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arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o part_n of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o that_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n such_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o lightarmed_n within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o you_o bestow_v the_o lightarmed_n under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_v they_o in_o a_o embow_v form_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o
he_o take_v up_o 2_o cubit_n 3_o in_o constipation_n or_o shut_n one_o cubit_n densation_n then_o or_o close_v be_v when_o we_o draw_v wide_a distance_n close_o together_o and_o by_o sideman_n and_o follower_n that_o be_v both_o in_o length_n and_o depth_n gather_v up_o the_o body_n of_o the_o phalange_n so_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o soldier_n yet_o have_v liberty_n to_o move_v and_o turn_v about_o constipation_n or_o shut_v be_v when_o the_o phalange_n by_o sideman_n gather_v itself_o yet_o close_a together_o then_o in_o densation_n so_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n there_o be_v leave_v no_o declination_n or_o turn_v of_o face_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o use_n of_o close_v be_v when_o the_o general_n lead_v the_o phalange_n against_o the_o enemy_n of_o shut_v when_o he_o will_v have_v it_o stand_v fast_o and_o as_o it_o be_v lock_v up_o and_o ser_v to_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n see_v then_o there_o be_v 1024_o 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cubit_n which_o amount_v to_o six_o foot_n for_o a_o cubit_n contain_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a this_o 61._o distance_n be_v use_v in_o march_v or_o else_o in_o solemn_a pomp_n and_o show_n and_o the_o soldier_n have_v a_o pike_n of_o a._n 14_o cubit_n or_o 21_o long_a whereof_o one_o half_a lie_v forward_o on_o his_o shoulder_n and_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o it_o be_v requisite_a he_o shall_v have_v a_o reasonable_a large_a distance_n both_o in_o file_n and_o rank_n 54._o to_o the_o end_n that_o in_o turn_v this_o way_n or_o that_o cap._n 11._o the_o first_o distance_n ordinary_a 6_o foot_n in_o file_n asmuch_o in_o rank_n the_o rear_n the_o second_o distance_n call_v close_v &_o foot_n in_o file_n asmuch_o in_o rank_n the_o three_o distance_n call_v or_o ser_v &_o foot_n in_o file_n shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n in_o rank_n way_n or_o that_o way_n or_o move_v out_o of_o his_o place_n for_o no_o man_n in_o his_o march_v can_v always_o hold_v his_o rank_n he_o offend_v not_o 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out_o the_o fire_n and_o to_o preserve_v the_o engine_n the_o fight_n be_v hot_a and_o albeit_o the_o macedonian_n find_v mean_n to_o quench_v the_o fire_n yet_o have_v ephialtes_n the_o better_a in_o the_o fight_n who_o both_o himself_o kill_v many_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o the_o tower_n from_o the_o wall_n furnish_v with_o many_o catapelt_v annoy_v grievous_o the_o macedonian_n in_o so_o much_o that_o some_o fall_n in_o the_o place_n othersome_a forsake_v their_o ground_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o number_n of_o engine_n dart_n that_o fall_v thick_a among_o they_o alexander_n himself_o be_v reduce_v to_o extremity_n here_o the_o old_a soldier_n of_o the_o macedonian_n although_o otherwise_o free_v from_o such_o service_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o age_n have_v of_o a_o long_a time_n follow_v the_o war_n with_o king_n philip_n and_o gain_v many_o a_o battle_n be_v by_o this_o occasion_n toll_v out_o to_o succour_v and_o as_o they_o excel_v the_o young_a sort_n in_o greatness_n of_o spirit_n and_o military_a experience_n so_o meet_v with_o the_o runaway_n they_o bitter_o revile_v and_o taunt_v they_o for_o their_o cowardice_n then_o synaspisantes_n ser_v themselves_o close_a and_o join_v their_o target_n together_o they_o repress_v and_o hold_v the_o enemy_n short_a who_o now_o seem_v to_o have_v the_o victory_n in_o his_o hand_n final_o kill_v ephialtes_n and_o many_o other_o they_o drive_v the_o rest_n into_o the_o city_n a_o memorable_a service_n of_o the_o use_n of_o target_n and_o of_o the_o synaspisme_n of_o the_o macedonian_n which_o be_v not_o use_v but_o when_o they_o either_o give_v upon_o or_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o target_n so_o knit_v together_o serve_v for_o a_o wall_n as_o it_o be_v to_o the_o whole_a phalange_n and_o
