Assembly of Notables at Fountainbleau a. 153. Another at Paris ib. 201 Novi taken by the Genoueses a. 114 O. Oleggio taken by the Mareschal de Crequi b. 162 Olivarez Count-Duke his ill Conduct 354 355. Disgraced 365 Orleans Duke of See Gaston Ornano Colonel Governour of Monsieur a. 89. Imprisoned and set at Liberty ib. 90. Made a Mareschal of France ib. 179. The cause of his disgrace ib. Imprisoned a. 181. His death at Bois de Vincennes ib. 193 Orval Count of defends Montauban a 59 Ossonville an over-sight of this Man b. 345 Ottagio The Spaniards and Genoueses defeated near that place a. 117 Oxenstiern Chancellour of Sweden comes to Paris b. 136 P. Papenheim beats the French in the Valteline a. 157 Parliament of Paris how far it concerned it self in the Government under the Regence of Mary de Medicis a. 8. Advises the King to make up matters with his Mother ib. 36. Is forced to enroll several Edicts ib. 64 Parliament of Paris refuses to enter a Declaration against Monsieur b. 1 2. Censur'd by the King ib. Refuses to confirm a Declaration for the setting up a Chamber of Justice b. 11. Mortified by the King b. 11 24 60 157 282 c. A Defence of the Rights of Parliament b. 283 284 Parma Edward Duke of enters into a League with France b. 152. Goes to Paris b. 160. Punished by the Spaniards for making a League against them ib. 161 164. Is reconciled to the Spaniards b. 184. Plundered of Castro by the Barbarians b. 306. Excommunicated b. 362. A League to defend him b. 363. Makes an Irruption into the Ecclesiastick State ibid. Passage taken by the French b. 210 Perez Michael defends Fontarabia b. 211. Perpignan besieged and taken by the French b. 335. Factions in the French Camp b. 342 Phaltsburg Princess of cunningly retires from Nancy b. 97 Philip IV. departs for Arragon b. 336. Deceived by false News b. 338 Philipsburg surprized by the Imperialists b. 133 Picardy over-run by the Spaniards b. 169 170 c. Piccolomini defeats Feuquieres b. 240. Attacks Monzon in vain ib. 241 Pignerol attacked and taken by the Cardinal a. 337 338 Pignerol the vast importance of this place in the Hands of France b. 16. A Stratagem to keep it by pretending to surrender it b. 18. Given up by agreement to the King of France b. 22 23 Du Plessis Besançon negotiates with the Catalonians b. 259. Beats the Spaniards near Barcelona b. 298 299 c. Du Plessis-Prâlain Governour of Turin b. 274 Plessis Alphonsus of Brother of the Cardinal is made Bishop of Luçon a. 2. Quits it to turn Carthusian ibid. 3. Archbishop of Lyons and Cardinal a. 330 Plessis Francis of Father to the Cardinal a. 2. His Children ibid. Plessis Armand John of his Birth and Education a. 2 3. Goes into Orders and is nominated to the Bishoprick of Luçon ibid. Sollicites his own Bulls himself and obtains them ib. 4. Betakes himself to preaching ib. And to the Mareschal d'Ancre ib. and 11. His Harangue before the States ib. 7. Is made Grand Almoner to the Queen ib. 11. Privy-Counsellor ib. Advises the Imprisonment of the Prince of Conde ib. 12. Made Secretary of State ib. 14. Obtains the Precedence before the other Secretaries ib. Disgraced after the death of the Marquiss d'Ancre ib. 16. Goes to Blois ib. 17. is ordered to retire into Anjou from whence he writes to the King ib. Banished to Avignon ib. 18. Writes Religious Treatises there ib. Is recalled ib. 22. His Conduct towards Marie de Medicis ib. 22 c. 29. The ill Counsel he gives that Princess ib. 41. Ruines her and yet by her means gets the King to demand a Cardinal's Cap for him ib. 44. The Enemies he had at Court ib. 47. Who secretly oppose his Promotion ib. 48. At last 't is asked heartily and then he obtains it 62 63 Plessis Armand John of Cardinal of Richlieu declared Privy-Counsellor a. 78. Receives the Ambassadours of England in his Bed a. 79. His opinion about the Marriage of Henrietta Maria ib. 83. The Discourses he had with Spada the Nuncio about it a. 84. And about the Valteline 95 102 103 134 136 140 148 150. With the Legate ib. 134 c. 149. His Discourse in the Assembly of Notables at Fontainbleau ib. 155 156. Thinks of making War against Spain a. 100. His Conversation with the Marquis de Mirabel ib. 100. Designs to destroy the Hugonots a. 167. Falsely accused to favour them ib. 171. Pretends to quit the Ministry a. 177. Endeavours to ruin the Mareschal d'Ornano ib. 179 c. Called The King of the King ib. 182. Feigns an inclination to retire a. 184. A Conspiracy against him ib. 185. Tricks the Messieurs de Vendôme a. 187. Obtains Guards for his security 195. Is made Admiral under another Name a. 209. His Government of Oleron and Broüage a. 213. Cheats the Hollanders and Spaniards a. 217. Sticks fast to the Blockade of Rochelle a. 219 221. Has the Title of Lieutenant-General ib. 220. What Orders he makes in the Army a. 239. Treats with the Rochellers ib. 241. Grants them such Capitulation as he pleases a. 248. Enters that City ib. 250 c. Plessis Armand John of superstitiously fond of Judicial Astrology a. 292. Advises the King to assist the Duke of Mantua and brings him over to it a. 302. Goes to Grenoble and from thence to Susa a. 307. Negotiates with the Prince of Piedmont ib. 308 310. Comes back into France and ruins the Hugonots to whom he gives a Peace at last a. 313 c. Reduces Montauban a. 316. Refuses to have any share in the Benefices of the Grand Prior a. 319. Will no longer depend upon the Queen-Mother a. 320. Ill received by that Princess a. 322. A Rupture between them a. 323 c. Declared Principal Minister of State a. 325. Lieutenant-General of the Army of Piedmont ib. 330. Departs for Dauphiné ib. Refuses to go to Pont de Beauvoisin to treat with the Prince of Piedmont a. 331. Treats with him near Susa a. 334. The Habits the Cardinal wore in Piedmont a. 336. His march to go to Rivoli ib. Goes to attack Pignerol and takes it a. 337 c. They try in vain to engage him
Savoy should suffer ten thousand Sacks of Corn and other Provisions to be yearly bought in Piedmont for the use of Casal without paying any Duty or Imposition III. That all the Goods they had possessed themselves of on all sides should be restored in the Condition they were in IV. That the Duke of Mantua should be put in possession of the Dukedoms of Mantua and of Montferrat immediately after the Conclusion of the Treaty excepting what Places were to be resigned to the Duke of Savoy who should have possession of them assoon as the Emperour's Investiture for the Duke of Mantua was received V. That the Baron Galas should begin to conduct back again in good order towards Germany the Imperial Troops out of the States of Mantua and of Montferrat VI. That the Troops which were in the Venetian Territories should return likewise VII That on the 8th of April they should begin to withdraw and continue so to do without delay and disorder till the whole Army was retired except the Garrisons of Mantua of Porto and of Canetto VIII That on the same day Thoiras and Servien should begin to cause the Troops of his Gallick Majesty to march out of Italy through Savoy without causing any Damage or Disturbance but that they should leave Garrisons at Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana the Ways however remaining free without any quartering of Soldiers IX That on the same day the Duke of Savoy should evacuate Montecalvo and the other Places which he possessed in Montferrat except those which were consigned to him by this Treaty so that on the 20th of April all the Places taken by the Arms of the Emperour the King of France and the Duke of Savoy in the Dutchy of Mantua the State of the Venetians Montferrat Piedmont and Savoy should be restored to their own respective Masters except Mantua Porto Canetto Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana and on the 8th of May at the farthest the whole Imperial Army should be actually in Germany X. That Galas should with all speed by an Express acquaint the Emperour with this Treaty which being received his Imperial Majesty should give the Duke of Mantua the Investiture of the two Dukedoms of Mantua and of Montferrat with all Territories belonging to them except those which were assigned to the Duke of Savoy and those that might appertain to the Duke of Guastalla and that this Investiture should be brought into Italy in a Fortnight after the Date of this Treaty XI That after this they should begin to demolish the Fortifications for the space of fifteen days and that in case it was not over by that time the Places notwithstanding should be surrender'd XII That the Fortnight being expired on the 23d of May the Baron Galas should draw off the Garrison of Mantua and on the same Day the Mareschal de Thoiras should restore to the Duke of Savoy Pignerol Briqueras Susa and Avilliana XIII That at the same time the Baron Galas should retire with all his Troops out of the States Forts and Passes which he kept in the Country of the Swisses and in the Valteline all which Places should remain in the free Disposal of the Grisons as before XIV That for a Security of the Restitution of the Places Hostages should be given on both sides in the