Selected quad for the lemma: order_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
order_n	division_n	front_n	rear_n	2,252	5	12.7575	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

in the rere who as in his proper place seeth all things executed accordingly as the Captain shall command It shall be unpossible to performe any thing herein unlesse first every one do exactly observe his leader and his sideman and to this purpose it is often commanded Keep your files Keep your ranks Of Marches IN champains there needs no great labour to marshall particular troups for their after-marches because they may march either by whole divisions observing onely their course of indifferency that every division may every third day have the vantgard or else in such form and fashion as the Generall hath proposed for a day of battell according as the danger of an expected enemy shall give occasion But because all countries will not afford a champain for the marching of an army and therefore not possible to march far with many troups in front nor many files of any one troup or division by reason of often straights and passages betwixt hills woods or waters It is provided though by long induction the whole army shall be extended into a thin length and few files yet the souldiers well disposed shall be as readily able to defend themselves and offend the enemy on their flanks from whence only in such streights the danger is imminent as if they were to affront an enemy with an entire battallion in a champain country First therefore a division or Battallion being ordered and drawn before the Quarter into one even front of just files ten in depth the musketiers equally divided on the right and left slanks of the pikes all standing in their order that is to ●ay six feet distant in files and ranks the Captain carefully provideth that the first fifth sixth and tenth ranks be alwayes well filled and furnished with his most able and best-armed souldiers Which done he commandeth first the middlemen or half files to come a front with their leaders so that the division becometh but five in depth Next he commandeth to turn faces to the right or left hand as direction shall be to march from that quarter and so the whole division resteth ready in his fashion to march five in front the one half of the musketiers in the vantguard and the other in the rere the pikes in the battell and both flanks well furnished with the ablest best men to offend or defend as there shall be occasion that is to say the right flanks with the first and fifth ranks and the left with the sixth and tenth ranks If occasion afterwards shall be given of a halt in a champain or before the quartering the Captain commandeth first unto all they being first closed into their order Faces as you were next unto the half files Faces about and march out and fall again upon your files By which means the division becometh again reduced into the same front and fashion from whence it was first transformed ready to encounter an enemy or to be drawn into the Quarter When pikes are to charge pikes in a champain it useth to be performed two severall wayes First the whole division being commanded into their close order the five first ranks charging their pikes every follower over his leaders shoulder directeth his pike as equally as he can the first rank shall have three feet of his pike over the formost shoulder The other five ranks with their pikes advanced follow close up in the rere either ready to second the formost or to be employed in the rere as occasion shall be offered Otherwise and most usuall when the whole depth of the files throughout the division shall charge together all fast locked and united together and therefore most able to make the strongest shock offensive or defensive provided alwaies that none mingle their pikes in others files but the whole file one in anothers shoulder In charging with musketiers it is observed no way convenient that there should be too many in a rank or that the ranks should be too long For the first rank is commanded to advance ten paces before the second and then to discharge and wheeling either to the right or left hand falleth into the rere and so the second advancing to the same distance dischargeth and wheeleth as before and likewise the third and so forward as long as the Officer shall be commanded Which shall not so well be performed the ranks being extraordinary long because it will require so long a time to wheel from the front that the second may succeed unlesse by direction the rank may divide it self the one half to the right hand and the other to the left in wheeling to the rere In the retreat the whole ranks having turned their faces about are to march three or four paces forward their chief officer coming in the rere first commandeth the last rank to make ready and then to turn faces about discharge and wheel about to the head or front of the division and being clearly passed the next rank to perform as much and so the rest in order Where the passages are narrow and the division cannot come to charge in front as between two waters or woods the manner of charging is different for there being five or ten files led in the induction that file which flanketh the enemy dischargeth first onely and the rest marching continually forwards it standeth firm untill the last rank be passed and then sleeveth it self on the left flank and makes ready and so the second file and the third so long as the enemy shall continue there being a continuall discharging by files as before by ranks Unlesse it be in the pases of Ireland meeting with an irregular enemy where they use to intermingle their files of shot with pikes that the one may be a defence for the other when the enemy shall come up to the sword as they use there very often How directions are delivered in the warres ALl directions in the wars have ever been delivered either by signes subject