themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v 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move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o either_o flank_n and_o therefore_o incur_v the_o same_o imputation_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n as_o seem_v to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o the_o enemy_n yet_o be_v there_o use_v of_o it_o as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o by_o file_n for_o by_o this_o countermarch_n you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o army_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a to_o some_o river_n lake_n hill_n or_o such_o like_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o come_v to_o encompass_v it_o it_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_a take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o begin_v the_o move_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o your_o force_n be_v such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o you_o desire_v to_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v the_o choraean_a keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o &_o bring_v one_o wing_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o may_v have_v be_v do_v in_o the_o last_o example_n cite_v concern_v scipio_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o manner_n of_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o countermarch_n by_o file_n in_o countermarch_n by_o file_n the_o motion_n be_v in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o either_o the_o front_n remove_v towards_o the_o rear_n or_o the_o rear_n towards_o the_o front_n and_o take_v one_o a_o other_o place_n in_o this_o the_o motion_n be_v in_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n flanke-wise_a the_o wing_n either_o march_v into_o the_o 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bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o 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file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o 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nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v 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and_o serve_v for_o the_o pike_n only_a for_o the_o musquettier_n can_v be_v so_o close_o in_o file_n because_o they_o must_v have_v their_o arm_n at_o liberty_n &_o that_o be_v when_o every_o one_o be_v distant_a from_o file_n to_o file_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 3_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n and_o this_o last_o distance_n be_v thus_o command_v close_o yourselves_o thorough_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v teach_v the_o soldier_n for_o that_o when_o necessity_n shall_v require_v it_o they_o will_v close_v themselves_o but_o too_o much_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n without_o command_n to_o begin_v therefore_o to_o do_v the_o exercise_n the_o company_n be_v set_v in_o the_o first_o distance_n to_o wit_n of_o 6_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o thus_o be_v say_v these_o be_v the_o general_a word_n of_o command_n which_o be_v often_o to_o be_v use_v stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n silence_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v you_o must_v note_v that_o when_o they_o be_v command_v to_o be_v as_o they_o be_v they_o must_v return_v thither_o from_o whence_o they_o part_v and_o if_o they_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n they_o must_v return_v to_o the_o left_a and_o so_o in_o countermarch_n the_o head-piece_n the_o forepart_n the_o head-piece_n close_o the_o back_n the_o right_a gauntlet_n the_o left_a vantbrace_n the_o left_a cuishe_n the_o breast_n the_o back_n the_o guard_n the_o left_a â—â—â—â—let_n the_o armour_n of_o the_o pikman_n the_o gorget_n the_o breast_n the_o tale_n the_o head-piece_n the_o back_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o right_n double_a your_o rank_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n double_a your_o file_n file_n 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distance_n to_o wit_n at_o 12_o foot_n and_o this_o for_o a_o single_a company_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v sc_n at_o the_o first_o in_o open_v rank_n or_o file_n you_o must_v keep_v they_o close_v until_o the_o second_o rank_n or_o file_n beginning_n from_o the_o outside_n have_v take_v their_o distance_n and_o so_o shall_v the_o rest_n remain_v close_o until_o every_o rank_n or_o file_n have_v take_v their_o distanceâ—_n in_o order_n open_v your_o file_n to_o