time of the Fortnight granted for demolishing to wit on the Emperour's part the Colonels Chiesa Picolomini and Visleben and on the side of the French King the Marquis of Tabanes Nerestan and Aiguebone and that these Hostages should be consigned into the hands of his Holiness who should promise to keep them safely and oblige himself to restore them to that Party which had observed the Treaty and to deliver up to them those of the other side which had not kept it These are the principal Articles of the Treaty of Querasque for I don't mention those which are not material to this History But besides this Treaty which was publish'd there was a secret Article by which it was provided that for a greater Security than that of the Hostages the Cittadels of Susa and Avilliana should be put into the hands of the Swissers equally Friends to the King of France and to the Duke of Savoy and that they should take an Oath to restore them to the Duke of Savoy assoon as they were certain of the Evacuation of the Forts by the Grisons but in case this Restitution should not be made at the prefixed time they should put again these Places into the hands of the Mareschal de Thoiras or of any other whom the King would be pleased to appoint There were yet two other Treaties for the Duke of Savoy in one of which were * See it in Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 374. specified the Lands which the Duke of Savoy was to possess in Montferrat and the other †Signed the 30th of May Ibid. Pag. 383. was concerning the Restitution of Savoy and of the Places in Piedmont Some Difficulties arose afterwards in the Execution of the general Treaty but were accommodated ‡ The 19th of June Ibid. Pag. 387. some time after so that at last the Peace of Italy was concluded and the Treaty put in Execution in the Month of September at least in outward appearance The Swissers * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 7. Pag. 413. entred the Places remitted to them and the Pope received the Hostages who were kept under a strong Guard in the Cittadel of Ferrara The ' Emperour 's Investiture for the Duke of Nevers was remitted to the Bishop of Mantua and the Duke of Guastalla sent to the Emperour an Act by which he desisted from the opposition he had made against it The time specified in the last Treaty being at hand Savoy and Briqueras were restored to the Duke of Savoy and the Passes of the Valteline quitted by the Imperialists All the State of Mantua except Porto and Canetto was surrendred to the Duke of Mantua and the French withdrew from Piedmont from Montferrat and from Savoy while the Spaniards left the State of Venice of Mantua and of Montferrat On the 15th of September Susa and Avilliana were restored to the Duke of Savoy Porto and Canetto to the Duke of Mantua On the 23d the Germans departed out of Mantua and the French out of Pignerol at least it was thought so After which the Pope released the Hostages All things were seemingly in a perfect Peace when it appeared that on all sides they onely thought how to deceive one another Victor Amadeo had a long while ago design'd to make his Peace with France which had got already a considerable part of his State and Mazarine who was aware of it gave him to understand that if he desired to engage wholly this Crown in his Interest and to remove all Suspicions on his part he ought to give to His Majesty an assured Pledge of his Good Will such as Pignerol and that the King would not be wanting to Recompence him
complain of the †Siri Ibid. P. 582. Succours which the Infanta and the Ministers of the Catholick King had given Monsieur and at the same time to justifie those which France gave the King of Sweden against the House of Austria Soon after the News arrived of the death of Gustavus Adolphus who was slain on the 6th of November in the Battel of Lutzen where his Army got the Victory after he was kill'd From that time it was concluded in France That if they did not more vigorously Assist the Swedes in Germany the House of Austria would soon Triumph over their Party so several Persons were dispatched thither to support it and to engage the Protestants to favour it more than ever year 1633 On the first day of the year 1633 the King held a Council upon the Affairs of Germany where the Cardinal represented to them That the first thing they were to do was to raise a good Sum of Money at what price soever and to manage matters so that the War might continue in Germany and the Low-Countries and yet not declare formally against the House of Austria upon condition that those whom they furnished with Money shou'd neither make a Peace or Truce without the Consent of France That however in case they found they were not able to carry on the War then they must come to such an Accommodation as they cou'd obtain That they ought to consider whether the King was not obliged in point of Interest rather to break openly with the House of Austria and to joyn himself with the Protestants of Germany and the States-General of the Vnited-Provinces than to run the hazard of seeing a Truce concluded which wou'd put a stop to the War in which he was not Included That if a Peace were made in Germany and a Truce in the Low-Countries or one of these onely then France wou'd be left alone by it self to support a Defensive War which might be carried into the Bowels of it and in which the Party of Monsieur and of the Queen-Mother wou'd become as powerful as they were now contemptible That on the other side if they began the War all the World wou'd believe they did it voluntarily and of their own motion although they were really drawn into it by mere necessity That the zealous who are generally very indiscreet wou'd cry out That this War was design'd for the Destruction of the Catholick Religion that His Majesty therefore ought maturely to deliberate what Measures He was to take in this juncture before he engaged Himself too far The Cardinal continued his Discourse and observed That if they design'd to Unite with the Protestants of Germany and to declare for them they cou'd not do it but upon the following Conditions That they should maintain the Catholick Religion in those places where it was already setled that they should deliver up to the King all that they held on this side the Rhine the Principal Towns of the Palatinate with what they possessed in Alsatia and in the Bishoprick of Strasburg that they should help him to take Philipsburg and Brisac and that they should be obliged to enter into no Peace or Truce without the King's Consent that they must obtain a Promise of the States-General of the Vnited Provinces to preserve the Catholick Religion in those Conquests they shou'd happen to make that they must likewise in conjunction attack the Maritime Towns upon condition that whatever they took shou'd belong to the King that the Protestants shou'd demand nothing more of France than onely to break with the House of Austria either in Germany or Flanders or in Italy and to keep an Army in Alsatia ready to assist them in time of need that this being supposed the Advantages that wou'd arise from this War wou'd be very considerable and the danger but small since the King might extend the limits of His Dominions as far as the Rhine without drawing his Sword that having such considerable Pledges in his hands he wou'd be the Arbitrator of War and Peace neither of which cou'd be concluded without him that this Surrendry wou'd give him an open entrance into the Territories of Strasburg the Franche Comte the Dutchy of Luxemburg and that it wou'd bridle the Duke of Lorrain so effectually that he cou'd attempt nothing of any consequence that they shou'd run no manner of hazard since as they made War in Conjunction with the Germans and the Hollanders it wou'd be impossible for the House of Austria to carry it into France that they needed but a few more Troops to effect all this and that the Queen-Mother's Dowry and the Appanage of the Duke of Orleans wou'd bear the Expence that otherwise France wou'd find it self alone to deal with the House of Austria that in all probability a Peace might be concluded in Germany and a Truce in Holland by the Intervention of His Majesty which wou'd contribute mightily to the setling of a General Peace which perhaps wou'd be the effect onely of the Union between France and the Protestant-Princes of Germany After he had reason'd a long while upon these Heads the Cardinal concluded and the Council after him to set all Wheels a-going to continue the War in Germany and the Low-Countries against the House of Austria although the King was not to declare Himself openly and for this end it was resolved to send at the same time Ambassadours Extraordinary to the Emperour to all the Electors Catholick and Protestant and to the States of the Vnited Provinces to exhort the one to continue the War with vigour and to Promise them Assistance against their enemies while they assured the latter that they wou'd live in Peace with them This Resolution was accordingly put in execution and all endeavours were used to oblige the Generals Baudissen and Horn to deliver up into the hands of France all the Places which they possessed in the Electorates of Colen and Mentz and in Alsatia Above all they desired to have Mentz that they might more easily make themselves Masters of Strasburg and all the Country which lies on this side the Rhine By that means the King wou'd be in a capacity either to enlarge the Frontiers of his State or else wou'd have enough in his hands to make an Advantageous Treaty or lastly if he must sit down content with the bare Honour of the thing he might dispossess the Protestants of those Places which they had taken from the Catholicks and pretend that he had never any other Design and that this was the end of that Alliance which he had made with the late King of Sweden The Cardinal being arrived at Paris * Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. 7. p. 588. sent one day for †The 23d of Jan. Gondi the Resident of Florence and after he had entertain'd him about several other matters began at last to discourse about the Queen-Mother's Affairs He enquired of Gondi what he thought of the Queen-Mother's Design for so it was
