the viewing the subsequent Figure you shall the better understand the manner of performing this motion of Square Facing Face Square and March Proper Front Front accidentall Front accident all The Front of the Reere The Words of Command commonly used to produce this precedent Figure are these as followeth if they be 10 in depth and 20 in Ranke The first three Rankes stand The three last Rankes face about The rest of the Body face to the Right and Left then March all To reduce them to their first Order Face all about to the Right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader who then stands at his Front proper Another way of facing Square and Marching upon it The Front proper The Front of the left Flanke The Front of the right Flank The Front of the Reere The words of Command customarily used to produce this Figure are these as followeth Musquetiers face to the right and left Halfe-files of Pikes faces about to the right then March all To reduce them to their former order Face all about to the right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader In the next Chapter I shall shew the manner of Opening and Closing both of Files and Rankes and then some instructions of doubling them with their use and parts CHAP. LXXXI The manner of opening and closing both of Rankes and Files and how to double them with the use and parts thereunto belonging IN the opening and closing of Rankes and Files there are divers things considerable as first in the motion of Files you are to observe your Leader Secondly in your motion of Rankes you are to observe your right-hand 〈◊〉 Thirdly when Files open to the right the Left-hand-file must stand fast every 〈◊〉 taking 〈◊〉 distance from the File next his left hand Fourthly when they open to the Le then the right hand File stands every File taking his distance from the File next his Right hand Fiftly in closing of Files if it be to the right then contrary to the opening the Right-hand-file stands the rest closing to the right taking then Distance from their next right hand-file Sixthly if you close to the left then the Left-hand-file stands the rest of the Files closing to the left taking their distance in like manner Seventhly when Files close to the right and left then they close inwards taking their distance from the Files within them neerer to the middest of the body Eighthly note when Files are commanded to open to the right and left or by division it must be outward Likewise you must observe when Rankes open forwards then the last Ranke stands every Ranke taking his distance from the Ranke next behind him Secondly when they open backwards then the first Ranke is to stand and every Ranke is to take his distance from the Ranke next before him Thirdly if Rankes close to Front and Reare then the first and last Ranke stands the other taking their distances from them Fourthly if they close Rankes towards the Center or middest then they close towards their two middlemost rankes Lastly you are to observe that in opening of Files and Ranks you are in the acting of it either to face to the right or to the right about these things being considered and you hauing commanded them to even their Rankes and straighten their Files you are to use these words of Command following Rankes and Files to your close order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your Order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your open order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your double distance Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your open order Files close to the right Rankes close forwards to your order Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your close order Files open to the Left Rankes open backwards to your order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your open order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your double distance Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your open order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your close order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your open order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your double distance Files Rankes close to the right and left inward middest to your open order These motions being performed by the Souldiers fairly and with out mistakes you may proceed to exercise them in their doublings and shew them their use and parts as the following Chapter will direct CHAP. LXXXII How an Officer shall exercise his Company in doubling of their Rankes and Files with the use thereof and the severall parts and branches thereto belonging THe use of doublings were invented for the strengthening of any part of the Battell according to the discretion of the wise Commander and are distinguished into these two generalls viz. doublings of length and doublings of depth Doubling of Rankes doth make the number double so much as was before whereby the length of the Battell is extended to the double proportion of ground Doubling of Files or Flankes doth likewise double the number in depth as the former did in length and before wee proceed to particularize these doublings let us take notice of these observations following First that in this motion of doubling there is one part of the body stands firme and the other part moves viz. the standing part is to be doubled the part moving are those that double Secondly observe that the distance for particular and divisionall doublings is open Order in Ranke and File Thirdly observe that the ordinary doublings of Rankes and Files is or ought to be performed by three steps viz first stepping forth with that foote which is next unto the place named Fourthly in the reducement to your former station you must returne by the contrary hand Fifthly observe in doubling of Rankes and Files viz if you double Rankes either to the right or left hand if you double your Files to the contrary hand reduceth them into their former station or in doubling of Files to either hand doubling of your rankes to the contrary will reduce them Lastly observe the severall parts or branches of doublings which are Doublings of First Rankes Secondly Halfe-Files Thirdly Bringers up Fourthly The Reare Fifthly Files Sixthly Halfe-Rankes The first is doubling of Rankes which is performed when every Even-ranke is doubled into the Odde The second is when the halfe Files double their Rankes forwards into the Front The third is when the Bringers-up double their Rankes forwards into the Front The fourth is when the Front halfe Files doubleth the Reare these first foure being doublings of Rankes causeth the length of the Battell to be extended either simply in number
of every defect hee ought to rule over the Company and take a particular survey of every Souldier in his Captaines absence for then hee is in absolute authority and the Souldiers are bound to obey him as their cheife in all respects hee ought not to refuse to bee put upon any service by his Captaine or Colonell or any cheife Officer of the Field also he is not to bee sent upon any convoy or to guard any passage without a sufficient Troope of Souldiers fifty or sixty at least if lesse then the Ensigne is of sufficiency to command them hee is to view his Captaine thrice a day Morne Noone and Night but especially in the time of Warre to see what hee hath to command him hee is to take notice of what discords quarrels and debates arise amongst the Souldiers of his Band hee is to pacifie them if it may bee otherwise to commit them hee is to judge and determine such disputes with gravity and good speeches and where the fault is to make him acknowledge it and crave pardon of the party hee hath abused hee is duely to see the Watch set and to follow them to the Guard and see the Sentinells set out and give them their charge what they are to doe If hee be in the Field hee is to visit the Sentry Perdues very often hee is to command the Souldiers in a kinde of perswasory way to obey their Corporalls and Serjants wherefore hee ought to give good language in a discreet and wise manner to move and perswade them with 〈◊〉 reasons to the observation and obedience of Millitary discipline 〈◊〉 his Captaine of many â—oyles hee is to bee carefull that every Souldier have a sufficient lodging in Garrison and in the Field a Hut hee is also to take due care of the sicke and maymed that they perish not for want of means or looking unto he is also to take care that the Sutlers do not oppresse and rack the poore Souldiers in their victuals and drinke he is to see the Company provided with all kinde of Amunition with Axes Mattockes Spades and the like to build their Hutts withall these instruments are to have the marke of the Gallowse set on them in token of death to them that steale them Hee is in his Captaines absence to sit in the Christrade or Marshalls Court to define of the punishments which are to bee inflicted upon Delinquents and Malefactorus their punishment going by most voyces hee is to set a Guard at his Captaines Tent and likewise at the Cullours where hee ought to give order for a fitting place to hang up loose Armes His Hutt ought to bee in the head of the quarter upon the right hand and the Ensignes on the left and the Serjants at the Reare of the quarter hee is to bee alwaies in a readinesse to answer an Allarum and with all speed draw his men if they bee in Garrison to that Port or Guard his squadron hath the Watch at if in the Campe then to the Brest-worke before their quarters where hee is to place betwixt each Musquet a Pike for their better defence In Garrison hee is to bee Captaine of the Watch in his Captaines stead onely for the ease of his Captaine where he must bee very circumspect upon his Guard hee is to have his Ensigne and his Serjants to attend him hee is to goe the first round with a Serjant and two Gentlemen at the least to attend him where hee is to take the Word of every Corporall and to see that the Sentinells bee duely pla'ct out and to give them charge to bee very circumspect in their Watches that upon the sight of the Enemy or the seeing of their Matches sparkle or hearing their Armour clatter they presently informe the Corporalls so that an Allarum may bee given to the Towne but hee that shall give a false Alarum is to bee imprisoned The Lieuetenant is to go the Patroule with a sufficient Guard about all the Streets within the night to prevent treason in the Town or to discover fire or ill orders as quarrelling c. Hee is to March in the morning with the Major of the Garrison at the Drumme beating to the opening of the Ports hee is to bee guarded with all the Gentlemen of the round In Sommer time at Watch set he is to draw his men in Parrado in the Market place with all the rest of the Companies in the Towne their Companies being compleate If in the Field and to goe upon service hee ought to see prayers read in the head of the Troopes every night and every Sabbath all those Souldiers that have not the Guard hee is to compell them to goe to their Colonells Tent to heare Prayers and preaching hee is to bee religious valiant and wise his Armes is onely a Gorget and a Pattisen CHAP. LXVI The Office of a Captaine of a private Company and his duty both in Garrison and in the Field briefely declared THe Office of a Captaine being so honourable and a place of such great consequence that it ought not slightly to bee considered of wherefore they ought to bee men of excellent quallity and of undaunted valiant resolution hee should not bee inferiour in knowledge and skill in all the circumstances and actions belonging to Warre in as profound a manner as the chiefest Officer of the Field for hee hath a charge of great importance committed unto him hee being many times called to execute the Office of Serjant Major or Lieuetenant Collonell besides hee is exposed to all manner of danger in the Warres for no Captaine but must leade on his men in the face of the Enemy and charge them in the teeth which if hee bee not skilfull as well to leade them off as draw them on hee may bee the occasion of spilling of much bloud hee ought not to bee a man chosen altogether for Birth Meanes Personage favour or affection but for his wisedome civility valour and experience the unexpertnesse of a Captaine hath beene the ruine of Armies and destruction of Common-wealths In the time of peace every brave fellow desires to bee honoured with the name and charge of a Captaine but when Warre approacheth and the Enemy is at hand they quake their swords out of their scabberds and had rather make use in fight of their Wings then their tallents A Captaine ought to be well seene and read in all the Liberall Sciences to be acquainted with History and to have what speculative knowledge that may bee to joyne with their practice all kinde of Stratagems should be similiar with him and nothing should be wanting that might make him an accomplisht Souldier A Captaine ought to have regard to the due exercising of his Souldiers fitting them in all points for service hee ought to see his Souldiers furnished with all things needfull as Armes Munition and their Weekely pay duely at the appoynted times hee is to bee very conscionable in delivering them their off-reckonings and apparrell hee
and that some men have formerly to good purpose intreated of the Postures both of Pike and Musquet yet in regard my intent is to write a generall discourse of every part of the body of Warre I thinke it convenient in as short and briefe tearmes as the subject will require to demonstrate the parts requisite to bee understood in the exercising of Companies shewing the grounds and reasons of every Posture and motion that is materiall either to offend or defend the reasons why they were invented and what advantage is in them for although a Souldier should know how to order and demeane himselfe exquisitly in this Art of drilling yet if he doth not conceive the reasons to what purpose they were invented and the severall advantages they afford against the Enemy in time of necessity hee will be to seeke whereby the whole grounds of Souldiarisme may miscarry and the ends they were invented for lose their effect and let no man expect that I should invent any new anticke Postures there being more already in use then are profitable But I could wish a Souldier should only make use of such circumstances as are really most fit and apt for imployment of Waâ—res and of quickest dispatch in execution Farre be it from me to discommend a comely manlike gesture and a correspondency in the agitation of the limmes when a Souldier handles his Armes yet upon the point of service all superfluous Postures are lopt off and reduced only to these three actions Making ready Presenting and giving fire For should a Commander nominate all the Postures in the time of service hee would have no breath to oppose his Enemy neither could use any circumspection how to incounter with him wherefore I would rather wish all Commanders to affect the plaine and readiest way in exercising which may best sute with the actions and capacities of plaine Souldiers which will prove more substantiall and essentiall and those thus educated are men likeliest to sustaine the brunt of an Enemies fury and stand to their tackling when others with their Circumstantiall complements and superfluous slender devices may take a retraite for a charge Wherefore in the first place let us observe that in composing of multitudes into an orderly way of exercising they must bee reduced into Rankes and Files A File is a certaine number of Souldiers standing in a direct lyne one behinde another face to backe which number must not exceed ten in depth A Ranke is a number of Souldiers standing in an eeven lyne side-wayes shoulder to shoulder and this is not limited to any certaine proportion of number but encreaseth or decreaseth accidentally according to the greatnesse or smallnesse of the number A Company being thus ordered into Ranke and File the next thing considerable is the distance or orderly space betweene File and File Ranke and Ranke There are foure orders or distances observable betweene File and File or Ranke and Ranke being these under mamed Close order Order Open order Double distance which is both in Ranke and File one foote and a halfe three foote sixe foote twelve foote There is further to bee considered in distance three especiall circumstance viz. Distance For March For Motion For Skirmish The distance for March is to be three foote betweene File and file and sixe foote betweene ranke and ranke The distance for Skirmish and for wheeling is three foote in ranke and file onely in receiving a charge from the Horse it is convenient the Files of Pike-men should be at close Order CHAP. LXXIV How a Captaine shall cause his Officers to order and ranke his Companie sit to march into the Field THE Drums having called the Souldiers together to their Colours the Ensigne standing forth with them then the Lievtenant and Serjeants shall command the Pikes and Musquettiers to ranke them selves 4. 5. or 6. abreast as the Captaine shall be pleased to command observing the Files to be at order and the Rankes at open order If the Commander will observe the French manner of Marching then you must divide the Musquets the first Division is to March in the Van next after the Captaine the Pikes are to make the Battell and to March after the Ensigne in two Divisions the second Division being led by the eldest Serjeant the Musquetiers of the left Flanke called the second division of Musquets makes the Reare-gaurd which is to bee led commonly by the second Serjant the Drumme is to bee placed in the third Ranke of Musquetieres the second Drumme betweene the third and fourth Ranke of the second Division of Pikes The third Serjeant is to march in the left Flanke of the Musquets in the Reare the fourth Serjeant is to be on the right Flanke of the Musquetiers and the Lieutenant in the Reare as by the sequent Figure you may perceive two hundred men in order to March into the Field the Captaine leading his Companie with a Souldier-like gesture the rest of the Officers following in their due places in a faire equipage And being arrived at the place of exercise you are to draw your Companie into Battalia after this manner First you are to command your Front division to stand then the Ensigne is to draw up his division of Pikes upon the left Flanke of the first division of Musqueteires with his Colours flying and the Pikes to continue shouldered so long as the drum beates a March but if it beates a Troope then they are to advance and close their Rankes forward to their order and then the Ensigne is to Troope them up with his Colours firled The eldest Serjeant is to leade up the second division of Pikes The second Serjeant is to lead up the second or Reare divisions oâ— Musquetiers each division still marching up to the left of that division next before it the manner you may plainly see in the Figure upon the right side of this Page where the first division is marked in the Reare with the Figure 6. the first division of Pikes with the Figure 7. the second division of Pikes with the Figure 8. the second division of Musquettiers hath in the reare the Figure 9. In the next Page you shall finde a Figure in forme of a square as they stand in a Battalia Front C s s s s s S 4 s s s s s s s s s D. 1. s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s E p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p S. 1. p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p D 2 p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p S 2 s s s s s