wit_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n of_o 6_o foot_n if_o you_o will_v command_v to_o close_a file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o outmost_a file_n stand_v still_o and_o the_o rest_n close_o to_o that_o file_n for_o the_o pike_n with_o a_o firm_a stand_n advance_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n charge_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n trail_v your_o pike_n cheeeke_v your_o pike_n more_o for_o the_o pike_n first_o with_o a_o firm_a stand_n and_o then_o march_v charge_v your_o pike_n 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advance_v towards_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o do_v not_o skirmish_v loose_a and_o disband_v vanguard_n they_o must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n after_o this_o manner_n two_o rank_n must_v always_o make_v ready_a together_o and_o advance_v ten_o pace_n forward_o before_o the_o body_n at_o which_o distance_n a_o sergeant_n or_o when_o the_o body_n be_v great_a some_o other_o officer_n must_v stand_v to_o who_o the_o musquettier_n be_v to_o come_v up_o before_o advance_v they_o present_v and_o give_v fire_n first_o the_o firstranke_a and_o while_o the_o first_o give_v fire_n the_o second_o rank_n keep_v their_o musket_n close_o to_o their_o rest_n and_o their_o pan_n guard_v and_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o be_v fall_v away_o the_o second_o present_o present_a and_o give_v fire_n and_o fall_v after_o they_o now_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o two_o rank_n do_v move_v from_o their_o place_n in_o the_o front_n the_o two_o rank_n next_o they_o must_v unshoulder_n their_o musket_n and_o make_v 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defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v 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the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o
sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o part_n in_o the_o front_n and_o half_a countermarch_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o other_o file_n to_o file_v albeit_o the_o two_o last_o be_v doubling_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n and_o not_o in_o place_n alone_o the_o true_a double_v of_o the_o place_n alone_o be_v not_o aelian_a the_o insertion_n whereof_o i_o speak_v remedi_v this_o defect_n also_o there_o it_o be_v say_v that_o when_o 16_o man_n that_o be_v a_o file_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o possess_v as_o much_o length_n as_o 32_o shall_v do_v that_o be_v as_o 2_o file_n it_o be_v double_v of_o place_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o change_v of_o the_o soldier_n order_n into_o open_a order_n for_o in_o their_o order_n they_o have_v 48_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o their_o open_a order_n 96_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o this_o double_v of_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v heed_n that_o we_o make_v not_o the_o front_n of_o our_o army_n to_o narrow_a lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n overpress_v with_o multitude_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n quick_o flee_v from_o either_o wing_n but_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n partly_o avoid_v the_o elephant_n partly_o contemn_v the_o mercenary_n fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o put_v it_o to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o and_o give_v chase_v even_o to_o the_o trench_n but_o of_o those_o that_o be_v place_v against_o the_o elephant_n the_o first_o sink_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o beast_n perish_v be_v overturn_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o heap_n the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n remain_v a_o while_n unbroken_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o they_o that_o be_v after_o place_v but_o when_o the_o rear_n of_o all_o encompass_v by_o the_o horse_n be_v force_v to_o turn_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o the_o other_o that_o have_v by_o force_n make_v way_n through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o elephant_n and_o be_v now_o behind_o their_o back_n come_v up_o to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o 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you_o be_v rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n rank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n close_o your_o file_n close_o your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n wheel_n fault_n escape_v in_o the_o book_n pag._n 2._o in_o the_o margin_n beneath_o for_o