and danger of being discover'd The Cardinal told the King in Council That Henry the 4th wou'd never have let slip such an occasion but that regard must be had to the time That the King was without Children and that Monsieur the Presumptive Heir of the Crown was in Flanders with the Queen-Mother That the King's Constitution was not strong enough to engage him in a War which wou'd exceedingly fatigue both his Body and Mind That upon this occasion the Court must of necessity be at a great distance from Paris That the King's Exchequer was exhausted That the zealous Catholicks wou'd exclaim more than ever that this War was carried on to favour the Hereticks That they wou'd be obliged at the same time to keep up Considerable Armies in Champagne and Italy because there was good reason to distrust the Dukes of Savoy and Lorrain That it was the Genius of the French Nation to be equally weary of War and Peace That if the King was once engaged in a War the Governours of the Provinces wou'd more easily declare for the Duke of Orleans That the least ill success as the loss of a Town or a Battel wou'd be enough to cause terrible Convulsions in the State That in case His Majesty happen'd to fall sick his Servants wou'd be lost to all intents and therefore though it was probable that some Advantages were to be got by a Rupture with Spain yet it wou'd be better to live in Peace and be content with assisting their Enemies that so they might not have them upon their hands That the Money which the Hollanders demanded to continue the War against the Spaniards was ready so that now nothing remain'd to doe but onely to take care to execute the Project they had propos'd which was that if the King wou'd send Six thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse before Dunkirk they wou'd send their Army and Fleet to Attack that place as also to take Graveline which they offered to deliver up to France That nevertheless great care was to be taken least these Troops should occasion an open Rupture and for that Reason it wou'd be better to send them by Sea than by Land The Baron de Charnace Ambassadour to the States-General offer'd them the Troops above-mention'd and the Continuation of a Million of Livres for a year The States made some difficulty at first to accept of these offers but not being able to adjust Affairs with the Spaniards they grew weary of so tedious and tiresome a Negotiation They gave certain Articles in Writing to which they demanded to have an Answer in Fifteen days and if this were not done they declared they wou'd hear no mention of a Truce Upon this the Agents of Spain desiring a longer time the States rather chose to receive two thirds of a Million in ready Money which Charnace offer'd them than to wait any longer for the uncertain Resolutions of the Spaniards Thus the Dutch Army took the Field and began the War afresh by the taking of Rimberg which Surrendred on the 4th of June In the mean time the Spaniards discover'd the Conspiracy that had been agitated by some of the Nobility in Flanders who kept a secret Correspondence with the French and by making Examples of some kept the rest in their Duty And now France properly speaking was neither in Peace nor Open War with the House of Austria and the Two Crowns were inclin'd to follow that side which carried the greatest Advantages with it All this while the Spaniards and French crossed one anothers Designs by turns as far as was possible But the Count-Duke who Govern'd Spain being nothing comparable in dexterity to the cardinal-Cardinal-Duke who was as it were the Soul of all the Counsels of France the Affairs of Spain went every day worse and worse To prevent a Communication between the States of the House of Austria the Duke of Rohan who had Resided at Venice ever since the Peace was concluded with the Huguenots had Orders sent him to repair to the Country of the Grisons in quality of the King's Ambassadour with those People and of Lieutenant-General of the Troops that were design'd to be raised there in order to secure himself of all the Passes of the Valteline The Spaniards immediately complained of this Infraction as well as of several others and made a Proposal to France to enter into a Negotiation to prevent the dangerous consequences which a Misunderstanding might produce The Cardinal openly declar'd to the Spanish Ambassadour That France desired to see a General Peace establish'd upon sure foundations and to preserve that which they had at present with Spain He added That the King was extreamly glad to hear that the Ambassadour had full Power to Treat but the Ambassadour Answer'd That he had no Commission to Propose any thing but upon the Foot of the Treaties of Querasque and Ratisbone The Nuncio's vainly Interpos'd to Accommodate the Differences between the Two Crowns and soon perceiv'd that all these General Discourses of a Peace and a Good Understanding which they pretended on both sides were onely so many Discourses in the Air which were purposely Trumped-up to gain Time till they saw what Resolutions were to be taken The Spaniards pretended that the French in case they design'd to observe the Treatics of Querasque and Ratisbone ought to deliver up Pignerol to abandon Casal and the Passes of the Valteline to draw their Garrisons out of Treves and other places which they held in that Archbishoprick to restore those which they had taken from the Duke of Lorrain and to meddle no more with the Affairs of the Empire To this the French Answer'd That they were ready to recall the Troops they had in Montferrat and in the Country of the Grisons so soon as they were secured that the Governour of Milan wou'd not think any more either of seizing Cazal or the Passes of the Valteline That as for Pignerol they had immediately put the Treaty of Querasque into execution and that if the Duke of Savoy had since sold it to the Crown of France they cou'd not see what exceptions cou'd fairly be made against it since the Spaniards were allow'd to buy Final and Monaco and several other places which depended neither upon the Kingdom of Naples nor the Dutchy of Milan That Pignerol was one of the Dependencies of Dauphine and that since it was now reunited to the Crown the King wou'd never suffer it to be dismembred from it That some of the places in Lorrain likewise were sold to the King and others by way of caution intrusted in his hands for a certain time That the Duke had been an enemy to himself by desâ—gning a mischief to France which cou'd not otherwise preserve her self from him That as for what respected Triers and some other places in that Arch-bishoprick if they had not fallen into His Majesty's hands they must of necessity have fallen into those of the Swedes and that it was much better