is to divide the Musquetiers they being drawne into a body as aforesaid into two equall parts or Divisions if there should bee an odde File in one of the Divisions it makes no matter Next you are to draw up your body of Pikes betweene those Divisions of Musquets fronting them with the Musquets in an even line Or otherwise you may draw your Musquetiers upon the left wing of your body of Pikes their Front and Rankes being placed even one against another you are to command the Pikes to open their Rankes and to order their Pikes the Musquetiers are to have all their Musquets Rested Then commanding the right-hand-division only to shoulder their Musquets and to face to the Right-hand Then commanding them to March even through the Rankes of the Pikes an ordinary distance beyond them and causing them to face to the left-hand will bring them into true order with the Pikes Next you are to command the residue or left wing of Musquets to shoulder their Peeces and to face to the right hand and advance them forwards to the side of the Pikes observing their distance betwixt them then facing them to the Left hand makes them stand even with the Pikes Or if you please you may make use of a third way to draw your Musquetiers upon either Wing of your Pikes Your Pikes being first drawne into a square body and your Musquetiers in a like square body being drawne up to the reare of the Pikes You may command them to double their Front to the Right and left hand by Division which is in this kind performed One halfe of the Files of Musqueteirs are to face to the right hand and the other halfe to the left hand either Division marching after they are turned right forwards about sixe foot beyond the flankes of the Pikes Then that Division of Musquetiers which marched towards the left-hand you are to command them to face to the right hand And the division of Musquetiers that marched to the right hand you are to command them to face to the Left Then both the divisions of Shotte at one instant in an even order are to March up by the side of the Pikes untill they front even with them These things being thus performed you are to command your Musquetiers to shoulder their Musquets and slope them You are likewise to command your Pikemen to advance their Pikes and then begin to exercise them in their Motions as followeth having first ordered them in their distance for Motion at six foote both in Ranke and File CHAP. LXXIX How a Commander shall exercise his Company in grosse in their proper Motions after hee hath drawne the Shotte upon either Wing of the Body of Pikes with the words of Command for the performance thereof as also for the reducing them to their first station HAving duly performed those Circumstances specified in the former Chapter and now standing in the head of your Company the Lieutenant in the Reare and the Serjeants upon either Flanke after you have commanded silence and also to stand right in their Rankes and Files you shall command them to Faces to the right hand This Motion is performed only by turning your body to the place where your right hand stood not moving your right foot at all but turning it a little upon the ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this word of Command As you were so turning to the left hand againe brings them to their former station Faces to the left hand This motion is performed by turning your body to the place where your left hand stood bringing your left legge somewhat about and onely turning your right foot a little upon the Ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command As you were so turning off to the right hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the right hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the right hand so that your face stands where your back parts did and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command To the left hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the left hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the left hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the left hand so that your face stands where your backe parts did and to reduce them to their former Station you must use this word of Command To the right hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the right hand brings them to their first Station These motions of facing being perfectly done you shall command the whole Company to front to the right hand and cause them there to begin anew the aforesaid motions where ten to one you shall finde them anew to seeke so fronting them from hand to hand round about will make them perfect otherwise they will be to seeke as oft as you alter your Front CHAP. LXXX Of Facing Square and how to performe it The usefulnesse of Facings and the severall parts thereof FAcings are so usefull and necessary that a Commander may as well dispence with any one of the grounds of Discipline as with them for upon all occasions in Service they are usefull and not onely sooner executed than any other of the motions but may be needfull when wheelings and Counter-marches cannot be used as in a strait There are no more than foure faces intire besides Angular as in the precedent Chapter is shewed But as for your divisionall there be divers which I have omitted Intire Facings are so called when the aspect of the whole Companie is directed one way Divisionall Facings are so called when the aspect of the Souldiers is at one and the same time directed divers wayes as to the Front and Reare the Right the Right and Left or to all foure at once c. Angular Facings are so called when the Aspect of the Companie is directed to the right Corner man which is the right Angle or to the left Corner man which is the left Angle or to the foure Corner men which are termed the foure Angles These Angular Facings amongst the Grecians were of great use for they made use of them by reducing out of the Square a Diamond Battell and from the Diamond they reduc'd two Triangles by cutting or dividing the same in the middest at the two flat Angles and of two Triangles they framed a Sheere Battell and of three or foure Triangles they framed their Saw-Battell c. Now for the instructing of your Souldiers how to Face Square if the body bee but eight in depth you must command the two first Rankes to stand fast likewise the two last Rankes are to face about the rest of the Body are to face to the Right and Left if the Body be deeper then you must command more Rankes to the Front and so likewise to the Reare and in
that take their places in the reducements the doubling of Halfe Rankes being thus reduced You are next to reduce the Halfe Files by commanding them to face about to the Left and to March forth into their places Note these kind of divisionall doublings requires open order in Ranke and File And for your Intire doublings there is onely the distance of order in Ranke and File required Halfe-files double your front to the left intire All doublings aer either Intire or divisionall Intire doublings are to bee understood when as Files or halfe-files Rankes or halfe-rankes according as the Command is given doe March forth jointly together without division or dissipation to double the part Commanded Divisionall doublings are such as formerly is shewed viz. when the Files or halfe-files Rankes or halfe-rankes are disranked and divided into more parts or places then one This doubling of halfe-files to the Left intire is thus to be performed first the halfe-files to the Reere face to the Left and March forwards untill they are quite cleare of that part of the body which stands then they face to their Leader and so March up untill they are become even in Ranke with those that stand upon the Right Flanke and then the forme is perfect the word of Command which produceth it is placed in the Margent For the Reducement the halfe-files that doubled having faced about they March straight forth untill they be cleare of the Front halfe-files then they face to the Left and March straight forth untill every man hath his right place and then they are to face right after their Leaders the words of Command and direction for this Reducement is Halfe-files face about to the Right March forth into your places This kind of doubling of halfe-files hath beene held a better doubling then eyther the ordinary doubling of Rankes or the usuall way of doubling by halfe-files or bringers up the reasons are these first it makes no disturbance to the other part of the Battalia but that it may eyther be executed in time of Motion Exercise or Skirmish Secondly it appeares another solid body to the great disheartning of an Enemy Thirdly it is very apt for over Fronting it being a doubling both of number and place Halfe-files double your front inward intire This Motion of doubling the Front inward intire hath beene of great request and is most commonly used by great Bodies as when a Regiment Division or Maniple Moveth forwards betweene two others thereby seconding or releeving them Whereby the Front of all the three Divisions become ranged in an even Line the words of Command direction that produceth this Motion is placed in the Margent The Motion of this doubling is thus to be performed The halfe-files of the Front faceth to the Right and Left and eyther Division Marcheth right forth untill they have left a distance betweene them sufficient to receive the halfe-files of the Reere and then they are to stand and face to their Leader Then the halfe-files March up and even their Front For the Reducement of this figure Let the halfe-files face to the Reere and March untill they are cleare of the Front Halfe-files then stand and face about to their Leader or Commander then the other halfe-files of the Front are to close their Division and they are reduced The Words of Command used for this reducement are Halfe-files face about and march Front halfe-files close your Divisions face all to your Leader Halfe-files double your front by Division This kinde of doubling as before is shewed is of singular good use because it may be performed in time of fight without disturbance to the other part of the Battell The way to performe this motion is as followeth first the halfe-files of the Reere are to face to the right and left and then to march right-forth untill they are cleare of the Reare part of the Front-division then they are to face to their Leader and march untill they become even in ranke with the Front and so stand which perfects this doubling The way to reduce them is as followeth viz. the halfe-files are to face about to the Reere and to march forth-right untill they are cleare of the Front halfe-files and then they are to face to the right and left inwards and so to march and close their Divisions then being faced to their Leader they are reduced The Words of Command for reducement are Halfe-files face about inwards March forth into your places Front halfe-files double your Reare by Division This doubling of the Reare by the Front halfe-files will worke the same effect to the Reare as the last doubling by division did to the Front It may be usefull in the passing of a River when the Enemy chargeth or pursueth in the Reare the Front-division eyther opening and suffering the Reare halfe-files to passe through them they maintaining the skirmish untill the other have attained the further Banke of the River Or else the Front halfe-files being opened to the right and left and faced upon the Enemy march valiantly up and receive the charge whil'st the other provide for themselves for the manner and way of this motion it may be thus performed After the Command is given the Front halfe-files are to face to the right and left and march right forth until they are cleere of the other halfe-files of the Reare then they face to the Reare and march on untill they have attained to be even in rank with them whom they had command to double which perfects the doubling The way to reduce them followeth if you keep your place of the first Front then let your half-files face about and march until they are cleare of the Reare halfe-files which stand then face to the right and left inwards and close their Division and being againe faced to their Leader they are reduced to their first forme The words of Command properly used for this reducement is Front halfe-files face about to the right and left inward March forth into your places Front halfe-files double your Reare to the right intire This doubling of the Reare to the Right intire by the Front halfe-Files is thus to be performed after the Word of Command is given the halfe Files of the Front are to face to the Left and march straight out untill they are cleare of that part of the Body which stands then they are to face againe to the Left which is the Reare and march out-right untill they ranke even with the last Ranke of the Reere-division which gives conclusion to the doubling For reducement thereof your Front halfe-Files face about to the left and march right forth untill they are cleare of the Reere halfe-Files then face them to the Right and let them march into their places then if the Commander goe to his first Front and face them all to him they are reduced as at first To double the Reare to the Left intire may bee done after the same manner
least in danger crosse the Reere of Pikemen The words of command and direction you shall finde in the Margent which produceth this latter forme of firing the words of command being given to fire to the Reere and right Flanke The outermost File of Musquetiers presents to the right and the last Ranke of Musquetiers presents to the Reere and so both give fire the rest of the body in the meane time marching a reasonable pace The right hand File on the right Flanke and the last Ranke of the Musquetiers in the Reere of the Pikes having fired the File facech to the left after their File Leader and so marcheth up betweene the Musquetiers of the same division and the Pikes the Rankes also wheeling off to the right and placing it selfe next after the Reere of Pikes and if you please you may make an Intervall or space betweene the Musquetiers in the Reere that so one part may wheele off to the right on the outside the other part wheele off to the right and march up betweene the Intervalls into their places The first File file upon the Flanke and the first Ranke in the Reere that presented having given fire and wheeled cleare of the body the next File and ranke is to present and give fire after the same manner wheeling off and taking their places as aforesaid and so successively the rest both Files and Rankes gives fire observing the same order and having given fire once twice or oftner over they are still reduced to the same they were before the firing began then draw your shot from the Reere to the left Flanke againe and they will be in their first forme and station Musquetiers give fire to both Flankes marching up betweene the Pikes and your owne divisions This kinde of firing to both Flankes marching may be upon some occasions serviceable and the shot after they have given fire may be eyther placed betweene their owne divisions and the Pikes or betweene the midst of the Pikes for their better securitie the shot being placed upon both the Flankes of the Pikes as we left them in the former discourse you must make use of the words of command and direction which is placed in the Margent which will produce this forme of firing The command being given the outmost file of each Flanke presents outward the rest of the body still continuing of the march the presented Files in the interim giving fire then facing after their proper File-Leaders who are to leade them up betweene the Musquetiers of their owne divisions and the Pikes in the time of their wheeling away the next two outermost Files are to present firing after the same manner and leading up as before the rest successively doing the like untill they have fired all over which brings them to their former places Advance your Pikes and stand face to the right and left Musquetiers give fire and Flanke your Pikes This kinde of firing to both Flankes upon a stand is produced by the words of command and directions placed in the Margent onely observe the Musquetiers are placed upon both Flankes of the body of Pikes as you left them in the precedent discourse The words of command being given the whole body both of Pikes and Shot are to face to the right and left hand and then the formost Rankes of Musquetiers which before the facing were the outermost Files are to present and give fire and then wheele off by division Ranking even with the formost Rankes of Pikes and leaving sufficient Intervalls for the rest of the Musquetiers to march betweene them and the Pikes The next Ranke presenting and firing after the same manner but not advancing forwards onely firing upon the same ground and wheeling off by division afterwards passing downe betweene the Intervalls and so ranking after their Leaders but you must observe by the way that they that were outermost when they gave fire are likewise to be so when they have taken their places All the Rankes of Musquetiers having fired and wheeled off as before the Pikes if neede be may charge and the Musquetiers giving fire over againe wheeling off outwards and placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisious Having advanced your Pikes and faced your body to their first Front all your Musquetiers will be in Front and Reere and then if your halfe Files about and give fire after the same manner formerly discoursed of to the Front and Reere having faced them againe to their first Front they will be reduced as at first into their ordinary square CHAP. XCIIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in a Triple way of giving fire to the Front BY this triple firing to the Front the precedent forme of firing to both Flankes standing may be reduced for the Musquetiers of the Reere division opening to the right and left and sleeving upon the Flankes of the Pikes untill the Leaders of the Reere division who then were the halfe File-Leaders ranke even with the Front of Pikes and those in the front division are placed before the Pikes in the Front securely covering them from the enemy The word of command and directions that produceth this forme of firing is placed in the Margent Musquetiers of the Reere double your Front of Pikes by division The one halfe of the shot being placed before the front of the Pikes and the other halfe placed upon eyther flanke even with the first Ranke of Pikes and the word of command being given then the first Ranke of Musquetiers both of front and flankes presents to the front and gives fire wheeling off to the right and left by division The Musquetiers of the front division being wheeled off as aforesaid close by the flankes of their owne Musquetiers passe directly downe betweene the Intervals and place themselves even in Ranke behind the Musquetiers of the Reere division which are upon the flanks like wise the Musqueters that fired at the same time on the flankes wheele also off the right flanke to the right the left flanke to the left marching directly downe even with the reere Rankes of the Pikes and there place themselves againe even in ranke with the last ranke of Pikes this done the rest of the rankes successively give fire and doe the like every ranke taking his place after the ranke that fired last before them the other Rankes mooving one ranke forwarder the Musquetiers having given fire once over and falling off according to this direction they will all be reduced to the Flanke againe as at first View the figure in the next page The Figure of the Triple firing to the Front Front Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant CHAP. XCV How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire three wayes at once viz. to the Front Reere and right Flanke IN performing this firing three wayes at once first you may suppose the Musquetiers to be placed upon eyther Flanke of the Pikes then by commanding the halfe Rankes of the left to double
