hath upon occult Qualities as well as manifest ones and likewise upon Fermentation since it is observ'd to retardate the working of Ale extremely and it is observed That Must may be preserved sweet a long time in a deep Well or if let down into the Bottom of a River and will when taken up be less apt to ferment than other parcels of Must kept in the warmer Air. It hath been observed in the Northern Countrys That the most Spirituous Parts of Liquors have been separated and Collected together by a Congelation of the Phlegm wherefore to try what Cold would Effect in our Climates I hung out a Bottle of Beer in a sharp Night and found That most Part of it being froze the Liquor which was not froze was very strong and Spirituous the frozen Part being Spiritless But Rectifyed Spirit of Wine tinged with Cochineel being mixed with Water Congelation separated not their Parts nor did it separate the red and the Watery Parts of Claret I made several Tryals upon Milk and Blood as also on Vinegar in which my Attempts proved insatisfactory But a Solution of Salt being made in 24 Parts of Water so that it was as strong as the Sea-Water about us I caused it to be exposed to freeze in a flat Vessel which was the larger That the Superficies of the Water might be considerable and when it was covered with a Cake of Ice that being taken off it acquired another which when dissolved yielded Water not near so Salt as that which remained unfroze and being Hydrostatically weigâ—ed was considerably lighter Having exposed several Vegetable and Animal Substances to be froze I found That by that means I could discover their succulent juices and squeez them out in the form of Ice which being done by cutting them transversely and length ways I could discover also the Figure and Size of the Pores in which those Juices lodged Amongst the Animal substances exposed to freeze were the Eyes and the Brains of Animals which by being froze would be fitter to be dissected the latter when cut in two seeming like an Apple froze the Ventricles and iâ—… whole substance being filled with Icy Particles Nâ—ither an Eye nor a Liver lean flesh or fish nor a living Frog would be crusted over with Ice as Eggs and Apples are when put into Water after they had been froze As for the Reason why flesh is usually much impaired by being froze I suppose it to proceed hence viz. That the Alimental Juice being expended by freezing hath not it's own texture altered only but even the solid Vessels which contain it are thereby bruised and crushed for from several Experiments it is evident That Eggs will be burst by the freezing of the Alimental Juice and that the Textures of Stones and Vegetables will be destroyed by the Powerful Congelation of their respective Juices which will be less wondered at if we consider that Aqueous Parts by their Expansion were able to burst the Barrel of a Gun Had I had leasure and conveniency I would have tryed what Effects Cold hath upon Animals froze to Death but having exposed a Rabbet to the Cold all Night I found that only one Leg was swelled and a little stiff But a strangled Rabbet being exposed to be froze Ice was produced in several Parts It is affirmed by several Modern Writers That if Water be impregnated with the Salts of Vegetables upon Congelation they will represent the shape of the Plant they belong to But notwithstanding I have several times tryed the Experiment I found it either false or very contingent since it did not once answer Expectation But having exposed a Lixivium of Pot-ashes to freeze I found That the Chrystals upon the Surface of the Water were Prismatical and that under those lay a great many thin Parallel Plates of Ice but not ranged in such an order as to represent the shape of Trees And tho' Bartholinus tells us That if a Decoction of Cabbage be froze it will represent a Cabbage yet I could never find That the Experiment succeded except that once there appeared the faint resemblance of a single Leaf But I have found That fair Water froze would represent the shapes of Vegetables oftner than their Decoctions And tho' Berigardus also affirms the same yet I suspect That he only wirt without trying the Experiments himself And yet I deny not but that prepossessed Spectators may fancy they see such things when they do not for tho' Sea-Salt and Allum consist of Parts of determinate Figures yet when dissolved in Water they exhibit Figures too various and extravagant not to be referred to Chance And on this occasion to what hath been said I shall add That by Distilling and rectifying Oyl of Turpentine from Sea-Salt in a Glass-head as the degrees of Heat were varyed so would the Figures of Trees be represented different on the inside the Glass And I have several times produced the shapes of Trees from Bodies belonging to the Animal Kingdom And I have found That tho' Figures curious enough would be represented by Spirits Solutions Decoctions Vinegar Milk and even common Water yet it was in vain to hope for the same success and that the