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perform_v when_o the_o battallion_n stand_v in_o his_o order_n to_o double_v the_o place_n or_o depth_n altitudinem_fw-la be_v when_o the_o same_o number_n of_o man_n shall_v put_v themselves_o out_o of_o their_o order_n into_o their_o open_a order_n ground_n either_o by_o advance_v forward_o or_o by_o fall_v backward_o as_o they_o shall_v be_v command_v the_o rank_n be_v double_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n troop_n either_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o into_o the_o first_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o before_z in_o the_o file_n or_o else_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n by_o join_v whole_a troop_n together_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a wing_n according_a as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v offer_v longitudinem_fw-la and_o this_o be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o safe_a when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n it_o be_v perform_v either_o in_o the_o same_o ground_n or_o by_o double_v the_o ground_n when_o either_o we_o desire_v to_o exceed_v the_o front_n of_o our_o enemy_n his_o battallion_n or_o to_o prevent_v lest_o we_o ourselves_o be_v include_v the_o term_n to_o both_o be_v double_v your_o file_n or_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o when_o you_o will_v have_v they_o return_v again_o into_o their_o proper_a place_n it_o be_v command_v as_o you_o be_v the_o ordinary_a direction_n which_o be_v especial_o give_v in_o these_o martial_a exercise_n be_v first_o that_o no_o man_n in_o the_o time_n of_o exercise_v or_o marshal_n shall_v be_v loud_o than_o his_o officer_n keep_v but_o every_o one_o attend_v to_o his_o place_n when_o he_o be_v command_v shall_v diligent_o hearken_v to_o such_o direction_n as_o shall_v be_v give_v the_o captain_n in_o the_o front_n shall_v speak_v and_o the_o sergeant_n in_o each_o flank_n shall_v give_v the_o word_n unto_o the_o lieutenant_n or_o ensign_n
luc._n lib._n 4._o imprudentium_fw-la fiducia_fw-la est_fw-la fortunam_fw-la sibi_fw-la spondere_fw-la seneca_n de_fw-fr beneficiis_fw-la incauta_fw-la semper_fw-la nimia_fw-la praesamptio_fw-la &_o svi_fw-la negligens_fw-la egâ—sip_n lib._n 1._o de_fw-la instit_n cyri._fw-la caesar_n thucyd._n lib._n 7._o caesar_n â—aetis_fw-la hâ—nc_fw-la nâ—mine_fw-la rebus_fw-la ciescendi_fw-la posuere_fw-la modum_fw-la lucan_n eodem_fw-la ubi_fw-la laserunt_fw-la navigia_fw-la forbentur_fw-la seneca_n epist_n 4._o non_fw-fr est_fw-fr in_o bâ—llo_fw-la bis_fw-la peccaâ—e_fw-la pluâ—aâ—ch_n nullo_n contectus_fw-la curio_n busto_fw-la luc._n homer_n iliad_n 8._o caesar_n lib._n 6._o de_fw-la comitiis_fw-la lib._n 5._o anno_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 701._o liv._o lib._n 7._o liv._o lib._n 9_o 9_o four_o gallon_n and_o a_o half_a plin._n l._n 35._o cap._n 12._o 12._o lib._n 39_o lib._n 1._o offic_n nec_fw-la enim_fw-la 〈◊〉_d vehementius_fw-la rempub_fw-la contiâ—t_fw-la quam_fw-la side_n lib._n 2._o offic_n in_o the_o life_n of_o julius_n caesar_n lib._n 7._o lib._n 7._o 2._o offic._n vetus_fw-la urbi_fw-la foenebre_fw-la malum_fw-la &_o seditionum_fw-la discordiarumque_fw-la crebeâ—rima_fw-la causa_fw-la annal._n 6_o tull_n 2._o offic_n pecuniae_fw-la quarenten_a ratio_fw-la naturae_fw-la consentanea_fw-la omnibus_fw-la est_fw-la à _fw-la fructibus_fw-la &_o animalibus_fw-la de_fw-fr repub_fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 10._o caesar_n gen_n latinae_fw-la feriae_fw-la lib._n 4_o de_fw-la antiquit._fw-la rom._n lib._n 4._o cap._n 2_o appian_n lib._n 4._o caesar_n iliad_n 6._o 12_o metam_fw-la just_a lib._n 1._o herodot_n lib._n 2._o treble_a pol_n sigism_n baâ—in_v muscâ—â—_n quod_fw-la fonestias_n quam_fw-la â—xoâ—iâ—m_fw-la levamentum_fw-la 〈◊〉_d tac._n l._n 3._o annal._n vix_fw-la praesenti_fw-la custedia_fw-la manere_fw-la illaesa_fw-la conjugiâ—_n modem_n judg._n 9_o anno_fw-la 1595._o caesar_n qui_fw-la sapiunt_fw-la bellum_fw-la absolvunt_fw-la celeriter_fw-la pace_fw-la fruâ—ntur_fw-la quam_fw-la possant_fw-la dâ—utissime_fw-la appian_n leges_fw-la à _fw-la victoribus_fw-la 〈…〉_z a_o victis_fw-la lib._n 4._o 〈◊〉_d in_o aeqâ—abi_fw-la itate_fw-la motâ—m_fw-la in_o inaequalitate_fw-la sâ—mper_fw-la constitâ—imâ—s_fw-la in_o timâ—o_n caesar_n timendum_fw-la ne_fw-la sub_fw-la pacis_fw-la nomine_fw-la involutum_fw-la bellum_fw-la cicero_n 〈◊〉_d 7._o poedus_fw-la pacis_fw-la foedus_fw-la commercil_n foedus_fw-la mutuâ—_fw-la auxâ—lii_fw-la 1._o reg._n 22._o in_o veâ—rem_fw-la the_o publication_n of_o their_o secular_a place_n be_v cry_v in_o these_o word_n convenice_n ad_fw-la judos_n spâ—ctandâ—s_v quos_fw-la nâ—qâ—e_fw-la spectavit_fw-la quisquam_fw-la nec_fw-la spectâ—tutus_fw-la est_fw-la sueâ—on_n in_o claudio_n nolenteâ—_n amicum_fw-la câ—pere_fw-la difficile_fw-la xenoph._n de_fw-fr factis_fw-la &_o dict_z socrat._v caesar_n frustra_fw-la sapit_fw-la qui_fw-la sibi_fw-la non_fw-la sapit_fw-la aeneid_n â—_o lib._n 16._o successum_fw-la fortuna_fw-la experientiam_fw-la laus_fw-la sequitur_fw-la vaâ—râ—_n ex_fw-la gellio_n sallust_n caesar_n caesar_n rostra_fw-la omnia_fw-la 〈◊〉_d facilia_n quam_fw-la 〈…〉_z de_fw-fr mechaniâ—is_fw-la livy_n lib._n 8._o plutarch_n caesar_n incertae_fw-la sunt_fw-la res_fw-la bellicae_fw-la thucyd._n caesar_n aeneid_n 2._o homer_n 9_o iliad_n 〈◊〉_d lib._n 8._o de_fw-la bello_fw-la gallico_n uladislaus_n audaces_fw-la fortuna_fw-la iuvat_fw-la virtus_fw-la omne_fw-la potest_fw-la virtute_fw-la faciendum_fw-la est_fw-la quicquid_fw-la in_o rebus_fw-la bellicis_fw-la est_fw-la gerendum_fw-la plutarch_n 6_o metamer_n nunquam_fw-la ita_fw-la quilquam_fw-la bene_fw-la subducta_fw-la ratione_fw-la ad_fw-la vitam_fw-la fait_fw-fr quin_fw-la res_fw-la aetas_fw-la usus_fw-la sen_fw-la 〈◊〉_d aliquid_fw-la 〈…〉_z tâ—ren_n 〈◊〉_d multi_fw-la homines_fw-la pauâ—i_fw-la viâ—i_fw-la herod_n lib._n 7._o 〈◊〉_d say_v that_o the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d the_o siege_n of_o veâ—ente_n be_v out_o of_o humane_a hope_n turn_v their_o eye_n to_o fate_n and_o the_o hope_v they_o have_v in_o destiny_n caesar_n caesar_n a_o hill_n separate_v syria_n from_o cilicia_n columnaria_fw-la ostiâ—â—â—_n propter_fw-la aurum_fw-la &_o argentum_fw-la nunquam_fw-la pacem_fw-la facit_fw-la ferrum_fw-la lib._n 14._o epist_n 93._o ferrum_fw-la omnis_fw-la artis_fw-la instrumentum_fw-la aurum_fw-la &_o atgentum_fw-la mortis_fw-la mancipia_fw-la epictetus_n capitatio_fw-la ostiaria_n columnariae_n 31_o ad_fw-la atticum_fw-la epist_n 1._o in_o the_o paâ—pacy_n of_o sixt._n quinâ—us_n fiscus_n reipub_fw-la lie_v quod_fw-la eo_fw-la câ—escente_fw-la artus_fw-la reliqui_fw-la tabescunt_fw-la sext._n aurelius_n victor_n in_o paraeâ—et_o 2_o de_fw-fr offic._n plutarch_n bella_fw-la sustentantuâ—_n pecuniâ—rum_fw-la 〈◊〉_d dion_n 〈…〉_z 6._o ann._n l._n 13._o caesar_n quae_fw-la libera_fw-la appellabatur_fw-la appellabatur_fw-la lepâ—nto_fw-la in_o macedonia_n quae_fw-la velint_fw-la sibi_fw-la candida_fw-la nasci_fw-la ad_fw-la haliaâ—monem_fw-la ducere_fw-la quae_fw-la â—ugra_fw-mi &_o 〈◊〉_d ad_fw-la axium_fw-la caesar_n caesar_n caesar_n biremes_n 〈◊〉_d hostium_fw-la discessiones_fw-la semper_fw-la suspectas_fw-la habere_fw-la cap._n 5._o 5_o cyropaed_n caesar_n 〈…〉_z petram_fw-la lucan_n actus_fw-la activorum_fw-la in_o patientis_fw-la sunt_fw-la dispositione_n arist_n metaph._n caesar_n ex_fw-la subâ—â—actis_fw-la &_o cen_n conibus_fw-la contemprares_fw-la est_fw-la homo_fw-la nisi_fw-la supra_fw-la humana_fw-la se_fw-la â—rexit_fw-la 〈◊〉_d ratione_fw-la i_fw-it 〈…〉_z iâ—â—_n caesar_n caesar_n plâ—taâ—ch_n lib._n 3._o c._n 59_o labour_n militiae_fw-la assidua_fw-la frâ—ga_fw-la itatis_fw-la conâ—â—â—tudine_fw-la factlior_fw-la est_fw-la justin_n cyâ—us_n content_v with_o bread_n and_o water_n xenophon_n aequalem_fw-la oportet_fw-la semper_fw-la esse_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la animum_fw-la mâ—tari_fw-la enim_fw-la pro_fw-la terum_fw-la varieâ—atibus_fw-la mentis_fw-la instabilis_fw-la argumentum_fw-la efficitur_fw-la agapâ—tus_fw-la unus_n homo_fw-la nobis_fw-la cunctando_fw-la restitute_a rem_fw-la enn._n lib._n 6._o de_fw-fr cyropaed_n there_o be_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o history_n in_o this_o place_n omit_v caesar_n alâ—ae_fw-la sunt_fw-la legati_fw-la parâ—es_fw-la atque_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la â—vocati_fw-la millibus_fw-la ducentis_fw-la aeris_fw-la prinâ—ipilus_n solon_n plat._n â—_o de_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d liviâ—_n lib._n 4._o lib._n 6._o in_o vita_fw-la caeâ—â—is_fw-la in_o repub_fw-la multo_fw-it praestat_fw-la beneficii_fw-la qâ—â—m_fw-la maâ—â—ficii_fw-la immemorem_fw-la esse_fw-la bone_fw-la signior_n â—it_n ubi_fw-la negligas_fw-la mâ—â—as_fw-la improbior_fw-la sal._n juger_n caesar_n et_fw-fr morâ—u_fw-fr spoliare_fw-la nemus_fw-la lethumqâ—e_fw-la minantes_fw-la vellere_fw-la aâ—_n ignotis_fw-la dubias_fw-la radicibus_fw-la â—erbas_fw-la si_fw-mi bonam_fw-la dederitis_fw-la fidam_fw-la &_o perpetuâ—m_fw-la 〈…〉_z diuturâ—â—m_o liâ—_n lib._n 8._o 〈◊〉_d est_fw-la quod_fw-la non_fw-la expâ—gnet_fw-la pertâ—nâ—â—x_fw-la opera_fw-la &_o intenta_fw-la &_o diligens_fw-la cura_fw-la senec._n lib._n 6._o epist_n 51._o plin._n lib._n 4._o cap._n 4._o caesar_n poenam_fw-la semper_fw-la anâ—e_fw-la oculos_fw-la versari_fw-la putent_fw-la qui_fw-la peccaverunt_fw-la cic._n â—n_o â—rat_n 〈◊〉_d milone_n lib._n 5._o cyâ—op_n caesar_n arma_fw-la alienasse_n grave_n â—rimâ—n_fw-fr est_fw-fr &_o â—a_n poeâ—a_fw-la deâ—ertioni_fw-la exâ—quatur_fw-la utique_fw-la si_fw-la tota_fw-la alienâ—vit_fw-la lib._n 14._o §_o de_fw-fr re_fw-mi militari_fw-la vir_fw-la virtute_fw-la ex_fw-la miâ—s_fw-la aliquâ—ndo_fw-la fortuna_fw-la semperâ—a_fw-la imo_fw-la maximus_fw-la caesar_n caesar_n eâ—itius_n sapiens_fw-la non_fw-la semper_fw-la itâ—_n uno_fw-la gradu_fw-la 〈…〉_z herodot_n 〈◊〉_d omne_fw-la expensa_fw-la omne_fw-la feruntur_fw-la acceptant_a &_o in_o tota_fw-la ratiore_fw-la mortalium_fw-la sâ—la_fw-la uttâ—â—que_fw-la paginam_fw-la facit_fw-la plin._n lib._n 2._o cap._n 7._o caesar_n humanaâ—um_fw-la rerum_fw-la â—â—â—culus_fw-la est_fw-la qui_fw-la roâ—atus_fw-la semper_fw-la â—osdem_fw-la fortunatos_fw-la esse_fw-la non_fw-la sinit_fw-la herodot_n lib._n 1._o habet_fw-la have_v vice_n conditio_fw-la mortalium_fw-la ut_fw-la aduâ—rsi_fw-la ex_fw-la secundis_fw-la secunda_fw-la ex_fw-la adversis_fw-la nascantur_fw-la pâ—in_n in_o paneg._n herodot_n lib._n 1._o lâ—â—vento_fw-it è_fw-it spesso_fw-it judice_fw-la non_fw-la imperito_fw-la dell_fw-it cose_z guicâ—_n lib._n 5._o caesar_n the_o philosophâ—â—_n câ—ator_n be_v wont_a to_o say_v that_o 〈…〉_z occasion_n of_o a_o ill_a 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o great_a comfort_n in_o any_o 〈◊〉_d of_o adversity_n plaâ—_n in_o câ—ns_n apo._n 〈…〉_z prae_fw-la â—orum_fw-la delâ—cta_fw-la 〈◊〉_d non_fw-la acâ—â—piunt_fw-la veâ—â—t_fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o finem_fw-la dolendi_fw-la qui_fw-la consilio_fw-la non_fw-la fecerit_fw-la tempore_fw-la invenit_fw-la 〈◊〉_d epist_n 64._o lib._n 2._o livy_n 31._o livy_n 27._o lib._n 2._o de_fw-la bello_fw-la civili_fw-la front_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o caesar_n lib._n 5._o de_fw-fr milit._n ro._n cap._n 14._o lib._n 1._o cap._n 1_o caesar_n humanâ—tum_fw-la actionum_fw-la felâ—_n itas_fw-la infeli_fw-it 〈…〉_z rerum_fw-la particulis_fw-la quae_fw-la multae_fw-la sunt_fw-la &_o vary_v sed_fw-la ex_fw-la eventis_fw-la judi_fw-la intuâ—_fw-la diony_n hal._n lib._n 9_o caesar_n after_o three_o of_o the_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n lib._n 5._o obsidio_fw-la ejus_fw-la vrbis_fw-la quam_fw-la cito_fw-la