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in_o question_n in_o loss_n of_o which_o no_o pardon_n of_o negligence_n can_v be_v admit_v and_o see_v there_o be_v two_o principal_a sense_n of_o advertisement_n the_o ear_n the_o one_o the_o other_o the_o eye_n the_o ear_n to_o hear_v all_o manner_n of_o sound_n the_o eye_n to_o discern_v all_o manner_n of_o colour_n and_o shape_n it_o have_v be_v the_o witty_a invention_n so_o ancient_a general_n to_o inform_v their_o army_n by_o the_o one_o and_o by_o the_o other_o by_o the_o eye_n when_o there_o be_v no_o use_n of_o the_o ear_n by_o the_o ear_n when_o the_o eye_n can_v not_o be_v inform_v the_o true_a observation_n and_o use_n of_o these_o sign_n avail_n much_o in_o war_n 5._o vegetius_n say_v that_o nothing_o profit_v more_o to_o victory_n then_o to_o obey_v the_o admonition_n of_o sign_n former_a experience_n have_v teach_v that_o the_o neglect_n or_o error_n of_o sign_n have_v bring_v in_o great_a inconvenience_n and_o quite_o overthrow_v the_o enterprise_n in_o hand_n â—_o 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in_o the_o 24_o chapter_n rehearse_v short_o the_o appellation_n or_o word_n of_o military_a discipline_n he_o place_v these_o form_n after_o induction_n and_o deduction_n i_o take_v it_o therefore_o that_o their_o proper_a place_n be_v after_o the_o 37_o chapter_n the_o rather_o because_o all_o the_o form_n of_o march_n from_o thenceforth_o handle_v be_v either_o square_n of_o the_o one_o kind_n or_o other_o or_o else_o spring_v out_o of_o these_o square_n i_o 1â—_n note_v before_o that_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o square_n one_o that_o have_v a_o long_a front_n than_o flank_n another_o that_o have_v a_o long_a flank_n than_o front_n the_o three_o that_o have_v the_o front_n and_o flank_v equal_a of_o the_o three_o aelian_n speak_v in_o the_o 42_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o and_o second_o in_o this_o chapter_n of_o these_o two_o therefore_o i_o will_v treat_v in_o order_n and_o first_o i_o will_v handle_v the_o name_n than_o the_o use_v last_o the_o manner_n how_o to_o 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one_o direct_o after_o another_o how_o they_o stand_v â—_o polybius_n show_v describe_v the_o same_o battle_n he_o say_v that_o scipio_n order_v the_o hastati_fw-la and_o their_o ensign_n first_o of_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o in_o front_n and_o give_v interual_n to_o their_o maniple_n behind_o they_o the_o principes_fw-la not_o against_o the_o interual_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la as_o the_o roman_a manner_n be_v but_o behind_o they_o in_o a_o right_a line_n because_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o enemy_n elephant_n and_o last_o the_o triarij_fw-la on_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n he_o range_v c._n lelius_n with_o the_o italian_a horse_n under_o he_o on_o the_o right_a massanissa_n and_o all_o the_o numidian_a horse_n which_o he_o command_v the_o interual_n of_o the_o first_o ensign_n that_o be_v of_o the_o hastati_fw-la he_o fill_v with_o the_o body_n of_o light_n arm_v command_v they_o first_o to_o undertake_v the_o fight_n and_o in_o case_n they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o 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antiochus_n have_v fortify_v the_o straits_n of_o thermopyle_n with_o a_o double_a wall_n and_o draw_v forth_o his_o army_n order_o for_o fight_v to_o make_v good_a the_o place_n against_o acilius_n acilius_n divide_v his_o troop_n into_o three_o part_n and_o give_v one_o part_n to_o cato_n toâ—laccus_fw-la â—laccus_z the_o one_o to_o make_v his_o passage_n on_o the_o one_o side_n of_o the_o hill_n the_o other_o on_o the_o other_o himself_o lead_v the_o ordinary_a way_n against_o antiochus_n and_o frame_v of_o his_o owneâ—_n part_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o manner_n of_o embattel_v alone_o say_v appian_n serve_v for_o straight_a way_n â—e_v push_v on_o and_o force_v his_o enemy_n to_o retire_v gain_v his_o campe._n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d here_o mention_v be_v no_o other_o than_o the_o hearse_n orthie-phalange_a which_o aelian_n have_v set_v down_o in_o this_o chapter_n namely_o have_v one_o maniple_n or_o if_o the_o straight_o permit_v not_o a_o maniple_n of_o 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direction_n do_v what_o you_o be_v command_v with_o silence_n keep_v your_o place_n every_o man_n follow_v your_o colour_n and_o in_o another_o place_n he_o write_v thus_o when_o your_o army_n go_v out_o to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n 63._o there_o ought_v to_o be_v a_o deep_a silence_n for_o that_o both_o preserve_v the_o army_n from_o disorder_n and_o also_o make_v the_o direction_n of_o the_o commander_n to_o be_v hear_v with_o more_o