like Figures should always be afforded by the same Liquor since very small Circumstances would vary them considerably And in trying of such Experiments as these it may not be amiss to advertise That it will be convenient that the Liquor should be as shallow as it possibly may That it may be more speedily froze A frozen Egg being Put into Oyl of Turpentine instead of common Water it gathered not about it any crusty Film It is observed by Mr. Wood That tho' New-England be 10 or 11 degrees remoter from the Pole yet the Winters are much more piercing and Cold than ours And to what hath been delivered in the XVIII Title of the infrigidating Power of Wind I shall add That sometimes it hath been so much more Cold than at others That being blown through the frigorifick Mixture it would cause not only the Spirit of Wine to subside but being blown upon the Ball of another Weather-Glass not only the Liquor but even Mercury it self would be forced to ascend tho' the Vicinity of the frigorifick Mixture could not cause that Effect And I have often tryed That when the Temperature of the Air was such that tho' when first blown upon the Ball of a nice Thermoscope it would not cause the Liquor to ascend yet at another season the Tinged Liquor ascended as if the Air by being more than ordinarily compressed in the Room had some sensible Effect in compressing and contracting the Air included in the Thermoscope To try whether Liquors by losing their fluidity and becoming consistent would acquire a greater degree of Coldness I caused the Ball of a Weather-Glass to be immersed in Sallet-Oyl and a Solution of Minium in Vinegar or of Quick-lime in Water either of which will coagulate the Oyl but I did not find That
part and 3 cannot exist separately This premised it will appear easily that if they will not allow these Accidents to be Modes of Matter but Entities really distinct from it they make them indeed Accidents in Name but represent them under such a Notion as belongs only to Substances the Nature of a Substance consisting in this that it can subsist of it self So that we may consider when a Bowl runs along or lies still that Motion or Rest or Globous Figure are not any parts of the Bowl nor real and Physical Entities distinct from it but certain Modifications and several Capacities in relation to the Matter of that Bowl An Excursion about the Relative Nature of Physical Qualities Qualities the result of a peculiar Modification BUT because this Notion about the Nature of Qualities may be of some importance I shall illustrate it a little further We may consider then That whoever was the first Inventor of Locks and Keys they both consisted of a piece of Iron of a determinate Figure but in respect of the Congruity betwixt the Wards of the Locks and those of the Keys they each of them obtained new Capacities it being a peculiar Faculty of the Key to unlock as of the Lock to be unlocked by it yet by these new Attributes no real or Physical Entities were added either to the Lock or Key so those Qualities which we call Sensible tho' by virtue of a Congruity or Incongruity in point of Figure or Texture to our Sensories the portions of Matter they modifie are enabled to produce various Effects upon whose account we make Bodies to be endued with Qualities yet they are not in those Bodies any real distinct Entities or different from the Matter it self furnished with such a determinate Bigness Shape or other Mechanical Modifications It is reckoned amongst the principal Properties of Gold that it is dissoluble in Aqua Regis and if one should invent another Menstruum that will in part dissolve pure Gold yet the Nature of Gold is not at all different now from what it was before either of those Menstruums were invented there no new real Entities accruing to it without the Intervention of a Physical Change in the Body it self by the Addition of these Attributes Proved by Physical Observations There are some Bodies neither Cathartick nor Sudorifick with some of which Gold being embodied acquires a Purging Virtue and with others Diaphoretick Qualities and Nature her self doth either Artificially or by Chance produce so many things that have new Relations unto others And Art especially assisted by Chymistry may by variously dissipating Natural Bodies or compounding either them or their constituent Parts with one another form a multitude of new Productions which will be able each of them to cause new Effects either immediately upon our Sensories or upon other Bodies whose changes we are not able to perceive so that no Man can know but that the most Familiar Bodies may have a multitude of Qualities that he dreams not of and a considering Man will hardly imagin That so numerous a crowd of real Physical Entities can accrew to a Body whilst in the Judgment of all our Senses it remains unchanged Again Glass beaten is commonly reckoned amongst Poysons which deleterious Faculty is no superadded Entity distinct from the Glass but depends on the sharp Points and cutting Edges