metabole_n for_o metabole_n be_v the_o conversion_n of_o every_o man_n face_n particular_o to_o the_o place_n which_o be_v behind_o his_o back_n and_o the_o same_o that_o metabole_n be_v in_o each_o several_a soldier_n the_o same_o be_v perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o the_o whole_a battle_n there_o be_v 4_o two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n the_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o the_o enemy_n metabole_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n be_v when_o the_o soldier_n turn_v his_o face_n twice_o towards_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o enemy_n when_o he_o turn_v twice_o towards_o the_o target_n note_n four_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v set_v down_o by_o aelian_a whereby_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o battle_n may_v be_v somewhat_o change_v turn_v of_o face_n countermarch_n wheel_v and_o double_v whereof_o the_o first_o may_v be_v use_v in_o what_o order_n soever_o your_o battle_n stand_v the_o second_o only_o in_o open_a order_n the_o three_o â—n_n close_o order_v only_o the_o four_o either_o in_o close_a or_o open_a order_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v of_o face_n whereof_o this_o chapter_n intreat_v albeit_o it_o may_v be_v bring_v in_o also_o in_o open_a order_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n but_o in_o close_a order_n and_o then_o especial_o when_o none_o of_o the_o other_o motion_n have_v place_n the_o grecian_n always_o covet_v to_o bring_v their_o file_n leader_n that_o be_v their_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v in_o open_a order_n they_o choose_v to_o countermarch_n in_o close_a order_n have_v place_n to_o wheel_v their_o battle_n about_o and_o so_o turn_v the_o face_n of_o it_o against_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o can_v do_v neither_o of_o these_o they_o come_v to_o the_o last_o remedy_n which_o be_v turn_v of_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a man_n in_o the_o battle_n 1_o clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v of_o face_n this_o motion_n be_v of_o less_o pain_n then_o any_o other_o but_o of_o no_o less_o importance_n or_o necessity_n in_o the_o rest_n the_o phalange_n change_v the_o place_n or_o the_o form_n in_o this_o it_o hold_v both_o and_o yet_o be_v ready_a for_o any_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n only_o every_o soldier_n in_o particular_a turn_v his_o countenance_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n be_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n because_o that_o hand_n bear_v the_o pike_n to_o turn_v to_o the_o target_n be_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n because_o the_o macedonian_n carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a shoulder_n for_o the_o use_n of_o this_o turn_n of_o face_n aelian_n say_v it_o have_v place_n when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o flank_n 2_o to_o encompass_v our_o wing_n clisis_fw-la be_v no_o more_o then_o bear_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n that_o be_v to_o our_o wing_n when_o then_o we_o find_v our_o enemy_n to_o encompass_v our_o right_a wing_n we_o turn_v our_o face_n and_o weapon_n that_o way_n to_o receive_v he_o to_o the_o left_a when_o he_o come_v to_o charge_v we_o on_o that_o side_n if_o on_o both_o side_n then_o turn_v we_o the_o face_n of_o our_o phalange_n half_a to_o the_o right_n half_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v the_o antistomus_n phalange_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v hereafter_o brief_o there_o be_v almost_o none_o of_o the_o march_v phalanges_fw-la which_o be_v afterward_o describe_v but_o it_o have_v need_n of_o this_o motion_n beside_o if_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o phalange_n be_v to_o move_v from_o any_o of_o the_o flank_n you_o be_v only_o to_o command_v turn_v of_o face_n to_o that_o flank_n and_o then_o to_o lead_v on_o i_o will_v give_v a_o example_n or_o two_o 17._o alexander_n at_o arbela_n have_v imbattail_v his_o army_n to_o fight_v with_o darius_n have_v intelligence_n that_o darius_n have_v strew_v the_o ground_n betwixt_o the_o two_o army_n with_o calthrope_n he_o command_v therefore_o the_o right_a wing_n which_o himself_o lead_v to_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o follow_v he_o to_o the_o end_n to_o go_v round_o about_o and_o avoid_v the_o place_n that_o be_v sow_v with_o calthrope_n darius_n march_v against_o he_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n disjoin_v his_o troop_n of_o horse_n and_o alexander_n take_v the_o advantage_n and_o give_v in_o quick_o betwixt_o the_o space_n put_v darius_n to_o flight_n if_o alexander_n have_v march_v on_o with_o the_o right_a front_n he_o have_v fall_v upon_o the_o calthrope_n to_o avoid_v they_o be_v use_v the_o benefit_n of_o this_o motion_n and_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n he_o lead_v on_o until_o he_o have_v pass_v the_o danger_n and_o then_o turn_v again_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n go_v to_o charge_n and_o defeat_v the_o enemy_n an_o other_o example_n be_v in_o 634._o polybius_n who_o describe_v the_o battle_n betwixt_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n and_o philopoemen_n the_o achaean_n general_n tell_v that_o machanidas_n have_v in_o the_o left_a wing_n put_v the_o achaean_n mercenary_n to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o the_o chase_n philopoemen_n as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v hope_n endeavour_v by_o all_o mean_n to_o stay_v his_o man_n when_o he_o see_v they_o utter_o defeat_v he_o haste_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n busy_a in_o chase_n and_o the_o place_n void_a where_o the_o fight_n have_v be_v command_v the_o first_o merarchy_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n