capere_fw-la velis_fw-la &_o utgenda_fw-la &_o premenda_fw-la lib._n 6._o de_fw-la instit_n cyri._fw-la bello_fw-la lex_fw-la acquirendi_fw-la justissima_fw-la diony_n 〈◊〉_d in_o exper_n legate_n polyb._n lib._n 8_o caesar_n comineus_n in_o orat_fw-la pro_fw-la plaâ—â—o_n virtus_fw-la felicitatis_fw-la mensura_fw-la non_fw-la foâ—tuna_fw-la dio._n hâ—licarn_n lib._n 2._o caesar_n prima_fw-la egregiorum_fw-la ducum_fw-la sapientia_fw-la victoriam_fw-la siâ—e_fw-la periculo_fw-la comparare_fw-la polyae_n lib._n 1_o stratag_n lib._n 7._o lib._n 3._o excid_n 2._o offic._n 〈◊〉_d in_o manibus_fw-la vestris_fw-la quantus_fw-la sit_fw-la caesar_n habetis_fw-la lucan_n lib._n 7._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 3_o singulas_fw-la cohortes_fw-la detraxit_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o caesar_n plutarch_n lucan_n lib._n 4._o homer_n iliad_n 3._o lib._n 4._o cap._n 2._o lib._n 7._o lib._n 4._o cap._n 7._o in_o the_o life_n of_o pompey_n florus_n lib._n 4._o infelix_fw-la quanta_fw-la dominum_fw-la virtute_fw-la paraâ—â—â—_n caesar_n utilis_fw-la &_o tuta_fw-la res_fw-la dilato_fw-la diony_n halicar_n lib._n 8._o non_fw-la commitruntur_fw-la regâ—â—is_fw-la trireâ—es_fw-la aut_fw-la loca_fw-la aut_fw-la legiones_fw-la aut_fw-la arces_fw-la sed_fw-la verba_fw-la &_o tempora_fw-la demost_a de_fw-fr falsa_fw-la legatione_fw-la 1._o labour_n in_o nâ—gotio_n 2._o fortitudo_fw-la in_o periculo_fw-la 3._o induâ—tria_n in_o agendo_fw-la 4._o celeritas_fw-la in_o consiciendo_fw-la be_v caesar_n property_n caesar_n interdâ—â—_n majores_fw-la copiae_fw-la sternuntur_fw-la à _fw-la minoribus_fw-la 〈…〉_z lib._n 8._o lib._n 8._o caesar_n pompeius_n trogus_n lib._n 6._o lib._n 8._o caesar_n pompâ—ius_n 〈…〉_z esse_fw-la non_fw-la poâ—et_fw-la risi_fw-la beneficio_fw-la servitutis_fw-la 5._o the_o 〈◊〉_d 16_o 5._o polit._n nil_fw-la nimium_fw-la cupito_fw-la be_v write_v in_o golden_a letter_n at_o delphos_n justum_fw-la bellum_fw-la esse_fw-la iis_fw-la quibus_fw-la nisi_fw-la in_o armis_fw-la spes_fw-la nulla_fw-la est_fw-la machiav_n nusquana_n gâ—ntium_fw-la râ—peritur_fw-la qui_fw-la possit_fw-la penibus_fw-la approbart_n mors_fw-la omnium_fw-la par_fw-fr est_fw-la per_fw-la quae_fw-la venit_fw-la diversi_fw-la sunt_fw-la id_fw-la in_o quod_fw-la definiâ—unam_fw-la est_fw-la epist_n 67._o homines_fw-la sicut_fw-la pomi_fw-la aâ—t_fw-la matura_fw-la caduâ—t_fw-la aut_fw-la 〈◊〉_d plut._n in_o viâ—a_n rompeii_n mors_fw-la naturae_fw-la lex_fw-la est_fw-la mors_fw-la tribuâ—um_fw-la officiumque_fw-la mortalium_fw-la seneâ—â—_n natural_a quaest_n â—_o fabius_n dictus_fw-la maximus_fw-la scipio_n magnus_fw-la polyaenus_n lib._n 8._o epist_n 100_o this_o thaâ—â—_n follow_v seem_v of_o another_o stile_n the_o priest_n of_o egypt_n say_v that_o whensoever_o the_o axe_n and_o the_o bundle_n of_o rod_n come_v into_o alexandria_n the_o power_n of_o their_o king_n shall_v present_o case_n according_a as_o it_o be_v write_v in_o a_o column_n of_o gold_n at_o memphis_n lib._n 2._o ep._n 8._o lib._n 15._o cap._n 18._o lib._n 5._o cap._n 9_o a_o file_n the_o leader_n battallion_n a_o rank_n or_o front_n sideman_n the_o number_n of_o soldier_n in_o a_o battallion_n unâ—â—rtain_a the_o length_n breadth_n oâ—_n depth_n dignity_n in_o place_n to_o be_v observe_v the_o first_o rank_n the_o bringer_n up_o or_o tergiductores_fw-la or_o last_v rank_n the_o second_o and_o nine_o rank_n the_o five_o and_o six_o rank_n file_n the_o right-hand_a file_n the_o left-hand_a file_n distance_n between_o file_n and_o rank_n open_v order_n order_n close_o order_n pouldron_n to_o pouldron_n the_o manner_n of_o charge_v with_o five_o rank_n stand_v in_o front_n in_o arrectostate_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n declinate_a in_o hastam_fw-la vel_fw-la in_o scutum_fw-la face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n duplicate_v declinatio_fw-la or_o mutatio_fw-la wheel_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n conuersio_fw-la in_o hastam_fw-la vel_fw-la scutum_fw-la as_o you_o be_v revolutio_fw-la reversio_fw-la wheel_v about_o inflexio_n militum_fw-la reflexâ—o_o file_n from_o the_o rear_n 〈◊〉_d â—volutio_fw-la macedonica_fw-la from_o the_o front_n through_o laconica_n evolutio_fw-la from_o the_o front_n and_o stand_v choâ—ica_fw-la evolutio_fw-la countermarch_v of_o rank_n the_o double_n of_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n by_o man_n duplicare_fw-la altitudinem_fw-la by_o ground_n double_v of_o rank_n by_o insert_v or_o add_v new_a troop_n duplicare_fw-la longitudinem_fw-la silence_z to_o be_v keep_v in_o a_o champain_n in_o straits_n or_o narrow_a passage_n how_o to_o 〈◊〉_d a_o division_n for_o such_o a_o maâ—ch_n to_o reduce_v they_o 〈◊〉_d in_o into_o theâ—r_n first_o front_n the_o manner_n of_o chaâ—ging_a pike_n with_o pike_n five_o rank_n only_o by_o the_o whole_a depth_n to_o charge_v with_o musketeer_n there_o must_v not_o be_v too_o many_o in_o a_o rank_n in_o the_o retreat_n the_o manner_n of_o charge_v by_o â—iles_n in_o narrow_a passage_n in_o the_o pase_n of_o ireland_n by_o sign_n by_o drum_n or_o trumpet_n by_o word_n of_o mouth_n the_o most_o usual_a direct_v term_n in_o exercise_v a_o baâ—â—allion_n or_o division_n
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which_o the_o helvetian_o make_v to_o the_o hill_n when_o he_o say_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o battle_n follow_v close_o upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o three_o oppose_v itself_o against_o the_o boii_n and_o tulingi_n and_o stand_v ready_a at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o hill_n to_o charge_v the_o legion_n in_o the_o stanke_z and_o on_o the_o back_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o no_o other_o division_n can_v so_o fit_o be_v apply_v to_o this_o circumstance_n as_o that_o from_o front_n to_o back_n but_o that_o place_n in_o the_o first_o of_o the_o civil_a war_n take_v away_o all_o scruple_n of_o controversy_n where_o he_o use_v the_o very_a same_o term_n of_o prima_fw-la secunda_fw-la and_o tertia_fw-la acies_fw-la forbeing_n to_o encamp_v himself_o near_o unto_o afranius_n and_o fear_v lest_o his_o soldier_n shall_v be_v interrupt_v in_o their_o work_n he_o cause_v the_o first_o and_o second_o battle_n to_o stand_v in_o arm_n and_o keep_v their_o distance_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v shroud_v and_o cover_v the_o three_o battle_n which_o be_v employ_v in_o make_v a_o ditch_n behind_o they_o from_o the_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o kind_n of_o imbattel_v caesar_n observe_v in_o most_o of_o his_o fight_n by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o he_o use_v the_o very_a same_o order_n and_o discipline_n for_o imbattel_v as_o be_v institute_v by_o the_o old_a roman_n concern_v the_o ancient_a name_n of_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_n which_o ramus_n in_o his_o militia_n julii_n caesaris_n urge_v to_o be_v omit_v throughout_o the_o whole_a history_n i_o grant_v they_o be_v seldom_o use_v in_o these_o commentary_n in_o the_o sense_n of_o their_o first_o institution_n for_o the_o haestati_fw-la when_o the_o discipline_n be_v first_o erect_v be_v the_o young_a poorest_n of_o the_o legionary_a soldier_n and_o the_o principes_fw-la be_v the_o lusty_a and_o able-bodied_n man_n and_o the_o triarii_n the_o elder_a and_o best_a experience_v but_o in_o caesar_n camp_n there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o difference_n either_o of_o valour_n or_o year_n between_o the_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la which_o he_o name_v prima_fw-la secunda_fw-la and_o tertia_fw-la acies_fw-la and_o therefore_o they_o be_v never_o term_v by_o those_o name_n in_o respect_n of_o that_o difference_n notwithstanding_o in_o regard_n of_o order_n and_o degree_n of_o discipline_n that_o virtue_n may_v be_v reward_v with_o honour_n and_o that_o time_n may_v challenge_v the_o privilege_n of_o a_o more_o worthy_a place_n the_o say_a distinction_n and_o term_n be_v religious_o observe_v for_o in_o the_o battle_n with_o petreius_n at_o ilerda_n in_o spain_n civili_fw-la he_o mention_v the_o death_n of_o q._n fulginius_n ex_fw-la primo_fw-la hastato_fw-la legionis_fw-la quart_n aedecimae_fw-la and_o in_o the_o overthrow_n at_o dyrrachium_fw-la civili_fw-la he_o say_v that_o the_o eagle-bearer_n be_v grievous_o wound_v commend_v the_o safety_n of_o his_o ensign_n to_o the_o horseman_n all_o the_o centurion_n of_o the_o first_o cohort_n be_v slay_v praeter_fw-la principem_fw-la priorem_fw-la and_o for_o the_o triarii_n there_o be_v no_o term_n more_o frequent_a in_o caesar_n then_o primipilus_fw-la which_o name_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o ancient_a discipline_n be_v give_v to_o none_o but_o to_o the_o chief_a centurion_n of_o the_o first_o maniple_n of_o the_o triarii_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o maniple_n keep_v the_o same_o name_n in_o regard_n of_o a_o necessary_a distinction_n although_o peradventure_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v as_o good_a soldier_n as_o either_o the_o principes_fw-la or_o the_o triarii_n as_o touch_v the_o space_n between_o the_o maniple_n whereinto_o the_o first_o battle_n do_v retire_v itself_o if_o occasion_n urge_v they_o i_o never_o find_v any_o mention_n of_o they_o in_o caesar_n except_v once_o here_o in_o england_n where_o in_o a_o skirmish_n the_o britan_n so_o urge_v the_o court_n of_o guard_n which_o keep_v watch_v before_o the_o roman_a camp_n that_o caesar_n
for_o that_o it_o jump_v with_o the_o necessity_n of_o their_o condition_n for_o man_n be_v willing_a to_o do_v well_o when_o well-doing_n agree_v with_o that_o they_o will_v do_v otherwise_o the_o act_n may_v happy_o be_v effect_v but_o the_o mind_n never_o approve_v it_o by_o assent_n and_o this_o manner_n of_o exhortation_n or_o speech_n of_o encouragement_n be_v never_o emit_v by_o caesar_n in_o any_o conflict_n mention_v in_o this_o historic_n but_o he_o still_o use_v it_o as_o a_o necessary_a instrument_n to_o set_v virtue_n on_o foot_n and_o the_o only_a mean_n to_o stir_v up_o alacrity_n or_o if_o it_o happen_v that_o his_o man_n be_v at_o any_o time_n discourage_v by_o disaster_n or_o cross_a accident_n gallico_n as_o they_o be_v at_o gergobia_n and_o at_o the_o two_o overthrow_n he_o have_v at_o dyrrachium_fw-la he_o never_o will_v adventure_v to_o give_v battle_n until_o he_o have_v encourage_v they_o again_o and_o confirm_v their_o mind_n in_o valour_n and_o resolution_n but_o this_o age_n have_v put_v on_o so_o scornful_a a_o humour_n that_o it_o can_v hear_v a_o speech_n in_o this_o key_n sound_v it_o never_o so_o grave_o without_o scoff_v and_o derision_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n discontinuance_n of_o so_o necessary_a a_o part_n have_v breed_v at_o length_n such_o a_o inutilent_a pudorem_fw-la in_o our_o chief_a commander_n that_o they_o have_v rather_o lose_v the_o gain_n of_o a_o great_a advantage_n then_o buy_v it_o with_o word_n to_o be_v deliver_v in_o public_a the_o second_o observation_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o may_v further_o observe_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o roman_a pile_n which_o be_v a_o heavy_a deadly_a weapon_n can_v hardly_o be_v frustrate_v with_o any_o resistance_n and_o in_o that_o respect_n be_v very_o proper_a and_o effectual_a against_o a_o phalanx_n or_o any_o other_o thick_a and_o close_a battle_n or_o wheresoever_o else_o stroke_n be_v certain_a or_o can_v hardly_o deceive_v the_o aim_n of_o the_o caster_n for_o in_o such_o encounter_v it_o so_o gall_a the_o enemy_n that_o they_o be_v neither_o able_a to_o keep_v their_o order_n nor_o answer_v the_o assault_n with_o a_o resist_a