of the Fragments which by Mechanical Affections cut and wound the Membranes of the Stomach and Guts from whence follow great Gripings and Contorsions and often a Bloody Flux by the Perforations of the Capillary Vessels and horrid Convulsions by the consent of the Brain and Cerebellum as also great Dropsies occasioned by the loss of Blood And that those Effects depend on the Edges and Points of the Fragments appears because when the Guts are sufficiently lined with Slime or the Corpuscles of the Glass are ground fine they pass without damage along with the Execrements And this may put us in mind That the Multiplicity of Qualities in the same Natural Bodies may proceed from the bare Texture and other Mechanical Affections of its Matter For every Body is to be considered not barely as an entire distinct Portion of Matter but as it is a Part of the Universe placed amongst a great number and variety of other Bodies upon which it may Act and by which it may be Acted on in many ways which are falsly thought to be distinct Powers or Qualities in the Bodies by which those Actions and Passions are produced And every Portion of Matter thus considered a few Mechanical Affections are sufficient to diversify it from other Bodies As in a Watch there are a great many Qualities as to shew the Hours to strike to give an Alarm or to shew the Age of the Moon and Tides yet these are all to be attributed to the determinate Shape and Texture of the Parts of it and the Motion of the Spring So the Sun hath a Power to harden Clay and soften Wax to melt Butter and thaw Ice and a great many more which seem contrary Effects yet these are not distinct Faculties in the Sun but the Productions of Heat diversify'd by the different Textures of Bodies it chances to work upon And thus much Pyrophilus may serve to remove the Mistake That every thing Men are wont to call a Quality must needs be a Real and Physical Entity To conclude this Excursion I shall add this short Advertisement That to make what I have declared more intelligible I have rather done it by Examples than Definitions the latter being more difficult because of the difficulty of assigning the true Genus's of Qualities And Here it may not be amiss to take Notice That Aristotle himself does not only define Accidents without setting down their Genus but when he comes to define Qualities tells us That Quality is that by which a Thing is said to be Qualis which is to define the Thing by the Same without denoting its Genus for 't is supposed to be as little known what Qualis is as what Qualitas Besides 't is a Doubt whether it be not as false as obscure for to the Question Qualis res est Answer may be made out of some if not all of the other Praedicaments of Accidents Posture Order and Texture Secondary Affections of Matter IV. Besides the foremention'd Primary Affections of Matter viz. Motion or Rest Bulk and Shape which a portion of Matter singly by it self must have if all the rest of the Universe were annihilated there being now in the Universe multitudes of Corpuscles mixed together there arise two new Accidents or Events The one relates to its Posture in reference to the Bodies about it whether erected inclined or horizontal and the manner of those Bodies in reference to each other which may be called Order as Aristotle in his Metaphysics recites this Example from the Ancient Corpuscularians A and N differ in Figure and A N and N A in Order Z and N
small an Accident as Moâ—â—â—â— oâ— whatever distinguishes Wind and Exhalaâ—â—â—… is enough to entitle them to distinct Species of Bodies a Greater Right may be presumed 〈◊〉 Paper and Rags Glass and Wood-Ashes should be esteemed so too as also Soap Sugar Gunpowder c. For it is not a sufficient Objection that most of these Bodies are Factitious for the present state of a Body denominates its Species however it came by that Nature as the Salt which is made in the Isle of Man by the Sun acting upon the Sea-water is as much Salt as that which is artificially made by the Heat of the Fire by boiling Sea-Water in Chauldrons and Silk-Worms and Chickens hatched by the heat of Ovens or Dunghils are equally as much Silkworms or Chickens as those produced by the heat of the Sun or warmth of a Hen. The Products of Art the Effects of Nature Besides the Objection that most of the forementioned Bodies are Factitious is less valid since they seem equally performed by Nature the Artificer being only concerned in putting Natural Agents together which take the same Measures in causing their Effects as if they had casually been brought together by Chance As in Chymistry the Agent which is Fire operates upon the Subjects it hath to work upon as Fire and not as it is barely an Instrument of a Chymist and therefore tho' the Application belongs to the Chymist the Action is as much Natural as the Productions of Aetna or Vesuvius where by the internal Action of the Fire Stones are Calcined and Metals not only colliquated but Metalline Flowers and Ashes dispersed about the