attention_n and_o again_o thus_o there_o aught_o to_o be_v as_o much_o silence_n as_o may_v be_v in_o the_o army_n and_o if_o 79._o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o any_o file_n hear_v but_o a_o whisper_n of_o their_o fellow_n in_o the_o file_n they_o be_v to_o prick_v the_o party_n with_o the_o point_n of_o their_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o redress_v the_o fault_n d._n alexander_n when_o he_o be_v return_v from_o the_o country_n of_o the_o taulantian_o into_o which_o he_o have_v make_v a_o inroad_n find_v his_o way_n beset_v with_o enemy_n and_o be_v to_o 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be_v choose_v and_o by_o all_o nation_n observe_v when_o the_o fight_n be_v present_o to_o be_v undergo_v i_o need_v not_o bring_v instance_n thereof_o every_o man_n know_v it_o that_o be_v although_o but_o mean_o acquaint_v with_o history_n it_o be_v term_v in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o latin_a clamour_n in_o english_a a_o shout_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n the_o which_o be_v perform_v silence_n be_v to_o be_v restore_v in_o as_o strict_a manner_n a_o before_o and_o thus_o much_o of_o silence_n now_o follow_v the_o word_n of_o direction_n in_o aelians_n last_o chapter_n of_o the_o word_n of_o direction_n chap._n liiii_o thus_o then_o be_v we_o to_o command_v 1_o to_o your_o arm_n 2_o carriage_n away_o from_o the_o battle_n 3_o be_v silent_a and_o mark_v your_o direction_n 4_o take_v up_o your_o arm_n 5_o separate_a yourselves_o 6_o advance_v your_o pike_n 7_o file_n yourselves_o 8_o rank_n yourselves_o 9_o look_v to_o your_o leader_n 10_o reare-commander_n strengthen_v your_o file_n 11_o keep_v your_o first_o distance_n 12_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o 13_o as_o you_o be_v 14_o face_n to_o the_o target_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o 15_o as_o you_o be_v 16_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n 17_o as_o you_o be_v 18_o double_v your_o depth_n 19_o to_o your_o first_o posture_n 20_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v 21_o to_o your_o first_o posture_n 22_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v 23_o to_o your_o first_o posture_n 24_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_v 25_o to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o precept_n of_o the_o art_n tactic_n have_v i_o deliver_v unto_o you_o most_o invincible_a caesar_n which_o i_o make_v no_o doubt_n will_v bring_v to_o the_o practice_n safety_n and_o victory_n over_o his_o enemy_n note_n these_o word_n of_o direction_n here_o set_v down_o be_v rather_o to_o show_v the_o manner_n of_o command_n then_o to_o express_v the_o just_a number_n of_o direction_n 88_o use_v in_o exercise_n yet_o do_v leo_n the_o emperor_n transcribe_v some_o of_o they_o albeit_o not_o all_o out_o of_o aelian_n and_o the_o last_o in_o leo_n have_v a_o mixture_n of_o two_o motion_n in_o one_o direction_n be_v deliver_v in_o these_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o be_v in_o latin_a translate_v by_o sir_n john_n check_v laconicum_n ad_fw-la hasta_fw-la 〈…〉_z trivolue_v and_o may_v be_v thus_o english_v wheel_n thrice_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n wherein_o there_o be_v both_o wheel_a and_o the_o lace_n emonian_n countermarch_v command_v at_o once_o a_o thing_n impossible_a to_o be_v perform_v for_o as_o in_o wheel_v the_o whole_a battle_n remain_v entire_a and_o move_v circlewise_o about_o the_o right_a ot_fw-mi left_a corner_n fileleader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n so_o in_o a_o countermarch_v lacedaemonian_a it_o be_v break_v and_o begin_v to_o move_v by_o several_a rank_n and_o continue_v the_o motion_n in_o a_o direct_a line_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o not_o in_o a_o circle_n but_o for_o the_o precept_n of_o aelian_n i_o purpose_v to_o explain_v only_o such_o as_o be_v use_v by_o the_o soldier_n and_o commander_n of_o our_o time_n and_o after_o take_v of_o arm_n i_o hold_v this_o to_o be_v the_o first_o at_o lest_o when_o we_o begin_v to_o move_v 6_o advance_v your_o pike_n pike_n in_o order_v of_o a_o battle_n must_v be_v first_o advance_v before_o any_o motion_n can_v be_v perform_v in_o as_o much_o as_o all_o other_o posture_n of_o the_o pike_n do_v hinder_v or_o else_o be_v unfit_a for_o transmutation_n and_o variety_n of_o change_n and_o from_o advane_v the_o rest_n of_o pike-posture_n do_v spring_n order_v of_o the_o pike_n be_v devise_v to_o ease_v the_o soldier_n stand_v still_o shoulder_v to_o ease_v he_o in_o match_v advance_v to_o give_v facility_n to_o the_o other_o posture_n and_o to_o finish_v they_o because_o they_o both_o begin_v and_o end_v in_o it_o 7_o &_o 8._o file_n and_o rank_n yourselves_o it_o be_v needless_a to_o note_v that_o no_o battle_n can_v be_v without_o