declared he might marry again in Conscience he wou'd do whatever the King desired of him probably because he knew the Court of Rome wou'd never consent to it He only expressed himself in this manner when he was at Court for when he was at home he did not speak a word not daring to open his mind to any of those that were about him whom he knew to be the Cardinal's Creatures He often appeared extreamly thoughtful and melancholy so that nothing cou'd divert him People remark'd another thing at Court which was That the Cardinal had so ordered Affairs that the Privy-Council met at his Palace at Ruel whither the King himself was used to come from S. Germain or Versailles It is true indeed he excused it upon the score of his Illness but as his Indisposition was not so great but he cou'd walk out in his Garden several persons were of opinion that he was afraid of being in a place where he was not the strongest If he went at any time to S. Germain it was at such times as no body cou'd tell whether he wou'd go thither or no as if he did it purposely to break any measures that might be taken against him But after all if the King was resolved to destroy him all these precautions were useless for he had found in a moment all the Court and Kingdom upon his hands The Princes of the Blood whom he treated so disrespectfully and the People whom he daily oppressed with new Imposts and Taxes equally hated him and nothing was capable to save him Thus this mighty Authority founded wholly upon the King's Weakness and a perpertual series of Acts of Violence was attended with no little Inquietude In the mean time the Cardinal being resolved to preserve his post by the same ways as he had hitherto used continued to act with the same heat against the Queen-Mother As soon as he knew that Abbot Fabbroni was at Rome in Quality of Resident from the Queen-Mother he complain'd of it to the Pope by the Count de Noailles who told him That the Queen-Mother not being a Soveraign but a Subject of the King had no right to keep a Resident at Rome and that she ought to have recourse to the Ambassadour of France The Pope answered that simple Bishops had their Agents there and that there were several Examples of the like nature But whether he sent to inform Fabbroni of it or whether the latter was afraid of having some Affront put upon him he retired immediately to Florence and thus eas'd the Cardinal of the trouble to get him removed from that place The Queen-Mother provoked to the highest degree to find her Design of keeping a Resident at Rome thus opposed writ a long * Dated Dec. 7. See Aubery l. 4. c. 54. Letter to the Pope wherein she described the Cardinal's Conduct in very severe terms She told him that this Minister who set the Ambassadour upon such an impertinent Harangue very foolishly urged that she was to make use of the King's Ambassadour a thing against common sense it being certain that these Ambassadours wou'd concern themselves in nothing she desired them to do without an express Order from the King That it was impossible for her to get any thing deliver'd to His Majesty since Cardinal Richlieu had deprived her of all means of acquainting him with her Circumstances by Letters or otherwise That the Ambassadours who absolutely depended upon the good Will of the Cardinal were obliged to act according to the Passions of this Minister to avoid the loss of their Lives their Estates and Honours That thus they treated with no other Dâ—â—â—gn but to foment the Divisions that were between the Christian Princes to carry Subjects to Rebellion against their Soveraigns and to set all Christendom in a Flame That they continually talked of a Peace without ever designing to effect it That they made no Scruple to overturn all Laws both Divine and Humane to fly directly in the face of the Apostolick Authority and to violate the Sacraments of the Church by their endeavouring to break off the Marriage of the Duke of Orleans That she desir'd the Pope to allow her the Favour to keep a Resident to give him an Account of all that she knew which might facilitate a General Peace That the Cardinal abundantly discovered his Hatred and Malice against her by seeking to rob her of an Honour which belonged to her That the King had no hand in these Violences and that he durst not open his mind to those that were about him who were all gained over to the Cardinal by Bribes or else aw'd out of their Duty by the fear of punishment That he attempted by his Threats to gain an Absolute power over his Holiness but that she cou'd assure the Pope that although the Cardinal was capable of all sorts of Wickedness yet he was of so fearful a Temper that he durst never undertake so horrible and so impious an Attempt as that was with which he had threaten'd him She means his design perhaps to make himself Patriarch of France That the Emperour and Catholick King had not condemn'd the Affection she express'd towards France nor disapproved of her Desires of a Peace but on the contrary had esteem'd her the more for it That the Cardinal wou'd rather consent to have all France embroil'd than suffer her to concern her self about a Peace In the whole course of this Letter she represents the King as more depending upon his Minister than the Minister upon him although she seems desirous to excuse the King all along However this Letter produced no effect since as it has been already said Fabbroni was forced to withdraw to Florence and the Efforts the Queen-Mother used to incline France to a Peace had no better Success This same Year the Cardinal gave several Mortifications to the Count de Soissons †Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 207. who having occasion to complain of the Marquiss de Seneterre was obliged to dissemble his Resentments in consideration of the Minister who gave the Countess of Soissons his Mother to understand that he had taken Seneterre into his protection The Count afterwards made the Cardinal a Visit which was a thing he had never done before because he cou'd not suffer this Prelate to take the Right-hand of him at his House according to the custom of Rome In the midst of these Disorders and Quarrels in the Royal Family which I have related together that I might not interrupt the series of Foreign Affairs the Cardinal employ'd his Majesty's Forces against the House of Austria with that unwearied Application and Vigour as if nothing else had taken up his Thoughts After several Proposals to no purpose concerning the means of accommodating the Differences of the Crowns by the way of Negotiation they began on both sides to make preparations for an open War * The 24th of January About the beginning of this Year Philipsburg was
joyn with the Forces of the Duke of Weimar Galas had besieged Kaiserslauter and blocked up Mentz and the Duke was not strong enough to raise the Siege or break the Blockade He was so much the more concerned to preserve that place because he had laid up there the most considerable part of the Booty which he had got since the Entrance of Gustavus into Germany For this reason he had put some of his best Troops into the Town and among the rest the Yellow Regiment of the late King of Sweden This Place made a very brave Resistance and this Regiment refusing to capitulate sustain'd several Assaults and perished upon the Breach But at last the Town was taken by force and all of them put to the Sword It cost the Imperialists very dear but the Duke of Weimar sustained an irrepairable Loss by it The Cardinal de la Valette joyn'd the Duke of Weimar after this This latter although he was a Lutheran The 27th of July gave him the Right-hand because he rather considered the great credit he was in with the Minister of Lewis XIII than his Dignity of Cardinal All the World wonder'd that the King who did not want Generals and kept a Mareschal in Prison wou'd have recourse to an Archbishop to command one of his Armies at so dangerous a Juncture for in short whatever Inclinations the Cardinal de la Valette had to the profession of War 't is certain that he came infinitely short of several Commanders whom his Majesty might have employ'd But it was one of the Minister's Maxims To employ Bishops and Abbots in things that had no relation to their Function whether he had a greater esteem for Ecclesiasticks than he had for the Laity or whether he thought they wou'd serve him with more punctuality In the mean time Galas had besieged Deuxponts which place he had brought to surrender the next day when he received Advice that the Cardinal de la Valette and the Duke of Weimar were marching towards him to relieve it Upon this News he drew off but notwithstanding all the haste the French made with the Duke of Weimar they cou'd not overtake him so as to give him Battel However they advanced by the side of Mentz and obliged 14000 Imperialists to raise the Siege of that City The 5th of August which the Enemy had reduced to such Extremities that they must have been forced to surrender in four or five days for want of Provisions A few days after Galas having re-united all the Imperial Forces that were about the Rhine into one Body he formed an Army of them consisting of 30000 Men and finding himself superiour in numbers to the Cardinal and the Duke obliged them to retire in their turn But it was impossible for them to subsist longer in the place where they were by reason that Francford had declared for the Emperour and Sicknesses having got into the Army had lessen'd it considerably Now the difficulty was how to make a safe Retreat before an Army much stronger than their own They made an account to march straight to Sarbruck and to St. Avaud where there was plenty of Provisions but Galas having cut off that way from them they must resolve to take that of the Mountains although un-peopled and without Refreshments and endeavour to reach Vaudervange where there was a French Garrison They took this Road labouring under all these Inconveniences without daring to make a Halt at any place either by reason of the great want of Victuals or out of fear of having Galas upon their hands this General following them very closely At last they arrived on the 26th of September at Vaudervange without any other loss than that of their Artillery which the bad Weather and the swiftness of their March obliged