to the eye by word of mouth or the sound of a drumme or some such warlike instrument Concerning those visible signes displayed unto the souldiers the falling of mists the raising of dust showers of rain snow the beams of the Sun hilly uneven and crooked passages by long experience have found them to be most doubtfull and uncertain as also because as it was a matter of great difficulty to invent different signes upon all sodain occasions so it is almost an impossibility that the common souldier who oftentimes is found scarce capable of the understanding of plain words distinctly pronounced should both apprehend and understand sodainly and execute directly the true sense and meaning of his Commanders signes The Drum and Trumpet are yet used But because many different sounds are not easily distinguished in souldiers understanding without some danger of confusion we onely command by the inarticulate sounds to arm to march to troup to

thus commanded at sometimes to turn his face to the right or left hand or about the Battallion standing in order that is according to the distance before named so the whole Battallion being reduced into their close order is commanded to turn as one body to the right or left hand It is performed thus Imagine the Battallion stand first in order it shall be commanded that they close their files to the right hand when the right file standing still the rest turning their faces to the right hand march into their close order and return as they were next that they close their ranks from behind when every follower marcheth forward to his leader unto his rapiers point as is said before This done the leader of the right file standing immoveable all the rest as the body of a ship or a great gate turn about that leader as about the hinge or center every one keeping the same distance and order wherein they were first placed as if they were but one entire body When the same Battallion is to be restored into the same station wherein it was first it is commanded Faces about to the left hand and march into your order from whence you were closed Then let your leaders or first ranks stand still and the rest turning faces about march ranks in order as before then turn as you were and you are restored When the whole Battallion being in their close order should turn about and make the Rere the Front it is done by a double turning or declination and commanded to wheel about which is answerable to the former faces about or mutation There is also another wheeling in this sort when the front changeth the aspect thrice for as wheeling about maketh the Front the Rere so this wheeleth from the right hand to the left or contrariwise which fashion is so seldome used that we scarce afford it a name In all such motions and alterations it is most fit that all men perform their directions with their pikes advanced being in that sort most easie to be commanded as also lesse troublesome to their followers and leaders Countermarching Files and Ranks THere is also another means to prevent the enemy his assaulting us in the rere or flank lest he should find our worst men least able to make resistance and this is performed by countermarching both files and ranks three divers wayes apiece The first was used by the Macedonians after this fashion First the leader turneth his face about towards the right or left hand and so the next follower marching behind his leader turneth also and so the third and fourth untill the bringer up have carried himself out into a new place in the rere further from the enemy as he was before next unto him But this neither was nor is accounted safe or secure because it doth somewhat resemble a flying or running away from the enemy which might give him no small incouragement and therefore it is not much in practise Only at some times the bringers up marching throughout beyond the leaders untill they possesse the same space before them which they did behind them all turning their faces about make their leaders to affront the enemy who were before farthest from them The Lacedamonians used the contrary as it were pursuing the enemy the bringer up first being turned face about and so the next marching before him and so the third untill the leader himself became also turned and in the foremost front unto the enemy Which with us is somewhat otherwise but yet both affronting and as it were pursuing the enemy because our leaders first begin this motion and so countermarching through on the right or left hand become in the front in a new space of ground who were before in the rere The third and last was invented by the Persians whom when the place or near approch of the enemy would not suffer to change their ground they were wont to countermarch the front to the right or left hand and being come unto the depth of the bringers up to stand still untill the other half file had likewise marched forth and fallen upon their leaders in every file In all these it is especially commanded to march still in the same distance and by whole ranks to prevent confusion which especially the enemy at hand must needs be most dangerous and therefore carefully to be avoided In like sort the ranks may countermarch when either the right wing would be strengthened by the left or the left by the right alwayes marching by whole files towards the right or left hand according as they shall have the direction either changing the ground or upon the same ground as in the former countermarches There is used also another kind of strengthening both the front and flank when occasion shall be offered viz by doubling either files or ranks And this either by doubling the number of souldiers in the same files or ranks keeping still the same breadth and depth of ground or else by doubling the ground keeping the same number of souldiers The files are doubled when the second file shall insert it self into the first the leader thereof putting himself