spartionem_fw-la read_v spartianus_n pag._n 9_o lin_v 20._o for_o be_v be_v &_o lin_v 31._o for_o bircanna_n bircenna_n and_o in_o the_o marg_n lin_v 40._o for_o dipnoseph_n dipnosoph_n pag._n 10._o lin_v 26._o in_o marg_n for_o adrian_n arrian_n p._n 14._o l._n 11._o in_o marg_n for_o dipnoseph_n dipnosoph_n p._n 15_o l._n 18._o for_o marsilian_o massilian_n p_o 17._o l._n 47._o for_o pluime_n plume_n p._n 18._o l_o 49_o for_o conceit_a by_o conceited_o p._n 20._o l._n 45._o for_o thureo_n thureoi_n lin_v 48._o deal_n full_a p._n 22._o l._n for_o those_o these_o l._n 11._o for_o ochane_n ochane_n l._n 32._o deal_n then._n p._n 23._o l._n 12._o for_o divarate_v divarate_v p._n 27._o l._n 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notable_a example_n be_v in_o 〈◊〉_d hirtius_n caesar_n say_v he_o have_v a_o journey_n in_o hand_n and_o but_o a_o small_a number_n of_o horse_n and_o legionary_a soldier_n be_v in_o his_o way_n set_v upon_o by_o the_o enemy_n abound_v in_o store_n of_o horse_n and_o of_o light_a arm_a numidian_n among_o they_o and_o when_o the_o soldier_n of_o caesar_n fall_v out_o to_o charge_n the_o enemy_n horse_n gallop_v away_o and_o the_o foot_n stand_v fast_o till_o the_o horse_n with_o a_o full_a carreare_n return_v to_o the_o rescue_n this_o kind_n of_o fight_n trouble_v caesar_n much_o and_o will_v have_v trouble_v he_o more_o have_v he_o not_o recover_v hill_n that_o be_v not_o far_o of_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v shake_v of_o the_o molest_a enemy_n and_o for_o repulse_v horse_n there_o be_v no_o better_a mean_n for_o the_o arm_a foot_n then_o with_o the_o light_n arm_v to_o line_v that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n where_o the_o horse_n shall_v be_v about_o to_o give_v on_o 6_o to_o beat_v in_o the_o light_a arm_a the_o light_n arm_v be_v nimble_a and_o quick_a and_o seek_v always_o advantage_n by_o change_v of_o ground_n can_v never_o be_v force_v by_o the_o arm_a foot_n who_o be_v charge_v with_o heavy_a furniture_n and_o by_o reason_n thereof_o can_v make_v no_o speed_n to_o seek_v succour_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o their_o arm_a either_o they_o must_v be_v beat_v in_o by_o the_o horse_n or_o by_o the_o contrary_a light_n arm_v as_o aelian_n have_v here_o the_o horse_n be_v common_o to_o encounter_v with_o horse_n and_o the_o lightarmed_n with_o lightarmed_n among_o who_o the_o great_a number_n prevail_v their_o skill_n and_o arm_n be_v alike_o for_o the_o fight_n be_v a_o far_o of_o many_o will_v soon_o wound_v or_o kill_v a_o few_o than_o a_o few_o many_o say_v e._n xenophon_n if_o the_o fight_n be_v at_o hand_n the_o better_o arm_v or_o better_a mind_a will_v drive_v the_o other_o out_o of_o the_o field_n the_o b._n roman_a horse_n and_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v too_o hard_o for_o the_o macedonian_n and_o chase_v they_o to_o their_o campe._n and_o that_o happen_v by_o reason_n their_o armour_n be_v fit_a to_o close_v and_o to_o fight_v at_o hand_n so_o our_o archer_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o cressy_n compel_v the_o genua_n crossbows_z to_o forsake_v the_o field_n the_o english_a bow_n be_v better_a in_o use_n than_o the_o genua_n crossebowe_n when_o they_o have_v make_v the_o contrary_a light_n arm_v to_o quit_v their_o place_n they_o be_v at_o liberty_n themselves_o to_o serve_v where_o most_o advantage_n may_v be_v have_v of_o their_o service_n 7_o to_o discover_v suspect_v place_n and_o lay_v ambush_n suspect_v place_n be_v such_o for_o the_o most_o part_n as_o ambush_n be_v lay_v in_o ambush_n be_v of_o two_o kind_n be_v lay_v either_o to_o endamage_v the_o enemy_n battle_n in_o the_o field_n or_o to_o hinder_v and_o disappoint_v his_o march_n the_o place_n such_o as_o be_v remove_v from_o sight_n and_o have_v need_n of_o special_a discovery_n as_o wood_n mountain_n forest_n rock_n bank_n of_o river_n cave_n hill_n hollow_a and_o deep_a way_n and_o the_o like_a the_o most_o part_n of_o which_o be_v rough_a and_o intricate_a and_o scarce_o passable_a for_o the_o heavy_a arm_v and_o horse_n but_o the_o light_n arm_v that_o be_v not_o encumber_v with_o weight_n of_o arm_n &_o able_a quick_o to_o advance_v or_o retire_v be_v fit_a to_o lie_v close_o in_o such_o place_n or_o to_o search_v if_o the_o enemy_n be_v lodge_v there_o for_o the_o first_o kind_n of_o ambush_n we_o read_v that_o both_o heavy_a arm_v and_o horse_n have_v beenâ—_n employ_v the_o war_n of_o hannibal_n in_o italy_n afford_v plenty_n of_o example_n herein_o for_o the_o other_o which_o be_v to_o bâ—set_n or_o discover_v way_n there_o be_v none_o so_o fit_a as_o the_o light_n arm_v who_o