their horses so that to everytroope of 120. there is 132. men allowed CHAP. CX How a single Troope of horse ought to be drawne into Ranke and File NOw it remaynes wee should make entrance into the discourse of Exercising a single Troope Therefore supposing our Troope to consist of one hundred and twenty horse wee must first order them into Rankes and Files Rankes are a number uncertaine and hapens according to the quantitie of souldiers be they more or lesse A File is a number certaine consisting of sixe persons viz a Leader two Middle men a Bringer up a Follower betweene the Leader and the Middleman to the Reare and a Follower betweene the Middleman to the Front and the Bringer up which is the last man in the File called the Reare A File differs from a Ranke because they stand face to backe and never above sixe deepe A Ranke differs from a File in regard they stand even a breast shoulder to shoulder and have no certaine extent The order of a File you shall see in this discription following 0 Leader 1 Follower 0 Middleman to the Reare 0 Middleman to the Front 1 Follower 0 Bringer up The description of a Ranke you shall understand by this demonstation following where you shall suppose twenty in Ranke and sixe deepe in File Sixe in File Reare CHAP. CXI What Orders and distances a horse Troope should observe in exercise NOw let us take notice what Orders or Distances these Files and Rankes are to observe in exercising where note that in horse Troopes there are but two sorts of distances or orders either in Ranke or File viz. close order and open order Close Order in Files is knee to knee Open Order in Files is sixe foote which is accounted a horses length Likewise close Order in Rankes is to the Horses crooper so that little or no distance remaines betweene the head of the Follower and the crooper of the Leader Likewise open order in Rankes is sixe foote above which they must never open CAAP. CXII The motions which the Cavalrie are to observe in their exercise THe Motions of the Cavallrie are of foure kindes as namely first Facings secondly Doublings thirdly Counter-Marches fourthly Wheelings The use of Facing is to make the company perfect to be suddenly prepared for a charge on either of the Flankes or the Reare Doubling of Rankes or doubling by halfe Files or Bringers up is used upon occasion of strengthening the Front Doubling of Files or Doubling by halfe Rankes serveth to strengthen the Flankes Counter-Marches serve either to reduce the File-leaders into the place of the Bringers up and so to have the best men ready to receive the charge of an Enemy in the Reare or to bring one Flanke into the place of the other or Front and Reere or either Flanke into the middle of the body The use of Wheeling is to bring the Front which is all wayes supposed to consist of the ablest men to be ready to receive the charge of the Enemy on either Flanke or Reere CHAP. CXIII The Manner how a Commander over 120. Horse besides Officers should Troope with them into the Field to be exercised NOw wee are to suppose this Troope of 120. horsemen are to be ordered in Ranke and File fit to draw into the Field for exercise where note they are five in Ranke and sixe deepe in File and every Officer marching in his due place as appeares by this subsequent demonstration Captaine Trumpet Cornet Eld. Corporall Second Corporall Yongest Corporall Livetenant Trumpet CHAP. CXIV How a Commander should draw this Troope of Horse into a body in manner of Battalia standing at their open Order or Distance of sixe foote YOur Troope of horse being drawne into the Field before you can exercise them you must draw up the dimissions into an even body in manner of Battallia viz. the first devision led by the Captaine being come to a convenient place of Exercise is to stand firme Then the Cornet is to leade up the second Division upon the left side of the former fronting even and keeping even destances both in Ranke and File Thirdly the Eldest Corporall is to leade up his Devision upon the left side of the Cornets fronting them even with the former Lastly the second Corporall brings up his last Division upon the left hand of the eldest corporall observing their due orders and proportions both in Rankes and Files And being thus drawne in Battallia there shall be consequently be in the Front the Captaine whose place is to stand upon the right hand before the Front of the first Division The eldest Trumpet and Cornet before the Front of the second Devisions The eldest Corporall before the Front of the third Division The second Corporall before the Front of the fourth Division And in the Reare the Lievetenant the youngest Corporall and youngest Trumpet Trumpet Second Corporall Eldest Corporall Cornet Captaine Front Reare Livetenant Trumpet Corporall CHAP. CXV How Souldiers are to be made to understand their Commanders intention in time of skirmish BEfore wee can proceede to the Exercising of this Troope of Horse wee must take notice how and by what meanes the souldiers should understand their Commanders 〈◊〉 that accordingly they may immediatly act and put in execution such things as are commanded And this is to be performed by the Commander three severall wayes First by the immediate command of the Captaine either so that every souldier heares the word of Command distinctly himselfe or by Tradition from inferiour Officers whose office is to eccho such commands throughout the Troope and this is termed vocall Secondly when the Captaine commands the Trumpet to sound such points of warre as are generally knowne to every particular souldier this is termed Semivocall The first point of warre the Trumpet sounds is Butte Sella this is the warning to clappe on the Saddles The second is Mountè Cavallo that is the warning for the souldiers to mount upon horse backe The third is Tucquet that is the warning for a March. The fourth is Carga Carga that is a command for to charge the Enemy The fift is Alâ— Standâ—rdo that is a command for to retreate to the Colours The sixt and last is Auquet that is a command for the souldiers to repaire to their Watch or Guards or for the discharging of the Watch or Guards In the third place when the Commander shall make such perfect signes pregnant to the sight as by charging with his Trunâ—ion or Pistoll or by holding up the colours whereby the souldiers take notice by the first to charge on and by the second to make a stand and this is termed Mute wherefore you may perceive it is a thing of great consequence to accustome your souldiers to these things without which a world of inconveniences and confusion must of necessitie betide you in times of skirmishing Further in regard the exercising a Troope of Horse is tedious and painefull for a
hee comes at Massilla where hee left Brutus to subdue them which he did Caesar after a few incounters drives Petreius and Affranius to a composition and having tamed Spaine hee returnes for Italy where leaving all to the charge of Servillius Isauricus his fellow Consull hee prepares to goe into Macedonia against Pompey himselfe When hee came to Brundusium though hee wanted sufficiency of shipping with those hee had hee embarqued seven Legions and though it were in winter yet hee put out to Sea and landed the next day about the hills of Epirus and other dangerous places and forthwith sent his Navie backe to Brundusium for the residue which were left with Antonius which staying somewhat to long impatient of delay in such important affaires he embarqued himselfe at midnight in a Frigot and though the Seas went high yet would hee needes venter over The Master of the vessell perceiving how boysterous the Seas were grew fearefull and would have returned which Caesar perceiving presently starts up saying quid times Caesarem vebis When all his forces were come together hee hasted to Dirrachium with purpose to surprize it thither also come Pompey to defend it their Camps now being somewhat neere many skirmishes happened in one of which the valour of Scena was wondrous in whose shield was found sticking 140 darts Neverthelesse in the meane space some overtures of Peace were made by Caesar but none would bee granted by the Pompeyans For Labyenus cried out Definite ergo de compositione loqui nam nobis nisi Caesaris capite relato pax esse nulla potest Whereupon Caesar provoked his Adversaries to the battell but Pompey knowing Caesars wants and himselfe having the benefit of the Sea to relieve his Army chose rather to draw the Warre out in length and to waste his Adversary without putting his owne estate in hazard But this liked not his Associats the Souldiers blame lying idle the confederates crie out upon delay the great Lords taxe him with ambition so that contrary to his owne opinion hee is in a manner forced to give battell in the Champion field of Philippi After that both the Generalls had put their Armies in Aray Pompey gives these admonitions to his Souldiers that when the right Wing of Caesars battell drew neere they should assaile it on the Flancke so might they chase the disordered Army being oppressed in the reare before themselves came to cast a dart in the face of the enemie neither is this thing very hard to bee done saith hee cum tantum equitatu valeamus Caesar observing the order of his enemies Battels doubted that his right Wing might be oppressed with the multitude of the enemies horse wherefore from his 3. Battell he drew certaine choise companies which he opposed to the enemies horse shewing them what he had appointed them to doe affirming that the victory that day depended upon the valour of these Cohorts The signall of Battell being given in Caesars Armie Crastinus a man of tryed valour one that the yeare before had the leading of the Primipili in the tenth Legion was called forth to begin the fight He forthwith encourageth the appointed bands saying Follow me you that have beene my Maniples performe that duty to your Emperour that you have promised there onely remaines this one Battell which finished both he shall recover his dignity and we our liberty They looking upon Caesar he sayd Facâ—am hodie Imperator ut aut vivo mihi aut mortuo gracias agas after which he marched against his enemies The charge being given all Pompey's horse according to his direction passed from his left wing and and forced Caesars Cavallery to quit the field and then begun the troopes to set upon his battels in the Flancke Which Caesar perceiving he made a signe to those selected Cohorts which for that purpose he had set apart from the other squadrons to charge upon the enemies Cavallery which they performed with such force and fury striking them according to Caesars directions no where but in the face which Pompey's horsemen unable to endure turned head and fled to the Mountaines Which service finished with the like force and fury these Cohorts invaded the reare of Pompey's left Wing also at the same time Caesar commanded his three Battalia's to charge which as yet had not moved so that Pompey's men being now with fresh Companies charged both in the front and reare were not able any longer to sustaine the Battell but all of them turned their backes and fled The victory being gotten in the Field Caesar followed Pompey to the Campe which he easily tooke and then Pompey fled for his life first to Larissa from thence to the shore of the Aegean Sea where finding a Merchants ship he sayled to Mitylene in the Iâ—le of Lesbos where remained his Wife and family from thence he sayled into Egypt where he was murthered by the sword of Septimius his fugitive before the eyes of his Wife and Children This victorie being gotten and Pompey slaine the warre was not presently ended new troubles did arise in Africa thither many principall Romans which had escaped from the battell of Pharsalia resorted to wit Publius Cornelius Scipio Marcus Petreius Afranius Quintus Varus Marcus Portius Cato Labienus and Lucius Cornelius Faustus sonne to Silla the Dictator these had associated to them Juba King of Mauritania and altogether had raised a great Army whereof Scipio was made Generall Cato having refused that honour Caesar hearing of their preparations hastens into Italy and from thence waftes over into Africa lands about Adrumentum and from thence marcheth to the Citie Leptis where he is received and while he lyes thereabout Labienus comes against him with his multitude thinking to distresse Caesars small numbers Caesar perceiving his intents resolves to deale with him rather by cunning than force And first he chargeth his men not to stirre above foure foot from their standards which the horsemen of Labienus perceiving presently compassed them about so that Caesars people were compelled to fight as it were in a circle There Labienus shewes himselfe unto them having uncovered his face saying withall to one whom he saw most forward Why are you so arrogant O you fresh-water souldier I much pity your hard fortune for sure I am Caesar hath brought you into eminent danger To whom the souldier replyed I would thou shouldest know Labienus that I am no freshman but an old souldier of the tenth Legion and forthwith he threw at him his dart saying Decumanum militem qui te petit scito esse Caesar in the meane while seeing himselfe incompassed drawes out his Armie in length and divides the circle in the middle excluding the one part from the other on both sides charging with his horsemen on the inner part of the circle and with his footmen their darts being throwne he puts them to flight Caesar after this Battell perceiving the multitude of his enemies sends
Figures of 4. Forts more proportionable in strength to the first these had a Trench raised which ranne from one to another very strong and solid as before is shewed these Workes differed in forme but were of one and the same demention these were plac'd upon an eminent passage upon a little heath by which the Prince of Orange might possibly have conveyed provision to the waters side by which meanes the Towne might have beene releeved There were two Batteries raised at the entrance of each quarter with halfe Moones before the entrance upon the out side and divers Forts besides according to the different scituation and danger of the place the Figures of these Batteries I have likewise drawne for your better information There were three great Batteries raised in three severall places neare the Towne which battered against the Flankes of the Bulworkes of the Towne and those sides both of the Batteries Forts and Redouts which beheld the Towne were made Canon proofe 25. foot thicke The greatest of these Batteries was 160. foot long and 125. foot broad in the Reare and Flanke of it it had a Wall fifteene foot thicke it was made rising with a Walke and a Parrapet on the inside in the Front it was lined with two exteriour Angles the face of it rising with nine open Windowes for so many Peeces of Artillery to shoot out at each Window being a foot and a halfe wide opening more and more out wards by little and little On the inside a Groundfell was raised like a bed of Turfe and Fagots eight foot high and 35. foot broad covered over with Plankes for the speedy removing and recoyling of the Artillery Behinde this Groundfell was a place of Armes 130. foot long and 50. foot broad the out-side of the Wall under the Canon-windowes were pallizadoed and before the Battery was two halfe Moones guarded with Musquetiers and compassed with a Ditch and Counterskarpe and a Pallizado of Spiles upon the Counterskarp for the safety of the Battery the Ditch was 7. foot deepe and 48. foot broad at the bottome but 38. The two other Batteries were raised indifferent large the manner of framing them was much after the former saving that the least of the two became the largest by the Addition of a Fort the Figures will better informe you in the difference both of length breadth and Angles Spinola raised upon all Passages very strong Forts and upon the Causies where there was no passage on neither side of it he caused very strong Pallizadoes of yong Stadles droven into the earth and framed together 15. foot high Likewise crosse the waters that drowned the Medowes he made a double Pallizado to prevent the Boates from going to the Towne Also he blockt up the Rivers with a strong Bridge and a guard of Musquetiers upon it with sharpe peeces of timber lying pointing out of split their Boates. Also he had Boates lay at Anchor in the River to hinder the passage besides divers Boates bored through at the bottome which were to be sunke upon the sudden and divers other Boates of Combustible stuffe to burne the Enemies Fleet. Also within the River at foure severall places a good distance one from another there were strong Spiles of timber droven downe and coupled together with Crosse-beames in manner of Pallizadoes which made the River unpassable The Townes-men raised five great Horne-workes to secure their owne Counterscarpe and Mote before every Port of the Towne one and the rest in other convenient places the Levell-side of these Horne-workes were 210. foot long and 150. foot broad I have presented to your view the Figure of the largest Horne-worke which was raised before the Castle it is 240. paces long and 200. paces broad it was pallizadoed thicke round about to hinder the Enemies assault beyond this Horne-worke is a Halfe-moone fortified with a Counterscarpe a cubit high and invironed with another Ditch as the Figure thereof will better informe you these Out-workes were flanquered from the Towne walles there was a Trench drawne from one Worke to another to beate off the Enemy from the Counterscarpe The ordinary Carrison of this Towne which consisted but of 15. Bulworkes were 1600. Foot and five troopes of Horse but the brute of this Siege caused them to be re-inforced with 28. Companies more besides there were 1800. able Townes-men which were to manage the Walles The Governour sent away 3. troopes of his Horse because they could affoord them no service in the Siege The Provision layd in against winter for these Souldiers was 8200. measures of Wheate of Oates 2800. 3600. weight of Cheese and as much dryed Haberdine and every Townes-man was besides to furnish himselfe for a yeare And in regard Spinola could not have his Provision for his Army come by Water he was constrained to convey it by Land it being 12. houres march for the same purpose he had all his Provision brought to one of his owne Townes that lay neerest to the Campe named Lyre But the Prince of Orange his Campe lying at Rosâ—ndall they were constrained to march about and to fortifie divers Dorpes in the way for the resting and securing of the Convoyes and Provisions Count Henry Van den Bergh had the greatest part of the Horse and as I take it 4000. foot with him besides there was 1000. Horse more newly raised with these forces he was to conduct the Provision His manner of proceeding was this In the morning before day hee gave Commandement to put in order the disordered multitude of Carriages and Waggons then hee sent some Troopes of Horse before to discover Hee commanded them to March he placed Artillery both in the Van and in the Reare to give warning by their discharging of the Enemies approaches so that his men might gather together as he had given them order for to repaire to the place which stood most in need Hee guarded both sides of the Way neere where the Prince of Oranges Army lay with loose Wings of Horse and hee lined these Horse with Guards of Musquetiers and with the rest of the Horse he brought up the Reare Vpon occasion of feare hee made use of his Wagons instead of a Trench drawing his Foot-forces within them Hee had daily and hourely Spies to know the Hollanders intentions and proceedings He cut downe all Bridges that might afford the Hollander a Passage to come at him in his March By this meanes they sustained their Campe in despight of the Hollander And as Vanden Bergh was to make his Retreat hee fearing the Prince of Orange would have set upon his Troopes hee ordered his Forces accordingly by dividing them into three grand Squadrons and so Marched ready to receive any charge The Prince of Orange then having Incampt his Army at Mede a Dorpe 2 houres distant from Breda thinking to have relieved the Towne So soone as Spinola understood it he left all the Workes about the Towne well Manned unto the charge of Medina and Marched himselfe
