Selected quad for the lemma: order_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
order_n	face_n	front_n	move_v	2,472	5	9.6352	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

in the rere who as in his proper place seeth all things executed accordingly as the Captain shall command It shall be unpossible to performe any thing herein unlesse first every one do exactly observe his leader and his sideman and to this purpose it is often commanded Keep your files Keep your ranks Of Marches IN champains there needs no great labour to marshall particular troups for their after-marches because they may march either by whole divisions observing onely their course of indifferency that every division may every third day have the vantgard or else in such form and fashion as the Generall hath proposed for a day of battell according as the danger of an expected enemy shall give occasion But because all countries will not afford a champain for the marching of an army and therefore not possible to march far with many troups in front nor many files of any one troup or division by reason of often straights and passages betwixt hills woods or waters It is provided though by long induction the whole army shall be extended into a thin length and few files yet the souldiers well disposed shall be as readily able to defend themselves and offend the enemy on their flanks from whence only in such streights the danger is imminent as if they were to affront an enemy with an entire battallion in a champain country First therefore a division or Battallion being ordered and drawn before the Quarter into one even front of just files ten in depth the musketiers equally divided on the right and left slanks of the pikes all standing in their order that is to ●ay six feet distant in files and ranks the Captain carefully provideth that the first fifth sixth and tenth ranks be alwayes well filled and furnished with his most able and best-armed souldiers Which done he commandeth first the middlemen or half files to come a front with their leaders so that the division becometh but five in depth Next he commandeth to turn faces to the right or left hand as direction shall be to march from that quarter and so the whole division resteth ready in his fashion to march five in front the one half of the musketiers in the vantguard and the other in the rere the pikes in the battell and both flanks well furnished with the ablest best men to offend or defend as there shall be occasion that is to say the right flanks with the first and fifth ranks and the left with the sixth and tenth ranks If occasion afterwards shall be given of a halt in a champain or before the quartering the Captain commandeth first unto all they being first closed into their order Faces as you were next unto the half files Faces about and march out and fall again upon your files By which means the division becometh again reduced into the same front and fashion from whence it was first transformed ready to encounter an enemy or to be drawn into the Quarter When pikes are to charge pikes in a champain it useth to be performed two severall wayes First the whole division being commanded into their close order the five first ranks charging their pikes every follower over his leaders shoulder directeth his pike as equally as he can the first rank shall have three feet of his pike over the formost shoulder The other five ranks with their pikes advanced follow close up in the rere either ready to second the formost or to be employed in the rere as occasion shall be offered Otherwise and most usuall when the whole depth of the files throughout the division shall charge together all fast locked and united together and therefore most able to make the strongest shock offensive or defensive provided alwaies that none mingle their pikes in others files but the whole file one in anothers shoulder In charging with musketiers it is observed no way convenient that there should be too many in a rank or that the ranks should be too long For the first rank is commanded to advance ten paces before the second and then to discharge and wheeling either to the right or left hand falleth into the rere and so the second advancing to the same distance dischargeth and wheeleth as before and likewise the third and so forward as long as the Officer shall be commanded Which shall not so well be performed the ranks being extraordinary long because it will require so long a time to wheel from the front that the second may succeed unlesse by direction the rank may divide it self the one half to the right hand and the other to the left in wheeling to the rere In the retreat the whole ranks having turned their faces about are to march three or four paces forward their chief officer coming in the rere first commandeth the last rank to make ready and then to turn faces about discharge and wheel about to the head or front of the division and being clearly passed the next rank to perform as much and so the rest in order Where the passages are narrow and the division cannot come to charge in front as between two waters or woods the manner of charging is different for there being five or ten files led in the induction that file which flanketh the enemy dischargeth first onely and the rest marching continually forwards it standeth firm untill the last rank be passed and then sleeveth it self on the left