adjacent Parts And I am not without Probability inclined to believe that several Minerals as well as other Bodies which lie near the Center of the Earth are rather the Productions of Subterraneal Fires changing the Textures of other Bodies than that they have lodged there since the first Creation of things for we see that Lead becomes Minium and Tin Tutty in a very small time and the Fumes of Sulphur uniting with those of Mercury convene into that delicate red Mass called Vermilion which hath so far the similitude of a Mineral that it hath been called by the same Name of Cinnabaris So that we may easily conceive how in the Bowels of the Earth certain Mineral Fumes penetrating and uniting with a stony Concretion Minerals may be formed From whence it may appear that a Congeries and Union of Accidents is as sufficient to discriminate the several Species of Bodies as the imagination of Substantial Forms The Artificial Production of Vitriol correspondent to the Natural But to illustrate the Mechanical Origin of Forms we may take notice of the Artificial Production of Vitriol which is so like the Natural that it makes us able to guess what Measures are taken in the Natural Production of it And since Vitriol is not a meer Salt but rather to use a Chymical Term a Magestery it is requisite to observe that according to the sense of that Word it is not prepared by a Separation of Principles but by the changing the Form of a whole Body by an Addition and intimate Union of a Saline Menstruum Agreeable to which Notion it is to be noted that an Acid Spirit and a Metalline Substance may be drawn as well from Artificial as Natural Vitriol and consequently both must be equally natural Vitriols in the strict sense of that Word But these are not the only Characteristicks of the Natural Agreement of Factitious and Natural Vitriol since Vitriol of Mars whether prepared by Oyl of Vitriol or Spirit of Salt hath both the Colour Transparency Brittleness aptness to Fusion and Styptical Taste with the Vitriol of Marchasites as also several other Qualities as to turn an Infusion of Galls into Ink a Vomitive Faculty when taken in a small Dose as also to be endowed with Crystals of very Curious Figures and a Disposition to run per Deliquium as Guntherus Belichius hath observed common Vitriol made use of in Germany to have And here we see that the same Qualities may arise from the Union and Association of Two Ingredients which are to be found in Common Vitriol without the Incomprehensible force of Imaginary Substantial Forms or a Generation of a Form distinct from the Ingredients and their Essential Modification or a Texture of Parts of convenient Shapes and Sizes Neither is there such an Intimate Mixture as the Schools imagine of these Two Ingredients but a Juxta-Position and new ranging of their Parts in respect of Order and Position Which is evident since by Distillation the greatest part of the Vitriol may be drawn off leaving the Metalline Substance behind and that most of its Qualities depend upon the Position of its Parts is plain since through a good Burning Glass the Sun Beams will so alter their Order and Texture as to turn it red CHAP. VI. Doubts and Experiments concerning the Curious Figures of Salts The Figures of Salts to be accounted for with the help of a Plastick Power THO' I am not willing to acquiesce in the Doctrin of Substantial Forms since to me they are Incomprehensible Yet I am as forward to own That I acknowledge the Admirable Wisdom of our CREATOR no less because He hath thought fit that the Changes and Alterations in Matter should depend on Accidents easy and intelligible at least with less Difficulty to be conceiv'd than the incomprehensible Doctrin of Substantial Forms And tho' the Curious and Delicate Shapes of Salts be Generally us'd as Arguments of the Great Plastick Skill of Substantial Forms yet I must own I think them very slight things compar'd with Organiz'd Bodies and therefore I would not have it inferr'd That because the Figures of Salts may be accounted for without the Assistance of Plastick Powers that therefore the Bodies of Animals may That Substantial Forms are not necessary to the Production of those Curious Figures in Salts I am induc'd to believe First Because a Concrete of no less Curious Figured Parts than other Vitriols may be made by a bare Connection of Metalline and Saline Bodies Secondly because according to the different Quantities of Liquor or the space of Time they shoot in their Figures vary According to which Agricola lib. 12. p. 462. de re Metallica speaking of the Cords that are immerg'd into Vitriol-Water for the Crystals to stick to says Ex his pendent restes lapillis extentae à quo Humor spissus adhaerescens densatur in translucentes atramenti sutorii vel cubos vel acinos qui Vvae speciem gerunt Crystals obtain'd from an Alkaly I remember also that having a long time thought that the Method usually taken in preparing Alkalyes such as Salt of Tartar c. was the reason why they are gather'd in the Form of Calx I took care to dissolve Alkalyes well purify'd in Water slowly evaporating it till crusted over with an Icy Crust which being preserv'd entire lest they should want a