a follower unto the leader of the first and the next follower follower to the next in the first file and so forwards And likewise the fourth file inserting it self into the third and the sixth into the fifth And this is to be performed when the Battallion standeth in his order To double the place or depth is when the same number of men shall put themselves out of their order into their open order either by advancing forward or by falling backwards as they shall be commanded The ranks are doubled two manner of wayes either by inserting the second into the first to the right or left hand as before in the files or else the enemy being at hand by joyning whole troups together to the right or left wing according as occasion shall be offered and this is held to be the safest when the enemy is near to avoid confusion It is performed either in the same ground or by doubling the ground when either we desire to exceed the front of our enemy his battallion or to prevent lest we our selves be included The terms to both are Double your files or ranks to the right or left hand and when you would have them return again into their proper places it is commanded As you were The ordinary directions which are especially given in these martial exercises are first that no man in the time of exercising or marshalling shall be lowder then his Officer but every one attending to his place when he is commanded shall diligently hearken to such directions as shall be given The Captain in the front shall speak and the Sergeants in each flank shall give the word unto the Lieutenant or Ensigne

shore of the Aegaean Sea where meeting accidentally with a certain Merchants ship of Rome he embarques himself in her and sailes to Mitylene where his wife and family were Having taken them with him and got together what men and ships a shatter'd fortune could furnish him with he departed thence in very great doubt and perplexity not able to resolve whither to dispose of himself He was advis'd by some to march into Africa and shelter himself with Iuba whose friendship and affection towards him he had receiv'd testimony of but very lately others were of opinion his best course was to retire among the Parthians but at last by his own wilfulnesse it was voted he should go into Aegypt which he was the more inclin'd to out of a consideration of the friendship and correspondence which he had had with King Ptolemey father to him who then reign'd and so touching at Cyprus he sailes towards Aegypt and arrives at Alexandria Thus was the controversy for no lesse then the known world decided in one day Caesar being Master of the field and Victory Of Pompey's side there were slain fifteen thousand if you will take it upon Caesar's credit and of his own not two thousand Caesar having intelligence of Pompey's flight pursues him without any stay with the swiftest and lightest of his Army so to give him as little breath as he could afford that he might not meet with any means or opportunity to recover or repair himself Reducing all Cities as he passed he comes to the Sea side and taking up all the ships and gallies he could meet with and such as Cassius who was receiv'd into his favour could furnish him with he embarques such troups as he could and passed into Asia the lesse where understanding that Pompey had been at Cyprus he easily presumed that he was gone for Aegypt He thereupon resolves to take the same course and taking with him onely two Legions of his old Souldiers he safely arrives at Alexandria where he soon understood that Pompey was arrived upon a confidence as was said before there might have remain'd some sense and memory in young Ptolemey of the entertainment and favours he had done his Father But he was as much mistaken in this as he had been eluded by Fotune in the warre for he finds that the friendship of great men and Princes seldome outlives their prosperity and that adversity makes them the greatest strangers that may be Being by this King Ptolemey invited into Protection and upon that confidence coming towards the shore in a small Boat he was ere he could reach the land murdered by the same Kings commandment by Septimius and Achillas who thought by that means to purchase Caesar's favour This was done by the contrivance of Photinus an Eunuch whose authority both with King and Court was very great Caesar receives also news that Pompey's wife and his Son Sextus Pompeius were fled from that port in the same vessell wherein they came Being landed and received into the City he was soon presented with the head of the great Pompey which out of a consideration of the horridnesse of the fact he would not by any means see His Ring also and his Seal with his Coat of Armes upon it were presented to him which causing him to reflect on the great successes adventures and prosperities of that great and glorious man besides that he was to look on him as his Son in Law it drew teares from him to compare them with his unfortunate end Thus is he who had three times triumph'd been so many times Consul been the most eminent and the most concerned person that Rome had for so many yeares together one who had been acquainted with all the dignities so great a Common-wealth could conferre upon a deserving Citizen most inhumanely and perfidiously assassinated to the greatest regret of him who was look'd on as most desirous of it This in the mean time concludes that opinion erroneous that Caesar was so extremely over-joy'd at the newes of Pompey's death that he caus'd upon that very place where he had ordered his head to be interr'd a Temple to be built to the Goddesse Nemesis which some interpret a most unnaturall revengefulnesse a horrid insultation over a clamitous vertue and a prophanation of divine worship to abuse the name of a Goddesse for to immortalize the memory of his vengeance and to authorize the injustice of it But it is as easy to give the title of barbarisme and