flank and makes ready and so the second file and the third so long as the enemy shall continue there being a continuall discharging by files as before by ranks Unlesse it be in the pases of Ireland meeting with an irregular enemy where they use to intermingle their files of shot with pikes that the one may be a defence for the other when the enemy shall come up to the sword as they use there very often How directions are delivered in the warres ALl directions in the wars have ever been delivered either by signes subject to the eye by word of mouth or the sound of a drumme or some such warlike instrument Concerning those visible signes displayed unto the souldiers the falling of mists the raising of dust showers of rain snow the beams of the Sun hilly uneven and crooked passages by long experience have found them to be most doubtfull and uncertain as also because as it was a matter of great difficulty to invent different signes upon all sodain occasions so it is almost an impossibility that the common souldier who oftentimes is found scarce capable of the understanding of plain words distinctly pronounced should both apprehend and understand sodainly and execute directly the true sense and meaning of his Commanders signes The Drum and Trumpet are yet used But because many different sounds are not easily distinguished in souldiers understanding without some danger of confusion we onely command by the inarticulate sounds to arm to march to troup to

Hannibal To this may be added that famous battel between the old Romans and the last Latines wherein both parties were equally ballanced both in number and quality of their souldiers having both the same Armes the same use of their weapons and the same discipline as if it had been in a Civile war Neither could Fortune tell by the presence of their Armies where to bestow her favour or where to shew her disdain but that the worthinesse of the Roman Leaders brought the odds in the tryall and made Rome great with the ruine of the Latines Whereby it appeareth how much it importeth the whole fortune of the Army to have a Leader worthy of the place which he holdeth forasmuch as nothing doth make a greater difference of inequality between two equall Armies then the wisedome and experience of a grave Commander or the disability of an unskilfull Leader which are so powerfull in their severall effects that there is greater hope of a herd of Harts led by a Lion then of so many Lions conducted by a Hart. CHAP. XIV Ambiorix directeth the Galles how they might best fight with advantage and frustrate the weapons of the Roman souldiers THe which thing when Ambiorix perceived he commanded his men to throw their casting weapons afar off and keep themselves from coming near at hand and where the Romans charged them to give way for that by reason of the lightnesse of their armes and their daily exercise the Romans could do them no harm and again as they saw them ret●re to their Ensignes then to pursue them Which commandment was so diligently observed by the Galles that as oft as any cohort sallied out of the Orbe to give an assault the Enemy gave back as fast as they could and in the mean time there was no help but that part must be left naked and open to the inconvenience of casting weapons and again as they retired to their place they were circumvented as well by them that had given place unto them as by such as stood next about them And if they went about to keep their ground they could neither help themselves by their manhood nor standing thick together avoid the darts that such a multitude cast upon them A●d yet notwithstanding these inconveniences besides the wounds which they had received they stood still at their defence and having so spent the greatest part of the day for they had fought eight houres together they committed nothing dishonourable or unworthie of themselves THE OBSERVATION I Have spoken already of the manner of the Roman fight consisting altogether in good disposition of imbattelling and in firm standing and buckling at handy-blowes as may appear by this circumstance where Ambiorix forbiddeth his men to buckle with them but to give back and follow on again as the lightnesse of their Armes gave them opportunity In like manner in the first book of the Civile wars in the battel between Caesar and Afranius it appeareth that Caesar his souldiers were bound to keep their array not to leave their Ensignes nor without a weighty occasion to forsake their stations appointed them whereas the Afranians fought thin and scattered here and there and if they were hard laid unto they thought it no dishonour to retire and give back as they had learned of the Portugals and other Barbarous Nations CHAP. XV. The Romans are overthrown THen T. Baluentius who the year before had been primipile of that legion a valiant man and of great authority had both his thighs darted through with a javelin and Q. Lucanius of the same order valiantly fighting to succour his son was sla●n and L. Cotta the Legate as he busily incouraged all the cohorts and centuries was wounded in the mouth with a sling Titurius moved with these things as he beheld Ambiorix afar off incouraging his men sent C● Pompeius unto him to intreat him that he would spare h●m and his souldiers Ambiorix answered that ●f he were desirous to treat he might for he hoped to obtain so much of the people to save the souldiers