he_o lead_v they_o on_o with_o high_a speed_n not_o yet_o break_v the_o order_n of_o their_o imbattail_v and_o quick_o seize_v upon_o the_o forsake_a ground_n he_o both_o cut_v betwixt_o they_o that_o give_v chase_v and_o home_n and_o withal_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o upper_a ground_n against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o arm_a whereby_o he_o obtain_v the_o victory_n if_o philopoemen_n have_v in_o this_o action_n use_v wheel_v of_o his_o battle_n which_o only_o be_v the_o other_o motion_n which_o will_v have_v serve_v his_o turn_n beside_o the_o troublesomenesse_n of_o the_o wind_a about_o he_o shall_v have_v be_v force_v to_o have_v use_v two_o wheeling_n and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o celerity_n which_o be_v at_o that_o time_n requisite_a face_n be_v turn_v in_o a_o trice_n and_o he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n he_o desire_v before_o he_o can_v have_v wheel_v once_o his_o battle_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n consist_v of_o one_o turn_v and_o move_v no_o further_o than_o the_o side_n if_o the_o motion_n be_v to_o the_o rear_n it_o have_v two_o turn_n and_o be_v call_v metabole_n which_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o and_o as_o wheel_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n carry_v about_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o rear_n so_o do_v metabole_n turn_v the_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n and_o make_v he_o look_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n the_o word_n proper_o signify_v a_o change_n which_o happen_v herein_o when_o the_o soldier_n be_v change_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o the_o use_n of_o metabole_n be_v principal_o to_o resist_v the_o enemy_n that_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o rear_n pyrrh_n so_o pyrrhus_n be_v enter_v the_o city_n argos_n with_o a_o few_o and_o overpress_v with_o multitude_n retire_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o defend_v himself_o often_o turn_v his_o and_o his_o soldier_n face_n against_o the_o enemy_n agesilao_n so_o the_o army_n of_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a retire_n from_o the_o wall_n of_o babylon_n often_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o wait_v their_o enemy_n who_o be_v report_v to_o be_v on_o foot_n and_o ready_a to_o come_v and_o charge_v they_o and_o if_o the_o enemy_n assault_v both_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n to_o continue_v half_o the_o soldier_n in_o each_o file_n with_o their_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o command_v the_o other_o half_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o enemy_n behind_o and_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalanx_n amphistomos_n describe_v by_o aelian_a cap._n 38._o and_o sometime_o it_o be_v use_v to_o speed_v our_o march_n and_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n as_o be_v say_v before_o of_o clisis_fw-la d._n agesilaus_n make_v a_o incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o find_v a_o trench_n and_o rampart_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o theban_n for_o
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n orderly_o keep_v your_o distance_n the_o second_o manner_n the_o right_a or_o left_a wing_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v not_o countermarch_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o all_o in_o the_o rank_n follow_v every_o man_n his_o side-man_n keep_v your_o distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o uttermost_a corner_n file_v of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v wing_n countermarch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a or_o right_a wing_n and_o stand_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v ranke-wise_a keep_v their_o distance_n of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n xxix_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o depth_n or_o file_n and_o 2_o either_o of_o these_o double_a the_o number_n or_o the_o place_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o a_o front_n of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v a_o front_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o 248_o file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o and_o double_v the_o same_o in_o flank_n make_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o that_o it_o be_v before_o for_o double_v be_v nothing_o else_o then_o make_v a_o military_a body_n twice_o as_o long_o or_o twice_o as_o deep_o as_o it_o be_v before_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v the_o doubling_n be_v either_o of_o length_n or_o depth_n or_o which_o be_v all_o one_o as_o dipâ—asiasai_n suidas_n say_v of_o rank_n or_o file_n for_o rank_n stretch_v out_o in_o length_n file_n in_o depth_n and_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o other_o kind_n the_o body_n be_v 2_o double_v in_o number_n or_o place_n that_o which_o be_v here_o call_v number_n be_v call_v elsewhere_o person_n or_o dipâ—asiasai_n by_o suidas_n man_n it_o be_v call_v person_n in_o the_o insertion_n which_o be_v make_v to_o aelian_a i_o know_v not_o by_o who_o in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n of_o countermarche_n which_o because_o it_o lay_v thrust_v in_o betwixt_o the_o description_n of_o countermarche_n and_o nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v the_o place_n with_o 124_o file_n not_o increase_v the_o number_n but_o only_o command_v some_o to_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n some_o to_o the_o target_n till_o the_o phalange_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o convenient_a length_n as_o from_o 5_o furlong_n to_o 10._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o depth_n double_v for_o either_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o a_o other_o man_n for_o man_n so_o that_o the_o second_o file-leader_n become_v the_o follower_n of_o the_o first_o and_o the_o second_o man_n in_o the_o second_o file_n the_o follower_n of_o the_o second_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n or_o else_o 16_o man_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o hold_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o length_n as_o 32_o usuallydoe_n so_o far_o the_o insertion_n it_o follow_v in_o aelian_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o