them to leave behind The same day they passed the Save and this Precaution was not unserviceable to them for Galas appeared on the other side four hours after He likewise passed it on the 28th and found that the French had abandoned their Baggage to retire under the Cannon of Metz. He advanc'd within a League and half of this City but finding the Enemy secure he conducted his Army back again into the Country of Luxemburg within some Leagues of that place He had fifteen thousand Foot eight thousand Horse and six thousand Croats The Cardinal and the Duke of Weimar had no more than eight thousand Foot and six thousand Horse In the mean time Charles Duke of Lorrain had attempted with a Body of Men under his Command to re-possess himself of his Dominions where some of his Subjects received him with great joy But as all the strong Places were in the King's hands it was impossible for him to make any progress by reason of the great Opposition he found from the Mareschal de la Force and the Duke of Angoulême And thus after some Incursions and a few Skirmishes he retired to joyn himself to Galas The King being informed of the Retreat of his Troops that were followed by the Imperial Army sent immediately to Oxenstiern to oblige him to make some Diversion in order to hinder all the Imperial Forces from falling into Lorrain But * Siri Mem. Rec. Tom. ◠p. 347. the Duke of Lunenburg the Landgrave of Hesse and all the other Allies of Sweden had made their Peace with the Emperour after the Example of the Elector of Saxony Banier was abandon'd by the Army so he was obliged to think of retiring with the Forces that remained towards Pomerania to treat afterwards with the Emperour and obtain the easiest Conditions he cou'd get of him Oxenstiern was thinking of nothing but how to return into Sweden when he received the News that Banier had got a signal Victory over the Saxons that pursued him Although this Advantage inspired Banier with fresh Courage and occasion'd him to stay in Pomerania yet he was not in a condition to make any considerable Diversion for the rest of that Campaign But the Marquiss de St. Chamond managed Affairs so dexterously that he hinder'd several Princes of Germany from declaring for the Emperour and others he prevail'd with to espouse the Swedish Party afresh He likewise obliged several Colonels who had left Banier for want of Pay to rejoyn themselves in Westphalia under Kniphausen Mareschal de Camp by giving them some money in hand and promising them a farther Supply General Arnheim gave his word not to take any Party without the consent of the King of France Thus if France did not obtain any great Matters by the Swedish Troops this Year yet she hinder'd them from wholly dispersing and put this Party in a posture to act with more Vigour the following Campaign The * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. P. 334. King had a Design to come in Person to his Army in July though he said that if he went thither he shou'd certainly fall sick But as the Army in Germany was not numerous enough to pass for
Lib. 3. towards the end a Musquet-ball hit him full in the breast and kill'd him on the spot He was exceedingly lamented by all people for his good Qualities and for the eminent Services he had done the Kingdom The Cardinal never loved him because the King had expressed an Inclination to make him his Favourite and after he had sent him into Italy made the King jealous of him because two of his Brothers had been in Monsieur's Army at the Battel of Castelnaudarry Nor was this all for he got his Governments and Pensions to be taken from him and gave the King such a Character of him as he pleased and the Mareschal had not the means to defend himself Fontanct surrendred soon after and the Mareschal de Crequi joyn'd the Duke of Savoy without any opposition because the Spaniards had entirely abandoned all the places about the Tesin thinking that the French had a Design to pass the Tanare and afterwards the Po. The Duke and the Mareschal continued together upon the Banks of the Tesin one on one side and the other on the other till the 20th of this Month in consulting whether they should send the Duke of Parma back again to his Country The latter knew not himself what Measures to take but at last for fear an Army of his Friends shou'd ruine him as well as that of his Enemies he resolved to part incognito and in that manner to get into his own Dukedom through the Territories of Genoa As he had no Experience in Military Affairs he hop'd at first that within a few Months and without any great Expence the Confederate Army would over-run all the Milaneze but having seen the quite contrary happen and his own state in Danger to become the Theatre of the War he wholly alter'd his Opinion and became fearful very unseasonably as he had formerly suffered himself to be led away with ill grounded expectations At last the Confederate Army marched on the two Banks of the Tesin to fortifie some Post there which they should judge most advantageous to command that River and to make a Bridge over it In their march they received Advice that the Marquiss de Leganez was coming towards them on that side where Crequi was so that the Duke of Savoy set his Men to work all Night upon a Bridge which was †The 23d of June ready by the next Morning that he might joyn the Mareschal The Spaniards had Fourteen Thousand Foot Four Thousand Horse and Four Canon They charged the French in the Morning who sustained the Shock till the Duke of Savoy had passed the River The Fight was so resolutely maintain'd on both sides that it lasted till Night the Victory being uncertain all the Day and the two Armies return'd several times to the Charge and wou'd not give way But the Spaniards retir'd in the Night and the Duke of Savoy and the Mareschal endeavoured in Vain to begin the Fight afresh the next Day All the Advantage they got was the Field of Battle and the number of the Dead and Wounded on their Side was somewhat less In the mean time the Duke of Rohan forced several Passes above the Lake of Como but when he was at Lech he sent word to the Duke of Savoy that he cou'd not advance further than Gravedonne because the ways were impracticable Thus he was obliged to return to the Valteline and the Duke of Savoy abandon'd the Tesin and * The 23d of July went back to Turin From that time the French Army began to diminish considerably by perpetual desertions and on the Contrary the new Levies of the Milaneze and of the Kingdom of Naples daily augmented that of the Spaniards The Duke of Parma was no sooner returned to his Dominions but he saw a considerable Body of Spanish Troops under Duke Martin of Arragon who ravaged and plundered the greatest part of them He then repented that he had not accepted the Forces that were offer'd him for the preservation of his Country which he was afraid of burthening too much by receiving them and he sent to demand them again with great earnestness But the Spaniards being at that time Masters of the Field it was not an easie matter to relieve him To compleat his Misfortunes the Pope published a Monitory against the Duke by which he cited him to Rome and commanded him to recall the Troops which he had in the Territories of any other State Besides this the Pope pretended to have Security in Writing that he wou'd obey him in the space of Thirty Days otherwise he threatned to excommunicate him and give his Lands to the first Possessor People were so much the more surprized at these rigorous Proceedings because at that time the Duke had Soldiers no where but at Rome and the Spaniards ravaged his Country at Pleasure and kept Placentia blocked up The World was not then acquainted with the Mystery that there was a secret Treaty between the Spaniards and the Barberini's who desired to make themselves Masters of this Prince's Dominions under any pretence whatever and to put D. Taddeo Barberini prefect of Rome in possession of them The King sent orders to the Mareschal d' Estrees to complain highly of the Pope's Proceedings and hinder'd him from pushing on this Design any longer in publick He likewise ordered the Mareschal de Crequi to succour the Duke of Parma with all Expedition but the Passes being all shut up as well through the State of Genoa as through the Milaneze partly by the Troops that were posted there and partly by the Rains and badness of the Weather the Mareschal was not able to execute this Order so that the best course the Duke of Parma cou'd now take was to make his Peace with the Spaniards who being satisfied to see him humbled did offer very reasonable Conditions of which the Pope and the Grand Duke of Tuscany were to be the Guarrantees But the Vexation to be so soon reduced to beg Pardon of the Crown of Spain and the great promises of France occasion'd this Prince not to listen to those that advised him to accommodate matters with Spain although he was blocked up in Placentia and 't was now discoursed to besiege that Place in the usual Forms Thus this Champaign ended in Italy not so advantageously for France as it had begun and their Victories were scarce able to preserve their Allies The King was resolv'd to succour those places which he still held in Alsatia to secure them against the Imperialists who endeavour'd to retake them and hop'd to reduce them in a short time by reason of the great distance of the French The Cardinal de la Valette who had served his Apprenticeship the Year before in Germany * The 2d of January Aubery 's Life of the Cardinal lib. 5. c. 24. Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 457. undertook this Expedition They gave him Three Thousand Horse and the same number of Foot all choice Men and with this Body