quickness_n and_o expedition_n give_v then_o advantage_n to_o assault_v their_o enemy_n with_o their_o missive_a weapon_n though_o the_o ground_n be_v never_o so_o unequal_a and_o mean_n to_o view_v any_o place_n suspect_v without_o almost_o any_o danger_n of_o their_o own_o 〈◊〉_d cap_n 18_o the_o square_a 9.in_a front_n .3_o in_o flank_n 8._o in_o front_n .4_o in_o flank_n .10_o in_o front_n .5_o in_o flank_n 8_o for_o speedy_a and_o far_a attempt_n a_o heavy_a arm_a man_n be_v not_o fit_a for_o far_o or_o sudden_a attempt_n he_o be_v arm_v for_o a_o firm_a and_o steadfast_a fight_n and_o not_o for_o concursation_n alexander_n whensoever_o he_o be_v to_o use_v expedition_n take_v with_o he_o the_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n leave_v the_o arm_a to_o come_v after_o d._n so_o do_v he_o when_o he_o oppress_v clitus_n and_o glaucias_n in_o their_o camp_n e._n so_o when_o he_o possess_v himself_o of_o the_o straits_n of_o cilicia_n f._n so_o in_o prevent_v of_o the_o burn_a of_o tarsus_n e._n so_o in_o seek_v to_o take_v the_o straits_n of_o the_o vxians_n d._n and_o the_o gate_n of_o persia_n 99_o and_o the_o rock_n of_o aorne_n the_o same_o have_v 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to_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o horse_n wherein_o notwithstanding_o the_o counsel_n of_o b._n iphicrates_n be_v hold_v good_a take_v heed_n say_v he_o to_o his_o lightarmed_n of_o ambush_n and_o spare_v not_o to_o press_v hard_o upon_o the_o rear_n of_o those_o that_o fly_v till_o you_o come_v to_o river_n or_o straits_n or_o ditch_n for_o it_o be_v dangerous_a in_o such_o place_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n flight_n lest_o fear_v turn_v into_o desperation_n the_o fashion_n of_o horse-battaile_n and_o first_o of_o the_o rhombe_n the_o wedge_n and_o the_o square_n chap._n xviii_o those_o that_o have_v write_v before_o i_o have_v diverse_o frame_v horse-battaile_n some_o of_o just_a square_n some_o long_o in_o flank_n then_o in_o front_n some_o like_o a_o rhombe_n some_o like_o a_o wedge_n but_o none_o of_o they_o have_v if_o i_o may_v speak_v free_o express_v full_o their_o own_o conceit_n therefore_o to_o make_v all_o thing_n clear_a and_o better_a to_o be_v understand_v i_o will_v 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who_o either_o use_a horse_n or_o elephant_n horse_n either_o alone_o or_o else_o in_o chariot_n of_o these_o aelian_a treat_v several_o hereafter_o for_o the_o arm_n and_o place_n of_o horse_n in_o the_o field_n he_o have_v sufficient_o speak_v already_o the_o follow_a discourse_n be_v first_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v horse_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o the_o diversity_n of_o usage_n in_o ancient_a time_n then_o of_o chariot_n and_o last_o of_o elephant_n 56._o that_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o beast_n that_o love_n man_n and_o be_v most_o faithful_a unto_o he_o pliny_n testify_v the_o use_n of_o he_o be_v for_o carriage_n and_o for_o service_n in_o the_o field_n and_o in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o field_n a_o army_n without_o horse_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n no_o army_n iphicrates_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o compare_v a_o army_n to_o a_o man_n body_n resemble_v the_o horse_n to_o foot_n and_o as_o the_o body_n have_v no_o power_n of_o move_v or_o rather_o 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and_o convey_v provision_n for_o our_o camp_n to_o shut_v in_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o go_v not_o out_o his_o camp_n for_o like_a cause_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n march_v by_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n brief_o all_o expedition_n of_o celerity_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n deliver_v to_o the_o horse_n alone_o especial_o as_o long_o as_o they_o be_v in_o such_o place_n as_o give_v they_o liberty_n to_o go_v on_o or_o retire_v at_o their_o pleasure_n yet_o be_v they_o often_o join_v with_o the_o light_n arm_v as_o i_o have_v show_v they_o often_o join_v likewise_o with_o the_o arm_a b._n and_o if_o they_o may_v come_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n battle_n in_o the_o flank_n or_o rear_v at_o such_o time_n as_o our_o arm_a charge_n in_o front_n they_o â—ndanger_v all_o but_o for_o employment_n alone_o against_o the_o arm_a foot_n many_o example_n of_o former_a time_n show_v how_o weak_a there_o force_n be_v 164._o and_o how_o little_o they_o prevail_v especial_o against_o arm_a that_o 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