counterbuff_n by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o only_a remedy_n against_o the_o pile_n be_v to_o make_v the_o rank_n thin_a allow_v to_o every_o soldier_n a_o large_a podisme_n or_o place_n to_o stand_v in_o that_o so_o the_o stroke_n may_v of_o itself_o fall_v without_o hurt_n or_o by_o foresight_n be_v prevent_v as_o it_o shall_v plain_o appear_v by_o the_o sequel_n of_o this_o history_n which_o i_o will_v not_o omit_v to_o note_v as_o the_o place_n shall_v offer_v themselves_o to_o the_o examination_n of_o this_o discourse_n but_o as_o touch_v the_o pile_n describe_v which_o be_v so_o often_o mention_v in_o the_o roman_a history_n polybius_n describe_v it_o in_o this_o manner_n a_o pile_n say_v he_o be_v a_o cast_a weapon_n the_o staff_n whereof_o be_v almost_o three_o cubit_n long_o and_o it_o have_v palmarem_fw-la diametrum_fw-la a_o hand-breadth_n in_o thickness_n the_o staff_n be_v arm_v with_o a_o head_n of_o iron_n equal_a in_o length_n to_o the_o staff_n itself_o but_o in_o that_o sort_n that_o half_o the_o head_n be_v fasten_v up_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o staff_n with_o plate_n of_o iron_n like_o the_o head_n of_o a_o halberd_n and_o the_o other_o half_o stick_v out_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o staff_n like_o a_o pike_n contain_v a_o finger_n breadth_n in_o thickness_n and_o so_o decrease_v less_o and_o less_o upto_o the_o point_n which_o be_v barb_a this_o head_n be_v so_o slender_a towards_o the_o point_n that_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o staff_n will_v bend_v it_o as_o it_o stick_v as_o appear_v in_o this_o battle_n of_o the_o helvetian_o this_o weapon_n be_v peculiar_a to_o the_o roman_n and_o be_v call_v pilum_fw-la as_o varro_n note_v roman_n of_o pilum_fw-la a_o pestle_n quod_fw-la host_n feriret_fw-la ut_fw-la pilum_fw-la lipsius_n find_v that_o palmarem_fw-la diametrum_fw-la be_v too_o great_a a_o thickness_n to_o be_v manage_v by_o any_o man_n hand_n interprete_v it_o to_o be_v four_o inch_n in_o circuit_n if_o the_o staff_n be_v either_o round_a or_o square_n for_o they_o have_v of_o both_o sort_n and_o so_o he_o make_v it_o very_o manageable_a but_o nothing_o answerable_a to_o the_o description_n give_v by_o polybius_n either_o inform_v or_o weight_n patricius_n in_o his_o paralleli_fw-la make_v the_o staff_n to_o have_v palmarem_fw-la diametrum_fw-la in_o the_o butt_n end_n 5._o but_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o staff_n he_o make_v to_o decrease_v taper-wise_a unto_o the_o head_n of_o iron_n where_o it_o have_v the_o thickness_n of_o a_o man_n finger_n and_o so_o it_o answer_v both_o in_o form_n and_o weight_n to_o a_o pestle_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o figure_n and_o i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v the_o meaning_n of_o polybius_n patricius_n in_o that_o place_n set_v down_o four_o discommodity_n of_o the_o pile_n first_o a_o furious_a and_o hot-spirited_n enemy_n will_v easy_o prevent_v the_o dart_a of_o the_o pile_n with_o a_o nimble_a and_o speedy_a close_o and_o so_o we_o read_v that_o in_o the_o battle_n which_o caesar_n have_v with_o ariovistus_n the_o german_n come_v so_o violent_o upn_v they_o that_o the_o soldier_n cast_v away_o their_o pile_n and_o betake_v they_o to_o their_o sword_n and_o likewise_o in_o that_o worthy_a battle_n between_o catiline_n and_o marcus_n petreius_n salusâ—_n they_o cast_v away_o their_o pile_n on_o either_o part_n the_o second_o discommodity_n be_v that_o the_o pile_n be_v so_o heavy_a can_v not_o be_v cast_v any_o distance_n but_o be_v only_o serviceable_a at_o hand_n three_o they_o can_v not_o be_v cast_v with_o any_o aim_n or_o as_o they_o say_v pointblank_o and_o last_o the_o soldier_n be_v to_o take_v advantage_n of_o ground_n backward_o when_o they_o throw_v they_o which_o may_v easy_o disorder_v their_o troop_n if_o they_o be_v not_o very_o well_o experience_v the_o three_o observation_n the_o last_o thing_n which_o i_o observe_v in_o this_o speciality_n be_v that_o the_o legionary_a soldier_n have_v no_o other_o offensive_a weapon_n but_o one_o pile_n or_o two_o at_o the_o most_o and_o their_o sword_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v gather_v that_o all_o their_o victory_n come_v by_o buckle_v at_o handy-blowe_n for_o they_o come_v always_o so_o near_o before_o they_o cast_v their_o pile_n that_o they_o leave_v themselves_o no_o more_o time_n than_o may_v convenient_o serve_v they_o to_o draw_v their_o sword_n neither_o will_v their_o arm_n of_o defence_n which_o be_v complete_a beside_o a_o large_a target_n which_o they_o carry_v on_o their_o left_a arm_n suffer_v they_o to_o make_v any_o long_a pursuit_n or_o continue_a chase_n whensoever_o a_o light-armed_n enemy_n do_v make_v any_o speedy_a retreat_n as_o will_n more_o plain_o appear_v by_o that_o which_o follow_v chap._n ix_o the_o helvetian_o faint_v in_o the_o battle_n retire_v to_o a_o hill_n the_o roman_n follow_v after_o and_o the_o battle_n be_v continue_v the_o battle_n which_o caesar_n have_v with_o the_o helvetian_o the_o hill_n be_v take_v and_o the_o legion_n follow_v on_o to_o drive_v they_o from_o thence_o the_o boii_n and_o â—ulingi_fw-la to_o the_o number_n of_o fifteen_o thousand_o be_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o enemy_n to_o guard_v the_o lag_a of_o their_o army_n set_v on_o our_o man_n as_o they_o be_v in_o pursuit_n of_o the_o rest_n do_v charge_v they_o upon_o the_o open_a side_n and_o begin_v to_o enclose_v they_o about_o which_o the_o helvetian_o that_o have_v get_v the_o hill_n perceive_v begin_v again_o to_o fall_v upon_o our_o man_n and_o renew_v the_o battle_n the_o roman_n divide_v themselves_o turn_v their_o ensign_n two_o way_n the_o first_o and_o second_o army_n fight_v against_o the_o helvetian_o that_o return_v from_o the_o hill_n and_o the_o three_o battle_n take_v charge_n of_o they_o that_o stand_v ready_a to_o enclose_v they_o about_o and_o here_o the_o fight_n be_v doubtful_a and_o furious_a for_o a_o long_a time_n until_o at_o length_n they_o be_v no_o long_o able_a to_o endure_v the_o violence_n of_o the_o legionary_a soldier_n and_o so_o one_o part_n betake_v themselves_o as_o at_o the_o first_o to_o the_o hill_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o place_n where_o their_o cart_n and_o baggage_n be_v lodge_v and_o hitherto_o there_o be_v not_o one_o man_n see_v to_o have_v turn_v his_o back_n in_o all_o this_o conflict_n although_o the_o fight_v continue_v from_o the_o seven_o hour_n until_o the_o evening_n the_o first_o observation_n concern_v the_o ensign_n of_o the_o roman_n roman_n we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o chief_a ensign_n of_o every_o legion_n be_v a_o eagle_n which_o always_o attend_v upon_o the_o primipile_n or_o chief_a centurion_n of_o the_o say_a legion_n the_o ensign_n of_o
to_o hold_v it_o in_o as_o great_a reputation_n as_o any_o weapon_n whatsoever_o which_o may_v be_v think_v worthy_a executioner_n of_o the_o deed_n of_o arm_n the_o second_o observation_n in_o the_o second_o place_n we_o may_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o nation_n so_o barbarous_a for_o i_o understand_v the_o german_n to_o be_v as_o barbarous_a in_o regard_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o religion_n as_o any_o know_a nation_n of_o that_o time_n be_v in_o a_o climate_n so_o near_o the_o north_n that_o it_o afford_v no_o contemplation_n at_o all_o that_o can_v not_o make_v use_n in_o their_o great_a affair_n of_o that_o superstition_n to_o which_o their_o mind_n be_v natural_o enthral_v and_o forge_v prophecy_n and_o divination_n as_o well_o to_o stir_v up_o as_o to_o moderate_v the_o irregular_a motion_n of_o a_o multitude_n according_a as_o they_o may_v best_o serve_v to_o advantage_v their_o proceed_n neither_o do_v caesar_n let_v slip_v the_o occasion_n of_o make_v use_n of_o this_o their_o religion_n for_o understanding_n by_o their_o prisoner_n that_o their_o divination_n forbid_v they_o to_o fight_v before_o the_o new_a moon_n he_o use_v all_o the_o mean_n he_o can_v to_o provoke_v they_o to_o battle_n that_o their_o religious_a opinion_n of_o mischieve_v may_v prejudice_v their_o resolution_n to_o return_v conqueror_n which_o may_v serve_v to_o prove_v that_o a_o superstitious_a people_n be_v subject_a to_o many_o inconvenience_n which_o industry_n or_o fortune_n may_v discover_v to_o their_o overthrow_n it_o be_v record_v that_o columbus_n be_v general_n of_o some_o force_n which_o ferdinando_n king_n of_o castille_n send_v to_o discover_v the_o west_n indies_n and_o suffer_v great_a penury_n for_o want_n of_o victual_n in_o the_o i_o will_v of_o jamaica_n after_o that_o he_o have_v observe_v how_o the_o islander_n worship_v the_o moon_n and_o have_v knowledge_n of_o a_o eclipse_n that_o be_v short_o after_o to_o happen_v he_o tell_v the_o inhabitant_n that_o unless_o they_o will_v furnish_v he_o with_o such_o necessary_n as_o he_o want_v for_o the_o time_n the_o wrath_n of_o their_o god_n shall_v quick_o appear_v towards_o they_o by_o change_v his_o bright_a shine_a face_n into_o obscurity_n and_o darkness_n which_o be_v no_o soon_o happen_v but_o the_o poor_a indian_n strike_v with_o a_o superstitious_a fear_n of_o that_o which_o the_o course_n of_o nature_n require_v keep_v nothing_o back_o that_o may_v assist_v their_o enemy_n to_o depopulate_v and_o overrun_v their_o own_o country_n chap._n xix_o caesar_n seek_v mean_n to_o give_v they_o battle_n and_o the_o german_n dispose_v themselves_o thereunto_o the_o next_o day_n caesar_n leave_v a_o sufficient_a garrison_n in_o each_o of_o his_o camp_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o number_n of_o his_o legionary_a soldier_n be_v small_a caesar_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o german_n he_o place_v all_o the_o auxiliarie_n troop_n for_o a_o show_n before_o the_o lesser_a camp_n and_o put_v his_o legion_n in_o a_o triple_a battle_n he_o march_v towards_o the_o camp_n of_o ariovistus_n and_o then_o at_o length_n be_v the_o german_n constrain_v to_o bring_v out_o their_o power_n set_v every_o tribe_n and_o people_n by_o themselves_o in_o like_a distance_n and_o order_n of_o battle_n as_o the_o harudes_n marcoman_o triboces_fw-la vangiones_n nemetes_n sedusians_n and_o swevian_o and_o environ_v their_o whole_a army_n with_o cart_n and_o carriage_n that_o there_o may_v be_v no_o hope_n at_o all_o left_a to_o save_v any_o man_n by_o flight_n and_o in_o these_o they_o place_v their_o woman_n that_o they_o by_o their_o outstretch_v hand_n and_o tear_n move_v pity_n may_v implore_v the_o soldier_n as_o they_o descend_v by_o course_n to_o the_o battle_n not_o to_o deliver_v they_o into_o the_o bondage_n and_o thraldom_n of_o the_o roman_n caesar_n assign_v to_o every_o legion_n a_o legate_n and_o a_o quaestor_n that_o every_o man_n may_v have_v a_o eyewitness_n of_o his_o valour_n and_o he_o himself_o begin_v the_o battle_n with_o the_o right_a cornet_n forasmuch_o as_o he_o perceive_v that_o part_n of_o ariovistus_n army_n to_o be_v the_o weak_a the_o first_o observation_n the_o roman_n even_o from_o the_o infancy_n of_o their_o state_n be_v ever_o zealous_a admirer_n of_o true_a honour_n and_o always_o desire_v to_o behold_v with_o the_o eye_n to_o what_o measure_n of_o virtue_n every_o man_n have_v attain_v that_o the_o tongue_n with_o great_a fervency_n of_o spirit_n may_v sound_v out_o the_o celebration_n of_o macte_fw-la virtute_fw-la which_o import_v more_o honour_n than_o any_o wealth_n that_o can_v be_v heap_v upon_o they_o neither_o be_v this_o the_o least_o part_n of_o their_o wisdom_n consider_v that_o the_o most_o precious_a thing_n that_o be_v lose_v much_o of_o their_o worth_n if_o they_o be_v not_o suit_v with_o other_o