art_n which_o be_v call_v habit_n arise_v out_o of_o a_o number_n of_o action_n precae_v so_o can_v no_o man_n atteyne_v to_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o arm_n till_o he_o have_v with_o care_n and_o diligence_n employ_v his_o study_n and_o labour_n therein_o and_o upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o practice_n raise_v the_o frame_n of_o sound_n and_o perfect_a skill_n no_o man_n be_v natural_o bear_v a_o soldier_n one_o may_v more_o incline_v to_o war_n then_o another_o but_o the_o skill_n come_v not_o without_o industry_n and_o pain_n pelop._n plutarch_n say_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o eurotas_n nor_o the_o place_n betwixt_o babyx_n and_o gnation_n that_o bring_v forth_o valiant_a and_o warlike_a man_n but_o they_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o place_n where_o youth_n be_v breed_v up_o in_o shame_n of_o vice_n and_o boldness_n to_o undergo_v peril_n for_o virtue_n sake_n eurotas_n be_v a_o river_n near_o lacedaemon_n lycur_n babyx_n and_o gnation_n two_o river_n with_o in_o the_o same_o city_n the_o lacedaemonian_n be_v account_v the_o most_o valiant_a people_n of_o greece_n and_o plutarch_n speak_v this_o of_o the_o victory_n which_o the_o theban_n have_v against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o theban_n which_o till_o that_o day_n have_v no_o reputation_n of_o valour_n but_o afterward_o by_o exercise_n &_o use_v of_o arm_n under_o epaminondas_n and_o pelopidas_n become_v the_o brave_a soldier_n of_o greece_n not_o unlike_o be_v the_o say_n of_o pyrrhus_n to_o his_o muster-master_n choose_v you_o say_v he_o good_a body_n and_o i_o will_v make_v they_o good_a soldier_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o body_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o soldier_n to_o undergo_v the_o labour_n of_o war_n 1_o but_o exercise_v it_o be_v that_o give_v the_o perfect_a skill_n and_o the_o desire_n to_o handle_v weapon_n therefore_o â—22_n as_o demosthenes_n be_v demand_v what_o be_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a thing_n in_o the_o art_n oratory_n answer_v action_n what_o the_o second_o action_n what_o the_o three_o action_n so_o may_v we_o true_o say_v that_o in_o the_o art_n military_a exercise_n be_v not_o only_o the_o first_o second_o &_o three_o principal_a thing_n to_o make_v a_o soldier_n but_o also_o all_o in_o all_o aelian_n speak_v not_o of_o exercise_n but_o in_o general_n what_o particular_a exercise_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o soldier_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o know_v let_v he_o read_v xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 2._o 42._o b._n c._n &_o lib._n 3._o 77._o c._n d._n veget._n lib._n 1._o ad_fw-la caput_fw-la 9_o ad_fw-la caput_fw-la 19_o &_o lib._n 2._o caput_fw-la 23._o 24._o iust._n li_n comment_n ad_fw-la polyb._n lib._n 5._o dialog_n 14._o leo._n caput_fw-la 7._o patric_n parallel_n parte_fw-la 2._o 139._o now_o for_o the_o victory_n that_o have_v be_v obtain_v by_o a_o small_a number_n of_o man_n well_o exercise_v against_o a_o multitude_n unskillful_a and_o untrained_a i_o need_v say_v nothing_o history_n be_v plentiful_a witness_n therein_o i_o will_v only_o recite_v one_o example_n wherein_o the_o difference_n may_v be_v see_v not_o between_o skilful_a and_o unskillful_a but_o between_o skilful_a and_o skilful_a both_o enure_v to_o labour_n and_o both_o bring_v up_o under_o the_o same_o practice_n and_o discipline_n of_o arm_n at_o what_o time_n after_o the_o death_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a his_o chief_a commander_n fall_v at_o odds_n amongst_o themselves_o and_o seek_v every_o man_n to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o his_o conquest_n it_o chance_v that_o antigonus_n and_o eumenes_n come_v together_o in_o two_o sundry_a battle_n in_o the_o first_o antigonus_n have_v in_o his_o army_n above_o 28000._o foot_n 8500._o horse_n &_o 65._o elephant_n eumenes_n less_o foot_n 17000._o in_o all_o but_o amongst_o they_o 3000._o argyraspides_fw-la who_o have_v serve_v in_o all_o alexander_n battle_n &_o be_v invincible_a &_o strike_v a_o great_a fear_n into_o the_o enemy_n heart_n &_o about_o the_o number_n of_o horse_n his_o enemy_n have_v &_o so._n elephant_n 7._o when_o the_o foot_n come_v to_o join_v say_v diodorus_n siculus_n the_o fight_n continue_a a_o good_a while_n &_o at_o last_o many_o fall_n on_o either_o side_n eumenes_n his_o foot_n have_v the_o better_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o valour_n of_o the_o macedonian_a argyraspides_fw-la they_o albeit_o they_o be_v strike_v in_o year_n yet_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manifold_a peril_n they_o have_v be_v in_o excel_v in_o courage_n &_o skill_n of_o fight_n in_o so_o much_o that_o no_o man_n be_v able_a to_o withstand_v they_o and_o therefore_o be_v but_o 3000._o in_o number_n they_o be_v notwithstanding_o set_v against_o the_o enemy_n as_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n in_o the_o other_o battle_n he_o speak_v of_o their_o age_n 693._o at_o that_o time_n say_v he_o the_o young_a of_o the_o argyraspides_fw-la be_v no_o less_o than_o 60._o year_n old_a or_o thereabouts_o the_o most_o of_o the_o rest_n about_o 70._o &_o some_o be_v elder_a all_o of_o they_o unmatcheable_a in_o skill_n &_o readiness_n of_o fight_n &_o strength_n of_o body_n such_o be_v their_o dexterity_n and_o courage_n gather_v in_o continuance_n of_o danger_n which_o they_o have_v pass_v afterwards_o rehearse_v the_o battle_n he_o say_v the_o argyraspides_fw-la serring_n themselves_o close_a and_o with_o lively_a force_n fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n kill_v some_o and_o put_v other_o some_o to_o flight_n and_o fight_v against_o the_o whole_a phalange_n of_o the_o enemy_n with_o irresistible_a fury_n not_o lose_v one_o of_o their_o own_o man_n &_o yet_o through_o skill_n &_o manhood_n slayeng_v of_o the_o enemy_n above_o 5000._o &_o rout_v their_o whole_a foot_n which_o in_o number_n be_v many_o time_n more_o than_o themselves_o thus_o write_v diodorus_n siculus_n of_o the_o old_a practise_a macedonian_n who_o yet_o fight_v not_o against_o stranger_n or_o raw_a soldier_n or_o such_o as_o be_v new_o bring_v into_o the_o field_n but_o against_o man_n of_o their_o own_o nation_n that_o have_v long_o handle_v arm_n &_o win_v many_o victory_n &_o be_v institute_v and_o train_v in_o the_o same_o discipline_n and_o course_n military_a that_o they_o themselves_o have_v be_v before_o such_o difference_n long_o practice_v and_o experience_n wrought_v in_o the_o one_o against_o the_o other_o what_o a_o file_n or_o decury_n be_v and_o of_o how_o many_o man_n it_o consist_v chap._n four_o to_o order_n into_o file_n be_v r_o to_o make_v file_n a_o file_n be_v a_o number_n of_o man_n begin_v at_o one_o leader_n and_o contineve_v in_o order_n of_o follower_n to_o the_o last_o man_n the_o number_n of_o a_o file_n be_v diverse_o give_v 2_o for_o some_o allow_v it_o eight_o some_o twelve_o and_o some_o sixteen_o man_n we_o for_o this_o time_n will_v retain_v the_o number_n of_o sixteen_o both_o because_o that_o number_n be_v proportionable_a to_o the_o indifferent_a length_n of_o a_o phalange_n and_o also_o if_o use_v require_v at_o any_o time_n to_o double_v the_o depth_n thereof_o and_o to_o give_v it_o thirty_o two_o man_n or_o to_o lessen_v and_o contract_v it_o and_o make_v it_o but_o eight_o neither_o of_o both_o shall_v hinder_v the_o service_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n behind_o 3_o for_o whether_o they_o use_v dart_n or_o sling_n or_o arrow_n they_o may_v easy_o with_o their_o fly_v weapon_n overreache_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n note_n next_o after_o arm_v and_o choice_n of_o soldier_n it_o follow_v to_o put_v they_o in_o order_n for_o service_n that_o be_v first_o to_o file_v they_o then_o to_o band_v they_o which_o be_v join_v of_o file_n and_o last_o to_o embattle_n they_o which_o be_v to_o make_v a_o phalange_n of_o these_o in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n 1_o to_o make_v file_n the_o tactic_n have_v not_o express_v the_o precept_n of_o this_o art_n all_o in_o the_o same_o word_n a_o file_n be_v here_o call_v lochos_n the_o signification_n whereof_o be_v divers_a sometime_o it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o 21._o ambush_n and_o lochan_n signify_v to_o lie_v in_o ambush_n it_o signify_v beside_o a_o number_n of_o man_n that_o be_v of_o one_o body_n as_o it_o be_v and_o under_o one_o commander_n who_o be_v call_v lochagos_n and_o lochizo_n be_v to_o set_v in_o file_n the_o number_n of_o this_o body_n have_v be_v diverse_o take_v the_o theban_n lochos_n hieros_n first_o institute_v by_o gorgida_n gorgidas_n or_o as_o other_o say_v by_o 602._o epaminondas_n consist_v of_o three_o hundred_o man_n the_o lochos_n of_o the_o pelop._n lacedaemonian_n of_o five_o hundred_o and_o twelve_o xenophon_n in_o his_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n tell_v that_o the_o number_n of_o the_o d_o lochoi_n of_o the_o grecian_n which_o he_o lead_v be_v almost_o a_o hundred_o arm_a man_n and_o when_o they_o choose_v extraordinary_a man_n to_o preserve_v the_o plaesium_n a_o hollow_a form_n of_o square_a
battle_n where_o in_o the_o grecian_n march_v from_o break_v they_o appoint_v b_o six_o lochoi_n of_o a_o hundred_o a_o piece_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o commander_n to_o lead_v they_o and_o after_o he_o reckon_v seventy_o man_n to_o a_o lochos_n and_o in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o cyrus_n his_o expedition_n he_o tell_v 249._o of_o two_o lochoi_n of_o the_o arm_a of_o the_o regiment_n of_o menon_n that_o be_v slay_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o cilicia_n and_o count_v they_o a_o hundred_o man_n cyrus_n in_o the_o same_o xenophon_n command_v his_o lochos_n to_o be_v make_v of_o twenty_o four_o man_n but_o the_o lochos_n that_o aelian_a here_o speak_v of_o be_v a_o less_o number_n namely_o sixteen_o which_o be_v the_o file_n of_o the_o macedonian_n as_o appear_v by_o d._n arrian_n and_o d_o polybius_n albeit_o arrian_n call_v it_o not_o lochos_n but_o decas_fw-la and_o polybius_n the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n this_o number_n of_o sixteen_o be_v use_v by_o the_o grecian_n also_o before_o king_n phillip_n time_n as_o appear_v by_o e._n xenophon_n in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o grecian_n and_o likewise_o by_o b_o thucydides_n who_o report_v that_o the_o siracusan_o be_v so_o order_v against_o the_o athenian_n leo_n say_v it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o ancient_a warrior_n to_o make_v a_o file_n of_o sixteen_o &_o call_v it_o a_o tetragonall_a number_n 2_o some_o allow_v it_o eight_o some_o twelve_o the_o lacedaemonian_n make_v the_o depth_n of_o their_o battle_n sometime_o eight_o man_n for_o a_o file_n be_v it_o that_o measure_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o so_o fight_v with_o their_o enemy_n a_o thucydides_n witness_v as_o much_o the_o lacedaemonian_n say_v he_o be_v not_o always_o order_v in_o depth_n alike_o but_o as_o their_o lochagoi_n they_o be_v commander_n of_o five_o hundred_o and_o twelve_o