by_o they_o the_o soldier_n be_v defend_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o his_o body_n cover_v even_o from_o the_o pierce_a of_o the_o sword_n synaspismos_n then_o or_o shut_v be_v that_o aistance_n in_o the_o phalange_n which_o bring_v the_o sonldiers_n target_n to_o touch_v one_o a_o other_o and_o be_v limit_v by_o aelian_n to_o a_o cubite_fw-la that_o be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a betwixt_o sideman_n and_o sideman_n in_o the_o front_n what_o distance_n the_o follower_n shall_v have_v aelian_n set_v not_o here_o doâ—ne_v in_o plain_a word_n but_o imply_v that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o 3_o foot_n still_o in_o that_o he_o say_v the_o phalange_n in_o constipation_n gather_v the_o sideman_n close_o then_o in_o densation_n but_o speak_v nothing_o of_o follower_n a._n polybius_n teach_v it_o more_o plain_o who_o give_v they_o three_o foot_n distance_n from_o the_o leader_n both_o according_a to_o the_o macedonian_a and_o roman_a discipline_n and_o that_o 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arm_n which_o reach_v from_o the_o elbow_n to_o the_o middle_a finger_n end_n and_o be_v as_o much_o as_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o front_n then_o there_o be_v 1024_o fileleader_n we_o most_o allot_v to_o each_o of_o they_o four_o cubit_n of_o ground_n to_o the_o thousand_o 4000_o cubit_n and_o to_o the_o odd_a twenty_o four_o 96_o cubit_n for_o four_o time_n twenty_o four_o make_v 96._o which_o together_o come_v to_o 4096_o cubit_n and_o to_o six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o forty_o four_o foot_n 5_o ten_o furlong_n and_o ninty_a six_o cubit_n where_o this_o space_n be_v square_v out_o by_o ten_o furlong_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o a_o furlong_n contain_v plâ—thro_n four_o hundred_o cubit_n and_o 4096_o be_v divide_v by_o 400_o the_o quotient_n be_v 10_o â—_o that_o be_v ten_o furlong_n and_o 96_o cubit_n as_o aelian_n say_v which_o measure_n of_o ground_n the_o phalange_n of_o arm_a take_v in_o open_a order_n of_o these_o furlong_n 89._o seven_o and_o a_o half_a go_v 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also_o use_v camp_n fare_n as_o namely_o lard_n &_o cheese_n for_o meat_n &_o water_n mingle_v with_o vinegar_n for_o drink_v in_o imitation_n of_o scipio_n aemilianus_n &_o of_o metellus_n &_o of_o trajan_n the_o author_n of_o his_o preferment_n &_o rise_n bestow_v reward_n upon_o many_o honour_n upon_o some_o to_o encourage_v they_o to_o bear_v such_o thing_n as_o seem_v harsh_a in_o his_o command_n and_o sure_o it_o be_v he_o next_o octavius_n that_o uphold_v military_a discipline_n decline_v now_o through_o the_o remissness_n of_o former_a emperor_n by_o order_v both_o the_o place_n of_o command_v &_o the_o pay_v never_o suffer_v any_o man_n to_o absent_v himself_o from_o the_o camp_n but_o upon_o just_a cause_n measure_v the_o worth_a of_o tribune_n not_o by_o favour_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o by_o their_o own_o desert_n exhort_v &_o exciting_a all_o the_o rest_n by_o example_n of_o his_o own_o virtue_n while_o he_o often_o march_v twenty_o mile_n on_o foot_n be_v full_o arm_v break_v down_o banquet_a house_n and_o gallery_n &_o vault_n for_o coolness_n &_o arbour_n wheresoever_o he_o find_v they_o in_o the_o camp_n &_o be_v see_v in_o a_o plain_a garment_n usual_o wear_v a_o baldric_n not_o garnish_v with_o gold_n button_n without_o gem_n scarce_o allow_v a_o ivory_n handle_v to_o his_o sword_n visit_v his_o sick_a soldier_n in_o their_o lodging_n himself_o choose_v out_o the_o ground_n to_o encamp_v in_o make_v no_o captain_n but_o a_o man_n of_o a_o strong_a body_n noâ—_n tribune_n but_o with_o a_o grow_a beard_n or_o of_o age_n that_o by_o prudence_n and_o year_n be_v able_a to_o sway_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o place_n nor_o suffer_v he_o