but for himself he should haue no harm at all for the assurance whereof he gave him his faith Titurius imparted the matter to Cotta and that if he liked that they two should goout of the battell and have conference with Ambiorix he doubted not but to obtain of him the safety of themselves and their souldiers Cotta absolutely denied to go to an armed enemy and continued resolute in that opinion Titurius commanded such Tribunes and Centurions as were present to follow him and when he came near to Ambiorix being commanded to cast away his arms he obeyed and willed those that were with him to do the same In the mean time while they treated of the conditions and Ambiorix began a solemn protestation of purpose Titurius was by little and little incompassed about and slain Then according to their custome they cried victory and taking up a houling charged the Romans with a fresh assault and routed their troups There L. Cotta fighting valiantly was slain the most part of the souldiers with him The remnant retired into their camp amongst whom L. Petrosidius the Eagle-bearer when he saw himself overcharged with enemies threw the Eagle within the rampier and fighting with a great courage before the Camp was slain The rest with much ado indured the assault untill night and in the night being in despair of all succour slew themselves every man A few that escaped from the battell came by unknown wayes through the woods to Labienus and certified him how all things had fallen out OBSERVATION ANd thus have we heard of the greatest losse that ever fell at any one time upon Caesar his Army from the time that he was first Proconful in Gallia unto the end of his Dictatorship For in the two overthrows at Dyrrach●um he lost not above 1000 men and in that at Gergovia not so many but here fifteen cohorts were cut in pieces which amounted to the number of 7000 men or therea●out Which maketh cowardise and ill direction the more hatefull in regard that the great victory which his valour obtained in Pharsalia cost him but the lives of two hundred men The resolution of such as returned to the Camp witnesseth the exceeding valour of the Roman souldier if a valiant Leader had had the managing thereof or if Cotta alone had been absolute Commander there had been great hope of better fortune in the successe But here it happened as it commonly doth that where there are many that are equall sharers in the chief authority the direction for the m●st part followeth him that is more viole●t in opinion then the rest which being a property rather of passion then of judicious discourse forceth a consent against the temperate opposition of a true discerning understanding And so consequently it falleth out that one coward having place and authority in the Councell doth either infect or anni●ilate the sound deliberations of the rest of the Leaders for

further order as they should find expedient Gallonius moved with fear dislodged himself and went out of Gades These things being divulged abroad one of the two legions known by the name of Vernacula took up their Ensignes went out of Varro's Camp he himself standing by and looking on and retired themselves to Hispalis and there sat down in the Market-place and in common porches without hurting any man Which the Roman Citizens of that Convent did so well like of that every man was very desirous to entertain them in their houses Whereat Varro being much astonished altered his journey towards Ilipa Italica as he gave it out but soon after was advertised by some of his friends that the gates were shut against him Whereupon being circumvented and fore-closed from all other addresses he sent to Caesar to advertise him that he was ready to deliver up the legion to whomsoever he should please to appoint To which purpose he sent him Sex Caesar commanding the legion to be delivered to him Varro having given up his charge came to Caesar at Corduba there gave him a true account of the carriage of his office The moneys remaining in his hands he delivered up gave an Inventory of the Corn and shipping which were in any place provided Caesar by a publick Oration made at Corduba gave thanks generally to all men As first to the Roman Citizens for the endeavour they used to be Masters of the town Secondly to the Spaniards for driving out the Garrisons To them of Gades that they traversed and prevented the projects of the adversaries and had restored themselves to liberty To the Tribunes of the souldiers and Centurions that were come thither to keep the town for that by their valour and magnanimity the resolution of the townsmen was assured and confirmed He remitted such levies of mony as the Roman Citizens had promised Varro for the publick service He restored the goods confiscated of such as had spoken more freely then was pleasing and gave divers rewards both publick and private the rest he satisfied with hope of good time for the future And having stated there two daies he went to Gades where he gave order that the monies and monuments which were transferred from Hercules Temple to a private house should be carried back again to the Temple He made Q. Cassius Governour of the Province and left with him four legions He himself in a few daies space with those ships which M. Varro and those of Gades by his commandment had made came to Tarraco for there the Embassadours of almost all the hither Province did attend his