the Emperor employ'd against him could not act against her He had passed the winter with his Troops in the Mountain de Vauge and in the Franche-Conâ—â— where he had reduced abundance of small places which were not in a condition to make any resistance and where his Army fatigued and diminish'd one haâ—â— at lâ—â—st by the preceding Campaign reâ—râ—â—â—d and increasâ—d considerably Altho his Troops were but indifferently paid the great indulgence he showâ—d them and the frequent ravages they made gainâ—d him so â—â—fâ—â—tually the hearts of the Souldieâ—s that he â—ais'd what Recruits he had occasion for wiâ—â—â—â—â—â—reat 〈◊〉 â—â—y At this time his thoughts were châ—â—â—y employ'd in preserving oâ— Brisâ—c inâ—â—nding to crâ—â—t a Pâ—â—ncâ— paâ—â—ty with what he could conquer about that City for he began to 〈◊〉 weary of being as it were a bare General of the French and to depend upon the Câ—pâ—â—â—â—s of a haughty inconstant Minister from whâ—◠〈◊〉 could expect nothing but an everlasting Sâ—aveâ—â— fâ—r the Reward of his Serviceâ— After 〈…〉 the Cardinal â—â—nt him word 〈…〉 would be 〈◊〉 â—aâ—y for him to come to Pari◠〈…〉 the nâ—xt Campaign but the 〈…〉 was to engage to deliver up theâ—◠〈…〉 to the French As he exprest some difficulty of going thither they took care not to pay him the Arrears they had promised him altho he demanded them with great importunity However he kept to his resolution not to go to France but contented himself to send Colonel d' Erlach the Governor of Brisac thither who only talked of the designs of the ensuing Campaign and pretended that the great preparation that the Emperor made to regain Brisgow hindered the Duke from coming to Paris The Count de Guebriant having orders to feel his Pulse about Brisac the Duke bluntly answer'd him that to demand a chaste Woman's Virginity and a brave Man's Honour was the same thing Nevertheless the Cardinal extorted a promise from d' Erlach that if the Duke happen'd to dye he would resign Brisac to France and ordered him to acquaint that Prince that if he would quit it they would supply him with Men and Money to make himself Master of the Franche Comte and see him confirm'd in it by a Treaty of Peace But he was too wise to fall into such a snare as this and thought it much better to be in possession of Brisac and part of Alsatia than of the Franche Comte because it lay nearer to his friends in Germany and that he could more easily preserve this Principality even against France it self in case she should ever pretend to dispute it with him On the other hand the Cardinal who was sensible of the Duke's designs began to be afraid of him and knew not whether he should wish that he should make any new advances or be beaten by the Imperialists The report runs that he secretly treated of a Marriage with the Landgrave of Hesse's Daughter which would have put him at the head of twenty thousand men kept in constant pay by that House besides his own Troops and thus have made himself formidable to all Germany The Cardinal and he were taken up with these different thoughts when the Duke came from Burgundy to Suntgow to pass the Rhine at Newbourg and from thence to march to the Black Forrest Being arrived at Newbourg he there fell sick on the 4th of July and died on the 18th in the thirty sixth year of his Age. The Cardinal was suspected to have got him poison'd in order to make himself master of his Conquests and indeed people talk'd of indications strong enough * †See Sam Pusendors Rer. sacâ—iâ— l. 11. to prove that he was dispatched by poison But after all perhaps the only foundation to charge the Cardinal with this crime was because immediately after his Death France took possession of those places he had conquer'd The Duke of Weymar had order'd by his * See it in the Mem. of Aâ—bâ—râ— T. 2. p. 4â—9 Will that they should be consign'd into the hands of one of his Brothers who was willing to take possession of them and who to preserve them more easily would endeavour to gain the favour of the Crowns of France and Sweden and that in case none of his Brothers should think fit to take possession of them France should be preferr'd upon condition that the strong places should receive a garrison of part French and part Germans and that they should be restor'd to the Empire by a general Peace In regard of the Army he order'd that after his decease it should be commanded by Major General d' Erlach Collonel Olem Count Nassau and Collonel Roze and after them by other Collonels He gave several Legacies to the Officers of the Army and to his Domesticks amounting to the summ of three hundred thousand Crowns and gave his Charging Horse to the Count de Guebriant The Directors of the Army which were in a manner wholly composed of old Souldiers sent immediately into France to demand the protection of that Crown and endeavour to make some advantage for themselves in this conjuncture An Agent of Sueden then residing at Benfeld took pains to perswade the Army to joyn that of Banier by remonstrating to them that 't was what they ow'd to the memory of Gustavus Adolphus But the Money which the Count de Guebriant liberally distributed among the Officers made a greater impression upon them than all the discourses of the Suedish Minister 'T was unanimously agreed by them to compose a body apart by themselves nay some discoursed of putting the Elector Palatine in the room of the Duke of Weymar but this Prince coming from England was stopt in Frances through which he design'd to pass incognito The Cardinal having receiv'd advice that the Duke of Weymar was dead was not overmuch troubled at the news for he had long ago entertain'd a jealousy that this Prince rather designed to make his own fortune than either to aggrandize France or humble the House of Austria The first thing they took care of was to preserve his Army for the King and get possession of the places he had taken In pursuance of this * Aubery's Life of the Cardinal l. 6. c. 5. See his Instructions in T. 2. of the Mem. d' Aub. 421. dated the 27 of July Baron de Oisonville was immediately dispatch'd to the Count de Guebriant to bring him those Orders he was to follow upon this occasion He was commission'd to tell the Officers that they should not only have the same pay continued to them which they had under the Duke of Weymar but likewise considerable Pensions if they would take the Oaths of Fidelity to the King Above all he was particularly charged to remember Major General d' Erlach of the promise he had made in case the Duke happen'd to dye concerning Brisac and to offer him two hundred thousand Livres in ready money if he would surrender it to the King or if he was minded to continue
suspected of High Treason in order to turn them out of their places which he either took into his own hands or conferr'd upon those that promised to maintain him in his Tyranny That he had ruin'd the best Families in the Kingdom to raise his own and had reduced several good Houses to misery to inrich persons of no merit birth and fortune That he drained France of its Money to send it in specie to foreign Countries and fill'd the Kingdom with Money of a base allay That he had bought at too excessive rates both of the Swedes and others places which he was not able to keep as Philipsburg or must when a Peace comes surrender without reimbursement as Brisac and others That he had indiscreetly squander'd away the Finances in Italy to acquire himself friends whom he afterwards ruin'd and thus render'd the protection which his Majesty had given to the Dukes of Mantua Parma and Savoy contemptible and of no effect That he had made some attempts in Spain which only tended to the dishonour of France and gain'd some Conquests in the Low Countries which were a charge to the State and only proper to render the War everlasting That he had burthen'd the Kingdom with an infinite number of Officers and dryed up the ordinary sources of the Finances by selling or engaging the Demeans and Aids to so high a price that a man could not make up his Money again without committing a great deal of injustice That he had forced several Orders to elect him for their General as the Cistercians the Clarevallenses and the Praemonstratenses by imprisoning abundance of the Religious who would not give him their Votes That as for the other Orders he had engag'd them by a thousand artifices to elect Vicar Generals in France that they might have no more communication with Rome and that he might make himself Head