to_o take_v aught_o from_o the_o soldier_n remove_v all_o delicacy_n and_o last_o reform_v their_o arm_n and_o baggage_n he_o have_v beside_o consideration_n of_o the_o age_n of_o soldier_n allow_v none_o young_a than_o be_v befit_v virtue_n nor_o elder_n than_o stand_v with_o the_o law_n of_o humanity_n to_o be_v conversant_a in_o the_o camp_n contrary_a to_o old_a custom_n and_o usage_n and_o give_v himself_o to_o have_v particular_a knowledge_n of_o they_o all_o and_o what_o their_o number_n be_v furthermore_o he_o be_v careful_a to_o understand_v the_o controversy_n betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n and_o search_v with_o great_a attentivenesse_n into_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o province_n to_o the_o end_n to_o supply_v what_o be_v want_v endeavour_v notwithstanding_o above_o all_o neither_o to_o buy_v nor_o feed_v aught_o that_o be_v not_o for_o use_v wherefore_o when_o he_o have_v fashion_v his_o soldier_n to_o his_o own_o example_n he_o pass_v over_o into_o britain_n where_o he_o correct_v many_o thing_n and_o be_v the_o first_o that_o draw_v a_o wall_n along_o by_o the_o space_n of_o eighty_o mile_n wherewith_o he_o divide_v the_o roman_n from_o the_o barbarous_a people_n hitherto_o spartian_a i_o have_v recite_v the_o history_n at_o large_a because_o i_o may_v represent_v the_o picture_n of_o a_o excellent_a general_n 4_o alexander_n the_o macedon_n manner_n that_o this_o book_n comprehend_v the_o macedonian_a discipline_n of_o arm_n i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o as_o particular_n offer_v themselves_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n let_v this_o suffice_v for_o a_o argument_n that_o aelian_n doubt_v not_o to_o affirm_v it_o to_o adrian_n a_o prince_n excellent_o learn_v in_o the_o greek_a language_n and_o as_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o skill_n he_o be_v able_a to_o discern_v so_o by_o his_o authority_n he_o will_v have_v censure_v so_o gross_a a_o escape_n if_o it_o have_v be_v otherwise_o than_o aelian_n report_v the_o content_n of_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o book_n the_o author_n that_o have_v write_v tactic_n of_o this_o book_n &_o of_o the_o profitt_a of_o the_o art_n chap._n 1._o the_o praeparation_n of_o warlike_a force_n and_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v arm_v chap._n 2._o the_o framinge_n of_o a_o phalange_n and_o definition_n of_o the_o art_n tactick_a chap._n 3._o what_o a_o file_n or_o decury_n be_v and_o of_o how_o many_o man_n it_o consist_v chap._n 4._o the_o order_n and_o part_n of_o a_o file_n or_o decury_n chap._n 5._o of_o join_v file_n chap._n 6._o of_o a_o phalange_n the_o length_n and_o depth_n thereof_o of_o rank_v and_o filinge_v the_o division_n of_o the_o phalange_n into_o wing_n the_o place_n of_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o of_o the_o horse_n chap._n 7._o the_o number_n of_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v &_o of_o the_o horse_n chap._n 8._o the_o name_n of_o the_o several_a part_n and_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o of_o the_o number_n under_o their_o command_v chap._n 9_o the_o precedence_n &_o dignity_n of_o place_n in_o the_o office_n of_o the_o phalange_n chap._n 10._o the_o distance_n to_o be_v observe_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n in_o open_v or_o shut_v the_o phalange_n chap._n 11._o the_o arm_n of_o the_o phalange_n chap_n 12._o the_o worth_n the_o fileleader_n and_o next_o follower_n shall_v be_v of_o chap._n 13._o of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n &_o the_o length_n of_o the_o soldier_n pike_n chap._n 14._o the_o place_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v &_o the_o number_n of_o every_o file_n of_o they_o chap._n 15._o the_o name_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v chap._n 16._o the_o use_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v chap._n 17._o the_o fashion_n of_o horse_n battle_n the_o rhombe_n the_o wedge_n &_o the_o square_n chap._n 18_o why_o rhombs_n be_v first_o bring_v into_o use_n &_o of_o the_o diverse_a form_n of_o they_o cha._n 19_o the_o place_n of_o horseman_n in_o the_o field_n &_o the_o number_n of_o the_o usual_a horsebattaile_n and_o the_o degree_n &_o name_n of_o the_o officer_n
