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that_o they_o write_v not_o as_o if_o they_o intend_v to_o instruct_v those_o who_o be_v ignorant_a and_o desirous_a to_o learn_v but_o as_o to_o those_o who_o be_v already_o proficient_n who_o understand_v the_o word_n and_o term_n of_o art_n and_o who_o know_v the_o practice_n of_o the_o grecian_a war_n as_o well_o as_o the_o author_n themselves_o all_o army_n and_o force_n be_v raise_v by_o a_o levy_n call_v ordinary_o in_o ancient_a time_n and_o still_o very_o proper_o a_o election_n and_o true_o i_o be_o sorry_a i_o shall_v so_o omission_n aelian_o omission_n soon_o have_v occasion_n to_o expostulate_v with_o aelian_a who_o have_v forget_v to_o tell_v we_o that_o of_o which_o he_o shall_v have_v give_v we_o a_o particular_a information_n and_o in_o the_o first_o place_n too_o that_o be_v how_o the_o levy_n of_o
be_v call_v tarentines_n and_o some_o have_v bow_n and_o arrow_n and_o be_v call_v scythae_n because_o the_o scythian_n delight_v much_o in_o the_o bow_n if_o you_o will_v compare_v the_o ancient_a grecian_a and_o the_o modern_a army_n use_v not_o half_a a_o age_n ago_o in_o the_o point_n of_o arm_n you_o will_v not_o find_v any_o considerable_a compare_v grecian_a and_o modern_a arm_n compare_v difference_n to_o the_o heavy_a arm_a grecian_a foot_n answer_v our_o pike-man_n when_o they_o be_v and_o still_o shall_v be_v arm_v with_o head-piece_n back_o and_o breast_n greeves_n and_o taslet_n except_o in_o this_o that_o we_o want_v target_n and_o walk_v not_o in_o brazen_a boot_n to_o the_o light_n arm_v or_o velite_n of_o the_o greek_n do_v answer_v our_o bowman_n or_o harquebusier_n when_o we_o have_v they_o and_o now_o our_o musquetier_n to_o the_o grecian_a cataphracti_fw-la on_o horseback_n correspond_v our_o gens_n d'arm_n or_o cuirassier_n arm_v with_o lance_n when_o they_o be_v in_o fashion_n and_o now_o with_o pistol_n and_o carabine_n to_o the_o light_a arm_a horseman_n call_v sagittarii_fw-la or_o scythe_n you_o may_v compare_v those_o who_o the_o french_a call_v still_o archer_n arm_v former_o even_o since_o gunpowder_n be_v find_v out_o with_o bow_n and_o arrow_n and_o half_a lance_n and_o now_o with_o pistol_n or_o carabine_n to_o the_o tarentines_n answer_v general_o our_o light_a horseman_n arm_v offensive_o now_o with_o hand-gun_n and_o sword_n and_o some_o of_o they_o defensive_o with_o back_o breast_n and_o head-piece_n but_o most_o without_o any_o of_o they_o chap._n iu._n of_o their_o great_a engine_n and_o machine_n of_o their_o train_n and_o exercise_v the_o ancient_n have_v their_o artillery_n as_o well_o as_o we_o have_v these_o be_v their_o ram_n balist_n and_o catapult_n they_o have_v also_o their_o vineae_fw-la plutei_fw-la moscoli_fw-la and_o other_o engine_n whereby_o they_o make_v their_o approach_n to_o the_o wall_n of_o besiege_a â—_z i_o think_v it_o strange_a that_o some_o attribute_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o move_a or_o ambulatory_a tower_n so_o much_o admire_v by_o antiquity_n to_o demetrius_n the_o son_n of_o antigonus_n for_o to_o i_o it_o be_v clear_a enough_o that_o his_o father_n master_n the_o great_a alexander_n have_v one_o of_o they_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o gaza_n which_o be_v render_v ineffectual_a by_o the_o deep_a sand_n through_o which_o it_o can_v not_o be_v bring_v so_o tower_n the_o ambulatory_a tower_n near_o the_o wall_n as_o be_v needful_a for_o the_o wheel_n on_o which_o it_o be_v to_o move_v sink_v down_o neither_o do_v i_o think_v that_o alexander_n himself_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o whether_o the_o trojan_a horse_n who_o belly_n be_v stuff_v with_o arm_a man_n may_v be_v such_o a_o machine_n as_o this_o or_o whether_o it_o have_v only_o its_o existency_n in_o the_o poet_n brain_n be_v no_o great_a matter_n but_o because_o the_o roman_n use_v all_o these_o