a_o piece_n think_v good_a common_o notwithstanding_o the_o depth_n be_v of_o eight_o a_o piece_n d_o xenophon_n also_o write_v that_o dercyllidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v to_o fight_v with_o tissaphernes_n and_o pharnabazus_n order_v his_o phalange_n into_o eight_o the_o same_o proportion_n be_v hold_v by_o g_z mnasippus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a against_o the_o corcyrean_n and_o by_o 9_o clearchus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a against_o his_o enemy_n xenophon_n say_v that_o thrasybulus_n the_o athenian_a salieng_v out_o of_o pyraeum_n against_o pausanias_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n range_v his_o man_n into_o eight_o his_o word_n be_v d_o when_o thrasybulus_n and_o the_o other_o arm_v see_v these_o thing_n they_o quick_o give_v aid_v to_o their_o own_o people_n and_o put_v their_o arm_a in_o order_n eight_o deep_a pausanias_n be_v hardly_o lay_v unto_o and_o retire_v four_o or_o five_o furlong_n command_v the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o their_o ally_n to_o resort_v unto_o he_o and_o there_o cast_v his_o man_n into_o a_o deep_a phalange_n lead_v against_o the_o athenian_n out_o of_o which_o word_n we_o may_v note_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n observe_v not_o always_o that_o order_n of_o eight_o deep_a but_o vary_v according_a to_o place_n or_o other_o circumstance_n yet_o ordinary_o they_o give_v but_o eight_o to_o a_o file_n or_o to_o the_o depth_n of_o their_o phalange_n as_o thucydides_n witness_v before_o d._n the_o same_o thrasybulus_n with_o his_o complice_n enter_v the_o base_a city_n of_o athens_n call_v pyraeum_n to_o free_v his_o country_n from_o bondage_n of_o the_o thirty_o tyrant_n have_v but_o a_o few_o with_o he_o possess_v the_o court_n which_o lead_v to_o the_o temple_n of_o diana_n call_v munychia_n and_o be_v assault_v by_o the_o garrison_n of_o rhe_n lacedaemonian_n order_v his_o arm_a man_n into_o ten_o deep_a and_o the_o light_n arm_v behind_o they_o the_o tyrant_n and_o their_o follower_n stand_v in_o battle_n fifty_o deep_a c_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o leuctra_n the_o lacedaemonian_a arm_v be_v twelve_o in_o depth_n the_o theban_n fifty_o d_o alexander_n the_o great_a lead_v his_o army_n against_o clitus_n and_o glaucias_n the_o way_n be_v so_o narrow_a that_o no_o more_o than_o four_o may_v march_v in_o front_n make_v the_o depth_n of_o his_o army_n a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o d_o and_o the_o soldier_n that_o xenophon_n bring_v back_o out_o of_o persia_n when_o they_o purpose_v to_o sack_n byzantium_n put_v themselves_o without_o command_n in_o order_n of_o fifty_o deep_a in_o the_o text_n be_v fifty_o deep_a but_o the_o margin_n have_v eight_o which_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o true_a read_n because_o xenophon_n say_v the_o place_n be_v fair_a to_o set_v a_o battle_n be_v void_a of_o building_n and_o have_v a_o even_o plain_a and_o it_o be_v not_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o grecian_n to_o make_v a_o phalange_n fifty_o deep_a unless_o there_o be_v extraordinary_a occasion_n c_o in_o the_o battle_n of_o delos_n betwixt_o the_o athenian_n and_o theban_n the_o theban_n be_v five_o and_o twenty_o in_o depth_n the_o athenian_n but_o eight_o the_o same_o a_o athenian_a be_v eight_o in_o depth_n against_o the_o syracusan_n so_o that_o the_o depth_n of_o eight_o be_v much_o use_v among_o the_o grecian_n howbeit_a i_o find_v not_o that_o they_o call_v a_o file_n of_o eight_o by_o the_o name_n of_o lochos_n c_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a make_v his_o file_n of_o twelve_o man_n and_o the_o leader_n thereof_o he_o call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o file_n itself_o decas_fw-la which_o in_o signification_n albeit_o it_o import_v ten_o yet_o we_o must_v retain_v the_o word_n as_o it_o be_v use_v and_o not_o fly_v to_o the_o original_n of_o the_o etymology_n as_o i_o note_v before_o upon_o other_o occasion_n but_o aelian_n make_v his_o file_n of_o sixten_n his_o reason_n follow_v 3_o for_o whether_o they_o use_v dart_n etc._n etc._n the_o file_n be_v sixten_n in_o number_n the_o soldier_n therein_o every_o one_o have_v after-distance_n from_o other_o three_o foot_n take_v up_o in_o the_o whole_a depth_n forty_o eight_o foot_n and_o be_v double_v to_o thirty_o two_o man_n they_o take_v up_o ninety_o six_o foot_n which_o amount_v to_o thirty_o two_o yard_n that_o bow_n and_o sling_n easy_o out_o reach_v this_o distance_n appear_v by_o vegetius_n before_o by_o i_o allege_v 〈◊〉_d who_o say_v they_o strike_v their_o mark_n six_o hundred_o foot_n of_o which_o in_o our_o account_n by_o score_n be_v ten_o score_n of_o the_o dart_n a_o man_n may_v rather_o doubt_v which_o notwithstanding_o with_o a_o exercise_v arm_n be_v send_v much_o further_o than_o thirty_o two_o yard_n 242._o lipsius_n write_v that_o a_o dart_n be_v usual_o cast_v four_o hundred_o foot_n which_o amount_v to_o a_o hundred_o thirty_o three_o yard_n or_o as_o we_o in_o shote_n measure_v it_o six_o score_n and_o odd_a the_o reason_n why_o aelian_n place_v the_o light_n arm_v behind_o we_o shall_v see_v beer_n after_o in_o fit_a place_n the_o order_n and_o part_n of_o a_o file_n or_o decury_n chap._n v._n '_o the_o best_a man_n of_o every_o file_n be_v the_o first_o in_o place_n and_o he_o that_o lead_v the_o file_n who_o be_v also_o call_v the_o file-leader_n the_o commander_n &_o the_o fore-stander_n the_o last_o man_n of_o the_o file_n be_v call_v the_o reare-commaunder_n or_o bringer-up_a the_o whole_a file_n itself_o be_v term_v 2_o a_o verse_n and_o 3_o a_o decany_n and_o of_o some_o 4_o a_o enomoty_n yet_o there_o be_v that_o hold_v enomotia_n for_o the_o fowerth_o part_n of_o a_o file_n and_o the_o commander_n of_o a_o enomoty_n they_o call_v enomotarcha_n and_o two_o enomoty_n they_o