cruelty to magnanimity and height of courage as to say the contrary and therefore Caesar certainly could not be guilty of so great an Hypocrisy as to shed teares over his enemy's head when he was inwardly surpriz'd with joy Caesar upon his arrivall into Aegypt findes it embroil'd in civile warres arising from some differences between young Ptolemey and his sister Cleopatra about the division and inheritance of the Kingdome wherein Caesar as Consul of Rome thought sit to be a mediator Photinus and Achillas the plotters and practicers of Pompey's death fearing from Caesar a reward of vengeance proportion'd to so horrid a crime and perceiving his inclination to favour Cleopatra take such order by their great influence over King and Court that they brought what Army the King had near the City which consisted of about 20000. able men and this they did out of a design to entrap Caesar and act the same perfidious butchery upon him as they had done upon Pompey By this means there began between what forces Caesar had brought with him and those of the Aegyptians within and about the City as also between the ships and gallies in harbour the hotest disputes and sharpest encounters he ever met with which we shall not particularize here because it is the proper work of a compleat history One thing our observation cannot balk in these hot and occasionall engagements that Caesar himself was personally engag'd in most disputes both within the City and among the ships and that to the great hazzard of his person as may appear by that one adventure when he was forc'd to leap out of the Boat wherein he was into the Sea and by swimming to recover one of his gallies and being in this great extremity if you will believe Suetonius he carried his Commentaries in one hand above the water and his robe in his teeth that it might not fall into the enemies hands In these conflicts were there nine months spent at which time Caesar receiving his forces out of Asia made an end of the controversy with the same attendance of Fortune and Victory which had waited on him every where else Had Caesar been acquainted with no warre but this he might justly challenge the title of the greatest Captain in the world so much personall valour wisdome conduct circumspection and policy did he expresse in all passages thereof though encompassed with all the inconveniences and disadvantages imaginable Aegypt being thus quieted the murtherers of Pompey punish'd and Cleopatra by whom Caesar

every order a Centurion he saith that all the Centurions of this cohort were slain saving the first or upper Centurion of the Principes The second thing which I observe is the title of the first cohort for these ten cohorts whereof a Legion consisted were distinguished by degrees of worthinesse and that which was held the worthiest in the censure of the Electors took the priority both of place and name and was called the first cohort the next the second cohort and so consequently unto the tenth and last Neither did the Legions want their degrees of preeminence both in imbattelling and in encamping according either to the seniority of their inrollment or the favour of their Generall or their own vertue And so we read that in these wars in Gallia the tenth Legion had the first place in Caesars Army And thus much concerning the divisions and severall companies of a Legion and the degrees of honour which they held in the same Upon this description it shall not be amisse briefly to lay open the most apparent commodities depending upon this discipline the excellency whereof more plainly appeareth being compared to that order which Nature hath observed in the frame of her worthiest creatures for it is evident that such works of Nature come nearest to perfect excellency whose materiall substance is most particularly distinguished into parts and hath every part indued with that property which best agreeth to his peculiar service For being thus furnished with diversity of instruments and these directed with fitting abilities the creature must needs expresse many admirable effects and discover the worth of an excellent nature whereas those other bodies that are but slenderly laboured and find lesse favour in Natures forge being as abortives or barbarously composed wanting the diversity both of parts and faculties are no way capable of such excellent uses nor fit for such distinct services as the former that are directed with so many properties inabled with the power of so wel-distinguisht faculties Which better works of Nature the Romans imitated in the Architecture of their Army dividing it into such necessary and serviceable parts as were best fitting all uses and imploiments as first Legions and legions into cohorts and cohorts into maniples and maniples into centuries or orders and these into files wherein every man knew his place and kept the same without exchange or confusion and thus the universall multitude was by order disposed into parts untill it came unto a unity For it cannot be denied but that these centuries were in themselves so sensibly distinguished that every souldier carried in his mind the particular Map of his whole century for in imbattelling every century was disposed into five files containing twelve in a file whereof the leaders were alwayes certain and never changed but by death or some other speciall occasion and everie leader knew his follower and every second knew the third man and so consequently unto the last Upon these particularities it plainly appeareth how easy a matter it was to reduce their troups into any order of a march or a battell to make the front the slank or slank front when they were broken and disrankt to rally them into any form when every man knew both his own and his fellows station If any companies were to be imploied upon sudden service the generall Idea of the Army being so deeply imprinted in the mind of the commanders would not suffer