warlike_a engine_n 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the_o rule_n of_o military_a law_n but_o i_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o justify_v my_o charge_n in_o this_o follow_a order_n first_o i_o question_v the_o number_n of_o his_o legionary_a foot_n which_o he_o make_v to_o be_v error_n first_o error_n six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o and_o all_o heavy_a arm_v mark_v that_o i_o read_v once_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o once_o more_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o two_o hundred_o and_o in_o that_o number_n be_v comprehend_v the_o velite_n but_o never_o of_o six_o thousand_o and_o one_o hun-hundred_n the_o truth_n be_v romulus_n make_v his_o legion_n three_o thousand_o after_o he_o it_o be_v augment_v and_o diminish_v according_a to_o the_o king_n senate_n or_o people_n pleasure_n or_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o state_n to_o 4000_o to_o 4200_o to_o 5000_o to_o 5200_o and_o sometime_o but_o very_a seldom_o to_o 6000_o or_o 6200_o as_o regiment_n be_v now_o make_v strong_a and_o weak_a in_o our_o modern_a levy_n according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n 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foot_n in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o dangerous_a war_n with_o their_o redoubt_a enemy_n hannibal_n but_o after_o that_o be_v end_v they_o be_v reduce_v to_o 4000_o till_o the_o macedonian_a war_n except_o that_o some_o of_o they_o be_v make_v 6200_o by_o scipio_n unless_o then_o once_o in_o africa_n and_o once_o in_o greece_n we_o never_o find_v a_o legion_n 6000_o strong_a but_o never_o at_o all_o to_o be_v 6100_o as_o vegetius_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v constant_o he_o will_v have_v do_v himself_o much_o right_n and_o his_o reader_n a_o great_a favour_n to_o have_v tell_v who_o levy_v these_o legion_n of_o 6100._o if_o it_o be_v so_o in_o his_o own_o time_n or_o yet_o in_o the_o decadency_n of_o both_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o militia_n that_o make_v nothing_o to_o his_o purpose_n it_o
to_o be_v these_o which_o follow_v in_o his_o observation_n of_o the_o advantage_n and_o disadvantage_n of_o both_o the_o phalanx_n be_v compose_v of_o sixteen_o rank_n and_o of_o one_o thousand_o twenty_o phalange_n first_o advantage_n of_o the_o phalange_n four_o file_n of_o lusty_a well_o arm_v man_n and_o at_o its_o close_a order_n or_o constipation_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v able_a to_o preserve_v its_o â—orce_n it_o bear_v down_o all_o before_o it_o for_o at_o that_o posture_n every_o combatant_n take_v up_o but_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o ground_n and_o suppose_v their_o pike_n but_o eighteen_o foot_n long_o whereas_o the_o sarissas_n be_v twenty_o one_o of_o length_n you_o may_v easy_o compute_v the_o point_n of_o the_o five_o rank_n or_o if_o you_o will_v of_o the_o six_o rank_n to_o extend_v three_o foot_n before_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v enough_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o gracian_a militia_n now_o though_o all_o the_o rank_n behind_o the_o six_o be_v useless_a as_o to_o the_o present_v their_o pike_n or_o wound_v a_o enemy_n yet_o by_o the_o weight_n and_o strength_n of_o their_o body_n they_o assist_v the_o impression_n of_o the_o first_o six_o rank_n help_v the_o charge_n to_o be_v more_o forcible_a and_o take_v away_o all_o possibility_n from_o those_o that_o be_v before_o they_o to_o turn_v their_o back_n upon_o the_o enemy_n but_o this_o phalange_n must_v have_v such_o a_o disadvantage_n its_o first_o disadvantage_n ground_n that_o it_o may_v open_v and_o close_o at_o pleasure_n and_o that_o ground_n must_v be_v plain_a and_o even_o without_o the_o encumbrance_n of_o wood_n tree_n bush_n hedge_n ditch_n enclosure_n rise_v