take_v for_o a_o dimery_n &_o name_v the_o commander_n thereof_o dimerite_n so_o that_o the_o half_a file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o dimery_n 5_o and_o the_o commander_n dimerite_n this_o man_n be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o file_n he_o that_o stand_v next_o behind_o the_o file-leader_n be_v name_v a_o follower_n and_o the_o next_o after_o he_o a_o leader_n and_o the_o next_o after_o he_o again_o a_o follower_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a file_n consist_v of_o leader_n &_o follower_n place_v successive_o one_o after_o another_o 6_o it_o behove_v the_o file-leader_n to_o be_v more_o sufficient_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n and_o next_o he_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o half-file_n or_o bringer-up_a they_o define_v a_o file_n to_o be_v a_o row_n of_o follower_n place_v according_a to_o their_o worth_n successive_o after_o a_o file-leader_n note_n 1_o the_o best_a man_n of_o every_o file_n why_o the_o file-leader_n ought_v to_o be_v the_o best_a man_n of_o the_o file_n many_o reason_n may_v be_v give_v first_o because_o he_o command_v the_o rest_n and_o as_o in_o all_o other_o thing_n he_o that_o be_v to_o rule_v and_o govern_v another_o aught_o to_o have_v more_o knowledge_n than_o he_o that_o be_v command_v and_o
govern_v so_o be_v it_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n further_o as_o his_o skill_n so_o his_o valour_n aught_o to_o be_v most_o that_o his_o example_n may_v encourage_v and_o incite_v the_o rest_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o other_o commander_n also_o be_v place_v in_o front_n and_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o soldier_n that_o their_o valour_n &_o forwardness_n may_v bread_n a_o honest_a emulation_n in_o the_o soldier_n to_o do_v as_o they_o do_v beside_o the_o first_o place_n be_v most_o beseem_v he_o that_o best_o deserve_v and_o the_o more_o valiant_a a_o man_n be_v the_o more_o he_o desire_v to_o show_v it_o in_o the_o face_n of_o the_o enemy_n thereby_o to_o win_v himself_o honour_n and_o reputation_n furthermore_o he_o may_v do_v best_a service_n in_o the_o front_n by_o enter_v into_o the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o make_v way_n for_o the_o rest_n not_o unlike_o a_o sword_n who_o edge_n make_v speedy_a passage_n into_o the_o thing_n it_o cut_v and_o draw_v after_o it_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o iron_n be_v it_o never_o so_o blunt_a in_o the_o front_n the_o rank_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n give_v the_o push_n to_o gain_v the_o field_n which_o reason_n i_o think_v lead_n pçlopida_n gorgidas_n the_o first_o institutor_n of_o the_o theban_a hiero_n lochos_n not_o to_o make_v a_o entire_a troop_n thereof_o apart_o but_o to_o place_v it_o man_n by_o man_n in_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o phalange_n last_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n be_v the_o choice_n of_o the_o army_n both_o for_o stature_n and_o resolution_n for_o 13_o so_o aelian_n will_v have_v they_o 73_o bread_n a_o terror_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o enemy_n who_o see_v such_o gallant_n in_o the_o front_n have_v cause_n to_o imagine_v that_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n which_o they_o see_v not_o be_v like_a to_o those_o they_o see_v and_o be_v never_o so_o valiant_a they_o have_v rather_o have_v to_o do_v with_o weak_a and_o relent_v then_o stout_a and_o resolute_a adversary_n as_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o cannae_n 51_o annibal_n answer_v one_o that_o bring_v he_o news_n that_o the_o consul_n have_v command_v the_o horse_n man_n to_o alight_v and_o fight_v one_o foot_n how_o much_o rather_o will_v i_o quoth_v he_o he_o have_v deliver_v they_o bind_v into_o my_o hand_n i_o have_v hear_v many_o hold_n opinion_n that_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o grecian_n to_o bring_v their_o best_a man_n first_o to_o fight_v be_v contrary_a cap._n 5._o the_o order_n of_o a_o file_n 4_o enomoty_n 3_o enomoty_n 2_o enomoty_n 1_o enomoty_a dimerite_n 2_o dimery_n or_o half_a file_n 1_o dimery_n or_o half_a file_n the_o file-head_a the_o birnger_n up_o and_o 4_o enomotarcha_fw-la 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n 1_o leader_n 2_o follower_n 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n 3_o enomotarcha_fw-la 2_o follower_n 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n 2_o enomotarcha_fw-la 2_o follower_n 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n the_o fileader_n and_o first_o enomotarcha_n to_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o roman_n who_o hold_v the_o triarij_fw-la their_o elder_a and_o best_a soldier_n in_o the_o rear_n and_o bring_v they_o not_o to_o join_v till_o both_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la be_v beat_v or_o retire_v but_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o both_o their_o embattailing_n we_o shall_v see_v no_o great_a difference_n or_o at_o lest_o we_o shall_v see_v that_o the_o reason_n of_o place_v their-b_a man_n be_v not_o much_o different_a the_o grecian_n in_o frame_v their_o fourfold_a phalange_n make_v in_o length_n a_o even_a front_n of_o a_o 1024._o file_n the_o file_n be_v 16._o deep_a and_o the_o best_a man_n therefore_o in_o front_n because_o be_v place_v in_o the_o midst_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o use_n of_o their_o valour_n and_o the_o phalange_n may_v have_v be_v break_v before_o it_o have_v come_v to_o their_o turn_n to_o fight_v the_o roman_n contrariwise_a in_o order_v a_o legion_n make_v many_o maniple_n and_o give_v the_o front_n to_o the_o hastati_fw-la the_o midst_n to_o the_o principes_fw-la the_o rear_n to_o the_o triarij_fw-la now_o the_o triarij_fw-la be_v order_v in_o the_o rear_n may_v at_o the_o beginning_n be_v bring_v