them to e●re in taking out such convenient troups both for number and quality as might best agree with the safety of the Army or nature of the action At all occasions and opportunities these principles of advantage offered themselves as ready means to put in execution any design or stratagem whatsoever the project was no sooner resolved of but every man could readily point out the companies that were ●it to execute the intention And which is more important in regard of the life and spirit of every such part their sodality was sweetned or rather strengthened with the mutuall acquaintance and friendship one of another the captain marching alwayes in the head of the troup the ensign in the midst and the lieutenant in the rereward and every man accompanied with his neighbour and his friend which bred a true and unfeigned courage both in regard of themselves and of their followers Besides these specialities the places of title and dignity depending upon this order were no small means to cut off all matter of civile discord and intestine dissension for here every man knew his place in the File and every File knew his place in the Century and every Century in the Maniple and every Maniple in the Cohort and every Cohort in the Legion and every Legion in the Army and so every souldier had his place according to his vertue and every place gave honour to the man according as their discipline had determined thereof The want of this discipline hath dishonoured the martiall government of this age with blo●dshed and murthers whereof T●ance is too true a witnesse as well in regard of the French themselves as of our English forces that have been sent thither to appeale their tumults for through defect of this order which allotteth to every man his due place the controversy grew between Sir William Drurie and Sir John Burrowes the issue whereof is too well known to the world wherein as our Commanders in France have been negligent so I may not forget to give due commendation to the care which is had of this point amongst the English troups in the service of the States in the United Provinces where they are very curious in appointing every man his place in the File and every File in the Troup and find much benefit thereby besides the honour of reviving the Roman discipline To conclude this point I will only touch in a word the benefit which the Romans found in their small battalions and the disadvantage which we have in making great squadrons And first it cannot be denied but that such troups stand best appointed for disposition and array of battell which standing strong to receive a shock bring most men to ●ight with the enemy for the principall things which are required in setting of a battell are so to order the troups that the depth in slank may serve conveniently to withstand the assault taking up no more men then may well serve for that purpose and giving means to the rest to fight with the enemy and in these two points were both their defensive and offensive considerations comprehended But smaller troups and battalions afford this conveniency better then great squadrons which drown up many able men in the depth of their ●lanks and never suffer them to appear but when the breaking of the squadron doth present them to the butchery of the enemy The Macedonian Phalanx as I have noted in the first book never carried above sixteen in slank and brought five hundred to fight in front And these

by prowesse and valour they patiently endured all the wounds they received The enemies forces were supplied and renewed by such cohorts as were often sent out of the Camp through the town that fresh men might take the place of such as were wearied out And the like was Caesar fain to do sending fresh Cohorts to that place to relieve the wearied After they had thus continually fought for the space of five hours together and that our men were much over-charged with an unequall multitude having spent all their weapons they drew their swords and ascended up the hill to charge and assault the enemy and having slain a few of them the rest were driven to make retreat The cohorts being thus put back to the walls and some of them for fear having taken the town our men found an easie retreat Our Cavalrie did from a low ground get up unto the top of the hill and riding up and down between the two Armies made our souldiers to retreat with better case and so the fight succeeded diversly About seventie of our men were slain in the first on set And amongst these was slain Q. Fulginius Captain of the first Hasta●e Centurie of the fourteenth legion who for his exceeding valour was preferred to that place from the lower orders Six hundred at least were wounded And of Afranius party were slain T. Caecilius Centurion of a Primipile order and four Centurions more besides two hundred souldiers But such was the opinion of that dayes businesses that either side believed they left with the better Afranius party was so perswaded for that they long stood to handy-blows and resisted the violence of our souldiers although in all mens judgement they were the weaker as also for that they at first took and held the place which gave occasion of that fight and in the first encounter compelled our men to turn their backs Our men in like manner thought they had the better in regard they had maintained fight for five houres together in a place of disadvantage and with an unequall multitude that they ascended up the hill with their swords drawn and compelled their adversaries to turn their backs and to retreat into the town maugre the disadvantage of the place THE FIRST OBSERVATION IN this direction which Caesar gave to take the little Hill between Ilerda and Afranius Camp we may observe the danger depending upon the mischieving of an action For the failing of a purpose in seeking to obtain that which would prove of great advantage doth oftentimes draw men into as great inconveniences