hill_n and_o hollow_a ground_n for_o any_o of_o these_o be_v sufficient_a to_o disorder_v it_o in_o its_o part_n and_o that_o be_v once_o do_v a_o enemy_n with_o little_a or_o no_o danger_n may_v enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n of_o that_o great_a body_n when_o it_o be_v disjoin_v and_o swordman_n be_v once_o within_o the_o point_n of_o the_o pike_n the_o pike-man_n be_v a_o prey_n to_o they_o especial_o to_o the_o roman_a legionary_n who_o beside_o short_a sword_n carry_v likewise_o semispathâ—_n which_o i_o english_a dagger_n now_o say_v polybius_n such_o a_o champaign_n such_o a_o field_n as_o we_o have_v describe_v not_o be_v to_o be_v find_v every_o where_o the_o phalange_n must_v of_o necessity_n stay_v where_o it_o have_v meâ—_n with_o such_o a_o ground_n and_o march_v from_o it_o and_o accept_v of_o such_o as_o time_n place_n or_o occasion_n offer_v as_o all_o army_n must_v do_v if_o the_o first_o then_o have_v a_o enemy_n free_a liberty_n to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o country_n to_o besiege_v and_o force_v town_n and_o take_v all_o other_o manner_n of_o advantage_n if_o the_o second_o and_o that_o the_o field_n prove_v improper_a for_o the_o phalange_n than_o the_o enemy_n take_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o ground_n enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n and_o have_v so_o disarrayed_a it_o quick_o overthrow_v it_o next_o polybius_n grant_v that_o the_o phalange_n have_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o legion_n in_o this_o that_o three_o foot_n be_v advantage_n its_o second_o advantage_n allow_v between_o two_o legionary_n whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o interval_n and_o but_o half_a so_o much_o to_o two_o phalangites_n when_o they_o be_v both_o to_o fight_v it_o follow_v that_o every_o legionary_a have_v two_o phalangites_n in_o front_n of_o he_o and_o consequent_o twelve_o pike_n present_v to_o he_o for_o it_o be_v already_o grant_v that_o the_o point_n of_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o six_o rank_n may_v be_v extend_v before_o the_o first_o rank_n so_o by_o this_o account_n there_o be_v twelve_o man_n against_o one_o a_o advantage_n in_o nature_n irresistible_a but_o on_o the_o other_o part_n the_o phalangites_n can_v not_o fight_v in_o maniple_n â—ohorts_n or_o small_a body_n for_o be_v disadvantage_n its_o second_o disadvantage_n separate_v or_o divide_v they_o be_v quick_o break_v the_o legionary_n be_v so_o aâ—med_v and_o that_o they_o can_v fight_v any_o way_n either_o in_o a_o great_a or_o small_a body_n or_o man_n to_o man_n at_o any_o time_n or_o in_o any_o place_n let_v the_o encumbrance_n be_v what_o they_o will_n let_v we_o resume_v all_o this_o and_o say_v in_o one_o word_n polybius_n prefer_v the_o legion_n to_o the_o phalange_n because_o the_o essential_a propriety_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o fight_v close_o together_o and_o so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v so_o it_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v down_o the_o legion_n but_o sure_o it_o can_v but_o seldom_o keep_v in_o one_o entire_a body_n the_o legion_n by_o its_o order_n and_o constitution_n be_v apt_a to_o fight_v in_o small_a or_o little_a body_n and_o to_o divide_v according_a to_o opportunity_n and_o emergency_n can_v ready_o enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n of_o the_o phalange_n whether_o these_o be_v in_o the_o van_n rear_n or_o flank_n and_o overthrow_v it_o as_o often_o it_o do_v i_o shall_v presume_v to_o add_v two_o other_o advantage_n that_o i_o think_v the_o legion_n have_v of_o phalange_n a_o legion_n three_o advantage_n over_o the_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n which_o polybius_n have_v not_o mention_v the_o first_o the_o phalange_n fight_v all_o in_o one_o body_n the_o legion_n in_o three_o