Captaine of the Watch or to bee commanded our with some Troopes for the guarding of some passage to prevent the Enemies approches Hee is to exercise his Company in all their postures he ought to bee gallantly apparelled with a faire Sword and Brigandine if hee be commanded to passe upon any Service with part of the Company he is not to carry his Colours also if the 〈◊〉 Company are to guard some dangerous Out-workes as a halfe Moone or a Redouâ— the Company is to troope thither and he is to leave his Colours in the quarters with a sufficient guard over them and hee is to take for his weapon a good Pike Also every Souldiers honour is highly ingaged to defend and preserve their Ensigne and if occasion of necessity should happen they must not spare to runne upon the Pikes to releeve him as divers valiant Souldiers formerly have done Histories have eternized to their immortall fame the honourable exploits of Captaine Morerula and his two Brothers one of them being his Ensigne at the siege of the Citie of Africa in Barbary in Charles the fifts time when Iohn de Vega Vice-Roy of Sicilia scaled the Walls of it this Ensigne being sore wounded and overthrowne his Brother being Serjeant seconded him and recovered the Colours who advancing forwards like a valiant Souldier was slaine the Captaine Brother to them both tooke up the Colours and performed the Ensignes office who in the scaling of the Wall was sore hurt and died thereof thus three valiant brethren died honourably in defending their Colours if an Ensigne should lose all his Colours from the staffe and hose it is no dishonour When an Army is drawne into Batalia the Ensigne ought to stand out before the front of it some five paces and if the Generall or some other chiefe Officer of the Field passe by he is gently to vaile his Colours holding the butte end of his staffe at his girdlested Also a maxime that no Souldier moves Hat or Helmet to the greatest Commander that is but only to bow his body to him Likewise in time of Battell the Ensigne is to withdraw himselfe for his safety into the middle-most Ranke of the Pikes Likewise in a March the Ensigne is to march before the first division of Pikes with his flying Colours If a King or great Prince passeth by the Ensigne is to vaile his Colours close to the ground with his knee bending in token of Alegiance and submission every Ensigne of private Companies ought to observe how the Ensigne of the Right hand of the Battell orders his Colours after the same manner hee is to order his every Souldier upon an Allarme is speedily to repaire to his Colours likewise not to forsake them untill they be lodged when any Company shall march either into Campâ— Guard Fortresse or Castle no Souldier ought to disarme himselfe untill they see first the Colours placed and the Ensigne disarmed Likewise no sooner shall a Souldier see the Ensigne take up his Colours but they should arme and ranke themselves immediately No Ensigne ought to disarme himselfe upon any Guard Campe or Field untill hee sees that with safety hee may doe it Likewise an Ensigne should shew himselfe forwardest with his Colours in assaulting a Fort or entring a Breach to incourage the Souldiers manfully to fall on to defend and make way for them he ought to behave himselfe so that he may gaine the love of all the Souldiers whereby his owne person shall be in the more safetie when he shall attempt any perrillous exploits for love will command a Souldier to fight when all things in the world else 〈…〉 him forwards and let him know that the vertue of the Ensigne 〈…〉 the vertue and valour of the Captaine and his whole band I could wish 〈…〉 Captaines would be pleased to be more circumspect in their election of 〈◊〉 and not to put undeserving fellowes of base birth and qualitie into place of 〈◊〉 which deserves Gentlemen of quality to officiate the Office of 〈…〉 place of repute and honour doth not sâ—te with every Yeoman Taylor or Fidler as I have knowne to one Company in Essex all these oâ— the like Mechanick fellowes have had the honour to beare the Colours before a generous Captaine of Noble birth whose name I forbeare to relate but let it be an 〈◊〉 to all generous Captaines to make choyce of Officers that are well bred and deserving otherwise they doe but disgrace themselves and abuse his Majesties service and the reputation of our Countrey CHAP. LXV The Office of a Lieuâ—tenant to a private Company and his duty both in Garrison and in Field declared A Lieuetenant is an Office of high credit and reputation and he ought in all respects to bee well indoctrinated and qualified in the Arts Millitary and ought not to bee inferiour in knowledge to any Officer of higher authority for an unskilfull Captaine may better demean himselfe with an experienst Lieuetenant then an unskilfull Lieuetenant can â—adge with a skilfull Captain because all businesse belonging to a Company is for the most part ordered by the Lieuetenant the Captaine having other imployments of greate importance hee is to see the company fitted in all respects for service hee is the right hand to his Captaine in ayding and assisting him as well in the brunt of Battell as in Peace hee is to see to the fitting and furnishing of all things necessary belonging to the Company hee is to keepe a perfect roule of all the Souldiers in the Company and to observe that every Squadron bee compleate hee is to view the sufficiency and â—â—â—enesse of the Armes and to give order for the repayring of such as shall bee found defective hee is to order and ranke the Company fit for his Captaine to March with hee is to divide his Company into foure divisions making two divisions of the Pikes and two of the Musquetieres hee is to ranke the first division of Musquets in the Front and the second division of Musquets in the Reare of the Pikes hee is to March in the Reare of the Company into the Field and in Marching out of the Field the Captaine is to March in the Reare and the Lieuetenant in the Front he is carefully to passe upon his duty to see the squadrons drawne to the Guards for to Watch hee is to bee very carefull and diligent in exercising his Company either by squadrons uppon the Guards or the whole Company in the Field assuming fit and convenient times hee is to leade on the left Wing of shot in time of service in time of exercising hee is to helpe order the Company so that his Captaine may have the more ease and freedome hee ought to bee silent and to cause silence in the Company during the time of his Captaines exercise he ought to bee in the Reare of the Company to instruct the Souldiers how to act and observe the Captaines commands he ought to call over the Company and take a particular survey
Commander being at his front accidentall may command them to wheele their wings into the reere and so passing through to that part where his proper file-leaders areâ— and then face them to him and they are in their first forme Or else when the Commander hath past through to the Reere and faced his company to him then his pikes being foremost let him wheele his flankes into the Front who being faced to their leader are reduced Wheele front and Reere into the right flanke This divisionall wheeling of the Front and Reere into the right flanke doth quadruple the depth as for example if the body of your Battallia be but ten in depth this wheeling to the right flanke makes them forty deepe in file and but five in ranke or brest you may observe how the Musqueteires of the left flanke are devided viz the one halfe of them wheeling to the front and the other halfe to the reere Likewise the Musqueteirs of the right flanke are to wheele together into the midst The Pikes are likewise divided those that were the front halfe files are to wheele into the midst of the front division of Musquetiers And those that were the Reere division of Pikes are to wheele into the reere division of shott After the word of Command is given to wheele front and reere into the right flanke you must cause your Souldiers for to face to the right that being done they are to wheele together about the fifth and sixth men in the right hand file which is the halfe file leader to the front and halfe file leader to the reere this motion being performed right the two halfe files to the right will be converted into the two midle rankes of the Battallia and the file-leaders to the front and the bringers of the reere will be the right hand file For the reducement there may be many wayes according as the body of the Battallia may be faced but suppose they stand faced in the same forme that this Battallia did before the Motion began and then the wheeling of front and reere into the left flanke will reduce them to their first station they being faced to their Leader Or if you please to face them that way which they wheeled in the Motion which was to the right then wheele your flankes into the reere and then facing them to their proper front they are reduced Wheele front and Reere into the left flanke This divisionall wheeling of the front and reere into the left flanke is a doubling of the depth as the former was and the nature of the Motion is the same with the precedent the difference is onely in the flankes wherefore first you must cause the Battallia to face to the left and then you must wheele them as before you did wheele the flankes into the front But suppose that all the shott are placed upon the right flanke before you begin this motion then this wheeling will bring the one halfe of them into the front and the other halfe into the reere and the motion being performed and they faced towards their Commander they will be 40 deepe in file and five in ranke as the precedent motion was For reducement the usuall way is to wheele the front and reere into the Right flanke or if upon occasion you have faced your Battallia to the same way they have wheeled which was to the left flanke and would give your Command from thence then you must cause them to wheele their flankes into the reere this being done you must passe to your first front then causing them to face towards you they are in the same forme they were at first Then cause the five files of shott to face to the left and then to passe through their places Lastly you must close their rankes and files to their due distance and all is performed Wheele both flankes into the Front and Reere This divisionall wheeling of both flankes into the front and reere doth double the depth making them from ten deepe to be twenty It doth also transferre the Musquetiers from both the flankes into the front and reere making a division betweene the front halfe files and the reere halfe-files So that of one Body flankte with shott it maketh two each having their shot in the front To performe this wheeling you must take these following directions The word of Command being given as in the Margent is exprest the first thing the Souldiers have to doe is for the halfe files to face about to the reere and then the front halfe files and the reere halfe Files are to wheele at one and the same instant The front division are to wheele about their two innermost file Leaders untill the file Leaders of the right flanke meete together in the midst with the file Leaders of the left flanke the residue of their divisions orderly following of them The halfe files in like maner being faced about the bringers up in the same order as the former did are to wheele together being now the leaders of the motion in the reere This being performed and the Commander standing at the place of his first front he is to cause them to face towards him then he is to Command them to close their division which being done all your file Leaders are in the two innermost files of the front division file wise and all the bringers up in the reere division of the same files For reducement you may face them to either of the flankes and then Command them to wheele both flankes into the front and reere then facing them againe to their proper front and closing their divisions they will be as at first or if you please the Subsequent motion of wheeling will reduce it Wheele front and reere into both flankes This wheeling of front and Reere into both flankes is also a doubling of depth So that from ten deepe it makes them twenty And by this motion the shot which in the precedent wheeling was placed upon the flankes by this motion of wheeling are transferd into the midst betweene the front and the reere of the Pikes and whereas in this former motion their wheeling was about the two midlemost file leaders and Bringers up This wheeling contrariwise is about the two halfe file leaders of the outmost files of each flanke In the other wheeling the file Leaders and bringers up made the Inmost file but in this they make the outermost file of each flanke This motion being performed it leaves a large Intervall or division from front to reere betweene the flankes which if the Commander passe into the midst betweene each division and face them all to him causing them to close their divisions and then he being marcht forth into his first place causing the souldiers to direct their aspects to him then will the Pikes be in the Front and Reere For the reducement of this Motion of wheeling to its first forme and station you must cause the Battallia to face
to one of the flankes which being done you must Command them againe to wheele Front and Reere into both flankes then facing them to their first Front and closing their division they are reduced or you may wheele both flankes into the Front and Reere and then face them to their Leader and close their division Thus having shewed the wayes and properties of wheelings in their severall kindes wishing every Commander at least to make use of the Intire wheelings and to make their Souldiers perfect in them so that they may wheele to the Right to the Left and to the Reere and as for the rest you may use your pleasure if time will not permit you to exercise your Souldiers in them The next thing that a Commander is to teach his Souldiers is the severall wayes of giving fire and the fitting and preparing them for Skirmish which in the next Chapter shall be discours'd of CHAP. LXXXVII How a Commauder shall prepare his Souldiers for Skirmish with the maner and use of firing by forlorne Files in the Front WHen a Commander hath exercised his Company in their Postures Doublings Counter-marches and Wheelings the next thing requisite to be taught the Souldiers is how they should skirmish with the maner and use of firing wherefore your Company being first drawne in Battallia every man observing his order both in ranke and file The Officers in their due places viz the Captaine and Ensigne in the Front of Pikes the Lieutenant in the Reere the Serjants on the flankes the Drummes on the Front and reere Angle of the Pikes Every man thus standing in his right equipage the Captaine shall command the Drums to beate a march the colours flying at the head of the pikes the pikes and Musquets shouldred marching at their distance of order in file and at their open order in ranke the Commander is to give a signe to the Drume to beare a preparative at which time the Ensigne is to furle-up his colours and to retire into the midst of the Pikes every man is to advance his Pike and to close all their Rankes forwards to their order the Musquetiers art to make ready every one preparing himselfe for skirmish But before we proceede any further it will be very convenient to shew the maner and use of firings that the Souldiers may be the better able to performe them when they come to the proofe and tryall wherefore observe that all firings are either direct or oblique The maner of firings are sometimes advancing against an Enemie sometimes receiving the Enemies charge upon a stand or else retiring for we may be constrained to give fire in the Reere marching from the Enemie or in flanke marching by an Enemie or it may fall out that the Enemy may charge in severall places at once as in Front and Flanke or in Front Reere and Flanke these particulars shall be more fully discust in the following discourses And first to begin with the firings in Front both advancing and standing I will follow Master Barrifes directions who hath excellently well described them both by discourse and figure Wherefore first take notice of giving fire by forlorne files which most commonly is used two maner of wayes in the exercising of companies The first is for the two outermost files of each flanke of shot to march forth being led on by the two yongest Serjants a convenient distance beyond the Front of the battell who being there arived ought to make there stand the foremost Rankes are to give fire wheeling off both to the right or to the right and left if it be commanded and to place themselves in the Reere of their owne Files the rest of the Rankes firing and doing of the like untill they have fired once or twice over according as they shall be directed this being performed the next two out most files of each flanke are to march forwards unto the place assigned and are there to doe the like Those files which formerly faced are in the meane time to troope backe and place themselves next the flankes of the Pikes upon the inside of the division of Musquetiers The rest of the shot after the former manner are to march up and give fire placing themselves as before is shewed when they have fired all over and placed themselves according to these directions they are reduced into their first stations The second way of firing by forlorne Files is thus to be performed The outmost files of each Flanke are led forth by the Serjeants unto the place assigned and then they command their Files to ranke inwards and to present and give fire all at one instant as by the subsequent figure you may perceive Serjeant Serjeant Captaine Ensigne Serjeant Serjeant Lievetenant The first two files having ranked inwards and joyned together making one brest as you may perceive at the figure 4. and having presented and given fire they are to wheele off to the right and left each man following his Leader in single file and performing their postures of priming and charging c. as they troope downe to place themselves on the inside of their division of shot alongst by the Flankes of the Pikes The next outmost File which followed the first in the Reere in the meane time are to ranke themselves inwards and are to give fire and wheele off as the former did placing themselves alongst by the Flankes of the Pikes after the same manner all the rest of the Files are to performe their indeavours Note the odde Files may eyther march up and give fire single or else the next outermost File may sequent them CHAP. LXXXVIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers to give fire by two Rankes advancing them ten or twenty paces before the Front of the Battalia then even with the Front and lastly even with the halfe-Files THis manner of advancing two Rankes a certaine distance before the Front of the Battell is commonly used when two Battells make their approaches one against the other whereby they are brought within distance to doe certaine execution a Serjeant from each Flanke is to leade these two formost rankes up to the place assigned The first Ranke of each wing of shot is to present and to give fire wheeling off eyther to the right or to the right and left the second Ranke stands ready with their Musquets rested their Match-cocked and pans guarded mounting the muzells of their Peeces cleere of their Leaders and standing the distance of three foote behind the first Ranke are ready to Levell and give fire so soone as their Leaders are wheeled off from before them The first Rankes having presented and given fire as aforesayd in their wheeling off they are to march downe in single File close by the outside of the wings of shot untill they come to the Reere of their owne divisions where every man is to place himselfe in the Reere of his owne file The second Ranke having discharged are after the same manner