And as the end in every design pretendeth gain so the means thereof do give way to hazard from whence it consequently followeth that such as are imployed in execution had need to use all endeavour not to falsifie the grounds of good directions by negligent or inconsiderate carriage but rather to make good any want or defect by serious and wary prosecution of the same And the rather for that it specially concerneth their good that have the charge and handling of commands for they first are like to feel the smart of any errour committed therein or otherwise to have the honour of any fortunate successe forasmuch as Vertue hath all her praise from Action Concerning the use of running we are to understand that the Romans amongst other their exercises of Armes had speciall practise of this as available in four respects according as Vegetius hath noted First to the end they might charge the enemy with greater force and violence Secondly that they might possesse themselves with speed of places of advantage Thirdly that they might readily discover as should be found expedient upon all occasions And lastly to prosecute a flying enemy to better purpose and effect And this as Seneca saith they practised in peace that being accustomed to needlesse labour they might be able to discharge necessary duties And Livie amongst the military exercises used by Scipio to fit his men for those glorious exploits which he afterwards atchieved saith That the first day the legions ran four miles in Arms. And Suetonius affirmeth that Nero having appointed a race for the Praetorian cohorts carried a Target lifted up before them with his own hand And that Galba did more admirably for being suted of purpose to make himself eminent he directed a field-race with a Target himself running as fast as the Emperours Chariot for twenty miles together THE SECOND OBSERVATION THe second thing to be noted in these specialties is the bold enterprise of Caesar's men in charging the enemy with their swords drawn against the Hill whereby making them to give back they had an easie and safe retreat from the danger wherein they were ingaged Whereby we may observe that difficulties of extremity are never better cleared then by adventurous and desperate undertakings According to the condition of diseases and distemperatures of the body which being light and easy are cured with mild and easy potions but being grievous and doubtfull do require sharp and strong remedies Which doth also in like manner appear throughout the whole course of Nature and particularly in weights for as ponderous and heavy bodies are not moved but with a counterpoise of greater force no more can extremities of hazard be avoided but by like perilous enforcements And hence groweth the difference between true valour and fool-hardy rashnesse being but one and the same thing if they were not distinguished by the subject wherein they are shewed For to run headlong into strange adventures upon no just occasion were to shew more levity then discretion And again to use the like boldnesse in cases of extremity deserveth the opinion of vertuous endeavour As is well observed by Homer in the person of Hector perswading the Trojans that fled away to stand and make a head against the Grecians This is the time saith he considering the danger wherein we are to use that prowesse and courage which we boast of And accordingly Diomedes censured Glaucus in the same place for offering himself to the fury of the Grecians Either thou art some God saith he or else but a lost and forlorn man Which may serve to learn us the true use of courage that ordinarily is never more shewed then in misemployment THE THIRD OBSERVATION I Have already in the observations of the second Commentary of the warres of Gallia discoursed particularly of the parts of a Legion Where it appeareth that in Caesar's time a legion consisted of five thousand men or thereabouts and according to the sufficiency and experience of the souldiers was divided into three parts The first and meanest of such as followed an Ensigne were called Hastati the second Principes and the third and chief sort Triarii and according to this division had their place and precedency in the Army Again each of these three kinds was divided into ten companies which they called Maniples and every Maniple was subdivided into two Centuries or Orders

lain in garrison past eighteen dayes he draweth the fourteenth and sixteenth Legions out of garrison from the river Arar where he had placed them for the speedy purveiance of corn and victuall as was shewed you in the last book and with those two Legions went to prosecute the Carnutes When our enemies heard of the coming of our army the Carnutes moved with the calamity of others left their towns and villages that they dwelt in which they had made upon the sudden with little cottages for necessities sake to keep off the winter for since they were conquered of late they had lo●● many of their walled towns and fled scattering abroad Caesar forasmuch as he would not put his souldiers to the abiding of the unseasonable sharp storms which chiefly at that time fell encamped himself within Genabum a town of the Carnutes and housed his souldiers partly in the buildings of the Galles and partly in such buildings as being unfinished they thatched in haste with the straw that was brought in to cover their tents and cabines Neverthelesse he sendeth abroad his horsemen and auxiliary footmen into all parts whither he heard his enemies resorted and that was not in vain for commonly our men returned ever with a great booty The Carnutes being put to it with the hardnesse of the winter and the terrour of the danger being driven out of house and home and not daring to stay any where any long time the woods being not able to defend them from the bitternesse of the storms were scattered abroad and with the losse of a great part of them dispersed into the