shew that the Accounts given by others are false yet it is not altogether easie to determine a Controversie in which the Truth is so hard to be assign'd and therefore I shall only lay down something in order to the Elucidation of it And first it is necessary to take Notice that the Weight of an equal Proportion of Air and Water about London is agreed on to be as 1000 to 1. In the next place it will be requisite to consider the Difference in Weight of an equal Proportion of Air and Quicksilver to discover which I took a Glass Pipe such as is represented by the Sixteenth Figure See Plate the First which being partly fill'd with Quicksilver and held in such a Posture that the Superficies of the Quicksilver in each Leg was in a Horizontal Line E. F. I. pour'd Water into one Leg till it was fill'd up to the Top by the Weight of which the Surface of the Mercury was weigh'd down from E. to B. the Surface of the other being rais'd from F. to C. so that measuring the Height of the Tube of Mercury D. C. which was buoy'd up by the Water in the other we found it to amount to 2 13 54 Inches the Height of the Cylinder of Water B. A. which counterpois'd the Mercury being 30 45 54 Inches and the whole Numbers with the Fractions being reduc'd to improper Fractions of the same Denomination the Proportion was as 121 to 1665 or by Reduction as one to 92 121. Besides this we took another Method to discover the Proportion of these two Liquors by weighing them in a Glass Bubble by which we found that it was as 1 to 13 19 28 and because Spirit of Wine is usually esteem'd the lightest of Liquors and Quicksilver the heaviest I weigh'd that likewise and found the Proportion of Quicksilver and it to be as 1 to 16 641 1084. So that the difference betwixt Spirit of Wine and Water was as 1 44 171 And here it may be necessary to observe that I the rather weigh'd these Liquors in a Bubble because when they are weigh'd in open Vessels the Protuberant Surface of the Mercury and the Concave of the Water makes it a difficult Matter to proportion them exactly if the Superficies be large The Weight of an equal Proportion of Air and Mercury But to return to the Atmosphere Having laid down the Proportion of Air to Water and of Water to Quicksilver it will be no very difficult thing to find the Proportion betwixt Air and Quicksilver And since from the Torrecellian Experiment it appears that the Cylinder of Mercury is buoy'd up by the Pressure of the Air it consequently follows that the Proportion of Air to Quicksilver is as 14000 to 1 so that a Cylinder of Air that is able to buoy up Mercury two Foot and a half must amount to 35000 Feet of our English Measure or seven compleat Miles supposing the Air to be equally compress'd above as here below but this Computation is not to be accounted so exact since not only Seneca Nat. Quaest. lib. 4. cap. 10. says Omnis Aer quo propior est Terris hoc crassior quemadmodum in Aqua in omni humore Faex ima est ita in Aere spississima quaeque desidunt but it likewise is a Consequence of the Air 's Spring since it must needs be considerably compress'd by the Weight of what lies upon it besides if we consider that the Air may be expanded by Heat to near a hundred and fifty times its Bulk it may not be improbable but that the utmost extent of the Atmosphere may reach to some Hundreds of Miles And this Conjecture may enable us to guess at the Height to which some Vapours may ascend allowing what Emanuel Magnen a diligent Mathematician observ'd at Tolouse in a clear Night in August for as Ricciolus records it Vidit ab Horâ undecimâ post Meridiem usque ad mediam Noctem Lunâ infra Horizontem positâ Nubeculam quandam lucidam prope Meridianum fere usque ad Zenith diffusam quae consideratis omnibus non poterat nisi à Sole illuminari ideoque altior esse debuit tota Vmbra Terrae And the same Author further says Addit simile quid evenisse Michaeli Angelo Riccio apud Sabinos versanti nempe viro in Mathesi Eruditissimo But to conclude It would be of no small Use in estimating the Height of the Atmosphere were Observations of the Density and Rarity of the Air made upon several Parts and on high Mountains but till by some Means or other we can arrive at some degree of Certainty as to the various Degrees of it's Rarefaction above it will be a hard Matter to determine the Height of it EXPERIMENT XXXVII Concerning Flashes of Light in the Receiver AT the first when our Engin was made we observ'd upon drawing down the Sucker and turning the Key several Flashes of Light in the Receiver which would not appear if the Window which fac'd North-ward were darkned and this Phaenomenon depended on so unknown Causes that upon often repeated Tryals I found that sometimes it would appear and sometimes not though for as much as I was able to perceive there was not the least Difference in