by way of Counter-march and is an oblique firing for whereas in the other firing by Rankes in the Diamond Battell each Ranke fired by increase of two beginning with one and ending with 15. 17. or 21 c. according to the quantitie of your Souldiers in a Ranke this second kind of firing contrary wise may beginne with 15. 17. or 21 c. and end with one still decreasing two and to performe this firing your Files must be at open order because the Musquetiers must Counter-march downe betweene the Intervals of their owne Files to the right every Musquetiere that findes him-himselfe without a Leader being to present and give fire and then to Counter-march to the right and to place himselfe in the Reere of his owne File behind the Pikes when the first Ranke if it consists but of 15. have given fire then the next Ranke of 13. is to present give fire and Counter-march still placing themselves in the Reere of their owne files next there fireth 11. then 9 c. And in this manner of firing they that fire together stand neither in Ranke nor File but obliquely when all the shot have fired and are Counter-marcht into the Reere of their owne Files then the Rankes will become two and two of a number Your men standing in the forme before described if you please you may produce another forme by facing them all to the Reere then command your Musquetiers to march ten or twelve paces your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers will make resemblance of a hollow wedge and your Piks of a sollid wedge Lastly to reduce all these severall formes into the first proper square battell first let the sollid wedge close forwards into the hollow of the other then let the shot make ready present and give fire as before viz. every Musquetiere that findes himselfe without a Leader is to give fire and Counter-march to the Reere of his owne File and the rest doing the like successively when they have all fired and are all Counter-marcht cleare let the Pikes charge and then the body of your Battallia will have the forme of a Diamond againe Next face them all to the Reere and command the Rankes to file 8. c. to the right which being done passe the shot through which belongs to the left flanke into their places and close the Musquetiers to the right Flanke to their due distance and then they will stand in their proper reducement Wheele your Flankes into the front and face the body to one of the flanks and wheele your battell into a Convex halfe Moone The manner and use of the severall wayes of firing belonging to this forme of the Convex half Moone or semi-circuler Battell is a forme which our Schoolemaster in the rudiments Julius Casar did highly esteeme of it makes shew but of a few Souldiers in regard of the rotunditie of it yet being drawne out in Length it makes a very long Front it may be for the Landing of Souldiers in the enemies country or being secured in the Reere with Rivers Bogges Ditches or the like it hath beene accounted very prevalent to be opposed against an Armie of greater power It may be framed either with the shot outermost or innermost or lined If your battell be in forme of a Hearse then wheele them to the right and left about untill they have attained this forme of a Semicircle but if in a square then you must make use of those words of command plac'd in the Margent which will produce this Convex forme Having brought your Souldiers into this Semicircle you may face them all inwards the better to heare such speeches or orations as shall be by the Commander delivered unto them but for to receive a charge from the enemy you must face them outwards there must be certaine intervalls or distances betwixt each division for the shot to wheele off and march downe in The outmost Arch or first ranke of each division is to present and give fire those of the right Flanke wheeling off to the right and the left Flanke to the left placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions of Musquetiers still making good their Leaders ground the rest of the Rankes are to doe the same until they have all given fire Never the lesse if the enemies horse should bee too potent then let them give fire by division as is shewed before passing quite through their intervalls and placing themselves in the Reere of the Pikes every ranke is to make good his Leaders ground Thus also are the rest of the Musquitiers to give fire placing themselves in the concave part of the body as aforesaid following the Pikes which now makes good the Musquetiers ground the Pikes may eyther charge over hand or upon occasion at the foote drawing forth their Swords over their left arme and couching downe their heads by which meanes the Musquitiers may play over their shoulders for the first ranke having fired may kneele downe and charge againe and so the second ranke may give fire and kneele in like sort making ready againe and so all the rest untill the first ranke riseth up with the rest and give fire over againe So the skirmish may be continued the Pikes still opposing the Horse Pikes stand Musquetiers face to the reere and march until your are cleere of your body of Pikes Then face inwards and close your division then face to your Leader and double your Rankes For the reducement of this forme and to bring every Man to his place Let your shot either by firing or passing through be brought into the place they were in before they first gave fire then face the whole body to one of the flankes and march them untill they have evened their Rankes and straitned their Files this done then if all your Pikes be upon the right flanke wheele your right flanke into the midst if on the left flanke wheele Front and Reere into the left flanke This being preformed the Commander must passe to his proper file-Leaders and face the whole body to him and they will be in their first forme This way of firing by extraduction is also a firing in Front it is of singuler good use in a Strait or narrow passage where the wings and Reere may be secured from the fury of the Enemies Horse you must fill the mouth of the Passage with your Pikes and if the length of your Company be not sufficient to doe it then double your Rankes and your Pikes being charged Your Musquetiers being in the Reere are to march up into the Front and give fire as in the next place shal be demonstrated onely first by the way observe the words of directions placed in the Margent which produceth this forme The battel being ordred as a foresaid Let the first Ranke of Musquetiers which are those that followes next after the Pikes face to the right and march forth File-wise up close by the right flanke of Pikes untill he that is
their right Flanke by division then the Reere halfe Files of the left Flanke are to face about to the right and then both the Front halfe Files and the Reere halfe Files are to march forthright untill they are cleere of that part of the body that stands then each division faceth that way they are to double which the Front halfe Files must doe to the right and the Reere halfe Files to the left and so march forth right untill the doubling be performed then the Reere division that doubled is to face to the Reere and the Front division is to face front proper and the right flanke that stood is to face to the right hand whereby they are fast ready to give fire three severall wayes at once the manner of firing is thus performed the formost Rankes of Musquetiers on each part having fired they wheele off to the right or to the right and left according as they shall bee commanded placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions the next Ranke in the meane time moving forwards into their Leaders ground there in like manner firing wheeling off and placing themselves as before the rest of the rankes performing the like successively for reducement face them all to their Front proper then command the halfe rankes that doubled to face to the left and so to march into their places the figure of this precedent discourse followeth in the next Page Front proper Serjeant Serjeant Front of the right Flanke Serjeant Front of the Reere There are divers other wayes of firings which I am forced to omit desiring you to turne into the excellent book of Millitary discipline composed by Lievetenant Barriff wherein you may be further instructed and see the Poligons or Figures belonging to most of these instructions which I have briefely discoursed of wishing you by all meanes not to omit any of them in your exercises if time and patience may give you leave and if you should passe by any let them be onely your divisionall Motions as for your intire motions eyther of doublings Counter-marches or wheelings c. you must be very circumspect and carefull to performe them all otherwise all your paines will be to no purpose Now for the marching out of the field your Company standing in a square forme viz. the shot upon each flanke of the Pikes the Lievetenant leads away the first division of shot with a Serjeant attending him the Drumme beating betweene the third and fourth ranke of the same division of shot the Ensigne is to march before the first division of Pikes following a pritty distance behind the first division of shot with the Drum placed as before The eldest Serjeant is to march before the second division of Pikes The second Serjeant marcheth before the last division of shot with the Captaine in the Reere of all and being marcht to the place where the Colours should be lodged let them as they march invert to the right and left viz. the rankes are to file to the right and left by division then all the Musquetiers are to face in opposition to cocke their matches guard their Pans and rest their Musquets the Pikemen in the meane time are to advance their Pikes and close their Rankes and Files to their order which being done the Drum beating a Troope at the head of the Pikes All the chiefe Officers in their due places are to passe through this guard into the appointed place for the Allodgement of the colours then the Serjeant is to cause all the Musquetiers to face about to the right and present and upon the first beate of the Drum they are all to give fire in one volley then the Drum beating a call and makes proclamation of silence the captaine is to deliver them such orders as he hath in charge to acquaint them with all eyther from the Lord Lievetenants or the Counsell which being done he is to dismisse them untill the next summons for their appearance In the next discourse I shall intreate about the exercising of Horse-Troopes and so make a generall discourse of all the parts belonging to the body of Warre THE DRILLING OR EXERCISING OF HORSE TROOPES SECT XII CHAP. XCVI Of the preheminency and dignitie of Officers for the avoiding of disputes with a short Declaration of the high Office of the Generall of the Horse HAving finished those instructions concerning the exercising of foote Companies by which meanes they may be fitted and prepared for Service And before we can come to intreate either of Marching Incamping or Imbattelling It is necessary wee should shew some briefe instructions for the Drilling and exercising of Horse troopes in regard no Army can be compleate in power and strength for the exercising of such things of Importance as the cause may require unlesse compounded of Foote and Horse otherwise it must of necessity hault and make use of the stilt of some peculiar place for advantage and safetie and not to looke the Enemy in the face in all places And in regard divers Nations are diversly opinionated some esteeming the Infantrie better than the Caualliary as our English hath done others esteeme the Cavalliarie better than the Infantry as the French yet according to the nature and situation of the country or place the Army is to be imployed in whether Inclosures or Champion accordingly it must be compounded of more or lesse of th' one or th' other But for the avoiding of disputes which may arise amongst the Officers of either part for place of preheminencie and dignitie you shall finde by this Aphorisme amplified with the authority of the Ancient Sages that in profession either Civill or Millitary those are more honourable which have greater charge or require greater knowledge as to rule a State is more noble than to governe a Cittie and this more eminent than to order a Family In which respect though the true end of Horse and foote be one and the same to defend aright and redresse a wrong and per case that of foote be generally more usefull yet this of Horse is the more honorable Service because his vertue and knowledge is exercised as well in Managing and defending of his Horse as of himselfe upon whose safegarde his life and honour depends as well as in immediate defence of his owne person thus much for the dignity of place As for the Officers of the Cauallrie I wil onely with all brevitie touch such things for instruction as are most naturall in every particular Office and then transferre them to the taking of a practicall Surveigh of what is commended to the Generall of the Army and to the rest of the Officers of the Infantrie for if it were possible there ought to be no difference in experience Wisedome and Valour amongst all Officers if they could attaine unto it The Generall of the Horse hath the eminent controule and commande of all the Cavalrie or Horse Regiments of what nature or composition whatsoever
o o o o o o o o o o o o o Halfe files to the left hand double your Front hHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhH hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Bringers up to the right hand double your Front Bringers up as you were HhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Files to the left hand Counter-march HhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHh h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Files close to the right and left to your close Order oooooHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo Rankes close forwards to your close order H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o To the left hand wheele H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h CHAP. CXX The Fashion of Horse Battels discourst of and first of the Rhombe the Wedge and the Square IN regard we shall not have the opportunitie to discourse and demonstrate every kinde of Battell that at this time is in use when wee shall come to intreate of the embattelling of the Infantry with the Cavalry therefore I thinke it most convenient to discourse of some formes of Embattelling the Cavalry which are of greatest use And the rather because the Cavalry for the most part are employed upon peculiar services in the absence of the Infantry Those that have formerly written of this subject have not fully exprest their owne conceits Therefore to make all things cleere I shall indeavour to set downe the severall figures of each severall kinde The Thessalians were the first inventers of the Rhombe and conceived it to be an absolute forme in regard they were ready to turne their faces every way with speede and not easily to be surprised in Flanke or in the Reare because the best men are plac'd in the Fanke and the commanders in the Angles viz. the Captaine in the Front and in the right and left Angles of the Flankes the two ablest Corporalls and the Livetenant in the reare Angle Of these kinde of battells called the Rhombes there are foure sorts severally distinguished the first kinde Files and Rankes The second forme neither File nor ranke the third forme Files but ranke not the fourth ranke but file not The first kind of Rhombe that doth both file and ranke is ordered as followeth viz. you are to make the greatest ranke being the middle most of an uneven number as of a 11. or 13. or 15. or 17. to which you are to joyne other rankes before and behind every one containing two lesse than the former as if the greatest ranke consisted of 17. the next rankes on either side are to have but 15. the next on either side of those but 13 and so every one two lesse untill at last you come to one as you may perceive by the next Figure following the longest ranke consists of 15. the next of 13 c. and so the whole Rhombe hath 113 horse in Battalia of these I intend to shew you the order of framing them although not much used in these late warres afterwards I shall discourse of sundry formes of Embattelling in a discourse by it selfe The Rhombe of Horse The Front Left Flanke Right Flanke The Reare CHAP. CXXI The manner and forme how the second kinde of Rhombe is ordered in Battalia THe next kind of Rhombe which neither Files nor Ranks was by the antient Generalls thought very proper for service in regard the turnings and other motions were to be performed very easily having nothing to hinder them before behinde or in Flancke For the ordering of this forme of Battell you must first place the Leader then one aâ— his right and an other at his left hand and in such a distance that their horses heads reach up to his horses shoulders as in the formall battell The first row you must also make of an uneven number as 21. the Leader of the Troope standing in the midst and 19. other being laid to him backwards on either side so that this ranke containeth two sides of the Rhombe like to this A. Then the Reare Commander is placed directly behinde the Leader and to him are other joyned forwardly on either side like to this Figure V. and the number of the following rankes after the first there are to be two lesse than the former and therefore nine must be added on either side of the Reare Commander so that the number of
for it is commonly seene that quarrels mutines and horrible abuses arise by drunkennesse besides the neglect of their duties whereby an enemy takes his advantage to destroy a whole Campe. A Generall is to have speciall care that there be no quarrels or heart-burnings betweene his Officers but speedily to reconcile them before they goe upon any service lest a greater mischiefe insue as did upon the like difference betwixt Hanno and Bomilcar two famous Captaines of Carthage who being in fight against Agathocles and furiously charged by his troopes Bomilcar withdrew his divisions suffering Haenno and his souldiers to be hewen to peices If a Captaine or souldier transgresseth twice by his cowardlinesse or through negligence a Generall ought not to forgive as Hannibal a Commander in the first Punick warres lost his head for being through his cowardise vanquisht twice Non est bis in Bello peccare A Generall must avoid mutinies disorders and abuses in his Army by commanding every Regiment to be drawn in parrado and before the head of the troops some Officer to reade such lawes and edicts as are provided for the Army to be governed by wherby may not plead ignorance and if any dares offend wilfully against any of the Articles immediately to have the punishment inflicted without respect of persons He is to command divers false allarmes to be made whereby he shall see in what a readinesse his Army will be in if necessity required and if any base cowardlinesse should be found in any souldier that should not dare to answer the allarm with speed he should be brought before the head of the troops and his armes broken and banisht the Army If a Generall perceives that the enemy stops his releefe of Victualls and Ammunition that without hazard they cannot arrive then he must take notice what Townes or Forts intercept the passage of reliefe and give order for the taking of them in or strong Convoyes prepared to conduct the carriages for it is very dangerous to have an enemy in the Reare of an Army to hold any strong Townes or Forts for thereby they have advantage to stay and surprise all releefe that should sustaine the Campe. He must be truly informed by Intelligencers and Guides whose informations he must compare with the Map of that Countrey to see that no false wood be used how farre the enemies Townes lye from his Army he must not be ignorant of the Hills Vallyes Wayes Straights Passages Lakes Rivers and Bridges their number quality distance with every particular circumstance whereby he may know how the enemy may annoy him and the better he may know how to place his Fortifications and Guards for to prevent him The Prince of Orange was well seene in these affaires he knowing the situation of the seventeene Provinces in the Netherlands so exactly that he was able at one time to give directions how sundry parts and passages should be guarded what Straights fortifyed what Levells drowned either by sea or fresh water whereby hee avoyded present and eminent dangers Before a Generall intends to march with his Army the wayes are to be skowred by certaine horsemen for feare the enemy should lay any Ambuskadoes and also to give notice of the conveniency of the wayes for the Souldiers and Artillery to passe and also he is to have provided able sufficient Guides to conduct them the best and safest way A Generall is to see every Regiment as they march take their places according to their antiquities in the Field but when Companies are in Garrison that Company which first enters the Towne hath the priority during the time they stay also in a March the eldest Regiment is not continually to have the Vaward but the Regiment that marcht the first day in the Van the next day must march in the Reare and so proportionably every Regiment must take his turne if the march continues and in the morning before they dislodge a peece of Ordnance is to be discharged first whereby the Army takes notice they are to march at the second report of the Ordnance every Company is in armes ready to march and at the third report of the Cannon the first Regiment marcheth If divers Nations should be in an Army every particular Nation is to be quartered in a division by themselves and not to mixe Companies to avoyd quarrells moreover if the number be great of the Mercenary Nations it is best to divide them both in marching and imbattelling lest they should be treacherous or cowardly for there is no confidence nor trust can be reposed in them unlesse they be conveniently placed in the Battell so as they may be yoaked in and tyed to performe their best indeavours If an enemy should keepe a Straight to hinder the marching of the Army a Generall must draw out both Horse and Foote to charge them in either Flancke and then the residue to fight out their way in the Front of them Also a Generall must be very expert in distinguishing the severall seates of the Drum which is his voyce in the time of warre the souldiers are also to be taught the understanding of the same that they may accordingly demeane themselves as the beate of the Drumme commands A Generall is to give to the Serjeant-Major-Generall of the Army the watchword which is privately to be kept and returned to all inferiour Officers by which word they may passe the whole Army through this watchword is to be altered every night A Generall is to cause lots or billets to be made with the names of every particular guarde written in them those are to be rowled up and put into a hat by the Major and so every inferiour officer drawes his guard by this meanes disputes are prevented and the enemy cannot corrupt an officer to give over a guard because it is uncertaine who shall have that watch also to give order to the inferiour Officers for the due and orderly releeving of the watch morning and evening A Generall is to draw his whole Army into Battallia and to see them exercised in grosse changing them into divers formes of Battell the footemen are to be ordered in divers small Battallions whereof are framed the right Wing the Battell and the left Wing the Battell is to consist of as many more men as either of the Winges doth the Horsemen are to bee devided into divers Battallia's so as they may one releeve the other the one halfe of the horse are to be plac'd on the right Wing of the Army the other on the left unlesse one of the Wings and the reare of the battell may be secured by Rivers Bogges or Rockie ground so that the enemy may not take advantage with his horse then they are to be ranged only upon one Wing they are to be plac'd a sufficient distance from the foote lest by their disorderly retreate they annoy their owne foot-troopes divers foote and horse are to be ranged a good distance before the Army which are termed