or_o xeo_n to_o shave_v or_o polish_v as_o our_o joiner_n do_v and_o the_o lance_n be_v make_v of_o wood_n shave_v or_o polish_a be_v name_v xysta_n or_o xesta_n of_o the_o form_n as_o i_o say_v that_o be_v give_v they_o by_o shave_v and_o the_o lancier_n that_o bear_v these_o lance_n xestophoroi_n or_o xystophoroi_n and_o here_o i_o be_o once_o to_o note_v for_o all_o that_o we_o be_v not_o to_o press_v word_n according_a to_o the_o proper_a signification_n of_o their_o primitives_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v derive_v for_o consider_v there_o be_v more_o thing_n than_o name_n of_o thing_n as_o logician_n say_v the_o most_o copious_a language_n that_o be_v can_v give_v proper_a name_n to_o all_o hereof_o come_v the_o word_n of_o divers_a signification_n and_o howsoever_o name_n seem_v at_o first_o rough_a &_o strange_a use_n and_o custom_n make_v they_o smooth_a and_o give_v they_o passage_n as_o the_o coin_n of_o a_o prince_n be_v currant_n by_o the_o stamp_n he_o set_v upon_o the_o 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metabole_n for_o metabole_n be_v the_o conversion_n of_o every_o man_n face_n particular_o to_o the_o place_n which_o be_v behind_o his_o back_n and_o the_o same_o that_o metabole_n be_v in_o each_o several_a soldier_n the_o same_o be_v perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o the_o whole_a battle_n there_o be_v 4_o two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n the_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o the_o enemy_n metabole_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n be_v when_o the_o soldier_n turn_v his_o face_n twice_o towards_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o enemy_n when_o he_o turn_v twice_o towards_o the_o target_n note_n four_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v set_v down_o by_o aelian_a whereby_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o battle_n may_v be_v somewhat_o change_v turn_v of_o face_n countermarch_n wheel_v and_o double_v whereof_o the_o first_o may_v be_v use_v in_o 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thus_o to_o your_o pike_n turn_v your_o face_n that_o be_v we_o ought_v to_o set_v the_o particular_a before_o and_o then_o infer_v the_o general_a like_a reason_n be_v if_o you_o say_v turn_v about_o your_o face_n or_o countermarch_n for_o these_o be_v also_o general_a word_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v do_v well_o to_o set_v the_o particular_a before_o as_o to_o the_o pike_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o or_o to_o the_o target_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o likewise_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n not_o the_o countermarch_v lacedaemonian_a for_o if_o you_o place_v the_o word_n countermarch_v first_o some_o of_o the_o soldier_n will_v happy_o fall_v to_o one_o kind_n other_o to_o another_o kind_n of_o countermarch_v for_o which_o cause_n word_n of_o double_a sense_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o the_o special_a to_o be_v set_v before_o the_o general_a of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n liii_o but_o above_o all_o thing_n silence_n be_v to_o be_v command_v and_o that_o beed_o be_v give_v to_o direction_n as_o homer_n special_o signify_v in_o his_o description_n of_o the_o grecian_a and_o trojan_a fight_n the_o skilful_a cheeftaines_a press_v on_o guide_v with_o careful_a eye_n their_o arm_a troop_n who_o follow_v their_o leader_n silent_o you_o sure_o will_v have_v deem_v each_o one_o of_o all_o that_o mighty_a throng_n have_v be_v bereave_v of_o speech_n so_o bride_n lead_v he_o his_o heedful_a tongue_n fear_v the_o dread_a commander_n check_v and_o awful_a hest's_n among_o thus_o march_v the_o greek_n in_o silence_n breathe_v flame_n of_o high_a desire_n and_o fervent_a zeal_n to_o back_o their_o friend_n on_o foe_n to_o wreak_v their_o ire_n as_o for_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o barbarian_n he_o resemble_v it_o to_o bird_n say_v as_o shoal_n of_o foul_a goose_n crane_n and_o swan_n with_o neck_n far_o stretch_v out_o which_o in_o the_o slimy_a fen_n caïster_v wind_a stream_n