to_o fight_v in_o front_n if_o need_n be_v be_v no_o need_n they_o keep_v their_o place_n till_o their_o general_n find_v it_o fit_a to_o call_v upon_o they_o so_o then_o this_o be_v the_o difference_n the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o grecian_n have_v the_o front_n because_o otherwise_o in_o so_o deep_a a_o body_n as_o the_o phalange_n be_v they_o can_v not_o have_v come_v to_o fight_v the_o triarij_fw-la might_n always_o have_v be_v employ_v in_o front_n in_o flank_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n as_o please_v the_o general_n and_o that_o the_o roman_n also_o in_o their_o several_a maniple_n place_v their_o best_a man_n in_o front_n i_o can_v doubt_v there_o stand_v the_o centurion_n which_o be_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o maniple_n and_o in_o reason_n be_v to_o be_v second_v with_o the_o hest_n man_n under_o their_o command_n 3._o c._n crastinus_n may_v serve_v for_o a_o example_n who_o be_v no_o centurion_n but_o a_o evocate_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o pharsaly_n betwixt_o caesar_n &_o pompey_n bid_v his_o manipuler_n they_o be_v of_o the_o maniple_n which_o he_o once_o command_v to_o follow_v he_o and_o say_v he_o will_v make_v his_o general_n give_v he_o thanks_o alive_a or_o dead_a yet_o must_v i_o confess_v that_o the_o front_n be_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n of_o the_o evocate_n but_o he_o choose_v the_o front_n and_o hold_v it_o a_o place_n worthy_a of_o his_o valour_n it_o be_v say_v of_o catilinae_fw-la catiline_n that_o when_o he_o fight_v with_o c._n antonius_n he_o place_v in_o the_o front_n of_o his_o army_n all_o the_o choose_a centurion_n and_o evocate_n and_o beside_o of_o common_a soldier_n such_o as_o be_v best_a arm_v a_o livy_n speak_v of_o a_o fight_n betwixt_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o latin_n and_o describe_v the_o form_n of_o the_o roman_a battle_n after_o he_o have_v limit_v the_o place_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la &_o principes_fw-la write_v thus_o of_o the_o triarij_fw-la after_o the_o ensign_n he_o mean_v the_o standard_n of_o the_o legion_n not_o the_o ensign_n of_o maniple_n be_v ten_o other_o maniple_n whereof_o every_o one_o have_v three_o ensign_n the_o first_o ensign_n lead_v the_o triarij_fw-la old_a soldier_n of_o try_a valour_n the_o next_o the_o rorarij_fw-la not_o so_o well_o esteem_v for_o strength_n in_o either_o age_n or_o deed_n the_o three_o the_o accensi_fw-la a_o troop_n of_o lest_o trust_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o they_o be_v cast_v in_o the_o rear_n the_o accensi_fw-la be_v put_v in_o the_o rear_n because_o there_o be_v no_o great_a opinion_n of_o their_o valour_n the_o triarij_fw-la have_v the_o front_n because_o they_o be_v old_a soldier_n and_o have_v be_v sufficient_o try_v so_o then_o in_o divide_v of_o their_o army_n into_o small_a body_n or_o battailion_n the_o roman_n differ_v from_o the_o grecian_n in_o place_v the_o best_a man_n of_o their_o maniple_n in_o front_n they_o observe_v the_o same_o manner_n that_o the_o grecian_n do_v in_o place_v their_o fileleader_n in_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o phalange_n 2_o a_o verse_n i_o have_v translate_v sticho_n a_o verse_n the_o more_o usual_a signification_n be_v a_o row_n of_o any_o thing_n place_v orderly_o c._n so_o xenophon_n apply_v it_o to_o tree_n which_o be_v plant_v orderly_o one_o after_o another_o and_o iliad_n eustathius_n to_o the_o stand_n of_o dancer_n one_o after_o another_o in_o depth_n even_o as_o our_o soldier_n be_v place_v one_o after_o another_o in_o file_n 16._o julius_n pollux_n also_o acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v file_n and_o rank_n in_o choro_fw-la that_o be_v in_o dance_n upon_o the_o stage_n 〈◊〉_d but_o suidas_n say_v it_o be_v common_o take_v for_o a_o line_n which_o be_v read_v from_o the_o left_a to_o right_a hand_n and_o to_o say_v the_o truth_n a_o verse_n as_o we_o read_v at_o this_o day_n and_o as_o they_o read_v when_o aelian_n write_v this_o treatise_n rather_o resemble_v a_o rank_n then_o a_o fiâ—e_n because_o in_o a_o rank_n man_n stand_v side_n to_o side_n as_o word_n do_v be_v place_v in_o a_o line_n yet_o because_o the_o word_n be_v receive_v by_o use_n in_o that_o other_o sense_n we_o must_v like_v wise_a admit_v the_o same_o 3_o a_o decury_n this_o in_a greek_a aelian_n call_v decania_n a_o word_n which_o in_o this_o sense_n i_o find_v in_o no_o other_o author_n then_o in_o he_o and_o in_o suidas_n cyrop_n xenophon_n call_v it_o decas_fw-la so_o do_v strat_n vrbicius_n and_o c._n arrian_n and_o likewise_o hesychius_n 69._o leo_n call_v it_o decarchian_n and_o akian_n 4_o a_o enomotie_n the_o word_n come_v from_o
defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v they_o by_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v hand_n suidas_n albeit_o he_o have_v that_o signification_n also_o esteem_v they_o by_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v therefore_o suidas_n define_v the_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o rear_n that_o against_o the_o enemy_n a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o front_n aelian_n will_v have_v the_o first_o to_o contain_v two_o turn_n towards_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o second_o two_o turn_n towards_o the_o left_a i_o for_o my_o part_n assent_v rather_o to_o aelian_n for_o touch_v the_o turn_n of_o suidas_n i_o can_v yet_o understand_v why_o turn_v towards_o the_o rear_n shall_v be_v a_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o towards_o the_o front_n a_o turn_n to_o the_o enemy_n consider_v that_o whether_o soever_o you_o turn_v face_n the_o enemy_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v there_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v to_o be_v oppose_v always_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o