to march before the Foot and before them certain Spies to discover for fear of the enemies Ambushes If marching from an enemy the Horse-Troops are to follow in the Rear of the Army to charge the enemy if he offers to pursue An Army marching through straight lanes must order their men into so many Files as may well march a Brest An Army being to march over Heaths or Plains then they must march by divisions as namely three or four Companies a Brest that they may the readier and more suddenly be drawn into Battalia An Army is commonly divided into three divisions viz. the Vant-guard Battell and Rear-guard every Colonell ought to march according to his antiquitie one before another after like manner every Captain of every Colonels Regiment is to doe the same That Regiment which marcheth in the Vant-guard the first day ought to come to their quarters very timely then the Battell must march forwards and be quartered beyond them then the Rear-ward is to march up beyond the Battell and there to bee quartered so that the next morne it may bee ready at the discharging of the warning peece to march Note that Regiment which marcheth the first day in the Van the day following is to march in the Rear and they are daily thus to take their turns if the March continues long We are further to observe whether we are to march in the day time or in the night and accordingly we are to demean our selves If by day The manner now in use is to send out before the Army by a sufficient trusty Guide which knows wel the passages of the Countrey certain Fire-locks Dragones and Musketires to discover the enemy and the Horse are to represse the enemies incursions these are likewise to surprize straight waies Bridges and Foords Next after these are the Pioners to march with a good guard to mend the waies and to cut through passages so as the Ordnance may be drawn safe and the Army march the best and neerest way The Foot of the Vant-guard or right Wing is in the next place to follow every Battalia thereof in their due order the one halfe of the Horse of the Army before them and all their baggage or carriage behind them in the Rear The Battalions of the Battell are in the next place to follow in the same equipage the former did viz. with all their baggage and carriage in the Rear Lastly the Battalions of the Rearward or left Wing are to follow in March with all their baggage and carriage behind them also and every one of these Battalions are to have their shot before and behind and the residue of the Horse are to bring up the Reare The Ordnance are to be distributed as the Carriage is viz. both behind the Vantguard the Battell and the Rear-ward the better to secure against all attempts But this kind of ordering the Horse the Ordnance and the Baggage is most commonly used when the enemy is not at hand As for the marching of an Army by night all the baggage and carriages are to bee sent before the Armie with a sufficient guard next after them your Pike-men then the Musketires and all the Horse in the Rear so that by break of day they may come all together to their Rendevou This way an Army in the night is best and easilyest kept together and is soonest espied if it faulters but this is also to bee used when the enemy is not neer Wee are to observe that in a March both Colonels Captains and other inferiour Officers are called from the leading of their own Regiments and Companies to command in another Regiment or Company which many times happens in regard the Generall will have the eldest Colonels by him to discourse and advise of things Materiall about the Warres So that a Lieutenant Colonell commands a Regiment and the eldest Captain the Colonels Company also a Lieutenant to command a private Company and these are thus ordered and disposed as it shall please the Serjeant-Major to give commandement An Army being thus orderly marcht to the place of their inquartering the Generall his field-Martiall and Serjeant-Major generall are to be very wise and circumspect in placing the Horse-guards outermost of all upon speciall passages where they must set out their Horse-sentinels a good distance from the guard that they may the better discover and give warning of the enemies approaches by making an Alarme by the discharge of their Pistols so that the whole Army may presently bee in armes The Foot-sentinels are to stand upon some passages neerer to the Quarters than the Horse are Upon Alarme given all the Companies of the Army are speedily to march into some convenient place appointed by the Generall over night where every Company is to be drawn into Battalia fit to charge the enemy And as before I have said how the Foot should march in divisions over a Heath or Plain after the same proportion the Horse-troops also are to march in divisions viz. two four or six Cornets in a division neither divisions of Horse nor Foot are to march in far distance one from the other but so as the whole Army suddainly may joyn in Battell if the enemy should approach At every stand the Army makes upon a Heath or Plain every single division is to march up and front with the next division before it upon the left hand of the same and if the stay bee long and the place dangerous then successively all the divisions are to bee drawne into a compleat Battell After this very manner the Army must be demeaned in marching off from a Heath or Plaine if the enemy chaseth them in the Reare thinking to take an advantage when the Army shall be drawne out by Companies to march through some narrow passages lanes or high-wayes the Horse are to be drawne in Battalia in the Reare of these Troopes to receive the charge of the enemy untill such time as all the Foot Troopes are marcht through those straights where having convenient ground they are to re-imbattell themselves to entertaine the enemies charge if he dares adventure to follow But the safest way is if an Army cannot eschue but must breake his aray to march from an enemy through a straight he being ready to take his advantage to charge them then to give them Battell if your Army be equivalent in strength is the safest way if not then to intrench the Army securely waiting an opportunity and making use of some pollicy to get safely from them If an Army be weaker in Horse than the enemies Army is it is very dangerous to march over the Plaines but rather take some hilly rockie way whereby the enemies horse shall be unprofitable The enemy being neere at hand the best way is to have the Artillery and Baggage to march on the contrary side from the enemy in all straights and in Champions to be plac'd in the midst of the Army In extremity of hot weather the
are best horst or those that are nimblest of foote so that they may the safer retire upon all occasions moreover they must not stay over long behind the Army but so as they may soone recover it for otherwise they will be cut off by the enemy If a retreat be wisely carried the enemy that shall follow may receive more dammage then they that retreat But on the contrary side if you perceive the enemy doth provide to steale from you it is wisedome to anticipate such passages as they must passe thorow sending secretly certaine troopes to fortifie at the entrance of them likewise to barricado up the way with trees and to have your Army alwayes in a readinesse to set out after them following them at the heeles but in this case the Army must keepe a very strict order in their Battallia's and march up close together commanding your horse to charge the enemy in the Reare which will bee a meanes to stay the hindermost part of the Army and then the Vantguard of your enemies Army being come to the passages that are blockt up it will so discourage the enemy that your Army marching up to them in Battell aray they will bee easily overthrowne as there hath beene divers examples to verifie this The lightest Ordnance are the best to pursue the enemy withall for which purpose Grave Maurice the Prince Van Nasaw had fifty or sixty small field peeces cast which hee used to place between his Battallions which were of great service in the time of fight for two or three men could weild one of them as they pleased both in advancing it forwards and drawing backe as occasion served and it were very fit and of excellent use to have such small peeces cast here in England for his Majesties service which may bee imployed many waies I have observed the Hollanders how they made use of these small Ordnances to place them in little vessels which they provided to safeguard their great rivers as the river Issel and the Rhine one of these had thirty or forty souldiers to man her and eight or tenne of these peeces whereby they prevented the enemy from marching over the said rivers likewise they were safeguards to the Army when they were convayed by Boates up those rivers or when they lay intrencht neere any great river they safeguarded the Reare of the qnarters from treachery also they safe conducted such Boates as brought Victuals and Ammunition to the Army If occasion should bee in our land which God forbid it should be they could not doe us lesse service than by experience they have done them besides such small vessels being made for service were of more worth to offend an enemy that should dare saile up in any of our great rivers than the greatest Ship of burden for it were impossible for our great Ships to make a fight in the river Thames but they will be more ready to hurt themselves than the enemy whereas these small vessels will lye under the shot and glide up and downe by the great vessels sides and gall them In the next place it remaines how an Army should March neere an enemies Battery to secure themselves from the shot in this you must observe the situation of their Batteries how they are flancked by which you may come to perceive in what direct liâ—e eâ—ch peece of Ordnance shall make her true shot and so accordingly either to open the files and ranckes for the passage of the shot or else to fetch a circumference in your March so as the shot shall not touch the files but only a ranke but the securest way is to March secretly by the most obscurest places so as the Ordnance may not discover you Lastly for conclusion if the enemy should assault your troopes in in some narrow passages or high wayes you are to demeane your selfe as followeth First you are to fill the passage or high way with your pikes if the breadth of your troopes be not sufficient to performe it then double your rancks whereby the Wings will extend themselves to the filling up of the passage these then charging your enemies hande or foote your Musketiers being in the Reare the Battell being thus ordered let the first ranke of Musketiers which are those next the pikes face to the right hand and march forth file-wise close up by the right flanke of the pikes untill he that is leader of the said file be even with the Front of the Pikes then he is to face to the right hand and lead them quite crosse the Front of the Pikes untill he hath attained the further part of the Front to the left hand which being performed they are to make a stand and couch under the Pikes and give fire upon their knees so as the Pikes may not be hindred to charge then are they to march downe by the left flancke and place themselves in the Reare of the shot and the next files in order are to advance into the Front after the same manner and performe the same service by this meanes continuall fire shall be given upon the enemy whilst this skirmish is in action Let there be drawne out certaine Pikes and Musketiers into the best inclosed fields either on one or both sides of the way where they may secure themselves from the enemies horse and there charge the enemy on the flancks or at least keepe them from charging your owne troopes that are in skirmish to maintaine the passage view the figure following in the next page The figure of the Battell Front Left flancke Right flanke Reare In this figure the Character p shewes how the Pikes are plac't their Fronts being doubled the other represents the Musketiers as you may perceive them marching up the right flancke and so plac't under the Pikes in the Front ready to give fire upon the enemy you may likewise perceive certaine shot drawne out into two closes upon each side of the high way whose duty is to give fire upon the enemies flancks as they are charching the Front of the Battell or if the enemy should draw out any forces to charge your Flancks then these shot having Pikes to joyne with them shall be able to encounter with them and prevent them Thus I hope I have collected sufficient instructions which may give any reasonable man satisfaction concerning the ordering of their March only if you please I will referre you to divers Modernâ— Authors which have write of this subject viz. Ierosme Cattamo pag. 133. Machiavill pag. 67. Bellay pag. 151. Barrit pag. 132. Edmonds pag. 39. Garrits Arte of Warre pag. 245. In the next place we are to discourse of the incamping of an Army and how to order the Guards and the Intrenchments Thus ends the sixteenth Section RVLES TO BE OBSERVED IN QVARTERING OR INCAMPING AN ARMY SECT XVII CHAP. IIII. How a Generall is to quarter his Army with the election of places of greatest security what Redoubts are to be raised
two severall demonstrations The first shall be as before is spoken of when the Rear of the Camp is secured by some great River or Arme of the Sea The second a square incampment upon the Champion where no naturall strength can afford us help For the first of these two when the place affords such naturall strength that the Rear of the Army may be secured by some River or Arme of the Sea provided alwayes that the enemy cannot come with shipping to annoy you the Front of this Camp must be towards the enemy where a certain Brest-work must bee raised four or five foot high upon the most eminent ground and about the same breadth the ditch about six foot broad and four foot deep this must run if the ground will give leave with some nooks and angles the better to flanker some part of this intrenchment as by the following figure you may perceive marked A. From this Brest-work inwards into the Camp must bee a space left sixty or eighty Paces broad if the conveniency of the ground will give way for the Souldiers to draw into Battalia or to Parado in marked O. In the next place marked B. every Captain and Colonell are to have their Hutes or Tents stand in an even Line viz. every Colonell before the head of his own Company being quartered upon the right hand of his Regiment and each Captain successively according to their antiquities In the next place there is a space eight paces broad marked with the letter C. this is for the chief street and runs in an even line from one side of the Quarter to the other From this chief street downwards towards the Rear of the Quarters are the inferiour Officers and Souldiers to be quartered as at the letter D. and in this are divers things to bee considered as first the street which goes down between the Hutes ought to bee ten foot broad and four hundred foot deep in regard each Hute is to bee eight foot square and in every Hute two Souldiers are to bee lodged so that upon each side of the way there is to bee fiftie Hutes built which are to hold an hundred Souldiers upon a side At the top of the street upon the right hand is the Lieutenants Cabbin who is to bee allowed twelve foot and upon the left hand is the Ensignes Cabbin of the same bignesse the Serjeants are to have upon each side their Cabbins in the Rear of the Quarters thus a Company of two hundred are conveniently quartered In the Reare of these Hutes is another street or space of ground which runneth from one side of the Quarters to the other marked E. being six paces wide upon the foremost side of which are the Sutlers Butchers and Shop-keepers behind these is a wast place next the water for the off all filth and draffe to be conveyed away as you may perceive at G. The space or distance of ground which is betwixt Regiment and Regiment ought to be twenty or thirty foot broad as you may see at H. The Generall ought to have his Tents in the midst of all the Quarters and the Colonells according to their dignity upon each hand of his Pavilions The Passages into the Campare to bee plac'd in the most convenient places and strong Ports made to open and shut at pleasure as you may perceive at I. Also if need requires there may bee posterne passages made in divers places of the Brest-work for single persons to goe in and out with a turne-pike to secure it as at K. The Ordnance is to bee plac'd in a halfe Moon made next the water-side in the most convenient place of the Camp the residue may bee plac'd either upon the Brest-work or else before the halfe-Moon as at L. View the figure following and at M. is the Bridge for the Army to passe over the River The other manner of fortifying a Camp is now to be discourst of The Lord high Marshall having made choice of a place convenient being attended by the Quarter-Master Generall and the inferiour Quarter-Masters about the midst of the ground where you intend to incamp set up the Generalls Standard and about the same stake out a square place of ground for the Generalls Pavilion fourty paces square directly from this towards the North runneth one main street fourty paces broad which divides the Horse-Camp from the Foot-Camp and on either side of the Generalls Tents runneth two other crosse wayes thirty paces in breadth which divide the armed Souldiers from the Pioners and Waggons these two wayes embrace two long squares of ground fourty paces broad and five hundred and fifty paces long apeece these may either of them bee divided into five Lodgings of an hundred paces in length and fourty in breadth leaving between them certain passages of ten paces in breadth so that the Souldiers upon every sudden alarme may the more readily repair to the place of Assembly One of the Lodgings next the Generalls Tent is appointed for the high Marshall and his retinue and the other on the other side for the Treasurer the rest may be assigned at the Marshals discretion to the other Officers of the field and for such Noblemen and Gentlemen Voluntires as follow the Warres at their own charge In the North-east Quarter of the Camp are the Horse-men lodged in the Northwest the Foot-men either of these Camps are divided into three parts by streets running East and West these streets are twenty paces in breadth and five hundred and eighty paces long in every of these three spaces of the Foot-Camp are lodged a Regiment of 10000. men and in the Hors-Camp the middlemost of them shall serve for 1500. Lances or Curassiers with their Beedets the North space for the Harquebuziers on the other side of this street are the Lodgings assigned for the Colonels of every Regiment and their Officers every space being thirty paces broad and one hundred and seaventy long By these Characters following you may understand the description of this Camp the better as in the figure following A. stands for the Captaines of the Harquebuziers B. for the Captaine of the Lances or Curassiers and C. for the residue of the Carbines and Dragones Likewise D E F. is the place for the Leaders of three principall Regiments of Foot-men the which are to be distingūished by their antiquities or by the usuall name of Vantguard Battell and Rear-ward the Vantguard lies next to the Generalls Tent and answers to the Harquebuziers the Battell answers to the Curassiers and the Rear-ward to the residue of the Carbines and Dragones Every of these principall Regiments you may if you please divide againe into five smaller Regiments by streets of ten paces broad running North and South So have you fifteen lesse Regiments in the Foot-Camp and five apeece in every of the Horse-Camps and every of these Regiments are one hundred paces broad and one hundred and seventy paces in length and shall contain every of