next cities CHAP. II. The Bellovaci and other States under the leading of Corbeus and Comius invade the Suessiones Caesar marcheth against them CAesar at that hard time of the year thinking it enough to disperse the powers that were assembling to the intent no beginning of warre might spring up and weighing how much it concerned him to prevent any open warre from breaking out the beginning of the next summer he placed G. Trebonius in garrison at Genabum with those two Legions that he had there about him and forasmuch as he was by often messages certified from the men of Rhemes that the Bellovaci who excelled all Galles and the Belgae also in military fame and the States adjoyning unto them under the conduct of Corbeus of Beanvoys and Comius of Arras levied men of warre and assembled them into one place to the intent with their whole power to invade the borders of the Suessiones which were appertaining to the men of Rhemes thinking it stood not only upon his honour but also tended to his own security for the future to save his allies which had deserved well of the Commonweal from displeasure and damage he called the eleventh legion again out of garrison Moreover he wrote to C. Fabius to bring the two legions that he had into the confines of the Suessiones and sent for one of those two legions that were with T. Labienus So according as his garrisons lay for the purpose and as the slate of the warre required to his own continuall trouble he put sometimes one of his legions and sometimes another to march from their quarters With this power that he had assembled he went against the Bellovaci and encamping himself in their countrey sent abroad his horsemen into all quarters to glean up some of them by whose means he might learn what his enemies purposed to do His horsemen doing their duty brought word how few were found in the houses and those not such as had stayed behind to till the ground for they were purposely removed out of all places but such as had been sent back again to spie Of whom Caesar enquiring in what place the forces of the Bellovaci were and what was their intent found that all the Bellovaci were gathered together into one place and that the Ambiani Aulerci Caletes Velocasses and Attrebates had chosen a very high ground to encamp in enclosed with a troublesome marish and had conveyed all their stuff into woods that were farther off Of the which warre there were many Noblemen that were ringleaders but the multitude obeyed Corbeus chiefly because they understood that he hated most the name of the people of Rome And that Comius of Arras was a few dayes before gone to fetch aid of the Germans who were their next neighbours and swarmed in multitude of people He learned moreover at their hands that the Bellovaci by the consent of all the Noblemen at the earnest instance of the Commons were determined if Caesar came as it was said he would but with three legions to offer him battell lest afterward to more disadvantage and hinderance they should be compelled to encounter with his whole host And if he brought a greater power with him then to keep themselves still in the same ground that they had chosen and by ambushes to keep the Romans from forrage which by reason of the time of the year was scarce and also lay scattering and from corn and other victuals and things necessary for their army The which things when Caesar understood by the concurring report of many considering how still of wisdome this project was and how farre from the rashnesse that the barbarous people are wont to use he determined to make the best advantage of all things to the intent his enemies disdaining his small company should make the more haste to come into the field For he had three old practised legions the seventh eighth and ninth of singular valour and prowesse and the eleventh which was of chosen young men of great hope and towardnesse which having at that time received eight yeares wages was notwithstanding look'd upon as not comparable to the other three either for standing or for valour and courage Wherefore summoning an assembly and there declaring all things that had been reported unto him he confirmed the hearts of the common souldiers if peradventure with the number of three legions he might draw out his enemies to fight with him in the field He set his battel in this order the seventh eighth and ninth legions went before the carriages and the eleventh closed in the rere thereof the which notwithstanding was but small as it is wont to be in such expeditions and this he did lest the enemies should find a greater number then they expected By this means in a square battel almost he brought his host in sight of his enemies sooner then they looked for him When the Galles beheld these legions so suddenly set in order marching toward them apace as it had been in a pitched field whereas it was reported to Caesar that they intended to carry on their businesse with confident boldnesse whether it were for the perill of the encounter or the suddennesse of our coming or that they looked to see what we intended to do they set themselves in order of battel before their camp and would not descend from the higher ground Albeit that Caesar was