correspondent_a nature_n who_o sympathy_n add_v much_o more_o excellency_n than_o be_v discern_v when_o they_o appear_v by_o themselves_o without_o such_o assistance_n for_o how_o small_a be_v the_o beauty_n which_o nature_n have_v give_v to_o the_o eye-pleasing_a diamond_n when_o it_o be_v not_o adorn_v with_o a_o artificial_a form_n or_o what_o perfection_n can_v the_o form_n give_v without_o a_o foil_n to_o strengthen_v it_o or_o what_o good_a be_v in_o either_o of_o they_o if_o the_o light_n do_v not_o illuminate_v it_o or_o what_o avail_n all_o these_o where_o there_o want_v a_o eye_n to_o admire_v it_o a_o judgement_n to_o value_v it_o and_o a_o heart_n to_o embrace_v it_o such_o a_o union_n have_v nature_n imprint_v in_o the_o diversity_n of_o creature_n concur_v to_o perfection_n and_o especial_o in_o moral_a action_n in_o who_o carriage_n there_o be_v a_o far_o great_a exactness_n of_o correspondency_n require_v to_o approve_v they_o honourable_a then_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v the_o jewel_n beautiful_a and_o this_o do_v caesar_n in_o all_o his_o battle_n among_o the_o rest_n that_o at_o alesia_n be_v particular_o note_v in_o this_o manner_n quoth_v in_o conspectu_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la res_fw-la gerebatur_fw-la neque_fw-la recte_fw-la aut_fw-la turpiter_fw-la factum_fw-la celari_fw-la poterat_fw-la utrosque_fw-la &_o laudis_fw-la cupiditas_fw-la &_o timor_fw-la ignominiae_fw-la ad_fw-la virtutem_fw-la excitabat_fw-la and_o when_o livy_n will_v express_v how_o valiant_o a_o action_n be_v carry_v he_o say_v no_o more_o but_o in_o conspectu_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la res_fw-la gerebatur_fw-la which_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v that_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o roman_n be_v diligent_a observer_n of_o every_o man_n worth_n reward_v virtue_n with_o honour_n and_o cowardice_n with_o reproach_n every_o man_n bend_v his_o whole_a endeavour_n to_o deserve_v the_o good_a opinion_n of_o his_o general_n by_o discharge_v that_o duty_n which_o he_o owe_v to_o the_o commonwealth_n with_o all_o loyalty_n and_o faithfulness_n of_o spirit_n the_o second_o observation_n the_o roman_n have_v four_o form_n of_o the_o front_n of_o their_o battle_n the_o first_o be_v call_v acies_fw-la recta_fw-la when_o neither_o the_o cornet_n nor_o the_o battle_n be_v advance_v one_o before_o another_o but_o be_v all_o carry_v in_o a_o right_a line_n and_o make_v a_o straight_a front_n &_o this_o be_v their_o most_o usual_a manner_n of_o imbattel_v the_o second_o form_n of_o the_o front_n be_v call_v obliqua_fw-la when_o as_o one_o of_o the_o cornet_n be_v advance_v near_o unto_o the_o enemy_n than_o the_o rest_n to_o begin_v the_o battle_n and_o this_o be_v common_o as_o vegetius_n note_v the_o right_a cornet_n for_o the_o right_a cornet_n of_o a_o army_n have_v great_a advantage_n against_o the_o left_a of_o the_o enemy_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o weapon_n and_o furniture_n but_o caesar_n do_v it_o in_o this_o place_n because_o he_o perceive_v that_o the_o enemy_n be_v weak_a in_o that_o part_n follow_v a_o maxim_n of_o great_a authority_n that_o the_o weak_a part_n of_o a_o enemy_n be_v in_o the_o beginning_n to_o be_v charge_v with_o the_o strength_n of_o a_o army_n for_o so_o favourable_a be_v man_n judgement_n to_o that_o which_o be_v already_o happen_v that_o the_o sequel_n of_o every_o action_n depend_v for_o the_o most_o part_n upon_o the_o beginning_n dimidium_fw-la facti_fw-la qui_fw-la bene_fw-la coepit_fw-la habet_fw-la say_v a_o poet_n and_o not_o without_o great_a reason_n so_o forcible_a continual_o be_v the_o beginning_n and_o so_o connex_v to_o the_o sequel_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o precedent_a cause_n that_o the_o end_n must_v needs_o err_v from_o the_o common_a course_n when_o it_o do_v not_o participate_v of_o that_o quality_n which_o be_v in_o the_o beginning_n neither_o can_v there_o be_v any_o good_a end_n without_o a_o good_a beginning_n for_o although_o the_o beginning_n be_v oftentimes_o disastrous_a and_o unlucky_a and_o the_o end_n fortunate_a and_o happy_a yet_o before_o it_o come_v to_o that_o end_n there_o be_v a_o fortunate_a beginning_n
sun_n and_o the_o moon_n be_v carry_v both_o together_o in_o the_o same_o flow_a and_o ebb_a quarter_n that_o then_o the_o tide_n and_o ebb_n be_v very_o great_a and_o likewise_o in_o opposition_n or_o full_a of_o the_o moon_n when_o these_o light_n be_v carry_v in_o opposite_a quarter_n which_o we_o have_v describe_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n either_o ebb_a or_o flow_v that_o then_o in_o like_a manner_n the_o tide_n be_v great_a forasmuch_o as_o both_o these_o planet_n through_o the_o symbolise_n quarter_n wherein_o they_o be_v carry_v do_v join_v their_o force_n to_o make_v perfect_a this_o work_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v of_o the_o sea_n and_o contrariwise_o in_o a_o quadrate_n aspect_n as_o the_o astronomer_n call_v it_o or_o quarter_v age_n of_o the_o moon_n whenas_o the_o moon_n be_v carry_v in_o a_o flow_a quarter_n and_o at_o the_o same_o instant_n the_o sun_n do_v happen_v to_o be_v in_o a_o ebb_a or_o decrease_v quarter_n as_o the_o course_n of_o nature_n do_v necessary_o require_v then_o be_v the_o tide_n lessen_v as_o daily_a experience_n do_v witness_v and_o forasmuch_o as_o both_o the_o right_a horizon_n and_o the_o meridian_n also_o divide_v every_o diurnal_a circle_n which_o either_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o moon_n make_v in_o their_o revolution_n into_o equal_a part_n it_o follow_v that_o every_o tide_n be_v continual_o measure_v with_o the_o quantity_n of_o six_o hour_n and_o therefore_o that_o which_o caesar_n here_o say_v must_v needs_o be_v true_a that_o in_o the_o space_n of_o twelve_o hour_n there_o be_v always_o two_o high_a tide_n and_o lest_o any_o man_n shall_v imagine_v that_o every_o inland_n city_n stand_v upon_o a_o ebb_a and_o flow_a river_n may_v take_v the_o computation_n of_o the_o tide_n according_a to_o this_o rule_n let_v he_o understand_v that_o this_o which_o i_o have_v deliver_v be_v to_o be_v conceive_v principal_o of_o the_o sea_n itself_o and_o secondary_o of_o such_o port_n and_o haven_n as_o stand_v either_o near_a or_o upon_o the_o sea_n but_o where_o a_o river_n shall_v run_v many_o mile_n from_o the_o sea_n and_o make_v many_o wind_a meander_n before_o it_o come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o calculation_n it_o must_v needs_o lose_v much_o of_o this_o time_n before_o mention_v and_o thus_o much_o i_o think_v convenient_a to_o insert_v in_o these_o discourse_n touch_v the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v of_o the_o sea_n as_o not_o impertinent_a to_o martial_a knowledge_n concern_v the_o ship_n of_o the_o roman_n ship_n whereof_o posterity_n have_v only_o receive_v the_o bare_a name_n and_o some_o few_o circumstance_n touch_v the_o manner_n of_o their_o equipage_n the_o critic_n of_o these_o time_n have_v labour_v to_o set_v forth_o a_o fleet_n answerable_a to_o that_o which_o the_o term_n and_o title_n mention_v in_o history_n seem_v to_o report_v but_o yet_o the_o gain_n of_o their_o voyage_n do_v not_o answer_v their_o charge_n for_o many_o man_n rest_v unsatisfied_a first_o touch_v the_o name_n themselves_o whereof_o we_o find_v these_o kind_n name_v longas_fw-la onerarias_fw-la actuarias_fw-la triremes_n quadriremes_n quinqueremes_n the_o first_o we_o may_v understand_v to_o be_v galley_n or_o ship_n of_o service_n the_o second_o ship_n of_o burden_n the_o three_o ship_n that_o be_v drive_v forward_o with_o force_n of_o oar_n and_o the_o rest_n sound_v according_a to_o their_o name_n for_o i_o dare_v not_o entitle_v they_o with_o a_o more_o particular_a description_n now_o whether_o these_o name_n longas_fw-la and_o actuarias_fw-la be_v a_o several_a sort_n of_o ship_v by_o themselves_o or_o the_o general_a name_n of_o the_o quadriremes_n triremes_n and_o quinqueremes_n forasmuch_o as_o every_o kind_n of_o these_o may_v be_v call_v both_o longas_fw-la and_o actuarias_fw-la as_o it_o yet_o remain_v in_o controversy_n so_o it_o be_v not_o much_o material_a to_o that_o which_o we_o seek_v after_o but_o that_o which_o most_o trouble_v our_o sea-critick_n be_v in_o what_o sense_n they_o may_v understand_v these_o vocabulary_n triremes_n quadriremes_n and_o quinqueremes_n whether_o they_o be_v so_o term_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o number_n of_o rower_n or_o watermen_n that_o hale_v continual_o at_o a_o oar_n as_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o galley_n be_v at_o this_o day_n or_o otherwise_o because_o a_o trireme_a have_v three_o order_n of_o oar_n on_o either_o side_n a_o quadrireme_a four_o and_o a_o quinquereme_a sive_fw-la whereof_o they_o take_v their_o distinction_n of_o name_n such_o as_o hold_v that_o a_o trireme_a have_v on_o each_o side_n three_o rank_n of_o oar_n and_o so_o consequent_o of_o a_o quadrireme_a and_o quinquereme_a 28._o allege_v this_o place_n of_o livy_n to_o make_v good_a their_o opinion_n in_o the_o war_n between_o rome_n and_o carthage_n laelius_n meet_v with_o asdrubal_n in_o the_o straits_n of_o gibralta_n each_o of_o they_o have_v a_o quinquereme_a and_o seven_o or_o eight_o triremes_n a_o piece_n the_o current_n in_o that_o place_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o give_v no_o place_n to_o art_n but_o carry_v the_o vessel_n according_a to_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o billow_n in_o which_o uncertainty_n the_o triremes_n of_o the_o carthaginian_a close_v with_o the_o quinquereme_a of_o laelius_n which_o either_o because_o she_o be_v pondere_fw-la tenacior_fw-la as_o livy_n say_v or_o otherwise_o for_o that_o pluribus_fw-la remorum_fw-la ordinibus_fw-la scindentibus_fw-la vertices_fw-la facilius_fw-la regeretur_fw-la in_o regard_n of_o the_o plurality_n of_o bank_n of_o oar_n which_o resist_v the_o billow_n and_o steam_v the_o current_n she_o sink_v two_o of_o the_o triremes_n and_o so_o get_v the_o victory_n from_o hence_o they_o prove_v that_o a_o quinquereme_a have_v plures_fw-la remorumordines_fw-la then_o a_o trireme_a have_v and_o therefore_o it_o take_v the_o name_n from_o the_o plurality_n of_o bank_n of_o oar_n and_o not_o from_o the_o number_n of_o man_n that_o row_v at_o a_o oar_n but_o the_o contrary_a opinion_n do_v interpret_v ordo_fw-la remorum_fw-la to_o be_v a_o couple_n of_o oar_n one_o answer_v another_o on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n which_o we_o call_v a_o pair_n of_o oar_n so_o that_o a_o quinquereme_a be_v far_o great_a and_o long_o than_o a_o trireme_a have_v more_o pair_n of_o oar_n than_o a_o trireme_a have_v and_o those_o oar_n be_v handle_v with_o five_o man_n at_o one_o oar_n according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o our_o galley_n at_o this_o day_n but_o to_o leave_v this_o sea-sight_n and_o come_v to_o their_o manner_n of_o sea-sight_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o roman_n want_v the_o use_n of_o artillery_n and_o manage_v their_o shaps_z of_o war_n with_o force_n of_o oar_n fail_v not_o to_o make_v use_n of_o their_o art_n in_o their_o conflict_n and_o encounter_n by_o sea_n for_o all_o their_o ship_n of_o service_n which_o we_o term_v man_n of_o war_n carried_z a_o strong_a beak-head_n of_o â—â—on_n which_o they_o call_v rostrum_fw-la with_o which_o they_o run_v one_o against_o another_o with_o as_o great_a violence_n and_o fury_n as_o their_o oar_n can_v carry_v they_o and_o herein_o art_n give_v great_a advantage_n for_o he_o that_o can_v best_o skill_n to_o turn_v his_o ship_n with_o great_a celerity_n and_o so_o frustrate_a a_o offer_n or_o with_o speedy_a and_o strong_a agitation_n follow_v a_o advantage_n common_o get_v the_o victory_n in_o the_o battle_n which_o d._n brutus_n have_v with_o the_o massilian_n civili_fw-la we_o read_v that_o two_o triremes_n charge_v the_o admiral_n wherein_o brutus_n be_v one_o at_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o at_o the_o other_o brutus_z and_o his_o mariner_n so_o cunning_o handle_v the_o matter_n that_o when_o they_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o hurt_n they_o speedy_o in_o a_o trice_n of_o time_n wound_v themselves_o from_o between_o they_o and_o the_o two_o triremes_n meet_v with_o such_o a_o career_n one_o against_o another_o that_o one_o break_v her_o beak-head_n and_o the_o other_o split_v with_o the_o blow_n for_o this_o skill_n and_o fortune_n withal_o euphranor_n the_o rhodian_a be_v of_o great_a fame_n in_o caesar_n time_n although_o his_o end_n find_v too_o true_a the_o say_n of_o the_o historian_n that_o who_o fortune_n honour_v with_o many_o good_a hap_n she_o oftentimes_o reserve_v to_o a_o hard_a destiny_n as_o other_o seaman_n beside_o euphranor_n can_v true_o witness_v this_o first_o brunt_n be_v end_v when_o they_o come_v to_o grapple_v and_o bord_v one_o of_o another_o than_o the_o art_n and_o practice_n of_o their_o land_n service_n come_v in_o use_n for_o they_o erect_v turret_n upon_o their_o deck_n and_o from_o they_o they_o seek_v with_o engine_n and_o casting-weapon_n as_o sling_n arrow_n and_o pile_n and_o when_o they_o enter_v they_o fight_v with_o sword_n and_o target_n neither_o do_v the_o legionary_a soldier_n find_v any_o difference_n when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o