coming And having received them with private and publick honour in the same fashion as formerly he had used he left Tarraco and came by land to Narbone and from thence to Marseilles where he received first advertisement of the law made at Rome for creating of a Dictator and that himself was named thereunto by M. Lepidus Prator THE FIRST OBSERVATION IT is one of Caesar's peculiars recorded by Suetonius that he never left behind him any spark or suspicion of war least it might be said he did not throughly conquer where he came For he that doth a businesse to halves hath as much more to do before it be done and the remainder in matter of war groweth commonly to a greater head then that which first gave occasion of Arms like fire which is smothered for a time to break out afterwards with greater fury And therefore that he might not be thought to provoke an Enemy rather then subdue him he neglected all occasions how important soever which might draw him into Italy to the end he might settle Spain in a peace answerable to an absolute victory Which he easily effected having over-mastered the chiefest of the party and turned their troups out of the Country as men altogether mistaken in the matter The fame whereof so prevailed with the rest that rather then they would stand out they forsook their Commanders And having thus removed all occasions of force he then proceeded to take away all doubtfulnesse which might accompany a new reconcilement by shewing such respects as well beseemed ancient desert For first he made a publick acknowledgement of their generall love affection towards him and then taking notice of particular services engaged them further with honours and rewards righted such as were oppressed by the adverse party remitted all levies and taxations to shew the difference between his the Enemies favour and filled all men with hope of good times as knowing that fair words accompanied with large promises are powerfull instruments to work out whatsoever is desired And so he took a little more time to settle those Provinces without further trouble as believing in the proverb that What is well done is twice done THE SECOND OBSERVATION M. Varro here mentioned made more profession of knowledge and Arts then any other of his Nation being thereupon stiled by the name of Doctus or Learned yet in the judgement of learned Philosophers was fitter to perswade then to teach Tully being deprived of publick offices handled Philosophy a little in his own language Pliny and Seneca lesse then Varro or Tully But what are these to Aristotle or Plato Or rather what hath learning to do with a Roman Generall whose knowledge consisted in their Military discipline and in the powerfull means of victorious endeavour Wherein Varro was as ignorant as was Don Raimundus the eleventh king of Arragon in managing of Arms who taking his sword in one hand and his buckler in the other held the horse bridle in his teeth Howbeit if Qui minus facit minus peccat he that does least offends least were a good excuse it were fitting to make him blamelesse that deserved so well of learning above all others of that Empire But forasmuch as his actions appear so far inferiour to that which is conceived of his understanding let that be acknowledged which is true that Confiderate agere pluris est quam cogitare prudenter considerate action is more worth then wise thinking This Ilipa Italica was the chief town of the Turdetani in Andaluzia is conjectured by the ruines yet remaining to stand over against Sevill Tarraco is that which is now called Tarragon a Colony of Scipio his planting whereof the Province taketh appellation which is extended as Plinie witnesseth from Catalonia to Navarre and Castile along the Alpes Bla●se de Vigenere reporteth that in the year 516 there was a Councell held at Tarraco by ten Bishops wherein it was decreed that Sunday should alwayes begin presently after Evening prayer or their Vespers on the Saturday From whence it is that the Spaniards do not work at all after that time and do eat upon Saturdayes at supper the head the feet and the entralls of such flesh as is killed in the Shambles together with other pretty bits which they call Morsillas without prohibition or scruple of

thus commanded at sometimes to turn his face to the right or left hand or about the Battallion standing in order that is according to the distance before named so the whole Battallion being reduced into their close order is commanded to turn as one body to the right or left hand It is performed thus Imagine the Battallion stand first in order it shall be commanded that they close their files to the right hand when the right file standing still the rest turning their faces to the right hand march into their close order and return as they were next that they close their ranks from behind when every follower marcheth forward to his leader unto his rapiers point as is said before This done the leader of the right file standing immoveable all the rest as the body of a ship or a great gate turn about that leader as about the hinge or center every one keeping the same distance and order wherein they were first placed as if they were but one entire body When the same Battallion is to be restored into the same station wherein it was first it is commanded Faces about to the left hand and march into your order from whence you were closed Then let your leaders