of the Gallican Church for Spirituals as well as Temporals That the King had no Allies that could assist him as being all a charge to his Majesty and only able to make feeble diversions at the expence of France That those whom the Cardinal thought capable to oppose his arbritary proceeding had been delivered into the hands of the Executioner after they had been condemned by wicked corrupt Commissioners of his own nomination or rotted in Prison or were banish'd the Court That he with inhuman ingratitude had turn'd out the Queen Mother and treated all the Princes and Noblemen of the Kingdom in a most arrogant manner That he had violated or annihilated all the Laws and all the Ordinances of the Kingdom under the specious pretence of the absolute will and authority of the King That he had robbed the Provinces and communities of their ancient Franchises and vacated the contracts they had made with former Kings That he had grosly abused the Princes Dukes Peers Mareschals of France and other Officers of the Crown That he had caused several innocent Noblemen to be Condemned by Commissioners dependant upon himself and imprison'd them without any form of process That some Bishops had been judg'd contrary to the known Laws of the Land other Ecclesiasties depriv'd of their Benefices and all of them obliged besides the ordinary tenths to pay prodigious sums and more than one third of their revenue to maintain a company of Pyrates at Sea that were commanded by an Archbishop and by Land an Army of sacrilegious Ruffians that pillag'd Churches and were set on by a Cardinal That he had treated in a most extreme ill manner the two Archbishops Presidents of the last Assembly of the Clergy for representing to him the miserable condition of the Ecclesiastics of France who had given five millions and a half above the ordinary Tenths That several Noblemen had been severely fined forced to the Arriere-ban and deprived of their employments meerly because they were not of his Faction That the Presidents and Counsellors of the Soveraign Courts had been suspended turn'd out and imprison'd when they spoke for the real advantage of the King and People or opposed his innovations which tended to the disgrace and ruin of the Kingdom That several Officers of Justice and the Finances had been undone by researches and new regulations That the City of Paris after all the extraordinary Aids they had given his Majesty had been severely taxed like other Towns and that its Burghers had been taxed at discretion under the pretty name of Benevolences That all the rest that had been exempt from such burthens were to pay so long as Cardinal Richlieu continued in the Ministry That great imposts were laid upon merchandise and that they levied the twentieth penny upon the most necessary things belonging to humane life That the Country was desolated by Soldiers and the keepers of Salt which reduced the poor Peasants to the â—â—od and hard lâ—dgings of Bâ—asts or forced them to dye of Famine or to take Arms or to â—â—g that agriculture was stopt which infinitely incommoded in Ecclesiastics the Nobility and the Burghers These were the complaints brought against Cardinal Richlieu the greatest part of which were without question very wâ—ll grounded The mischief was that the world believâ—d that if thâ—se who â—â—â—surâ—d his conduct with so much reâ—son had been to take his place they would have 〈◊〉 the same violâ—â—ces and yet had 〈…〉 capable to carry it oft with a quarter of that â—â—od management which the â—â—â—dinal discoverâ—d Lest these discountâ—â—â—d Princes and Loâ—ds should be branded for being 〈◊〉 to thâ—e 〈◊〉 they said that they had 〈…〉 that the Emperour and King of Spain should lay down their Arms along with them so soon as they could coâ—oâ—ntly obâ—â—ing sure and honour 〈…〉 they believed 〈…〉 had power to break it as he had 〈…〉 of Ratisbone and 〈…〉 every one 〈…〉 joy what of right 〈…〉 to him 〈…〉 up Arms with no other 〈…〉 peace which the Cardinal 〈…〉 to deâ—iâ—e but did not so in 〈…〉 natural they should defend themselves 〈…〉 as they were able against the violent and 〈…〉 proceedings of the Minisâ—â—â— In 〈…〉 the three Eâ—tates of the Kingdom to 〈…〉 satisfaction for 〈…〉 had done them 〈…〉 such as 〈…〉 The Paâ—◠〈…〉 the Mareschal de Chatillon enter'd into the Principality of Sedan before the Enemies were in a condition to take the Field without doing any thing remarkable there But Lamboi having joyn'd these Princes at the beginning of July they marched together on the 5th of that month with eight thousand Foot and two thousand Horse to fight the Mareschal who had a thousand Horse and a thousand Foot more than they had * Siri Mer. T. 1. l. 2. p. 418. The Relation of the Battel of Sedan in the Mem. of Montresor p. 398. The Mareschal had positive Orders not to hazard a Battel and he only propos'd to himself to hinder them from passing the Meuse and entering the Kingdom according to the instructions he had received But the Enemies having passed the River within a quarter of a
ibid. Designs against them ibid. 63. Are in an ill condition ibid. Begin the War afresh ibid. 141. If in policy that person ought to have been let alone ibid. 142. A Treaty made with them ibid. 143. Laid asleep by the Cardinal a. 160. They obtain a Declaration in favour of them a. 169 170. They begin the War again a. 214 An Act of Oblivion granted to them ibid. 306. Attack'd and ruin'd in Vivarets a. 313. And in Sevines 314. They profess Obedience a. 315. Why they were not totally extirpated b. 317 J. James I. King of England His ill Conduct on the Marriage of his Son a. 87 163 Jars Chevalier of His Constancy upon the Scaffold b. 59 St. John de Angely besieged and taken a. 58 St. John de Lône besieged in vain by the Duke of Lorrain b. 167 St. John de Luz taken by the Spaniards b. 167 Imperialists formidable to France in the Year 1635 b. 137. An oversight they committed ibid. 138 Joseph Father a Capuchin What a sort of Man he was a. 105 349. Deceives the Mareschal d'Ornano ibid. 79. Goes to Ratisbonne a. 349. A Cardinal's Cap is demanded for him b. 160. His Death ibid. 223 Isles of St. Margaret and St. Honorat seized by the Spaniards b. 157. Regained b. 186 John IV. Elevated to the Crown of Portugal b. 261 K. Kaiserslauter taken notwithstanding the resistance of the Swedes b. 139 Kings whether it be advantageous for them and the People that they be absolute a. 202 L. Lamboi enters the Franche-Comté b. 167. Beats the Mareschal de Châtillon b. 322. Takes Dunchery b. 323 Lamboi endeavours in vain to relieve Arras b. 256. Attack'd in his Retrenchments and defeated by the Count de Guebriant b. 360 Landtgrave of Hesse Her Treaties with France b. 249 250 Landrecy taken by the French b. 187 Leganez Marquist of takes some places in Montferrat b. 185 226. Beaten by the Mareschal de Crequi ibid. 164. His Manifesto's b. 204. Besieges Casal b. 264. Raises the Siege ibid. 267. Endeavours in vain to relieve Turin b. 270 c. Call'd home from his Government of Milan b. 289. Commands in Catalonia b. 303. Gives Battel to la Mothe Houdancourt b. 357. Ends the Campagne b. 259. Is disgrac'd ibid. Lens taken by the French b. 295. Retaken by the Spaniards b. 326 Leon Bralart his Negotiation at Ratisbonne a. 349 Lesdeguieres Francis de Bonne Sieur de made a Duke and Peer a. 28. Created Mestre de Camp General of the King's Armies ibid. 55. Changes his Religion to be made Constable ibid. 66. Goes to Susa to confer with the Duke of Savoy a. 106 Goes to Turin with an Army to march against Genou a. 110. The Duke of Savoy and he differ in their Opinions ibid. 111. What Progress he makes a. 113 A misunderstanding between him and the Duke of Savoy ibid. 118 19. His Retreat in the sight of the Spanish Army ibid. 126. Falls sick and retires a. 127 128. His Death a. 195 Leucate besieged in vain by the Spaniards b. 186 League between France and Spain against England a. 225 League between France the Republick of Venice and the Duke of Savoy a. 94 League between France and the Duke of Savoy against the Genoueses a. 106 League in Italy 1635 between Savoy Mantua and Parma b. 152. The progress of that League 153 154 Longueville Duke of his Broils with the Court a. 12. Abandons Roan Ibid. 38. Writes a submissive Letter from Diepe ibid. 39 Longueville Dutchess of sent to Vincennes a. 319 Set at Liberty ibid. 320 Longueville Duke of and Son of the former in Piedmont b. 228. Commands the Duke of Weymar's Army in Germany b. 249. Joins Banier b. 255. Quits the Army ibid. Ordered to go and command in Italy 325 Lorrain seized by the King b. 115. Restored b. 286. Retaken b. 287 Lorrain Duke of draws a War upon himself by taking the part of Monsieur b. 10. Loses Moyenvic and several places ibid. 12. Is reconciled b. 24. Embroils himself afresh Ibid. 27. Makes his Peace ibid. 28. Breaks the Treaty afresh b. 65 66. Goes to Charmes and concludes a treaty there b. 73. Summoned to appear before the Parliament of Paris b. 86. Is treated with more gentleness b 91. Makes a pretended Donation of his Dukedom to his Brother ibid. 92. Beaten by the Swedes b. 97. Strives in vain