other_o work_n which_o he_o may_v well_o record_v as_o the_o great_a design_n of_o a_o heroic_a spirit_n and_o the_o wonderful_a effect_n of_o magnanimous_a industry_n that_o succeed_a age_n may_v not_o boast_v either_o of_o art_n or_o prowess_n which_o his_o virtue_n have_v not_o express_v or_o otherwise_o may_v wonder_v at_o that_o worth_n which_o they_o themselves_o can_v not_o attain_v unto_o and_o to_o that_o purpose_n he_o entertain_v vuruvius_n the_o father_n of_o architecture_n and_o as_o worthy_o to_o be_v imitate_v in_o that_o faculty_n as_o his_o master_n caesar_n be_v in_o feat_n of_o arm_n by_o who_o example_n a_o great_a commander_n may_v learn_v how_o much_o it_o import_v the_o eternity_n of_o his_o fame_n to_o beautify_v his_o great_a design_n with_o art_n and_o to_o esteem_v of_o such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o entreat_v the_o mathematical_a muse_n to_o show_v themselves_o under_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o sensible_a form_n which_o albeit_o through_o the_o rudeness_n of_o the_o matter_n fall_v far_o short_a of_o the_o truth_n of_o their_o intellectual_a nature_n yet_o their_o beauty_n express_v such_o a_o majesty_n of_o art_n that_o no_o time_n will_v suffer_v the_o memory_n thereof_o to_o perish_v the_o workmanship_n of_o this_o bridge_n consist_v chief_o in_o the_o oblique_a situation_n of_o the_o double_a post_n whereof_o the_o first_o order_n bend_v with_o the_o stream_n and_o the_o low_a rank_n against_o the_o stream_n when_o they_o come_v to_o be_v couple_v together_o with_o overthwart_a beam_n which_o be_v fasten_v in_o the_o couple_n with_o brace_n which_o he_o name_v fibulas_fw-la the_o more_o violent_a the_o stream_n fall_v upon_o the_o work_n the_o fast_o the_o joint_n of_o the_o building_n be_v unite_v as_o may_v better_o appear_v by_o a_o model_n of_o that_o make_n then_o can_v be_v express_v by_o any_o circumstance_n of_o word_n i_o may_v hence_o take_v occasion_n to_o speak_v of_o the_o diversity_n of_o bridge_n and_o of_o the_o practice_n which_o antiquity_n have_v devise_v to_o transport_v army_n over_o river_n but_o inasmuch_o as_o it_o be_v a_o common_a subject_n for_o all_o that_o undertake_v this_o military_a task_n machin_n and_o have_v be_v handle_v by_o lapsius_fw-la upon_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o bridge_n i_o will_v refer_v the_o reader_n to_o that_o place_n and_o only_o note_v the_o singular_a disposition_n of_o this_o action_n inasmuch_o as_o caesar_n make_v the_o mean_n correspondent_a to_o that_o end_n which_o he_o intend_v for_o consider_v that_o the_o chief_a end_n of_o his_o passage_n be_v to_o let_v the_o german_n understand_v that_o the_o power_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n be_v not_o bound_v with_o the_o rhine_n and_o that_o a_o river_n can_v not_o so_o separate_v their_o territory_n but_o that_o they_o be_v able_a to_o join_v both_o the_o continent_n together_o and_o make_v a_o common_a roadway_n where_o it_o seem_v most_o unpassable_a he_o think_v it_o best_a to_o pass_v over_o his_o army_n by_o a_o bridge_n that_o so_o the_o german_n may_v know_v the_o power_n of_o his_o force_n and_o also_o conceit_n their_o territory_n as_o unite_v unto_o gallia_n or_o to_o be_v unite_v at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o roman_n with_o a_o firm_a isthmus_n and_o plain_a passage_n by_o foot_n which_o in_o time_n past_a have_v always_o be_v separate_v by_o a_o mighty_a river_n neither_o will_v a_o transportation_n by_o boat_n have_v wrought_v that_o effect_n forasmuch_o as_o the_o daily_a use_n thereof_o be_v so_o familiar_a to_o the_o german_n that_o it_o nothing_o alter_v their_o imagination_n of_o a_o unaccessible_a passage_n but_o when_o they_o see_v so_o strange_a a_o thing_n attempt_v and_o so_o sudden_o perform_v they_o will_v easy_o understand_v that_o they_o be_v not_o so_o far_o off_o but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v overtake_v and_o so_o direct_v their_o demeanour_n according_o let_v this_o suffice_v therefore_o to_o prove_v that_o a_o passage_n over_o a_o river_n by_o a_o bridge_n be_v more_o honourable_a safe_a and_o of_o great_a terror_n to_o the_o enemy_n than_o any_o other_o way_n that_o can_v be_v devise_v especial_o if_o the_o river_n carry_v any_o depth_n such_o as_o the_o rhine_n be_v otherwise_o if_o it_o have_v either_o shallows_o or_o ford_n whereby_o man_n may_v wade_v over_o without_o any_o great_a encumbrance_n it_o be_v but_o loâ—â—_n labour_n to_o stand_v about_o a_o bridge_n but_o rather_o to_o think_v of_o it_o as_o of_o a_o place_n encumber_v with_o such_o hindrance_n as_o man_n often_o meet_v with_o in_o a_o march_n chap._n vii_o caesar_n take_v revenge_n upon_o the_o sicambri_n give_v liberty_n to_o the_o ubii_n and_o return_v again_o into_o gallia_n the_o sicambri_n understanding_n that_o caesar_n be_v make_v a_o bridge_n over_o the_o rhine_n caesar_n prepare_v themselves_o to_o fly_v and_o at_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o usipetes_n &_o tenchtheri_n forsake_v their_o country_n and_o convey_v themselves_o and_o their_o possession_n into_o wood_n and_o solitary_a desert_n caesar_n continue_v a_o few_o day_n in_o their_o quarter_n have_v set_v on_o fire_n their_o village_n and_o house_n and_o burn_v up_o their_o corn_n and_o provision_n come_v to_o the_o ubii_n promise_v they_o aid_n against_o the_o suevi_n by_o who_o he_o understand_v that_o assoon_o as_o the_o suevi_n have_v intelligence_n that_o he_o go_v about_o to_o make_v a_o bridge_n call_v a_o council_n according_a to_o their_o manner_n they_o send_v unto_o all_o quarter_n of_o their_o state_n that_o they_o shall_v forsake_v their_o town_n and_o carry_v their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o all_o that_o they_o have_v into_o the_o wood_n and_o that_o all_o that_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v arm_n shall_v make_v head_n in_o one_o place_n which_o they_o appoint_v to_o be_v the_o midst_n of_o their_o country_n and_o there_o they_o attend_v the_o come_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o be_v resolve_v in_o that_o place_n to_o give_v they_o battle_n which_o when_o caesar_n understand_v have_v end_v all_o those_o thing_n in_o regard_n whereof_o he_o come_v into_o germany_n which_o be_v chief_o to_o terrify_v the_o german_n to_o be_v revenge_v upon_o the_o sicambri_n to_o set_v the_o ubii_n at_o liberty_n have_v spend_v in_o all_o eighteen_o day_n beyond_o the_o rhine_n and_o do_v enough_o as_o well_o in_o regard_n of_o his_o own_o honour_n as_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonweal_n he_o return_v into_o gallia_n and_o break_v up_o the_o bridge_n chap._n viii_o caesar_n think_v of_o a_o voyage_n into_o brittany_n he_o enquire_v of_o merchant_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o that_o people_n although_o the_o summer_n be_v almost_o spend_v caesar_n and_o that_o in_o those_o part_v the_o winter_n hasten_v on_o a_o pace_n inasmuch_o as_o all_o gallia_n incline_v to_o the_o north_n notwithstanding_o he_o resolve_v to_o go_v over_o into_o brittany_n forasmuch_o as_o he_o understand_v that_o in_o all_o the_o former_a war_n of_o gallia_n the_o enemy_n have_v receive_v most_o of_o their_o supply_n from_o thence_o and_o although_o the_o time_n of_o the_o year_n will_v not_o suffer_v he_o to_o finish_v that_o war_n yet_o he_o think_v it_o will_v be_v to_o good_a purpose_n if_o he_o go_v only_o to_o view_v the_o island_n to_o understand_v the_o quality_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o to_o know_v their_o coast_n their_o port_n and_o their_o landing-place_n whereof_o the_o gall_n be_v altogether_o ignorant_a for_o seldom_o any_o man_n but_o merchant_n do_v travel_v unto_o they_o neither_o have_v they_o discover_v any_o thing_n but_o the_o sea-coast_n and_o those_o region_n which_o be_v opposite_a unto_o gallia_n and_o therefore_o call_v merchant_n together_o from_o all_o quarter_n he_o neither_o can_v understand_v of_o what_o quantity_n the_o island_n be_v what_o nation_n or_o what_o power_n they_o be_v that_o inhabit_v â—t_a what_o use_n or_o experience_n of_o war_n they_o have_v what_o law_n or_o custom_n they_o use_v nor_o what_o haven_n they_o have_v to_o receive_v a_o navy_n of_o great_a ship_n observation_n as_o the_o german_n have_v oftentimes_o stir_v up_o motion_n of_o rebellion_n among_o the_o gall_n by_o send_v their_o superfluous_a multitude_n into_o their_o kingdom_n so_o the_o britan_n have_v uphold_v most_o of_o their_o war_n by_o furnish_v they_o with_o such_o supply_v as_o from_o time_n to_o time_n they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o so_o that_o if_o caesar_n or_o the_o roman_a people_n will_v rest_v secure_a of_o their_o quiet_a and_o peaceable_a government_n in_o gallia_n as_o they_o have_v chastise_v the_o insolency_n of_o the_o german_n and_o send_v they_o back_o again_o with_o great_a loss_n than_o gain_n so_o be_v it_o necessary_a to_o make_v the_o britan_n know_v that_o their_o assistance_n in_o the_o war_n of_o gallia_n will_v draw_v more_o business_n upon_o they_o then_o they_o be_v well_o able_a to_o manage_v for_o as_o