or first ranks stand still and the rest turning faces about march ranks in order as before then turn as you were and you are restored When the whole Battallion being in their close order should turn about and make the Rere the Front it is done by a double turning or declination and commanded to wheel about which is answerable to the former faces about or mutation There is also another wheeling in this sort when the front changeth the aspect thrice for as wheeling about maketh the Front the Rere so this wheeleth from the right hand to the left or contrariwise which fashion is so seldome used that we scarce afford it a name In all such motions and alterations it is most fit that all men perform their directions with their pikes advanced being in that sort most easie to be commanded as also lesse troublesome to their followers and leaders Countermarching Files and Ranks THere is also another means to prevent the enemy his assaulting us in the rere or flank lest he should find our worst men least able to make resistance and this is performed by countermarching both files and ranks three divers wayes apiece The first was used by the Macedonians after this fashion First the leader turneth his face about towards the right or left hand and so the next follower marching behind his leader turneth also and so the third and fourth untill the bringer up have carried himself out into a new place in the rere further from the enemy as he was before next unto him But this neither was nor is accounted safe or secure because it doth somewhat resemble a flying or running away from the enemy which might give him no small incouragement and therefore it is not much in practise Only at some times the bringers up marching throughout beyond the leaders untill they possesse the same space before them which they did behind them all turning their faces about make their leaders to affront the enemy who were before farthest from them The Lacedamonians used the contrary as it were pursuing the enemy the bringer up first being turned face about and so the next marching before him and so the third untill the leader himself became also turned and in the foremost front unto the enemy Which with us is somewhat otherwise but yet both affronting and as it were pursuing the enemy because our leaders first begin this motion and so countermarching through on the right or left hand become in the front in a new space of ground who were before in the rere The third and last was invented by the Persians whom when the place or near approch of the enemy would not suffer to change their ground they were wont to countermarch the front to the right or left hand and being come unto the depth of the bringers up to stand still untill the other half file had likewise marched forth and fallen upon their leaders in every file In all these it is especially commanded to march still in the same distance and by whole ranks to prevent confusion which especially the enemy at hand must needs be most dangerous and therefore carefully to be avoided In like sort the ranks may countermarch when either the right wing would be strengthened by the left or the left by the right alwayes marching by whole files towards the right or left hand according as they shall have the direction either changing the ground or upon the same ground as in the former countermarches There is used also another kind of strengthening both the front and flank when occasion shall be offered viz by doubling either files or ranks And this either by doubling the number of souldiers in the same files or ranks keeping still the same breadth and depth of ground or else by doubling the ground keeping the same number of souldiers The files are doubled when the second file shall insert it self into the first the leader thereof putting himself a follower unto the leader of the first and the next follower follower to the next in the first file and so forwards And likewise the fourth file inserting it self into the third and the sixth into the fifth And this is to be performed when the Battallion standeth in his order To double the place or depth is when the same number of men shall put themselves out of their order into their open order either by advancing forward or by falling backwards as they shall be commanded The ranks are doubled two manner of wayes either by inserting the second into the first to the right or left hand as before in the files or else the enemy being at hand by joyning whole troups together to the right or left wing according as occasion shall be offered and this is held to be the safest when the enemy is near to avoid confusion It is performed either in the same ground or by doubling the ground when either we desire to exceed the front of our enemy his battallion or to prevent lest we our selves be included The terms to both are Double your files or ranks to the right or left hand and when you would have them return again into their proper places it is commanded As you were The ordinary directions which are especially given in these martial exercises are first that no man in the time of exercising or marshalling shall be lowder then his Officer but every one attending to his place when he is commanded shall diligently hearken to such directions as shall be given The Captain in the front shall speak and the Sergeants in each flank shall give the word unto the Lieutenant or Ensigne