only_a end_n of_o turn_v aelians_n opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v more_o probability_n in_o it_o at_o least_o if_o i_o conceive_v the_o right_a reason_n for_o i_o take_v it_o thus_o that_o see_v the_o grecian_n as_o the_o roman_n likewise_o be_v targeteer_n and_o carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a side_n and_o in_o fight_n advance_v that_o side_n always_o near_o the_o enemy_n which_o they_o seek_v to_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n that_o therefore_o the_o turn_n about_o to_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v turn_v to_o the_o target_n as_o contrary_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a side_n on_o which_o side_n the_o pike_n be_v carry_v and_o which_o be_v naked_a of_o such_o defensive_a arm_n be_v call_v apeâ—un_fw-la the_o open_a side_n and_o therefore_o further_o remove_v from_o the_o enemy_n may_v for_o the_o same_o cause_n be_v term_v turn_v from_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o i_o take_v turn_v about_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n to_o be_v all_o one_o as_o also_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o pike_n howsoever_o the_o name_n differ_v this_o be_v my_o conjecture_n which_o i_o shall_v imagine_v to_o be_v true_a till_o i_o find_v some_o man_n that_o will_v be_v please_v to_o give_v i_o a_o more_o probable_a reason_n i_o only_o add_v now_o the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n as_o you_o be_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble-wheeling_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvi_o 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v so_o close_v that_o no_o man_n can_v turn_v or_o twice_o turn_v his_o face_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o man_n to_o man_n it_o whole_o and_o joint_o wheel_v as_o a_o ship_n or_o some_o other_o body_n carry_v about_o the_o order_n thereof_o remain_v undissolue_v when_o the_o wheel_a be_v to_o the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o
sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o part_n in_o the_o front_n and_o half_a countermarch_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o other_o file_n to_o file_v albeit_o the_o two_o last_o be_v doubling_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n and_o not_o in_o place_n alone_o the_o true_a double_v of_o the_o place_n alone_o be_v not_o aelian_a the_o insertion_n whereof_o i_o speak_v remedi_v this_o defect_n also_o there_o it_o be_v say_v that_o when_o 16_o man_n that_o be_v a_o file_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o possess_v as_o much_o length_n as_o 32_o shall_v do_v that_o be_v as_o 2_o file_n it_o be_v double_v of_o place_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o change_v of_o the_o soldier_n order_n into_o open_a order_n for_o in_o their_o order_n they_o have_v 48_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o their_o open_a order_n 96_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o this_o double_v of_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v heed_n that_o we_o make_v not_o the_o front_n of_o our_o army_n to_o narrow_a lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n overpress_v with_o multitude_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n quick_o flee_v from_o either_o wing_n but_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n partly_o avoid_v the_o elephant_n partly_o contemn_v the_o mercenary_n fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o put_v it_o to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o and_o give_v chase_v even_o to_o the_o trench_n but_o of_o those_o that_o be_v place_v against_o the_o elephant_n the_o first_o sink_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o beast_n perish_v be_v overturn_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o heap_n the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n remain_v a_o while_n unbroken_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o they_o that_o be_v after_o place_v but_o when_o the_o rear_n of_o all_o encompass_v by_o the_o horse_n be_v force_v to_o turn_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o the_o other_o that_o have_v by_o force_n make_v way_n through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o elephant_n and_o be_v now_o behind_o their_o back_n come_v up_o to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o procee_v by_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n in_o general_a speech_n every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n which_o have_v length_n more_o than_o the_o depth_n and_o that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n more_o than_o the_o length_n orthion_n and_o so_o likewise_o a_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n loxe_n or_o uneven_a front_a be_v that_o which_o put_v forth_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v think_v fit_a towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o with_o it_o beginning_n the_o fight_n hold_v off_o the_o other_o in_o a_o convenient_a distance_n till_o opportunity_n be_v to_o advance_v of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la eutaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o place_v soldier_n before_o we_o take_v off_o the_o hindmost_a and_o rank_n they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o protaxis_fw-la or_o fore-fronting_a be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o part_n of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o that_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n such_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o lightarmed_n within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o you_o bestow_v the_o lightarmed_n under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_v they_o in_o a_o embow_v form_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o