the Circumstances of these Tryals which made it difficult to bring our Observations to any Rules about it or to frame an Hypothesis to Account for the Cause tho' the Validity of some Conjectures that have been made may be afforded by the following Tryals and Observations For First We found That the Phaenomenon might as well be exhibited by a Candle-light or Day-light and however situated so that the Rays of Light could but fall upon the Receiver Next The Flash appears just when the Key is turn'd to let the Air out into the Cylinder but the same Phaenomenon would appear in a small one upon drawing the Sucker hastily down tho' the Key was turn'd before and it was further to be observ'd That the Flashes which appear'd when first the Receiver began to be exhausted were much stronger than when it was further evacuated And it was besides observable That when the Experiment was made in the small Receiver and the Sucker had not been long before well oyl'd the Oyl upon the drawing of it down being put into Agitation and divided into small Parts by the Attrition of the Pump would rise into the Receiver like Smoak which would likewise flow out of the Valve when it was open'd on purpose and these Fumes if the Glass was held in a light Place would in some Measure appear luminous And what was further to be admir'd was That when the Flash was considerably great upon the Disappearance of it the Receiver would become opacous leaving white Steams upon the internal Superficies of the Receiver And now if it should be asked Whence all these Phaenomena proceeded We should propose the following Conjectures viz. First That had the Phaenomenon constantly succeeded we should have suspected the seeming
burst by the Airsmoisture page 274 Metals may be raised in the form of Vapors page 297 298 Of the ill Effects of Mineral Fumes page 293 Of the Celeftial and Aerial Magnets page 312 313 314 Of the Production of Magnetical Qualities page 315 316 317 Chymico-Magnetical Experiments page 318 319 320 321 322 Of Mists page 344 The Effects of the Air on Mineral Substances page 400 406 Of Maturation page 428 N. Nut-Kernels in a Receiver page 128 157 O. Oranges shut up in a Receiver page 67 83 84 88 119 149 Oyl per deliquium with Spirit of Wine page 145 Onyons in a Receiver page 69 81 159 Oysters page 177 207 Of the Effects of the Air on Odours page 403 Of the Mechanical Production of Odours page 429 430 431 432 P. Pears included in a Receiver page 75 92 126 136 160 171 Paste inclosed in a Receiver page 97 102 131 155 Pease in a Receiver page 104 128 Paper burnt in Vacuo page 113 Paste burnt in a Receiver page 114 Plums in a Receiver page 40 127 129 Peaches page 74 169 170 172 Antidotes against the Plague page 294 Why the Plague sometimes ceases unexpectedly page 295 The Vestigation of Plants c. page 410 Q. Quicksilver slacked in Vacuo page 12 Latent Qualities in the Air page 299 310 Whence p. 300 Of the Manifest Qualities of the Air page 375 376 394 Of the Production of manifest Qualities page 408 409 R. Roses in a Receiver page 83 89 165 Radishes with Claret page 142 Raisins of the Sun page 39 158 Rosemary and Water distilled in Vacuo page 191 A Roasted Rabbet in Vacuo page 195 Of Rain page 418 S. Whether Sounds be Propagated in Vacuo page 8 A Shrew-Mouse in a Receiver page 85 91 94 103 148 A Shrew-Mouse in a Wine-Gun page 94 A Snail in Artificial Air page 103 Sulphur Viv. in Vacuo page 114 A Solution of Salt in a Receiver page 138 Spirit Sal Armon with Copper page 145 151 Sal Armon and Oyl of Vitriol page 154 Sheeps Blood in Vacuo page 196 A Snake in Vacuo page 202 Steams elevated by the Air. page 222 A Slow-worm and a Leech in Vacuo page 123 The Reason of Suction page 232 236 238 Saline and Sulphureous Parts in the Air page 301 343 352 How raised Ibid. Seminal Principles of all sorts in the Air. page 304 Damasco Steel improved page 305 The Medium of Sounds 363 T. Tulips in a Receiver page 82. 120. 166 A Tube immersed in Water page 142 Venice Turpentine in a Wind Gun page 150 Calx of Tin page 167 Tadpoles in a Receiver page 217 Of Terrestrial Steams page 344 Of the Effects of the Air on Tasts page 404 Of the Mechanical Production of Tastes page 421 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427 V. Vinegar with Eels in Vacuo page 109 Vrine in Vacuo page 123 Violent Leaves page 196 A Viper in Vacuo page 201 213 215 Of the Production of Vitriol page 303 The Effects of the Air on Vegetable Substances page 398 W. Spirit of Wine and Oyl of Turpentine in Vacuo page 141 A Whiteing in Vacuo page 152 179 Of Winds page 359 Of the Production of Whiteness page 519 The End Books Printed for and sold by John Taylor at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-Yard In FOLIO POOL's Annotations on the Holy Bible with Mr. Clark's Concordance to the same in 2 Vol. the 3d Edition Much corrected Monsieur Thevenot's Travels into Persia and the East-Indies Phillips's New World of Words or an Universal English Dictionary containing the proper Significations and