charge and to retreat with all which severall notes the souldier is so familiarly to be acquainted that so soon as he hears them beaten he may be ready sodainly to put them in execution as if he heard his Captain pronouncing as much The directions by word of mouth are infinite according to the different occasions which shall be offered yet alwayes with this caveat that they be short yet perspicuous without all ambiguity and plainly pronounced first by the Captain then derived by the Sergeants through the division or Battallion Though infinite yet the most usuall are these To your armes Keep your files keep your ranks Follow your leader Leaders look to your files Keep your distance Faces to your right hand Faces to your left hand Close your files Close your ranks Stand as you are As you were Faces about to the right hand Wheel about to the right or left hand Double your ranks Double your files Leaders countermarch through to the right or left hand Leaders countermarch to the right or left hand and stand Middlemen come forth and fall upon your leaders Besides many fit terms commanded in managing particular armes as pikes and muskets which are omitted And thus much touching the Tactick practise of our modern wars which I have the rather added in regard that diverse souldiers as unacquainted both with the manner and the value thereof do think a heap of people unmartialled to be as available for a great designe as any other number distinguished in files and parts and disposed for facile and easie motions according to the powerfull circumstances of time and place Wherein howsoever the practise of the Turk and the Hungarian may seem to give warrant to that opinion yet the use of Armes amongst the Graecians and the Romans whose conquering armies are pregnant witnesses of the excellency of their militarie discipline shall speak sufficiently for order and Tactick motion as most necessary parts in a well-ordered war FINIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lib. 3. Salu●● de bello Jogur Suitzers M●tron● S●quara Curardum vi●in●s populis 〈…〉 in●●r 〈◊〉 ●opulos col 〈◊〉 Caesar * S●voyards The omission in the Helvetian expedition Caesar * Rome Caesar * So ne 〈◊〉 The manner of their watch Caesar Caesar 〈…〉 Places o● advantage in the Romane wars Their manner of victualling Caesar The manner of their imbattelling By triple● A●ies Lib. 1. de bello Civili Lib. 3. de bello Civili Lib. 5. de militia Romana A Phalanx d●●●ribed Caesar Speeches of incouragement before they gave battel Lib. 7. de bello Gallico The Roman Pile described Lib. ● de militia Romans Lib. 5. Salus● The Ensignes of the Romans The division of their day Caesar Langres Periculum 〈…〉 Caesar Caesar Caesar Tthe authority of the Roman Generals Liv. lib. 8. Lib. 3. de bello Civili Caesar Caesar le Doux Caesar Whether men have greater co●rage in their own or in a stra●gers Country Caesar Footmen intermingled amongst horsemen Lib. 6. Lib. 3. de ex●id Lib. 3. De bello Africano Caesar Caesar Caesar The use of lots Caesar Caesar a The countrey about B●auvois b The countrey about So●ssons c The people about Tournay d Arras e Amiens f Vermandois g Tervenne h Liege 308000. in all * La Disne Caesar A legion what it was Lib. 4. De vita Romuli Liv. lib. 22. Taci●us ● hist Velites Hastati Principes Triarii Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. 1. de mil. Rom. The use of this division The distinction of their companies Manipuli Ordines Cohors Lib. 3. de re ●ust A legion ranged in battell The first order 3 De bello civili Prima cohor● The benefit of this discipline The benefit of small battalions and the disadvantage of great squadrons * Bray in the county of Re●ell To take a town by surprise A Testudo described Lib. 44. Lib. 4● The necessity of good discovery * Now England The order which is to be observed in discovery Slingers with their art and use Lib. ● Lib. 2. 〈◊〉 quest 〈◊〉 Caesar * No●on Caesar * Soyssons Agger or mount Towers or Turrets described Caesar The Bellovaci taken to mercy The Ambiani yield up themselves The Nervii * Sambre near Namur The manner of the Roman march The two respects which Caesar had in ordering a m●r●h 1 Safety 2 Conveniency Agmen quadratum * Lib. 8. de bel Gall. * 60. Epist Lib 6. Agmen longum Lib. 5. de bello Gall. The use that may be made of this in our modern wars Caesar The descript on of the Roman Camp with all the parts belonging unto it The lodging of the legions Quintana Principia The tents of the Tribunes The space between the tents and the rampier Contubernium The ditch and the rampier Agger Vallum Praetoria porta Portae Decumana Portae principales Laeva Dextra Castra Aestiva Hiberna The commodity of this incamping The ceremonies which they used in their preparation to battel Caesar And therefore I rather take it be something else then a word The place and offices of 〈◊〉 Primipile The Target described Lib. 16. cap. 40. Caesar Lib. de Militia Ju. Cae. * Either Doway or Bolda● in Brabant Caesar Circumvallatio In the seventh Commentary Aries or the Ram. Cales Aries simplex Aries composita To give notice of an Alarme by fire Lib. 25. The punishments which the Romans laid upon a conquered Nation Caesar Of this suppli●●tion I ●ill speak in the latter end of the fourth book Caesar Caesar The force of novelty turning the fortune of a battel Caesar * Savoyards * Le Perche * Cornoaille in Bretaigne 〈◊〉 * Vannes The weaknesse of our judgement in●eg●●rd of the knowledge of 〈…〉 The Authority of example Caesar * Lig●ris The grounds of that reverent opinion which is held of Embassadours Caesar Lendriguer Lisieux Nantes Auren be Le●●do●● Cities in Little Britain * Triers Caesar The causes of the ebbing and flowing of the sea Spring●ides The manner of their shipping Lib. 28. The manner of sea-sights Lib. 2. de bello civili Caesar The force of industry * La Perch● Caesar * Roane * Eureux The use which the Romans made of a counterfeit fear Lib. 5. Caesar * Evocati Evocati Lib. 7. de Bello Gall. Caesar Sertorius Two meanes to atchieve victory and to over-master our enemies Tuba 〈◊〉 by war and Naamah by the floud Not to forgoe an advantage The place where suspected forces are best bestowed in battel Caesar Lib. 3. Avertimen to secundo Lib. de bello Gallico Caesar * T●roane * Cl●ve and 〈◊〉 * Those of Zutphen * Of Hassia Caesar Caesar * Geldres and Cleve Salust Tacit. 1. Annal. Caesar * Liege * Co●o●ia Agrippina * Wael Vincitur haud gratis jugulo qui provocat hostem Liv. lib. 9. Liv. lib. 7. Caesar Caesar Csar Lib. de Machin Caesar Caesar Caesar * 〈…〉 Monstr●ul Caesar Ans●er to the first objection The answer to the second reason The