file_v and_o rank_v this_o we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o captain_n be_v to_o see_v whether_o the_o soldier_n be_v file_v and_o rank_v but_o the_o action_n itself_o pertain_v to_o the_o soldier_n who_o know_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v every_o man_n to_o take_v their_o place_n according_o for_o so_o ought_v it_o to_o be_v in_o true_a discipline_n of_o war_n 9_o look_v to_o your_o leader_n the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o life_n and_o giver_n of_o form_n unto_o the_o file_n he_o be_v the_o life_n in_o that_o he_o move_v first_o and_o draw_v the_o rest_n unto_o the_o same_o motion_n he_o give_v the_o form_n unto_o it_o because_o it_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o right_a line_n his_o stand_n be_v the_o first_o point_n direct_v the_o rest_n to_o follow_v lineal_o one_o after_o another_o in_o this_o precept_n therefore_o look_v to_o your_o leader_n two_o thing_n be_v command_v one_o that_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n shall_v observe_v to_o move_v and_o stand_v still_o as_o he_o do_v the_o other_o that_o they_o shall_v maintain_v a_o straightness_n and_o rightnesse_n in_o length_n which_o be_v the_o form_n of_o the_o file_n 10_o reare-commander_n order_v your_o file_n 2d_o in_o the_o greek_a edition_n of_o aelian_n be_v read_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v file-leader_n but_o in_o a_o manuscript_n which_o i_o have_v see_v be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o bringer_n up_o or_o reare-commander_n and_o so_o be_v it_o read_v in_o leos_n tactic_n and_o i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v the_o true_a read_n 88_o this_o command_n rather_o appertain_v to_o the_o reare-commander_n then_o to_o the_o file-leader_n for_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o foremost_a of_o the_o file_n and_o bear_v his_o face_n out_o of_o the_o front_n how_o can_v he_o see_v whether_o the_o file_n that_o be_v behind_o he_o be_v in_o right_a order_n or_o not_o the_o bringer-up_a have_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o whole_a file_n as_o it_o stand_v out_o before_o he_o and_o therefore_o may_v easy_o discern_v if_o any_o man_n be_v in_o disorder_n and_o reform_v they_o that_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o disorder_n in_o which_o respect_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o he_o be_v fit_a for_o the_o command_n than_o the_o file-leader_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o i_o have_v translate_v the_o word_n of_o direction_n as_o before_o reare-commander_n order_n your_o file_n 11_o keep_v your_o first_o distance_n that_o be_v stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n for_o in_o that_o distance_n be_v the_o exercise_n first_o legunne_v it_o be_v a_o seemly_a thing_n to_o see_v a_o even_a proportion_n observe_v in_o the_o motion_n of_o
81._o a_o battle_n and_o to_o behold_v a_o direct_a space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o rank_n for_o that_o be_v the_o grace_n and_o beauty_n as_o i_o may_v term_v it_o of_o a_o phalange_n order_v for_o fight_n this_o proportion_n can_v be_v maintain_v without_o observe_v distance_n curious_o open_v order_n be_v six_o foot_n both_o in_o rank_n and_o file_n betwixt_o man_n and_o man_n every_o way_n if_o then_o any_o soldier_n in_o file_n gather_v up_o to_o his_o leader_n and_o stand_v at_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o his_o rank_n be_v thereby_o disturb_v and_o make_v uneven_a although_o the_o file_n continue_v straight_o contrariwise_o if_o he_o bear_v himself_o out_o of_o his_o place_n three_o foot_n towards_o either_o of_o his_o sideman_n by_o this_o mean_v he_o disorder_v his_o file_n and_o make_v it_o crooked_a this_o fault_n if_o it_o be_v commit_v by_o many_o a_o general_a disorder_n will_v follow_v in_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o aelian_n well_o advise_v to_o keep_v the_o first_o distance_n especial_o till_o you_o be_v command_v to_o the_o second_o or_o three_o distance_n which_o will_v often_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o four_o motion_n of_o which_o facing_n be_v the_o first_o and_o the_o word_n of_o motion_n direction_n in_o it_o be_v these_o as_o before_o in_o aelian_n 12_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n 25._o that_o be_v face_n to_o the_o tight_a hand_n for_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o bear_v in_o the_o right_a hand_n 14_o face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o pike-man_n in_o the_o macedonian_a army_n bear_v target_n on_o their_o left_a arm_n or_o on_o the_o left_a side_n so_o that_o face_n to_o the_o target_n be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n 16_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n that_o be_v