Derivations of all Words from other Languages c. the 5th Edition with large Additions and Improvements from the best English and Foreign Authors Systema Agriculturae The Mystery of Husbandry discovered treating of the several new and most advantagious Ways of Tiling Planting Sowing Manuring Ordering and Improving all sorts of Gardens Orchards Meadows Pastures Corn Lands Woods and Coppices with Monthly Directions for Husbandmen and the Interpretations of Rukick Terms the 4th Edit IMPRIMATUR Liber Cui Titulus THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED By RICHARD BOULTON JOHN HOSKYNS V. P. R. S. Vicesimo Septimo Martii 1699. THE WORKS OF THE HONOURABLE Robert Boyle Esq EPITOMIZ'D VOL. III. BY RICHARD BOULTON of Brazen-Nose College in Oxford Illustrated with COPPER PLATES LONDON Printed for J. Phillips at the King'-s Arms and J. Taylor at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-Yard MDCC TO THE Most Illustrious Prince WILLIAM Duke of Bedford Marquiss of Tavistock Earl of Bedford Baron Russel and Baron Russel of Thornhaugh Baron Howland of Streatham Lord Lieutenant of the Counties of Bedford and Cambridge and during the Minority of Wrichesly commonly called Marquiss of Tavistock his Grandson and Heir apparent Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex as also Custos Rotulorum for the said County and the Liberties of Westminster One of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council and Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter May it please your Grace THE Great and Noble Character which you have already obtained in the World hath justly obliged them both to applaud and admire You and no Wonder then that it should raise in me an Ambition to lay this at Your Feet where whilst I lye secure from the Censure of the World under your Grace's Patronage I have this great Advantage that in whatever I can say in relation to your Illustrious Character I cannot be Guilty of Flattery since the World universally agrees that Your Noble Qualifications are not unworthy so Noble a Prince Your Sagacity and Judgment not being less conspicuous in State Affairs than your Virtue and Piety in Divine things the Former having rendred You both acceptable and serviceable in Council as the Latter have made You an Eminent and Illustrious Example of Christianity so that You become serviceable to your Country upon a double score Your Virtues incite your Admirers to pursue and emulate Good Actions and your Wisdom and Prudence contribute to the well Governing of a People who are the more disposed to be Loyal and Good Subjects the more by Example you promote Religion which teaches them to obey Upon which Account we may truly say that You act not the Politician but what is much more difficult like a Wise and Prudent States-Man You gain the People not by Stratagem but Example But on this Ocasion I can make use of no greater Encomiums than what his Majesty hath been pleased to Honour You with in the Preamble to the Patent which creates you Duke where He declares in better Words than I am now Master of that as there was no Family in England more conspicuous in Virtue and Piety so he thought himself obliged to give Testimony of it by conferring that Honour on You which You long before deserved But not to enlarge too much on a Subject which the World is so well acquainted with I shall need to say no more than that in Your Illustrious Person
stuffed with Aromaticks upon the Orifice he not only had the Taste of the Liquors in his Mouth but the Aromatick Bag when fresh would perfume his Breath in Respiration And Galen tells us that Honey and Water having been injected into the Thorax have been discharged through the Aspera Arteria by coughing And in a Man who was troubled with a dry short Cough we found some white curdled Matter betwixt the Pleura and the intercostal Muscles which seemed to occasion the Cough by some noxious Effluvia transmitted to his Lungs And to these Instances I shall add that it seems probable that these Humours collected in the Abdomen of an Hydropical Person can be carrled off no other way but through the Pores of Membranes upon the use of Diuretick and Purging Medicines And an Instance not much inferior is the Translation of the Matter of an Empyreuma so as to be voided by stool or Urine and I have observed my self that when I have been present at the Dissection of a Dog whose Blood smelled very rank the Excrements evacuated by siege some time after would retain that Odour And a famous Surgeon and Anatomist relates That one who was ill of a Dropsey judged to arise from a Schirrus of the Spleen by applying a large Spunge dipped in Quick-lime-water to the Region of the Spleen the Schirrus was dissolved and the Hydropical Humor evacuated And Galen tells us that part of the Humors collected upon the breaking of a Bone is discharged through the Skin whilst the Callus is a forming And not to repeat what Arguments have been already made use of to prove the Porosity of Animal Substances in