about_o sheare_n here_o and_o there_o the_o liquid_a sky_n 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perfect_a knowledge_n of_o that_o which_o be_v ready_a and_o of_o most_o advantage_n to_o admit_v and_o receive_v it_o in_o true_a fight_n for_o it_o be_v great_a simplicity_n consider_v in_o matter_n of_o less_o importance_n man_n by_o curious_a inquiry_n reach_v to_o the_o exact_a find_v out_o of_o many_o thing_n herein_o not_o to_o ground_n upon_o perfect_a and_o sure_a experience_n before_o we_o come_v to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n troop_n may_v be_v enlarge_v or_o lessen_v as_o it_o shall_v seem_v convenient_a to_o he_o that_o have_v the_o command_n of_o chariot_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n xxii_o as_o for_o order_v chariot_n and_o elephant_n albeit_o they_o be_v wear_v out_o of_o use_n yet_o to_o make_v up_o the_o measure_n of_o this_o discourse_n i_o will_v remember_v their_o name_n as_o they_o be_v set_v down_o in_o ancient_a writer_n in_o the_o art_n of_o order_v chariot_n for_o the_o field_n they_o call_v two_o chariot_n a_o 1_o zygarchy_n 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reign_v in_o asia_n and_o in_o africa_n for_o the_o b._n european_n have_v count_v they_o fruitless_a and_o vain_a mockery_n and_o among_o they_o you_o shall_v hardly_o find_v any_o mention_n of_o chariot_n aelian_n touch_v they_o only_o because_o both_o they_o and_o elephant_n be_v in_o his_o time_n grow_v out_o of_o use_n wherefore_o i_o mean_v likewise_o to_o pass_v they_o over_o slight_o only_o direct_v the_o reader_n that_o be_v desirous_a to_o understand_v their_o manner_n of_o fight_n to_o place_n of_o history_n where_o they_o be_v mention_v and_o first_o see_v for_o their_o form_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 6._o 152._o d._n e._n &_o 156._o b._n c._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib._n 1._o 264_o a._n b._n liu._n decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 142._o a._n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 596._o quin._n curt._n lib._n 4._o 119_o &_o lib._n 8._o 371._o their_o violence_n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 593._o their_o place_n in_o the_o battle_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 6._o 168._o c._n d._n liu._n decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 142._o a._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 14._o 408._o remedy_n against_o they_o diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 592._o 593._o xenoph._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib._n 1._o 265._o liu._n decad_a 4._o 142._o quint._n curt._n lib._n 4._o 141._o plutarch_n in_o sylla_n i_o come_v to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o command_v of_o chariot_n 1_o a_o zygarchie_n the_o command_n of_o two_o chariot_n as_o it_o be_v a_o yoke_n of_o chariot_n 2_o a_o syzygy_n the_o command_n over_o two_o yoke_n as_o it_o be_v of_o chariot_n join_v together_o that_o be_v over_o 4_o chariot_n 3_o a_o episyzygy_n the_o command_n over_o four_o yoke_n of_o chariot_n that_o be_v over_o eight_o chariot_n 4_o a_o harmatarchie_n proper_o the_o command_n of_o chariot_n but_o use_v by_o aelian_n for_o the_o command_n of_o 16_o chariot_n 5_o a_o wing_n as_o foot_n so_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n have_v their_o wing_n of_o battle_n to_o the_o wing_n go_v 32_o chariot_n yet_o find_v i_o this_o order_n of_o imbattail_v chariot_n no_o where_o but_o in_o aelian_n he_o that_o will_v let_v he_o read_v the_o place_n that_o i_o have_v note_v before_o for_o the_o order_n of_o chariot_n notwithstanding_o i_o can_v not_o doubt_v that_o the_o name_n give_v here_o by_o aelian_n be_v take_v out_o of_o ancient_a writer_n 6_o a_o phalange_n it_o consist_v of_o 64_o chariot_n and_o we_o here_o see_v that_o chariot_n also_o have_v their_o phalanges_fw-la as_o well_o as_o foot_n and_o horse_n of_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o commander_n chap._n xxiii_o touch_v elephant_n he_o that_o be_v commander_n of_o one_o elephant_n be_v call_v 1_o zoarcha_n of_o two_o 2_o therarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o therarchy_n of_o four_o 3_o epitherarcha_n and_o the_o