Communion but if the doom be passed in any lower Court it shall be signified up unto the Generall in our absence who shall either pardon the fact or execute the sentence 165. No superiour Officer Colonell or Captain either of Horse or Foot shall sollicite for any man that is lawfully convicted by the Court either for any crime or for not observing of these Articles of Warre unlesse it be for his very neere kinsman for whom nature compells him to intercede otherwise the solliciter shall be held as odious as the delinquent and cashierd from his charge 166. Whosoever is minded to serve us in these Warres shall be obliged to the keep-in of these Articles If any out of presumption upon any Strength in any Leaguer in the field or upon any worke shall doe the contrary be he Native or be he Stranger Gentleman or other Processe shall be made out against him for every time so long as he serves us in these warres in the quality of a Souldier 167. These Articles of warre we have made and ordained for the welfare of our Native Countrey and doe command that they be read every moneth publickly before every Regiment to the end that no man shall pretend ignorance We further will and command all whatsoever Officers higher or lower and all our common souldiers and all others that come into our Leaguer amongst the souldiers that none presume to doe the contrary hereof upon paine of rebellion and the incurring of our highest displeasure For the firmer confirmation whereof we have hereunto set our hand and seale Signed in the Leaguer Royall RULES AND OBSERVATIONS TO BE VSED BEFORE BATTELL SECT XIX CHAP. VIII Divers promotions and observations for a Generall to take notice of before the pitching of a Battell IN framing and ordering of Battells there are divers circumstances of great importance to be had in consideration whereby such warlike actions may be crowned with Victory which being neglected shall give an advantage to the enemy to rout and ruine your Army wherefore I will indeavour to draw the particular circumstances to certaine heads and there being divers things of great moment to be handled I must crave your patience to be somewhat the larger in it and the rather because I intend to insert the best instructions that our ablest Generalls both ancient and moderne have left us examples for future ages Our ancient and best experienced Commanders found by their practicall experience that an Army consisting of fifty thousand men was of potency sufficient for any enterprise or designe and that thirty thousand men was the least Army they durst adventure to enter the enemies country withall I shall give you the formes of divers and severall Battells and of sundry proportions of numbers both of Horse and Foot as hereafter you shall see The things observable before the ranging of a Battell are these first the strength of your owne and of your enemies Army both in Foote and Horse with the conditions of souldiers whether they be old and expert or young novices Secondly the situation of the ground the advantages of strength in it as Hills Dales Rivers Hedges Woods Rocks Mores or the like Thirdly the extent of the place so that there may be convenient distances and proportionable for the imbattelling of your Army Fourthly according to the advantages situation smallnesse or vastnesse of the place accordingly you are to proportion and order your forme of imbattelling Fifthly according as your enemies Army shall consist most either in Horse or Foot the choise of your ground shall be thereafter taken for advantage viz. if your owne forces consist more of Foote and lesse in Horse and your enemies strength is chiefly in his Cavallary and weake in his Foot-forces then you must make choice of Fields inclosed or the advantage of hils ditches rivers woods moorish grounds and the like whereby the enemies Horse will bee barred from executing their service otherwise if the Army consisteth chiefly in Horse the plains and large fields are most convenient and proper to further their execution Sixthly the Sun and Wind are chiefly to be gained of our sides wherefore the Battalia's must be ranged at some rising with their backs toward it and give Battell before the Sun declines to be in their faces or if the enemy should have the advantage of the Sunne in the morning then to defer battell untill noon whereby you gain the advantage of it in the after-noon But of the two the Wind is principally to be had on your side for there is nothing that can trouble the enemy more than the dust and smoke of Ordnance and Muskets which blinds and choaks them so as they know not what they do nor can perceive how their adversary orders himselfe against them wherefore if you have but a side-wind bee sure you plant most Ordnance upon that side and make what smokie fires of Straw and Muck mingled with Brimstone and Pitch as possibly you can so that the Wind may convey the smoke full into the enemies teeth Finally if it cannot be eschewed but that the Wind must be against you then place your own Ordnance wide of the Flanks of your Army so that the smoke of them may not blind the Front of your Battell Seventhly get some convenient hils either Naturall or Artificiall for the planting of Ordnance to flanker the Army and annoy the enemy the which must be strongly guarded and intrencht if it possibly may be for it is the first thing the enemy will seek to surprize if he possibly may Eighthly the orderly disposing of the Carts Waggons and Carriages and all the impediments of the Army in the Rear so that the Battell may be strengthned and impaled with them or if there be any naturall strength as rivers woods hedges ditches and the like for to defend the Rear then to order and place those carriages and impediments on the Flanks whereby they shall bee impaled and strengthned but if no commodious place may bee found to safeguard your Army then raise intrenchments upon the Flanks and Rear and man them with Piks and Muskets or at least impale them with Pikes and Muskets Ninthly by dividing the Army into divers sundry Battalions or Divisions and so ordering them that one Division or Battalia may releeve the other being overcharged with the enemy for there is no greater danger can possibly betide an Army than to range it so as one Division cannot retire between the other Divisions for safety and strength Many have used to frame their Battels but of one intire Front so that being repulst they have no refuge but to be routed and vanquish'd but this is to be accounted madnesse for it is great wisdome and policie to range three severall Battels to retreat into but never to order lesse than two for if there bee Battels of succour for the main Battell to retrait into then the Files may be the thinner as we have formerly instanced the
Likewise the distances between the main Battell and the Battell of succour ought to be fifteen or twenty paces The like distance is to bee observed between the Battell of succour and the Rear-Battell That part of the Battell that cannot be secured by Rivers Moors Woods or the like must be impaled either by Intrenchments well man'd or double or treble Pallizado'd and wel man'd with Pikes and Muskets four Ranks of Pikes and three Ranks of Muskets wil be sufficient to make the impalement one Rank of Musketires may be drawn under the Pikes to give fire upon their knees the other two Ranks standing behind the Pikes may give fire over their heads as they stoop to charge to the Horse These ought not to give fire at random but just when the Troops are come almost within push of Pike and then but every second Musketire is to give fire so that they may without intermission maintain their volley of Shot These new invented Bow-Pikes are the properest to impale the Battel withall and it cannot be amisse to have a Rank or two of them in the Front of the Battalia's where they may do good service There must be a convenient space between the Wings of the Battell and the Impalements if in case the formost Battalia's should retrait into the Battell of succour c. There are divers small field-Peeces which are to bee plac'd before the Divisions of the Front which after once or twice discharging are to be drawn within the Divisions of the main Battell and are to bee plac'd before the Battell of succour so that if the formost Battell is driven to retrait into the spaces of the Battel of succour then are they ready to give fire upon the enemy at his next approaches these field-Peeces being there plac'd may bee drawn upon the Flanks ready to give fire upon the enemy when hee shall charge the Flanks either with Horse or Foot The forlorn Hopes when they are wearied and beaten back by the enemy are to retrait through the spaces left betwixt the Battalions and there they are to order themselves in a redinesse to issue out at the Flanks and assault the enemy when they are at push of Pike upon one of their Flanks There would bee divers appointed with Granado's and fire-Pots to cast them amongst the enemy There may bee divers Morter-Peeces so plac'd that they may shoot Granado's and fire-Balls from the space between the main Battell and the Battell of succour and convey them over the heads of your formost Battell amongst the enemies that are approaching to charge you In regard nothing can hinder the enemies Ordnance from annoying your Battalia's but either they must be out of distance or a strong wall betwixt you it being an evill not to be eschewed you are to make choice of the best and safest means of prevention the first is by ordering of your Files thin the second is to send with all speed a certain convenient number of Shot accompanied with Horse to seize upon the Ordnance with all celerity they are to performe this Service by which the enemy will be hindred from shooting more than once for they being in combustion for the gaining and defending their Ordnance will hinder their execution Those field-Peeces which I have formerly spoken of that they should be placed before the Battalia's may do as good service being plac'd behind those Battalia's if you cause those Troops before them to open a distance for the Shot and speedily to fall into their order againe No Army is to be ordered so that those Battalia's behind or in the Rear of the Battel cānot succour assist those that fight before for then the greatest part of the Army wil be unprofitable and if the enemy be potent it cannot possibly but suffer an overthrow The Front of the Battel ought to be entire only those spaces before spoken of for they are only to withstand the first brunt of the enemies Charge and there ought in this to be more care taken not to be strucken by the enemy than it importeth to strike them The second Battell called the Battell of succour is to receive the Divisions of the formost Battell upon occasion and ought therefore to be ordered with convenient spaces or distances for that purpose and ought alwaies to be of lesse Number than the first Battell for there can be no danger betide them in regard the enemy cannot come to fight with them unlesse the formost Battell be joyned with them and then the enemy will find the middle Battell far stronger than the formost The Battel in the Rear ought to have the widest spaces or distances of all because if the enemy should be too powerfull for the main Battell and the Battell of succour then these distances receive them and then with one power they assail the enemy with all the whole strength of the Army and now they must stand close and strongly to their tackling to gain victory and take this for an observation that souldiers will inlarge their Ranks and Files when fear maketh them think of flight and close then when valour and resolution maketh them stand firm to resist If the enemy forceth the main Battell to retrait into the Battel of succour those that impale the Flanks ought to keep their ground if possibly they may for thereby they shall have advantage to charge the enemy upon the Flanks as they follow the retrait of your main Battel but if they be compell'd to retrait they may doe it safely falling back and doubling their own Ranks from the midst downwards to the Rear and indeed it were very fitting an Army should be exercised in order of Battel to make them perfect And again no Generall ought to use one form of imbattelling alwaies for fear his enemy should prove too subtill for him and foil him in his own play The best way to save an Army from smal-shot that will much annoy you is to come speedily to the encounter The Officers of every Band being drawn into Battalia are to appoint trusty carefull men to fill the souldiers Bandilires and to deliver Bullets and March unto them that there may be no stay nor want nor any Powder miscarry If your Army be compounded of divers Nations so that some of them are not to bee trusted those whose loyalties are not to be trusted must alwaies be plac'd formost next the enemy and the faithfullest ablest men behind them next unto them so that having the enemy before and a strong Battalia behind them they must of necessity fight or perish The Romans used to place their assistants or strangers upon the out-Wings of the Battell But if your Army consists of divers Nations that you were confident of their valour and fidelity the best way were to order them all in one Front so that the jealousie of one anothers forwardnesse and valour might breed such an emulation in them that they would doe their best to exceed one
Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse the Ordnance being plac'd covertly in the midst and also upon the Wings IN this first figure following you may perceive at the letter A foure hundred Shot upon either Flank before the maine Battell these are to surprise the enemies Ordnance which is to bee supposed are planted upon a Hill further you may observe sixteene Battalia's the Ordnance being planted in the maine Battell betweene the divisions thereof having foure hundred Musketiers ordered before them and by them obscured and as soone as the enemy is approacht within distance those Musketiers are to divide themselves on either hand so that the Shot may have free passage to disorder the enemies Troopes upon which advantage the other Battalia's are to advance forwards and furiously to charge the enemy in his disorders The Horse are oblique-wise plac'd upon either Flanck Note before the Horse gives their charge the Musketiers at A are to sally forth to surprise the Ordnance Likewise the Shot before every Battalia are to make their passage through the Intervalls downe the sides of the Battalia's into the Reare of all and from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks if occasion offers otherwise aide their owne men in the skirmish all the Shot before the Battali'as are in number twelve hundred If according to the King of Swedes Discipline these Battalia's were ordered but six deepe in file then there would bee sufficient men spare to Impale this Battell whereby it would be of a farre greater strength besides there would be a quantity spare to line the Horse-Troopes which is a thing of great consequence and very prevalent as is formerly shewed and by this following figure you may see CHAP. XVII The sixt way of Imbattelling an Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse with the Ordnance planted on the Hilles before the Battell as also on the Reare and Flankes being fit for all attempts IN this subsequent Battell which we are now to describe you may perceive fifteene Battalions of Foote ordered in Marshall array in the right Wing or Vantguard are three Battalions containing 500 in each of them Flankt with Musketiers before every one of which are also ranged ten files of Musketiers three in the right Angle three in the left and foure in the midst just before them every File containing ten men in depth these Shot are to make their way through the spaces of the Battalions in the Reare of all and so from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks in the maine Battell are three Battalions containing three thousand men viz. in each a thousand these are Flankt with Musketiers and have also Musketiers before them in the same forme with the rest in the Reare-ward or left Wing of the Battell are likewise three Battalions containing 500. men a piece Imbattelled as the rest with Musketiers before them also behind these Battalia's are foure other Battalia's plac'd and have also in each of them 500. a piece with Musketiers advanc'd before them these are for seconds as you may perceive them Martialled just against the Intervalles or Spaces of their opposite Battallions these Spaces are 200. foote distance in breadth so that the said foure Battalions may passe through them these likewise have Shot before them in the same manner the former had These with the rest may March forth to skirmish with the enemy or stand firme to second them upon their retreat or remaining in the Reare they may sally out and charge the enemy upon the Flanks or if occasion be they may assist the Horse if they be too weake for the enemy The rest of the Battalions are but twelve foote distance one from the other and at three foot order The divisions of Musketiers are allowed six foot that they may the better fall through having given fire In the Reare of all are two Battallions of a thousand in either of them standing just behind the three Battalia's of the maine Battell About a Furlong wide of the Flanck of these are 800. Horse marked B viz. 400. in each placed oblique-wise the better to start forth and inviron the enemy in like manner are the Horse Marshalled in the outmost Flanks of therest but in greater numbers as by this following figure you may see By the Wings of these two Battalia's are two field-Peeces plac'd ready turned and bent to the Rear these are to discharge upon the enemy if he should with Horse or Foot give upon that part if not then may these Peeces with ease bâ—e brought to some other place which may be more apt to annoy the enemy The rest of the Ordnance are planted upon two hills opposite against the enemies Flanks these are to break their order and distresse them and for their better security there are seven hundred Musketires to guard them and if need be there must be a greater Force There should be a slight Trench raised before them or pallizado'd about the better to defend them from the enemies Horse and Foot These forms of imbattelling I found in the Prospective-glasse of Warre and have here inserted them for the benefit of the ingenious Souldier CHAP. XVIII A seventh forme of Imbattelling an Army consisting of fifteen thousand Foot and five thousand Horse impaled with Redouts and a Ditch of combustible stuffe to prevent the Horse from assaulting either the Flanks or Rear THis figure following represents to your view an excellent forme of imbattelling very strong and secure the principall Strength of the Armie are brought to fight at the first encounter Wherefore first observe the main-Battell to consist of five Battalia's in each of them are one thousand six hundred Pikes and Muskets the Muskets are orderly ranged before the Pikes each Battalia hath one hundred and sixty Files and ten deep which amounts unto in all the five Battalia's eight thousand men After the main-Battell is a second Battell plac'd which is termed the Battell of succour and that consists of four lesser Battalia's and hath in each of them seven hundred Pikes and Shot Betwixt the said Battalia's there is a convenient space or distance of ninety six paces for the main Battalia's to retrait into when they shall be overcharged with the enemy The manner of retraiting is thus all the first five Battalia's are evenly and easily to retrait with their face towards the enemy holding them play with their Shot upon the right and left Flank of the second Battell are the two outter most Battalia's of the first Battell to retrait on also the other three Battalia's are to enter into the spaces betwixt the four Battalia's of the second Battell and there to stand even with them in Front whereby there will be nine Battels to re-charge the enemy afresh for these two thousand eight hundred fresh men will bee a great heartning and strengthning of the rest which were wearied and discomfited in the first encounter But if it should so happen that the enemy should over-wing