general that the Nails of Animals are porous may be argued from their aptness to be tinged with a Solution of Silver in Aqua Fortis or of Gold in Aqua Regis the former giving them a dark and black Colour and the latter tinging them with Purple Spots which would continue 'till by the growth of the Nail they were forced to be pared off And one thing in these Tinctures worthy our Notice is that tho' the Menstruums are Acid and Corrosive yet the Tinctures are not the Taste of the Tincture of Silver being bitter and the other styptick And the same method may be taken to prove the porosity of Ivory since a Tincture of Silver in Aqua Fortis will tinge it with a dark and blackish Colour which is not to be washed off And I have long since tryed that a Solution of Gold will give it a sine purple Colour and that too when both the Ivory and the Liquor were cold Copper dissolv'd in Aqua Fortis stains Ivory with a bluish Colour And even in the Cold without the Use of Corrosives I have stained Ivory with a permanent Blue like a Turquois by suffering a Solution of Copper in Sal-Armoniac to dry upon it But to return to the Porosity of Bones it may be argued from the Marrow found in the Cavities of them since nourishment must needs be conveyed to it and it is not improbable that Blood Vessels penetrate at the least some depth into the substance of Bones tho' the Juice received from them may afterwards be conveyed through the more internal Parts of them for we see that the Lower Jaw is perforated by a Nerve and also a Vein and an Artery to carry and return Blood for the Nourishment of the Teeth and I have been told that Blood-vessels have been observed by good Anatomists to enter into the substances of larger Bones and Blood hath not only been observed in the cavities of the Bones of younger Animals but in the spungy Substance of several larger Bones To which may be added in favour of their Porosity the blackness which they acquire when put into a competent heat and the fatness which they afford as also their specifick Lightness and their aptness to be corroded with sharp Menstruums And Bones are observed in moist Weather not only to grow heavier but they imbibe the moisture of the Air so much as evidently to swell And to these Instances I shall subjoin what Observations I have made on large Ox-bones Nov. 15. we weighed two entire or unbroken Marrow-bones and found the one to weigh twenty nine Ounces half a Dram and the other twenty four Ounces four Drams and thirty Grains November 24. The former weighed twenty nine Ounces six Drams and the latter twenty five Ounces one Dram and thirty Grains December 28. The former weighed twenty nine Ounces three Drams and fifty five Grains and the latter twenty four Ounces seven Drams and thirty nine Grains June 7th The next Year the former weighed twenty nine Ounces two Drams and the latter twenty four Ounces seven Drams from whence it appears that Bones are Porous since they imbibe and lose moist Effluvia again And that there may be Vessels fine enough in the substance of Bones to convey Nourishment may be rendred probable by what the Learned Sennertus hath observed viz. That Hairs being cut in the Plica Polonica they have been observed to bleed so that they seem to be made up of a Bundle of cylindrical Pipes And as a further Instance of the Porosity of Bones I shall add that Mercury hath been found lodged in the Bones of those that have been salivated in the Pox. And the same is attested by Eustachius Rudius apud Sennet Lib. 5. de Morbis Acutis Cap. 15. And what hath been said may serve to favour the Use of Amulets and Periapta or at least discountenance their being too suddenly rejected CHAP. IX Of the Natural History of Human Blood PART 1. Containing a List of Titles for the History of Human Blood Of the Natural History of Human Blood BEfore I proceed to enumerate the Titles laid down for a Natural History of Human Blood it may be requisite to advertise that the first Set which I call primary and to which those in the Appendix are secondary ones consist of such as offer themselves to the View at the First sight which need not be either nicely Methodical or accommodated to any Hypothesis The second Class consists of such as are to be ranged into a better order being of a greater extent and more comprehensive so that one Topick may be branched into several subordinate ones or secondary Titles And from the Materials drawn together under this Head may be deduced a Set of Titles reduced into an inchoate Natural History of the Subject they have Relation to And since the Subject to be treated of is very difficult or comprehensive as the Generation of Living Creatures Magnetism Fermentation Gravity c. it may be useful if not necessary to interpose betwixt the Titles of the last and those of the first Order a Set of Titles that may be called of the middle Order or Classis in which the Nature of the Subject is more narrowly look'd into Titles of the first Order for the Natural History of the Blood of Healthy Men.