to recover Lorrain b 141. Joyns Galas ibid. 142 Goes into Franche-Comté ibid. 167. Besieges St. John de Lône in vain ibid. 167. Is reconciled to the King b. 285. Would be divorced from his Wife b. 285. Joins himself to the House of Austria ibid. 287 Lorrain Dutchess of carried to Paris and the Vexation she there receives b. 114 And ill used by the Duke her Husband b. 285 c. Lorrain Nicholas-Francis Cardinal of endeavours to reconcile the King to his Brother b. 67 68. Offers to marry Combalet b. 69 Provokes the King b. 72. His Marriage with Combalet talked of afresh b. 74 81 82. Goes to Paris ibid. 81 Takes the Title of Duke ibid. 93. Marries his Cousin ibid. 95. Confined at Nancy ibid. 96 Makes his escape with his Wife 98 Loudun A Treaty concluded in that Village a. 9 Lewis XIII His Marriage the cause of Commotions a. 6. He reduces Normandy ibid. 37 c. Goes into Anjou ibid. 39. Is reconciled to his Mother ibid 44. Makes War against the Hugonots ibid. 49 c. Goes into Poitou ibid. 64. His jealousie and hatred of his Brother a. 190 191 212 30◠An ill Husband ibid. 194. Goes to the Army before Rochelle a. 218. Returns to Paris ibid. 229. Goes again to the Army before Rochelle a. 233. Demands Three Millions of the clergy a. 293. Chuses to go into Italy rather than give the Command of the Army to his Brother a. 306. Returns into France a. 311. And to Paris a. 315. Goes to Lyons and from thence into Savoy a 341. Falls sick at Lyons a. 355. Recovers and goes to Paris a. 356. Takes the Cardinal's part against his Mother ibid. 358 359 c. LEWIS XIII declares all those that were with his Brother guilty of High Treason b. 1. Issues out a Declaration against his Mother b. 4. Some Persons that calculated his Nativity punished b. 10. Goes into Lorrain b. 24. Returns thither ibid. 27. Goes the third time thither a. 67. Expresses some coldness towards the Cardinal b. 120. His harsh usage of his Mother b. 129. Goes into Champaigne and from thence into Lorrain b. 142. Returns to Paris b. 143. Declares War against Spain ibid. 148. Raises an Army to recover what the Spaniards had taken from him in Picardy b. 171. Weeps to see the Devastations in Picardy b. 173 Has some remorse for obliging his Mother to be so long out of the Kingdom b. 196. Vses her ill b. 222 c. Consults the Ministers about it b. 224. Orders the Duke de la Valette's Tryal against all Forms of Justice b. 225. Is in love with
that therefore she ought to hinder the French from making themselves Masters of the Strong Places that she might not bring these inconveniences upon her Self and that he was ready to come there where his Presence would be necessary to hinder the French from possessing themselves of all That the more she was interessed in the Preservation of the Princes her Children so much the greater hast she should make to take the necessary measures for such a Design and so much the rather because it was visible that this War was not carried on for the Grandeur of the King her Brother nor of his Kingdom but to preserve the Cardinal in his present Dignity Towards the end of this year the Cardinal perceiving that the King was extreamly Melancholy did all that he could to penetrate into the reason of it As the King was able to conceal nothing from him and all those that approached His Majesty were his own Creatures except the Confessor he came to know that he was troubled with remorse of Conscience for suffering the Queen his Mother to be out of the Kingdom so long after all the Submissions she had made him This Prince who had neither good nor bad inclinations of himself but as they were put into him by others was not capable of receiving such a Scruple as that all on the sudden and the Cardinal soon discover'd that the Confessor had possessed him with it * Siri Mem. Rec. T. 8. p. 573. This Jesuit had the vanity to imagine that he should make himself sole Master and be able to destroy the Minister in a short time against whom he had spoken several things as it were en passant This was a dangerous enterprise as well in respect of the implacable humour of the Cardinal if he did not succeed as of the King's weakness who told him again of every thing he heard However Father Caussin who had long deliberated upon the matter and waited a favourable opportunity to open himself frankly to the King against the Conduct of his Minister thought he had now found it and began to represent to him all his Miscarriages in the most violent Expressions he could think of He concluded that His Majesty ought to Discard him for Four principal Reasons The first was the Banishment of the Queen-Mother who was left in so great an Indigence that she wanted even the Necessaries of Life and this Reason seemed to make some impression upon the King The second was that the Cardinal usurped all the Royal Authority so that nothing remain'd to His Majesty but the bare Name of King and that the whole Nation had recourse to him as the supreme Disposer of all Favours The third was the Oppression of the People who were reduced to the last misery by the exorbitant Taxes The fourth was the Interest of Religion which the Cardinal-Duke designed to annihilate by supporting the Swedes and the Protestants of Germany who through his means were become more formidable than ever As soon as Father Caussin had done talking the King seemed to be moved by his Discourse which in reality contain'd nothing but notorious Truths and such as every one in the Kingdom to their cost were convinced of but only himself He appeared to be somewhat inclined to remove the Cardinal from the Ministry if his Confessor cou'd have named any one to him that was capable of succeeding him but that was a point he never thought of so unfit he was to manage an Affair of this consequence The King afterwards asked him whether he wou'd justifie before the Cardinal's face what he had then advanced against him This Question put the Jesuit to a stand however he recover'd himself and told him he wou'd make the Cardinal subscribe to the truth of it since he had said nothing but what all the World knew to be so The King replied that he shou'd see him then and appointed a day which was the 8th of December Father Caussin waited for this critical day but found himself under strange Anxieties especially when he reflected that there was no Dependance upon the King's Resolution and that he must expect terrible Things from the Minister's Indignation After he had considered with himself a long while what he was to do in this juncture he resolved to communicate the whole Affair to the Duke of Angoulême and to propose to him to fill the place of first Minister The Duke going to visit him at the House of St. Lewis he made this Proposal to him which made him more astonished at the Boldness of Father Caussin than desirous to accept the Station he offer'd him However pretending to be overcome by his Reasons he filled him with mighty hopes and promis'd to support him as far as he was able The Jesuit was now impatient till the day appointed came that he might in the Cardinal's presence make good the Accusations he had laid against him He expected to see the Cardinal fall into an outrageous Passion but was resolved to push the Business home whatever it cost him But scarce had the Duke of Angoulême parted from him but chusing the surest way he posted directly to Ruel to acquaint the Cardinal with what he had so lately learn'd Most People condemn'd this Fearfulness in him but the Duke excused himself upon this that not being able to repose any assurance upon the King's Constancy and seeing that this Affair cou'd not possibly succeed if the Cardinal came to have the least knowledge of it by any other way he wou'd never forgive him for that Confidence which Father Caussin had lodged in him The Cardinal thanked him for his Information and assured him he wou'd always remember this Kindness after which he went to St. Germains to discourse the King There he recounted to him all that had passed and proved the four Heads of the Accusation to be false by such sort of Reasonings as used to impose upon His Majesty's Understanding He remonstrated to him how dangerous it was to lend an Ear to such turbulent Spirits and concluded that the Father Confessor ought to be discarded As for himself he protested that he passionately desired to go to some place of Retirement and that he wou'd do it if it wou'd not be disadvantageous to His Majesty's Affairs The Confessor repaired to St. Germains on the day appointed and came into the Anti-Chamber as his usual custom was where he was inform'd that the King had shut himself up in his Closet with the Cardinal The Conference being very long was but a bad Omen for Father Caussin and when it was over De Noyers told him from the King that as for that day his Majesty wou'd not perform his Devotions and so he might return to Paris By this he understood that he was undone and the very same Evening an Exempt of the Guards seized his Papers and Person He was afterwards carried to Quimpercorentin in Britany where he lived in Confinement till the King's Death year 1638 Although the