your Battell at the first encounter then this second Battell of succour must advance up between the distances in the main Battell whereby the Front of it will be extended so much the wider But by the way you must not make your Front wider than the impalement of the Redouts and the Trenches of fire will permit for those that shall retrait beyond those Redouts and Trenches are but as lost men unlesse if occasion were they should joyn with the Horse-Troops to assist them Note if the main Battell bee advanc'd towards the enemy beyond the limits of the Redouts and if the Wings should stretch out wider than the impalement then if it be driven to retrait those out-parts of the Wings must first fall back and order themselves in the second Battell as they were before or otherwise some of them may be plac'd to secure the Flanks or the Rear or otherwise as the Generall shall think fit In the next place is the Battell in the Rear to be considered which consists only of three Battalia's and in each of them are foure hundred men they have also sufficient large spaces to receive the two former Battels and this is the last hopes the Army can expect Wherefore the Redouts must manfully bestir them to give continuall volleys of shot upon the enemies Flanks which will lie naked unto them The Ordnance after they have done their service must be with-drawn and plac'd before the Battalia's of succour where they may give fire once again upon the enemy after the main Battell shall be retraited into the second Battell and then they are to be with-drawn again into the Rear or else to bee plac'd upon the Flanks between the Redouts In each of the Redouts are two hundred men they are to secure the Flanks and the Rear of the Battell beyond these Redouts you may perceive two Ditches made the earth thrown up in way of a Brest-work towards the Flanks of our own Troops the breadth of them may be five or six foot these are to bee filled with Searwood Straw and other combustible stuffe the outmost next the enemy is first to bee set on fire The next Ditch is to bee made more neer to the Flanks of the Battell by eight or ten paces in all things like the first it is to be ordered this last is to bee fired a good while after the first so that they may indure burning the time of the fight But a principall respect is to be had to the Wind lest it should drive the smoke and fire upon your own Troops in a calme day it can doe no hurt to your selves but is very prevalent against the enemies Horse and will much strengthen the Redouts besides it will bee as a Pound to keep your own men from running away The Horse are ordered in five Battalia's upon either Wing along beyond the fiery Trenches being in each Battell five hundred Horse The first Battell being Harquebuziers are to charge the enemies Horse and the second are to releeve them or rescue them and so are the rest only the last Battell being Curassiers are to charge the enemies Flanks whilst their Horse are in action or if the enemies Horse flie then they are all of them to charge the Foot of the enemy and also to secure their own Foot-Troops from being charged In the Rear of these Horse-Troops are plac'd on either Wing five hundred Pikes and Muskets these are to aid the Horse and to line them with the Shot if need be or to be imployed in charging the enemies Flanks View the following Figure This kind of impaling with Redouts and firie Trenches is to be only practised when the enemy is farre stronger than your selfe so that your men cannot bee spared to impale your Battell neither is there any place of refuge to secure any part of the Battell for if there be then be sure to impale one of your Wings after this manner so that the Wind may convey the smoke sparks into the enemies teeth to their great annoyance CHAP. XIX The eighth form of imbattelling an Army the Flanks being impaled with Horse-Pallizado's and the Rear secured by a River it consists of five thousand Foot and one thousand Horse THis eighth forme of imbattelling is fittest and most proper if the enemy assails in such a place that the distance of ground is scant and the Rear of the Army fortifyed with some Moores Ponds Rivers or the like places of naturall strength The Flanks are Pallizado'd with Horse-Pallizado's or fortified with the Carriages or with some Hedges or Ditches so that a few men may bee able to secure them from the enemies Horse or Foot from taking any advantage You may perceive the Battell-Flags pitcht according as every Battalia is to bee ranged The two Forlorn Hopes are either of them consisting of 250 men and are advanc'd before the main Battell above an hundred paces they are flanked with 100 Horse Likewise the main Battell consists of 2880 Foot videlicet in each Battalia 180 men and sixteen Battalia's The Battell of succour is placed twenty paces behind the main Battell it consists of 1040 men there being eight severall Battalia's and each Battalia contains 130. The space or distance betwixt each of these Battalia's from Flank to Flank is twenty two paces being large enough for two of the Battalia's of the main Battell to retrait into View the Figure There is also allowed for the impalement of the Flanks to guard the Pallizado's 432 men it being 32 paces from the Front to the Rear and two Pikes and two Muskets in depth comes to no lesse to be placed upon both the Flanks There is also allowed 120 Shot to joyn with the Horse to aid them upon all occasions viz. on each Wing 60. To help Gunners and to defend the Ordnance which is placed upon such a place of advantage that the enemy cannot but with difficulty come at them there is 14 men at each Plat-forme or there may as many as you please be taken from the Battell of succour to guard the Ordnance and also a quantity of Horse to aid and assist them The thousand of Horse are thus disposed of first to Flanker the Forlorn Hopes there are 100. Next beyond the impalements upon either Flank are three Battels ranged the first hath 200. the second 150. and the third 100. Before the main Battell there are seven field-Peeces placed which are to scowre the distance betwixt the two Forlorn Hopes after they have wrought their effect they are to be drawn through the divisions of the main Battell and then placed before the Battell of succour and when the main Battell is retraited into the Battell of succour then they are to give fire again and immediately to be drawn in the Rear of all and there to be placed upon some hill so that the Battell stooping they may shoot over their heads to disorder the enemy or else the Battalia's must open suddenly whereby the Ordnance shall have freedome
Providendum ne cui qui insigni aliqua injuria affectus est demandetur provincia administrandi rem aliquam magni momenti Mac. dia. lib. 2. Tam est periculosum malitiosa pâ—tentiam quam furioso gladium dare Aeschin Securitati consulas ante quam vindictae Tacit. an lib. 11. Principibus seditionis securi percussis Mac. lib. 3. ca. 26. Arces extruuntur duplici de causa ad hostes arcendos ad subditos compescendos in officio continendos ad priorem usum non necessariae ad posteriorem inutiles noxiae Mac. lib. 2. dis 24. In omni praeâ—io non tam muttitudo virtus indocta quam ars exercitium soleut praestare victoriam Veg. lib. 1. Amplius potest locus saepe quam virtus Veg. Lib. 3. Vi Militum inferior locorum fraude prior Tac. an 12. Erectum fidentem animi te ipsum ostende Tac. an lib. 4. Al faut plâ—yer plus tost que rompre se reserver à meilleur temps Am. plu Cic. Majestas non fracta malis Lucan 4. Decet virum verè generosum ferre tum bona tum mala si lapsus fuerit Menand A partie of Musketires or Fire locks are best to discover wades rocks hils and the like in regard the heavie armed cannot possibly effect it Note these divisions of the Army are not to be quartered too far asunder for fear of danger The Serjeant-Major is to acquaint every Officer where the place of imbattelling is and the waies made plain and ready for every Company to troop to it This caution would have aâ—ed a great deal of bloud at the 〈◊〉 or Rec. Observations about retreating from the enemy in a March A farre greater honour to retreat in the dark then to be beaten in the light This is to be done when the enemy knowes not of their departure An enemy may receive more damage then they that retreat What is to be done if you feare the enemy will steale from you The use of small vessels Note the Rancke of the cyphers o demoÌ„strats the place where the Ranck of shot stood that is advanc'd forward Note after the shot have given fire they are to match downe the left flancke and place themselves in the Rear of the shot and the next rancke is to supply their places by which meanes they may continually give fire How the Redouts may bee pallizado'd How the maine Quarters are to be situated and intrencht The Christians being encamped about the River Nile Annâ— 1221. were drowned out of their Trenches A Generall may tax the Towns about his Camp to bring in a certain quantity of corn victuals and he is to set the rates according to his pleasure The Lieutenants Cabin is to bee 12. foot long and 8. foot broad The Serjeants are there plac'd to keep the Company in good order A second way of fortifying a Camp described By these Lawes the King of Sweden governed his Army * Running the Gate-lope or Purgatory is when he that hath done the fault is to run between the Regiment standing halfe on one side and halfe on the other with whips or bastinadoes in their hands to lash and cudgel the offender which punishment many a shamelesse souldier will be hired to undergoe for drinke or money A small Army of old souldiers are able to encounter with a great Army of novices For the securing of the Reare or Flanck of the Army and to hide ambitions to disâ—omfit the enemy This was observed by Mâ—râ—us against the â—imbres and King Plâ—â—â—o Augustâ—â— against the Fâ—emings Epaminondas gained a victory by causâ—â—ng his Horse to stir the the dust into his enemies face The first figure of imbattelling hath three severall Battels viz. the main Battell the Battel of succour and the Rear-Battell This Battell was fought the 4. of August 1578 Two great disorders the enemy may bee brought into in thâ— time of Fight La Nowe pag. 381 The use of these instruments you may read in the discourse of Engines In the discourse of Stratagems you shall find variety for all conditions and places 〈◊〉 the Attâ—leâ—â— should be plac'd in the sâ—acesâ—etaeen the Divisions the spaces must bee left very wide and then very dangerous if left the usuall distance then in stirring these spaces will close so soon that the Ordnance can have no place to play This must be done when the enemy is 100. yards from your Battell The 〈◊〉 punish with death those that are afraid of the Ordnance or â—hew any 〈…〉 There â—r-Battell is to consist or far lesse men than the Battell of succour Hannibal used this policy he plac'd his aids next the enemy and behind them his Carthaginians so as they could not fly but either vanquish or weary the Romans The Horse are equally to be divided and placed on each Wing of the Battell unlesse one Wing may be secured by 〈…〉 ground or hedgâ—s This is to be done when the ground is plain that the Ordnance may not 〈…〉 By this means they will be both in better order and breath Bellary would not have them put forwards untill the enemy were within 30. paces Vide Liv lib. 8. Lips de milit Rom l l4 Flank and Rear Note 〈…〉 in the 〈◊〉 of Cyrus shews 〈…〉 Grecians 〈…〉 a kind of 〈…〉 which 〈…〉 the Pean It is policy for a Generall not to divide his Army to follow the pursuit but rather let such small Troops depart quietly Neither is it good to let the souldiers know the place of meeting before-hand but only the chief Officers These Ordnance are on each Flank to be guarded with 300. Foot and 100 Horse Short Swords and Targets are excellent to line the Front of Pikes to cut off the enemies Pikes heads Note each Battalia of this main Battell contains 1000 souldiers * If the partition should be lesse than 2. paces they would close up in the motion of the Army * Note into each space 2. Battalions are to retreat and on each Flank 1. Battalia and the middle-most Battalia is to fall into the space in the midst By this means 6000. men more are brought to fight and the middle Battel made so much stronger than the first and again retraiting into the â—ear Battell makes them strongest of all The rear-Battel consists of 2000. souldiers viz. 500. in each Battalia Five Ranks of Pikes is the most that can doe any service against the enemy at once if there bee morâ— Ranks they are out of distance to annoy the enemy with their Pikes The Impalement is marked with the letter G. Pioners having â—owâ— for their weapons may do excellent service in wet wether when Peeces will not fire The whole Impâ—lement Flanks and Reaâ— amounts to 7382. Souldiers These may be lined with Muskets Viz. 400 upon each Flank these are to joyn with 150. Horse Note there are foure od Files plac'd in the two middle Battels in the Front theâ—e being five od men in each Battel which makes these foure od Files Aelian pag 65 cap. 17. Xenoph. Cyroâ— lib. 7. cap. 188. Leo c. 14. sect 105. Henry the fifth at the Battell of Agencourt Leo cap. 14. sect 104. How the Shot ought to bee used in the time of giving Battel Liv. decad 4. lib. 8. 1â—â— Xenoph. Cyro â—â— 7. 178. Plutarch in Crasso Hirâ—ius de Beâ—â— Afrâ—â— Lucans Pharsalia La Noâ—e Pag. 380. Pag. 149. cap. 50. The over-Fronting Battell is termed by the Grecians Hyperphalanges The over-Winging Battell is termed of the Grecians Hyperkerasis The Battell called 〈…〉 The Battell termed Epicampios The Battell called Amphistomus The Battell called Antistomus The Battell termed Diphalange Antistomus The Battell termed Diaphalange Peristomus The Battell called Heterostomos used upon a March. The Battell called Coelembolos or hollow Wedge The Battell termed Triphalange The Battell called of the Greeks Phalagiophalange The use of this Table is described in the latter end of it
they differ in circumstance After the words of command and direction are given as is exprest in the margent then the Front halfe Files are to face about to the left the Pikes being all advanced and the Musquetttiers all either poized or shouldred and so being led by the halfe File Leaders to the Reare they March directly forwards to the right of the other part of the body which stood faced in opposition vntill the Leaders of the doubling have ranked even in ranke with the bringers up the rest ranking even with the other standing Rankes according to their places If this doubling be used in service then the whole body is to face about to the reare being the part to be doubled but in way of exercise the Commander may keepe his place and the doubling being performed and the whole body faced to the leader Then for reducement you may command Files to the Right intire adllancing then every man falling before his Leader will reduce each man to his first station Or otherwise you may command Front Halfe-files face about to the Left march forth into your places which they performing accordingly will reduce them Front halfe-files double your Reare to the Right by Countermarch This kind of doubling of the Reare by the Front halfe Files is performed contrary to the former for it is done by way of the Lacedemonian counter-march and doth produce the same effect to the reare as doubling the Front by Bringers up doth into the Front the counter-march by which it is performed is a counter-march of losse of ground where note one part or moitie of the body countermarcheth thereby not altring the number of the length and depth of the figure but onely transferring one part into another You must further observe that if the reare be doubled to the right then the counter-march must bee to the left If the doubling be to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Left If the doubling bee to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Right The way to reduce them is if the Commander stand at the head of that part that is doubled to Command Front halfe-files face about to the Right March forth into your places But if he keepes his first standing and having faced them to him Then Front halfe-files march forth into your places To double the Reare to the Left is the same onely changing the hand Halfe Rankes to the Right by Countermarch double your left Flanke Halfe-rankes or Flankes are then sayd to be doubled when the depth of the Battalia is increased to double their former proportion of number or place or both this doubling of halfe-rankes to the left Flanke by Countermarch is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth still retaines the same proportion onely augmented by one man but the length of the Battalia is diminished both in number and place the right Flanke being wholly inserted into the left Flanke after the words of Command is given that produceth this motion which you shall finde plac'd in the Margent then the halfe Rankes to the Right are to face to the Right and then even in Ranke together they are to counter March betweene the Intervalls untill to the outmost File to the Right be come into the outmost File of the Left Flancke the body being 20 in Ranke or brest then the second into the nineteenth the third into the eighteenth the fourth into the seventeenth the fifth into the sixteenth and the rest in like manner The use of this doubling is to strengthen one of the Flanckes by bringing more hands to doe present execution the other Flancke being in more surety The way for reducement of this motion is after this manner the halfe Rankes last doubled being faced to the Right then they which were the Last which tooke their places in the motion now are the first which take their places in the reducement orderly Marching in Ranke together untill they come to their places then facing to their Leader they become Files againe The left Flancke may in like manner double the right by Counter-march the difference is this The right Flancke stands the left Flancke is inserted into the Right as before the Right was into the Left Halfe Files double your front to the Right intire If in this doubling of Halfe Files to the Right intire it should be performed as the body stands in an ordinary Square Flanked with Musquetiers then it would produce a mixture of Armes wherefore to avoid this before you enter upon this doubling of passing in through or betweene your halfe Ranckes Cause your halfe Files to double the Front to the Right intire which being performed you may then proceed to the doubling of your Flanckes any way you please without Mixture of Armes This doubling of the Front by Halfe-files to the Right intire is thus performed After the words of Command are given the halfe-files are to face to the Right then marching out forwards untill the left-hand File belonging to the Reere be marcht past the right halfe-file belonging to the Front then facing to the left they march up even abreast untill the File-Leaders of the halfe-files to the Reere bee plac'd even in ranke with the File-leaders of the Front all the rest of the rankes placing themselves even with the other rankes This manner of doubling halfe-files is a doubling both of number and place for the length of the Battell is not onely double so many a-brest as they were before but they also have extended their Length to double their proportion of ground which formerly they did occupie now you are to conceive that this doubling of Halfe Files which I have now discour'st of is performed for this purpose that when the Halfe Rankes of the Right double the Left Flanke there shall by this meanes bee no mixture of Armes Halfe Rankes of the right double your left flanke In the next place let us demonstrate the way how the Halfe Rankes of the Right should double their Left Flanke which is thus performed the Left Flanke stands the Halfe Rankes of the Right are to face to the Left and then the inmost File of the Right Flanke all the Files of the Right Flanke being by this facing become Rankes is the Leader of this motion marching forth Right to their Left hands betweene the Intervalls of the Rankes of the left Flanke untill the twentieth File accounting from the Right Flanke which now is become a Ranke have placed themselves orderly in the fortieth File which is the outmost File of the Left Flanke the nineteenth in the nine and thirty the eighteenth in the eight and thirty and so of all the rest this doubling is of number and not of place For reducement to both these doublings first cause the halfe Rankes which last doubled to face to the Right and so to march out into their places They that last tooke their place in the motion are the first