therefore_o they_o may_v well_o go_v together_o to_o make_v a_o triplicity_n of_o evil_n according_a to_o the_o say_n ignis_fw-la mare_fw-la populus_fw-la tria_fw-la mala_fw-la fire_n the_o sea_n and_o the_o rabble_n multitude_n be_v three_o evil_n vercingetorix_n have_v both_o his_o hand_n full_a in_o this_o service_n for_o his_o care_n be_v no_o less_o to_o keep_v the_o gall_n from_o be_v distaste_v then_o to_o make_v his_o party_n good_a against_o caesar_n it_o be_v dispute_v touch_v the_o government_n of_o a_o multitude_n whether_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o be_v severe_a or_o obsequious_a multitude_n tacitus_n say_v peremptory_o that_o in_o multitudine_fw-la regenda_fw-la plus_fw-la poena_fw-la quam_fw-la obsequium_fw-la valet_fw-la foul_a mean_n do_v more_o than_o fair_a to_o the_o govern_n of_o a_o multitude_n but_o he_o understand_v such_o a_o multitude_n as_o be_v subject_a to_o their_o commander_n either_o by_o ancient_a service_n or_o the_o interest_n of_o regal_a authority_n whereby_o they_o be_v tie_v to_o obedience_n by_o hereditary_a duty_n and_o can_v refuse_v that_o which_o custom_n prescribe_v for_o otherwise_o where_o the_o people_n stand_v free_a from_o such_o bond_n and_o have_v submit_v themselves_o to_o government_n for_o some_o special_a service_n there_o clemency_n or_o obsequious_a smooth_a prevail_v more_o than_o the_o severity_n of_o command_n according_a to_o the_o say_n homines_fw-la duci_fw-la volunt_fw-la non_fw-la cogi_fw-la man_n will_v be_v lead_v by_o fair_a mean_n not_o compel_v upon_o a_o dissension_n which_o happen_v at_o rome_n between_o the_o people_n and_o the_o senate_n the_o people_n be_v present_o send_v into_o the_o field_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o two_o senator_n quintius_n and_o appius_n claudius_n appius_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o cruelty_n and_o severity_n be_v not_o obey_v by_o his_o soldier_n but_o forsake_v his_o province_n and_o return_v non_fw-fr proficient_a they_o will_v do_v nothing_o quintius_n be_v courteous_a and_o benign_a have_v a_o obedient_a army_n and_o come_v home_o a_o conqueror_n in_o the_o like_a term_n do_v vercingetorix_n stand_v with_o the_o gall_n who_o not_o long_o before_o be_v all_o of_o equal_a authority_n and_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o common_a cause_n have_v submit_v themselves_o to_o order_n and_o government_n and_o therefore_o he_o carry_v himself_o according_o but_o with_o some_o cunning_n too_o for_o he_o make_v no_o scruple_n to_o abuse_v the_o beast_n and_o to_o present_v they_o with_o a_o lesson_n of_o deceit_n teach_v to_o servant_n and_o roman_a slave_n as_o the_o confession_n of_o legionarie_a soldier_n which_o be_v a_o liberty_n that_o have_v ever_o be_v allow_v to_o such_o as_o have_v the_o manage_n of_o a_o unruly_a multitude_n who_o have_v make_v as_o much_o use_n of_o the_o false_a rein_n as_o the_o bit_n or_o the_o spur_n or_o any_o other_o help_v belong_v to_o that_o art_n chap._n xi_o caesar_n continue_v the_o siege_n at_o avaricum_n and_o describe_v the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n in_o gallia_n by_o the_o singular_a valour_n of_o our_o soldier_n all_o the_o counsel_n and_o device_n of_o the_o gall_n be_v make_v void_a and_o of_o none_o effect_n caesar_n for_o they_o be_v a_o nation_n of_o great_a dexterity_n apt_a to_o imitate_v and_o make_v any_o thing_n which_o they_o see_v other_o man_n do_v before_o they_o for_o they_o turn_v aside_o the_o hook_n with_o rope_n and_o draw_v they_o into_o the_o town_n with_o engine_n they_o withdraw_v the_o earth_n from_o the_o mount_n with_o mine_n with_o their_o great_a skill_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o iron_n mine_n wherein_o they_o be_v much_o practise_v they_o set_v up_o tower_n upon_o every_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o raw_a hide_n they_o sally_v out_o of_o the_o town_n night_n and_o day_n and_o either_o set_a fire_n to_o the_o mount_n or_o assault_v the_o soldier_n as_o they_o be_v at_o work_n they_o do_v every_o day_n make_v their_o tower_n equal_a to_o that_o height_n of_o our_o tower_n which_o the_o daily_a increase_n of_o the_o mount_n have_v add_v to_o their_o height_n they_o hinder_v the_o open_a trench_n and_o keep_v they_o from_o approach_v the_o wall_n with_o sharp_a burn_a stake_n cast_v into_o they_o with_o hot_a pitch_n and_o with_o great_a stone_n all_o their_o wall_n be_v almost_o of_o this_o fashion_n long_o strait_a beam_n be_v place_v upon_o the_o ground_n with_o a_o equal_a distance_n of_o two_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o and_o bind_v together_o on_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o fasten_v with_o great_a store_n of_o earth_n the_o distance_n between_o the_o beam_n be_v fill_v and_o fit_v with_o great_a stone_n in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o wall_n these_o be_v thus_o place_v and_o fasten_v with_o mortar_n another_o such_o a_o course_n be_v lay_v upon_o that_o keep_v always_o the_o same_o distance_n so_o as_o one_o beam_n be_v not_o lay_v upon_o another_o but_o in_o the_o second_o rank_n place_v they_o upon_o the_o distance_n fill_v up_o with_o stone_n and_o so_o forward_o until_o the_o wall_n be_v raise_v to_o the_o due_a height_n this_o fashion_n as_o it_o be_v a_o work_n not_o deform_v either_o in_o show_n or_o variety_n observe_v alternate_a course_n of_o beam_n and_o stone_n which_o keep_v their_o order_n by_o even_a line_n so_o be_v it_o profitable_a also_o and_o very_o much_o advantage_v the_o defence_n of_o the_o town_n for_o as_o the_o stone_n keep_v it_o from_o burn_a so_o do_v the_o wood_n from_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o ram_n forasmuch_o as_o the_o beam_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n forty_o foot_n long_o and_o can_v neither_o be_v break_v nor_o pull_v out_o the_o first_o observation_n this_o chapter_n do_v in_o some_o part_n express_v the_o manner_n of_o their_o siege_n in_o ancient_a time_n town_n and_o the_o mean_n which_o the_o defendant_n have_v to_o frustrate_v the_o assault_n and_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n beside_o the_o ram_n which_o the_o roman_n use_v to_o shake_v and_o overthrow_v the_o wall_n whereof_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v they_o have_v common_o great_a hook_n of_o iron_n to_o catch_v hold_n of_o a_o turret_n and_o to_o pull_v it_o over_o the_o wall_n or_o to_o pull_v down_o the_o parapet_n or_o to_o disturb_v any_o work_n which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o wall_n these_o hook_n be_v use_v by_o the_o legionary_a soldier_n be_v cover_v with_o vine_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o they_o handle_v the_o ram_n and_o be_v avert_v and_o put_v off_o by_o the_o ingenious_a practice_n of_o the_o gall_n with_o rope_n cast_v and_o ensnare_v about_o they_o and_o then_o by_o force_n of_o engine_n draw_v into_o the_o town_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o open_a trench_n by_o which_o the_o roman_n make_v their_o approach_n to_o the_o wall_n be_v answer_v from_o the_o town_n with_o stake_n or_o pile_n harden_v at_o the_o end_n with_o fire_n and_o then_o cast_v into_o they_o to_o hinder_v such_o as_o be_v at_o work_n together_o with_o seethe_a pitch_n and_o great_a stone_n furthermore_o as_o the_o roman_n raise_v their_o mount_n and_o bring_v matter_n unto_o it_o to_o enlarge_v it_o in_o breadth_n and_o height_n so_o do_v the_o gall_n undermine_v it_o and_o draw_v the_o earth_n away_o or_o set_v it_o on_o fire_n to_o burn_v it_o for_o as_o i_o have_v already_o note_v in_o the_o description_n of_o a_o mount_n it_o be_v make_v as_o well_o with_o wood_n and_o timber_n as_o with_o earth_n and_o stone_n they_o strengthen_v their_o wall_n with_o turret_n and_o tower_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o raw_a hide_n to_o keep_v they_o from_o burn_a and_o as_o the_o roman_n mount_v in_o height_n with_o their_o turret_n and_o engine_n so_o the_o gall_n raise_v their_o tower_n answerable_a unto_o they_o that_o in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o town_n they_o may_v sight_v with_o equal_a advantage_n and_o thus_o they_o proceed_v both_o in_o the_o offensive_a and_o defensive_a part_n as_o far_o as_o either_o valour_n or_o wit_n can_v improve_v those_o mean_n which_o be_v then_o in_o use_n in_o besiege_v a_o town_n the_o second_o observation_n it_o be_v the_o use_n of_o all_o nation_n to_o fortify_v their_o strong_a town_n with_o such_o wall_n as_o may_v make_v best_a defence_n against_o the_o practice_n of_o those_o time_n wherein_o they_o live_v touch_v the_o take_n and_o besiege_v of_o town_n so_o the_o gall_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o caesar_n raise_v their_o wall_n of_o wood_n and_o stone_n lay_v in_o mutual_a course_n one_o with_o another_o that_o the_o wood_n may_v make_v void_a the_o violence_n of_o the_o ram_n and_o the_o stone_n keep_v it_o from_o burn_v with_o fire_n day_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v the_o mean_n to_o assault_v and_o overthrow_v a_o wall_n in_o these_o time_n the_o wall_n of_o strong_a and_o fortify_v town_n be_v only_o make_v
hill_n lead_v back_o their_o troop_n into_o the_o camp_n the_o three_o day_n caesar_n fortify_v his_o camp_n with_o a_o rampire_n and_o command_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o cohort_n and_o the_o carriage_n which_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o other_o camp_n to_o be_v bring_v unto_o he_o observation_n it_o may_v be_v observe_v for_o caesar_n custom_n throughout_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o his_o war_n to_o approach_v as_o near_o the_o enemy_n as_o convenient_o he_o can_v that_o so_o he_o may_v the_o better_o observe_v his_o passage_n and_o be_v ready_a to_o take_v the_o favour_n of_o any_o opportunity_n which_o either_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n or_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o adversary_n will_v afford_v he_o which_o be_v the_o rather_o his_o advantage_n in_o regard_n of_o his_o dexterity_n and_o superlative_a knowledge_n in_o the_o use_n of_o arm_n together_o with_o the_o experience_n of_o his_o old_a legion_n whereby_o he_o be_v able_a not_o only_o to_o improve_v his_o own_o design_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o a_o honourable_a success_n but_o to_o return_v the_o disgrace_n of_o any_o attempt_n make_v upon_o his_o army_n upon_o the_o head_n of_o they_o that_o be_v author_n of_o the_o same_o for_o otherwise_o his_o accost_v so_o near_o a_o enemy_n may_v have_v turn_v to_o his_o own_o loss_n as_o be_v full_a of_o hazard_n and_o subject_n to_o more_o casualty_n than_o he_o that_o stand_v further_o off_o and_o therefore_o the_o rule_n be_v that_o he_o that_o desire_v to_o â—it_n near_o his_o adversary_n must_v be_v exceed_o circumspect_a and_o sure_a of_o some_o advantage_n either_o from_o the_o place_n or_o the_o over-awing_a power_n of_o his_o force_n or_o else_o out_o of_o his_o own_o virtue_n or_o by_o some_o other_o mean_n to_o oversway_n the_o inconvenience_n which_o attend_v such_o engagement_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o that_o which_o frontinus_n observe_v hence_o touch_v the_o straight_o whereinto_o caesar_n be_v fall_v 5._o be_v either_o to_o give_v battle_n which_o the_o enemy_n refuse_v or_o to_o make_v good_a that_o place_n from_o whence_o he_o can_v not_o retreat_v but_o with_o danger_n whereupon_o a_o little_a before_o night_n be_v steal_v the_o make_n of_o a_o ditch_n on_o the_o back_n of_o his_o army_n and_o retire_v himself_o within_o the_o same_o stand_v in_o arm_n all_o night_n for_o his_o better_a safety_n the_o use_n of_o such_o ditch_n be_v of_o much_o importance_n and_o have_v oftentimes_o redeem_v a_o army_n from_o great_a extremity_n and_o be_v so_o frequent_a upon_o all_o occasion_n with_o the_o roman_n that_o he_o that_o shall_v deny_v they_o to_o be_v good_a ditcher_n shall_v do_v they_o wrong_n and_o not_o only_o they_o but_o other_o nation_n can_v tell_v how_o to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o spade_n pericles_z of_o athens_n be_v force_v by_o they_o of_o peloponnesus_n into_o a_o place_n that_o have_v but_o two_o outlet_n of_o escape_n sink_v a_o ditch_n of_o a_o great_a latitude_n thwart_o one_o of_o the_o passage_n as_o though_o he_o mean_v to_o keep_v out_o the_o enemy_n and_o set_v his_o soldier_n to_o break_v out_o the_o other_o way_n the_o peloponnesian_n think_v he_o can_v no_o way_n escape_v by_o the_o passage_n where_o the_o trench_n be_v cut_v apply_v themselves_o whole_o to_o the_o other_o place_n where_o the_o soldier_n make_v show_v of_o break_v