face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n but_o where_o he_o add_v move_v a_o little_a further_o he_o signify_v that_o the_o direction_n be_v not_o full_o accomplish_v and_o he_o will_v have_v the_o soldier_n continue_v their_o motion_n till_o their_o face_n be_v full_o come_v about_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o then_o he_o will_v they_o to_o stand_v so_o because_o they_o have_v gain_v their_o place_n these_o face_n here_o express_v by_o aelian_n be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n other_o face_n of_o the_o part_n he_o have_v not_o set_v down_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v oftentimes_o of_o great_a use_n for_o say_v the_o enemy_n charge_v in_o front_n and_o rear_v your_o front_n must_v continue_v as_o it_o do_v but_o the_o word_n for_o the_o rear_n be_v phalange_n half_a file_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n if_o the_o enemy_n charge_v you_o on_o both_o flank_n then_o be_v the_o word_n of_o command_n phalange_n half_n rank_n face_n to_o the_o right_n halft_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o in_o front_n and_o one_o flank_n the_o front_n stand_v firm_a and_o the_o word_n for_o the_o flank_n that_o be_v charge_v be_v half_a rank_n of_o the_o 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file_n when_o they_o double_v the_o odd_a file_n and_o the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o manner_n be_v when_o half_o the_o body_n of_o file_n convey_v itself_o into_o the_o space_n oâ—_n the_o other_o half_n of_o the_o body_n be_v it_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n according_a to_o direction_n give_v so_o that_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n which_o be_v to_o move_v fall_v into_o the_o space_n next_o after_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o stand_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o move_v and_o the_o word_n be_v half_n the_o body_n double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o file_n be_v double_v by_o a_o countermarch_n as_o if_o the_o second_o file_n of_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o it_o be_v appoint_v countermarch_n and_o the_o leader_n of_o that_o file_n place_n himself_o behind_o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o the_o corner_n file_n to_o that_o hand_n to_o which_o the_o double_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n of_o even_a number_n behind_o those_o of_o odd_a number_n as_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o first_o the_o four_o behind_o the_o three_o the_o six_o behind_o the_o five_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o next_o word_n in_o aelian_n be_v double_a your_o length_n that_o be_v double_v your_o rank_n or_o front_n for_o as_o i_o before_o note_v the_o rank_n make_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n which_o likewise_o be_v many_o way_n do_v the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o rank_n of_o even_a appellation_n as_o the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o etc._n etc._n fall_v out_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a namely_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o 1._o 3._o 5._o 7._o etc._n etc._n which_o stand_v before_o they_o and_o place_n themselves_o even_o with_o they_o in_o rank_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o bringers-up_a their_o half_a file_n follow_v they_o by_o countermarch_n advance_v up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o fileleader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_o namely_o the_o nine_o rank_n in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o second_o the_o eight_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o three_o the_o seven_o in_o the_o four_o the_o six_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o five_o and_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o double_v your_o front_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n one_o half_a face_n to_o the_o right_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o divide_v themselves_o march_v out_o till_o they_o be_v pass_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o face_v to_o the_o front_n sleeve_n up_o and_o front_v with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o the_o word_n be_v rear_n halfe-file_n double_v your_o front_n by_o division_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n undivided_a face_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o be_v beyond_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o sleeve_n up_o and_o join_v in_o front_n with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n the_o word_n be_v reare-halfe-file_n enter_v double_a your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o all_o these_o motion_n of_o double_a rank_n or_o front_n the_o soldier_n be_v to_o return_v after_o