body_n successive_o one_o after_o another_o so_o that_o if_o the_o hasâ—aâ—â—_n charge_v brisk_o they_o may_v put_v the_o great_a body_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o some_o disorder_n and_o they_o retire_v the_o principes_fw-la find_v it_o in_o some_o discomposure_n may_v disorder_v it_o so_o that_o the_o triarii_n come_v fresh_a to_o the_o charge_n may_v have_v a_o very_a cheap_a market_n of_o it_o the_o second_o advantage_n which_o i_o conceive_v the_o legion_n have_v of_o the_o phalange_n advantage_n a_o legion_n four_o advantage_n be_v in_o its_o large_a front_n which_o i_o offer_v to_o make_v appear_v thus_o the_o great_a phalange_n consist_v of_o sixteen_o thousand_o three_o hundred_o eighty_o four_o heavy_a arm_v these_o marshal_v sixteen_o deep_a and_o so_o their_o front_n consist_v of_o one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o man_n to_o who_o you_o be_v to_o allow_v one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o foot_n for_o they_o to_o stand_v on_o when_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v they_o have_v no_o more_o but_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a allow_v between_o file_n and_o therefore_o for_o one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o file_n allow_v one_o thousand_o twenty_o three_o distance_n and_o for_o these_o fifteen_o hundred_o thirty_o four_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a add_v these_o the_o aggregate_v be_v two_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o fifty_o eight_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a thus_o much_o ground_n and_o no_o more_o do_v the_o phalange_n take_v up_o in_o its_o longitude_n when_o it_o be_v to_o fight_v the_o legion_n be_v compose_v of_o three_o body_n who_o be_v marshal_v one_o behind_o another_o the_o hastati_fw-la have_v the_o first_o batallion_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o ten_o maniple_n in_o every_o one_o of_o which_o be_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o man_n these_o be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a and_o so_o each_o maniple_n be_v twelve_o man_n in_o front_n for_o who_o allow_v twelve_o foot_n to_o stand_v on_o and_z as_o both_o polybius_n and_o vegetius_n do_v allow_v three_o foot_n between_o file_n twelve_o file_n have_v eleven_o distance_n and_o for_o they_o you_o must_v have_v thirty_o three_o foot_n add_v thirty_o three_o to_o twelve_o make_v forty_o five_o so_o much_o ground_n do_v every_o maniple_n possess_v in_o front_n â—n_o every_o batallion_n be_v ten_o maniple_n multiply_v then_o forty_o five_o by_o ten_o the_o product_n will_v be_v four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o you_o may_v remember_v that_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o demonstrate_v that_o these_o ten_o maniple_n have_v nine_o interval_n and_o every_o interval_n must_v have_v as_o much_o ground_n allow_v to_o it_o as_o the_o maniple_n that_o be_v forty_o five_o foot_n multiply_v forty_o five_o by_o nine_o the_o product_n be_v four_o hundred_o and_o five_o add_v four_o hundred_o and_o five_o to_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o the_o aggregate_v be_v eight_o hundred_o fifty_o five_o foot_n and_o so_o much_o ground_n do_v the_o hastâ—ati_fw-la of_o one_o legion_n possess_v in_o a_o consular_a army_n there_o be_v four_o legion_n than_o you_o be_v to_o multiply_v eight_o hundred_o fifty_o five_o by_o four_o and_o the_o product_n will_v prove_v to_o be_v three_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o and_o so_o much_o ground_n do_v the_o hastati_fw-la of_o a_o consular_a army_n take_v up_o in_o front_n now_o here_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v reckon_v to_o be_v but_o twelve_o hundred_o the_o legion_n according_a to_o polybius_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v but_o four_o thousand_o two_o