out_o whereby_o through_o the_o help_n of_o bridge_n which_o he_o have_v former_o provide_v he_o escape_v over_o the_o ditch_n without_o resistance_n sometime_o they_o add_v other_o help_n to_o these_o trench_n especial_o when_o they_o seek_v handsome_a mean_n to_o get_v themselves_o away_o whereof_o sertorius_n may_v be_v a_o instance_n who_o have_v the_o enemy_n press_v he_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o be_v to_o pass_v a_o river_n draw_v a_o ditch_n and_o a_o rampire_n at_o his_o back_n in_o the_o fashion_n of_o a_o halfmoon_n which_o rampire_n he_o heap_v with_o wood_n and_o combustible_a matter_n and_o so_o set_v it_o on_o fire_n keep_v off_o the_o enemy_n and_o pass_v with_o ease_n over_o the_o water_n in_o like_a manner_n herculeius_n one_o of_o sertorius_n legates_n have_v rash_o enter_v with_o a_o small_a power_n into_o a_o long_a and_o narrow_a passage_n between_o two_o hill_n and_o find_v himself_o pursue_v by_o great_a force_n of_o the_o enemy_n sink_v a_o cross_a trench_n between_o the_o two_o mountain_n and_o pile_v the_o rampire_n with_o wood_n set_v it_o on_o fire_n and_o so_o cut_v off_o the_o enemy_n chap._n xvi_o caesar_n attempt_n to_o possess_v himself_o of_o a_o small_a hill_n what_o disadvantage_n he_o run_v into_o by_o miss_v of_o his_o purpose_n what_o mean_v he_o use_v to_o recover_v himself_o between_o the_o town_n of_o ilerda_n caesar_n and_o the_o next_o hill_n where_o petreius_n and_o afranius_n be_v encamp_v there_o be_v a_o plain_a of_o about_o three_o hundred_o pace_n in_o the_o midst_n whereof_o stand_v a_o little_a mole_n rise_v high_a than_o the_o rest_n which_o if_o caesar_n can_v get_v and_o fortify_v he_o hope_v to_o cut_v off_o the_o enemy_n from_o the_o town_n and_o the_o bridge_n and_o from_o such_o victual_n and_o provision_n as_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o town_n hereupon_o he_o take_v three_o legion_n out_o of_o the_o camp_n and_o have_v put_v they_o into_o order_n of_o battle_n he_o command_v the_o antesignani_fw-la of_o one_o legion_n to_o run_v before_o &_o possess_v the_o place_n which_o be_v perceive_v the_o cohort_n that_o keep_v watch_v before_o afranius_n camp_n be_v present_o send_v a_o near_a way_n to_o take_v that_o mount_n the_o matter_n come_v to_o blow_n but_o forasmuch_o as_o afranius_n party_n come_v first_o to_o the_o place_n our_o man_n be_v beat_v back_o and_o by_o reason_n of_o new_a supply_n send_v against_o they_o be_v constrain_v to_o turn_v their_o back_n and_o retire_v to_o the_o legion_n the_o manner_n of_o fight_n which_o those_o soldier_n use_v be_v first_o to_o run_v furious_o upon_o a_o enemy_n to_o seize_v any_o place_n bold_o and_o with_o great_a courage_n not_o much_o respect_v their_o order_n or_o rank_n but_o fight_v in_o a_o scatter_a and_o disperse_a fashion_n if_o they_o chance_v to_o be_v thorough_o charge_v they_o think_v it_o no_o shame_n to_o give_v way_n and_o retire_v accustom_v thereunto_o by_o frequent_v the_o lusitanian_o and_o other_o barbarous_a people_n use_v that_o kind_n of_o fight_n as_o it_o common_o fall_v out_o that_o where_o the_o soldier_n have_v long_o live_v they_o get_v much_o of_o the_o usage_n and_o condition_n of_o those_o place_n notwithstanding_o our_o man_n be_v much_o trouble_v thereat_o as_o unaccustomed_a to_o that_o kind_n of_o â—ight_n for_o see_v every_o man_n leave_v his_o rank_n and_o run_v up_o and_o down_o they_o fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v be_v circumvent_v and_o set_v upon_o inflank_n and_o on_o their_o bare_a and_o open_a side_n whereas_o themselves_o be_v to_o keep_v their_o order_n and_o not_o to_o leave_v their_o place_n but_o upon_o extraordinary_a occasion_n upon_o the_o rout_v of_o the_o antesignani_fw-la the_o legion_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o corneâ—_n leave_v the_o place_n and_o retreat_v to_o the_o next_o hill_n almost_o all_o the_o army_n be_v affright_v upon_o that_o which_o have_v happen_v beyond_o every_o man_n opinion_n contrary_a to_o former_a use_n caesar_n encourage_v his_o man_n bring_v out_o the_o nine_o legion_n to_o second_v they_o by_o that_o mean_n compel_v the_o enemy_n insolent_a of_o good_a success_n and_o shrewd_o pursue_v our_o man_n to_o turn_v their_o back_n and_o to_o retire_v to_o the_o town_n of_o ilerda_n and_o there_o to_o make_v a_o stand_n under_o the_o wall_n but_o the_o soldier_n of_o the_o nine_o legion_n carry_v on_o with_o endeavour_n and_o go_v about_o to_o repair_v their_o loss_n rash_o follow_v the_o enemy_n into_o a_o place_n of_o disadvantage_n and_o come_v under_o the_o hill_n whereon_o the_o town_n stand_v and_o as_o they_o will_v have_v make_v their_o retreat_n they_o be_v charge_v afresh_o from_o the_o upper_a ground_n the_o front_n of_o the_o place_n have_v a_o uneasy_a break_a ascent_n and_o be_v on_o each_o side_n steep_a extend_v only_o so_o much_o in_o breadth_n as_o will_v serve_v three_o cohort_n to_o imbattell_v in_o neither_o can_v the_o cavalry_n come_v to_o help_v they_o the_o hill_n decline_v easy_o from_o the_o town_n about_o four_o hundred_o pace_n in_o length_n and_o that_o way_n our_o man_n have_v some_o conveniency_n of_o retreat_n from_o the_o disadvantage_n to_o which_o their_o desire_n have_v unadvised_o lead_v they_o the_o fight_n continue_v in_o this_o place_n which_o be_v very_o unequal_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o straightness_n thereof_o as_o also_o for_o that_o they_o stand_v under_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o hill_n whereby_o no_o weapon_n fall_v in_o vain_a among_o they_o notwithstanding_o
side_n barbarous_a and_o rude_a nation_n that_o live_v under_o general_a and_o slight_a law_n be_v as_o slight_a and_o rude_a in_o their_o action_n as_o among_o other_o thing_n may_v appear_v in_o that_o the_o spaniard_n think_v it_o no_o scorn_n to_o use_v the_o help_n of_o bladder_n in_o pass_v over_o a_o river_n as_o a_o device_n come_v next_o to_o hand_n which_o the_o people_n of_o a_o wise_a and_o potent_a state_n will_v not_o have_v do_v but_o by_o a_o sure_a and_o substantial_a bridge_n the_o use_n of_o which_o bladder_n as_o it_o have_v be_v ancient_a among_o people_n of_o that_o nature_n so_o it_o be_v continue_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n by_o the_o savage_n inhabit_v groenland_n and_o the_o north_n part_n of_o america_n as_o appear_v by_o discovery_n make_v of_o late_a by_o the_o moscovy_n merchant_n about_o the_o northwest_n passage_n from_o whence_o such_o as_o be_v employ_v in_o those_o voyage_n have_v bring_v great_a and_o large_a bladder_n or_o bag_n make_v of_o seal-skin_n ingenious_o devise_v to_o be_v fill_v and_o blow_v with_o wind_n and_o tie_v behind_o at_o their_o girdle_n and_o at_o their_o collar_n to_o help_v themselves_o in_o swim_v and_o after_o the_o same_o easy_a fashion_n 14._o the_o indian_n of_o peru_n as_o josephus_n acosta_n write_v instead_o of_o wood_n and_o stone_n make_v their_o bridge_n over_o great_a river_n of_o plait_a reed_n which_o they_o fasten_v to_o the_o bank_n on_o each_o side_n with_o stake_n or_o otherwise_o of_o bundle_n of_o straw_n and_o weed_n by_o which_o man_n and_o beast_n if_o there_o be_v any_o credit_n in_o his_o story_n pass_v over_o with_o ease_n howbeit_o as_o when_o the_o ancient_a greek_n will_v note_v a_o man_n of_o extreme_a insufficiency_n they_o will_v say_v he_o can_v neither_o read_v nor_o swim_v so_o caesar_n seem_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n by_o commend_v the_o skill_n of_o swim_v as_o a_o thing_n of_o much_o consequence_n in_o the_o use_n of_o arm_n whereof_o he_o make_v good_a experience_n in_o egypt_n where_o he_o cast_v himself_o into_o a_o small_a boat_n for_o his_o better_a safety_n and_o find_v it_o overcharge_v and_o ready_a to_o sink_v he_o leap_v into_o the_o sea_n and_o swim_v to_o his_o fleet_n which_o be_v two_o hundred_o pace_n off_o holding_z certain_z papers_z in_o his_o left_a hand_n above_o the_o water_n and_o trail_v his_o coat_n of_o arm_n in_o his_o tooth_n that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o enemy_n chap._n xviii_o afranius_n march_v with_o three_o legion_n to_o cut_v off_o a_o party_n the_o scarcity_n of_o victual_n in_o caesar_n army_n it_o be_v tell_v afranius_n caesar_n of_o great_a troop_n and_o convoy_n that_o be_v come_v to_o caesar_n but_o be_v hinder_v by_o the_o water_n and_o abode_n there_o by_o the_o river_n side_n for_o thither_o be_v come_v archer_n out_o of_o ruthenia_n and_o horseman_n out_o of_o gallia_n with_o many_o car_n and_o carriage_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o gall_n there_o be_v beside_o of_o all_o sort_n about_o six_o thousand_o man_n with_o their_o servant_n and_o attendant_n but_o without_o order_n or_o any_o know_a command_n for_o every_o man_n be_v at_o his_o own_o liberty_n travel_v the_o country_n without_o fear_n according_a to_o the_o former_a freedom_n and_o safety_n of_o the_o way_n there_o be_v likewise_o many_o young_a man_n of_o good_a rank_n senator_n son_n and_o knight_n of_o rome_n beside_o ambassador_n from_o sundry_a state_n and_o divers_a of_o caesar_n legate_n all_o these_o be_v keep_v back_o by_o the_o river_n afâ—anius_n go_v out_o in_o the_o night_n time_n with_o three_o legion_n and_o all_o his_o horse_n to_o cut_v off_o this_o party_n and_o send_v his_o cavalry_n before_o set_v upon_o they_o unaware_o howbeit_o the_o cavalry_n of_o the_o gall_n put_v themselves_o speedy_o in_o order_n and_o buckle_v with_o they_o and_o as_o long_o as_o it_o stand_v upon_o indifferent_a term_n they_o be_v but_o a_o few_o do_v withstand_v a_o great_a number_n of_o the_o enemy_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o discover_v the_o ensign_n of_o the_o legion_n come_v towards_o they_o some_o few_o of_o they_o be_v slay_v the_o rest_n betake_v themselves_o to_o the_o next_o hill_n this_o small_a time_n of_o encounter_n be_v of_o great_a consequence_n for_o the_o safety_n of_o our_o man_n 4._o for_o by_o this_o mean_v they_o have_v opportunity_n to_o take_v the_o upper_a ground_n there_o be_v lose_v that_o day_n two_o hundred_o archer_n a_o few_o horseman_n and_o no_o great_a number_n of_o the_o soldier_n boy_n together_o with_o the_o baggage_n victual_n by_o reason_n of_o all_o these_o thing_n wax_v very_o dear_a as_o well_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o present_a want_n as_o also_o for_o fear_v of_o future_a penury_n as_o common_o it_o happen_v in_o such_o case_n insomuch_o as_o a_o bushel_n of_o corn_n be_v worth_a fifty_o penny_n whereby_o the_o soldier_n grow_v weak_a for_o want_v of_o sustenance_n and_o the_o inconvenience_n thereof_o daily_o more_o and_o more_o increase_v for_o so_o great_a be_v the_o alteration_n which_o happen_v in_o a_o few_o day_n that_o our_o man_n be_v much_o afflict_v with_o the_o extreme_a want_n of_o all_o necessary_a provision_n whereas_o they_o on_o the_o other_o side_n have_v all_o thing_n in_o abundance_n be_v hold_v for_o victor_n caesar_n send_v unto_o those_o state_n which_o be_v of_o his_o party_n and_o instead_o of_o corn_n give_v they_o order_n to_o furnish_v he_o with_o cattle_n dismiss_v soldier_n boy_n and_o send_v they_o to_o town_n far_o off_o relieve_v the_o present_a scarcity_n by_o all_o the_o mean_n he_o can_v afranius_n and_o petreius_n together_o with_o their_o friend_n enlarge_v these_o thing_n in_o their_o letter_n to_o rome_n rumour_n and_o report_v add_v much_o hereunto_o as_o that_o the_o war_n be_v even_o almost_o at_o a_o end_n these_o messenger_n and_o letter_n be_v come_v to_o rome_n there_o be_v great_a concourse_n from_o all_o part_n to_o afranius_n house_n much_o congratulation_n and_o rejoice_v for_o these_o thing_n and_o thereupon_o many_o go_v out_o of_o italy_n to_o pompey_n some_o to_o be_v the_o first_o messenger_n of_o the_o news_n other_o that_o they_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o expect_v the_o event_n of_o the_o war_n and_o so_o prove_v the_o last_o that_o come_v to_o that_o party_n when_o the_o matter_n be_v bring_v to_o these_o difficulty_n and_o extremity_n and_o all_o the_o way_n be_v keep_v by_o afranius_n soldier_n and_o horseman_n and_o no_o bridge_n can_v be_v make_v caesar_n give_v order_n to_o the_o soldier_n to_o make_v such_o 4._o boat_n and_o bark_n as_o he_o have_v in_o former_a year_n teach_v they_o the_o use_n of_o in_o the_o war_n of_o britain_n the_o keel_n whereof_o be_v build_v of_o light_a stuff_n and_o small_a timber_n and_o the_o upper_a part_n make_v with_o wicker_n and_o cover_v with_o hide_n which_o be_v finish_v he_o jade_v they_o upon_o carres_n and_o carry_v they_o in_o the_o night_n some_o twenty_o two_o mile_n from_o the_o camp_n and_o in_o those_o bark_n transport_v his_o soldier_n over_o the_o river_n upon_o a_o sudden_a he_o possess_v himself_o of_o a_o little_a hill_n which_o lie_v near_o unto_o the_o water_n side_n which_o hill_n he_o speedy_o fortify_v before_o the_o enemy_n have_v notice_n thereof_o afterward_o he_o bring_v over_o a_o legion_n to_o that_o place_n and_o make_v a_o bridge_n from_o side_n to_o side_n in_o two_o day_n space_n and_o so_o the_o convoy_n which_o have_v go_v forth_o for_o provision_n and_o forage_v return_v back_o in_o safety_n whereby_o he_o begin_v to_o settle_v a_o course_n for_o provision_n of_o corn._n the_o same_o day_n he_o pass_v over_o the_o the_o river_n a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o cavalry_n who_o fall_v unlooked_a for_o upon_o the_o forager_n scatter_v here_o and_o there_o without_o fear_n or_o suspicion_n cut_v off_o a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o cattle_n whereupon_o the_o enemy_n send_v certain_a spanish_a troop_n bear_v little_a round_a buckler_n to_o second_v and_o relieve_v the_o forager_n they_o divide_v themselves_o of_o purpose_n into_o two_o part_n the_o one_o to_o keep_v and_o defend_v the_o booty_n which_o they_o have_v get_v and_o the_o other_o to_o resist_v and_o beat_v back_o the_o force_n send_v to_o charge_v they_o one_o of_o our_o cohort_n which_o have_v easy_o run_v out_o before_o the_o army_n be_v intercept_v and_o cut_v off_o the_o rest_n return_v by_o the_o bridge_n into_o the_o camp_n in_o safety_n with_o a_o great_a booty_n the_o first_o observation_n these_o rutheni_n inhabit_v that_o part_n of_o provence_n where_o rhodes_n now_o stand_v rutheni_n among_o who_o caesar_n have_v ordinary_o a_o legion_n or_o two_o in_o garrison_n rutheni_n for_o the_o better_a keep_n of_o the_o country_n in_o obedience_n 1._o
in_o the_o rear_n who_o as_o in_o his_o proper_a place_n see_v all_o thing_n execute_v according_o as_o the_o captain_n shall_v command_v it_o shall_v be_v unpossible_a to_o perform_v any_o thing_n herein_o unless_o first_o every_o one_o do_v exact_o observe_v his_o leader_n and_o his_o sideman_n and_o to_o this_o purpose_n it_o be_v often_o command_v keep_v your_o file_n keep_v your_o rank_n of_o march_n in_o champain_n there_o need_v no_o great_a labour_n to_o marshal_v particular_a troop_n for_o their_o after-marche_n champain_n because_o they_o may_v march_v either_o by_o whole_a division_n observe_v only_o their_o course_n of_o indifferency_n that_o every_o division_n may_v every_o three_o day_n have_v the_o vanguard_n or_o else_o in_o such_o form_n and_o fashion_n as_o the_o general_n have_v propose_v for_o a_o day_n of_o battle_n according_a as_o the_o danger_n of_o a_o expect_a enemy_n shall_v give_v occasion_n but_o because_o all_o country_n will_v not_o afford_v a_o champain_n for_o the_o march_v of_o a_o army_n and_o therefore_o not_o possible_a to_o march_v far_o with_o many_o troop_n in_o front_n nor_o many_o file_n of_o any_o one_o troup_n or_o division_n by_o reason_n of_o often_o straits_n and_o passage_n betwixt_o hill_n wood_n or_o water_n it_o be_v provide_v though_o by_o long_a induction_n the_o whole_a army_n shall_v be_v extend_v into_o a_o thin_a length_n and_o few_o file_n passage_n yet_o the_o soldier_n well_o dispose_v shall_v be_v as_o ready_o able_a to_o defend_v themselves_o and_o offend_v the_o enemy_n on_o their_o flank_n from_o whence_o only_o in_o such_o straits_n the_o danger_n be_v imminent_a as_o if_o they_o be_v to_o affront_v a_o enemy_n with_o a_o entire_a battallion_n in_o a_o champain_n country_n first_o therefore_o a_o division_n or_o battallion_n be_v order_v and_o draw_v before_o the_o quarter_n maâ—ch_n into_o one_o even_a front_n of_o just_a file_n ten_o in_o depth_n the_o musketeer_n equal_o divide_v on_o the_o right_n and_o left_a slank_n of_o the_o pike_n all_o stand_n in_o their_o order_n that_o be_v to_o â—ay_n six_o foot_n distant_a in_o file_n and_o rank_n the_o captain_n careful_o provide_v that_o the_o first_o five_o six_o and_o ten_o rank_n be_v always_o well_o fill_v and_o furnish_v with_o his_o most_o able_a and_o best-armed_n soldier_n which_o do_v he_o command_v first_o the_o middleman_n or_o half_a file_n to_o come_v a_o front_n with_o their_o leader_n so_o that_o the_o division_n become_v but_o five_o in_o depth_n next_o he_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o direction_n shall_v be_v to_o march_v from_o that_o quarter_n and_o so_o the_o whole_a division_n rest_v ready_a in_o his_o fashion_n to_o march_v five_o in_o front_n the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o musketeer_n in_o the_o vanguard_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o pike_n in_o the_o battle_n and_o both_o flank_n well_o furnish_v with_o the_o able_a &_o best_a man_n to_o offend_v or_o defend_v as_o there_o shall_v be_v occasion_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o right_a flank_n with_o the_o first_o and_o five_o rank_n and_o the_o leave_v with_o the_o six_o and_o ten_o rank_n if_o occasion_n afterward_o shall_v be_v give_v of_o a_o halt_n in_o a_o champain_n or_o before_o the_o quarter_a front_n the_o captain_n command_v first_o unto_o all_o they_o be_v first_o close_v into_o their_o order_n face_n as_o you_o be_v next_o unto_o the_o half_a file_n face_n about_o and_o march_v out_o and_o fall_v again_o upon_o your_o file_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o division_n become_v again_o reduce_v into_o the_o same_o front_n and_o fashion_n from_o whence_o it_o be_v first_o transform_v ready_a to_o encounter_v a_o enemy_n or_o to_o be_v draw_v into_o the_o quarter_n when_o pike_n be_v to_o charge_v pike_n in_o a_o champain_n pike_n it_o use_v to_o be_v perform_v two_o several_a way_n first_o the_o whole_a division_n be_v command_v into_o their_o close_a order_n the_o five_o first_o rank_n charge_v their_o pike_n every_o follower_n over_o his_o leader_n shoulder_n direct_v his_o pike_n as_o equal_o as_o he_o can_v only_o &_o the_o first_o rank_n shall_v have_v three_o foot_n of_o his_o pike_n over_o the_o foremost_a shoulder_n the_o other_o five_o rank_n with_o their_o pike_n advance_v follow_v close_o up_o in_o the_o rear_n either_o ready_a to_o second_v the_o foremost_a or_o to_o be_v employ_v in_o the_o rear_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v offer_v depth_n otherwise_o and_o most_o usual_a when_o the_o whole_a depth_n of_o the_o file_n throughout_o the_o division_n shall_v charge_v together_o all_o fast_o lock_v and_o unite_v together_o and_o therefore_o most_o able_a to_o make_v the_o strong_a shock_n offensive_a or_o defensive_a provide_v always_o that_o none_o mingle_v their_o pike_n in_o other_o file_n but_o the_o whole_a file_n one_o in_o another_o shoulder_n in_o charge_v with_o musketeer_n it_o be_v observe_v no_o way_n convenient_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v too_o many_o in_o a_o rank_n musketeer_n or_o that_o the_o rank_n shall_v be_v too_o long_o for_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v command_v to_o advance_v ten_o pace_n before_o the_o second_o and_o then_o to_o discharge_v and_o wheel_a either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n fall_v into_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o the_o second_o advance_v to_o the_o same_o distance_n discharge_v and_o wheel_v as_o before_o and_o likewise_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forward_o as_o long_o as_o the_o officer_n shall_v be_v command_v which_o shall_v not_o so_o well_o be_v perform_v the_o rank_n be_v extraordinary_a long_o rank_n because_o it_o will_v require_v so_o long_a a_o time_n to_o wheel_n from_o the_o front_n that_o the_o second_o may_v succeed_v unless_o by_o direction_n the_o rank_n may_v divide_v itself_o the_o one_o half_a to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a in_o wheel_v to_o the_o rear_n in_o the_o retreat_n the_o whole_a rank_n have_v turn_v their_o face_n about_o be_v to_o march_v three_o or_o four_o pace_n forward_o retreat_n their_o chief_a officer_n come_v in_o the_o rear_n first_o command_v the_o last_o rank_n to_o make_v ready_a and_o then_o to_o turn_v face_n about_o &_o discharge_v and_o wheel_n about_o to_o the_o head_n or_o front_n of_o the_o division_n and_o be_v clear_o pass_v the_o next_o rank_n to_o perform_v as_o much_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n where_o the_o passage_n be_v narrow_a passage_n and_o the_o division_n can_v come_v to_o charge_n in_o front_n as_o between_o two_o water_n or_o wood_n the_o manner_n of_o charge_v be_v different_a for_o there_o be_v five_o or_o ten_o file_n lead_v in_o the_o induction_n that_o file_n which_o flank_v the_o enemy_n discharge_v first_o only_o and_o the_o rest_n march_v continual_o forward_o it_o stand_v firm_a until_o the_o last_o rank_n be_v pass_v and_o then_o sleeve_v itself_o on_o the_o left_a flank_n and_o make_v ready_a and_o so_o the_o second_o file_n and_o the_o three_o so_o long_o as_o the_o enemy_n shall_v continue_v there_o be_v a_o continual_a discharge_n by_o file_n as_o before_o by_o rank_n ireland_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o the_o pase_n of_o ireland_n meet_v with_o a_o irregular_a enemy_n where_o they_o use_v to_o intermingle_v their_o file_n of_o shot_n with_o pike_n that_o the_o one_o may_v be_v a_o defence_n for_o the_o other_o when_o the_o enemy_n shall_v come_v up_o to_o the_o sword_n as_o they_o use_v there_o very_o often_o how_o direction_n be_v deliver_v in_o the_o war_n all_o direction_n in_o the_o war_n have_v ever_o be_v deliver_v either_o by_o sign_n subject_a to_o the_o eye_n by_o word_n of_o mouth_n or_o the_o sound_n of_o a_o drum_n or_o some_o such_o warlike_a instrument_n sign_n concern_v those_o visible_a sign_n display_v unto_o the_o soldier_n the_o fall_n of_o mist_n the_o raise_n of_o dust_n shower_n of_o rain_n &_o snow_n the_o beam_n of_o the_o sun_n hilly_a uneven_a and_o crooked_a passage_n by_o long_a experience_n have_v find_v they_o to_o be_v most_o doubtful_a and_o uncertain_a as_o also_o because_o as_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a difficulty_n to_o invent_v different_a sign_n upon_o all_o sudden_a occasion_n so_o it_o be_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n that_o the_o common_a soldier_n who_o oftentimes_o be_v find_v scarce_o capable_a of_o the_o understanding_n of_o plain_a word_n distinct_o pronounce_v shall_v both_o apprehend_v and_o understand_v sudden_o and_o execute_v direct_o the_o true_a sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o his_o commander_n sign_n the_o drum_n and_o trumpet_n be_v yet_o use_v trumpet_n but_o because_o many_o different_a sound_n be_v not_o easy_o distinguish_v in_o soldier_n understanding_n without_o some_o danger_n of_o confusion_n we_o only_o command_v by_o the_o inarticulate_a sound_n to_o arm_v to_o march_v to_o troup_n to_o