the viewing the subsequent Figure you shall the better understand the manner of performing this motion of Square Facing Face Square and March Proper Front Front accidentall Front accident all The Front of the Reere The Words of Command commonly used to produce this precedent Figure are these as followeth if they be 10 in depth and 20 in Ranke The first three Rankes stand The three last Rankes face about The rest of the Body face to the Right and Left then March all To reduce them to their first Order Face all about to the Right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader who then stands at his Front proper Another way of facing Square and Marching upon it The Front proper The Front of the left Flanke The Front of the right Flank The Front of the Reere The words of Command customarily used to produce this Figure are these as followeth Musquetiers face to the right and left Halfe-files of Pikes faces about to the right then March all To reduce them to their former order Face all about to the right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader In the next Chapter I shall shew the manner of Opening and Closing both of Files and Rankes and then some instructions of doubling them with their use and parts CHAP. LXXXI The manner of opening and closing both of Rankes and Files and how to double them with the use and parts thereunto belonging IN the opening and closing of Rankes and Files there are divers things considerable as first in the motion of Files you are to observe your Leader Secondly in your motion of Rankes you are to observe your right-hand 〈◊〉 Thirdly when Files open to the right the Left-hand-file must stand fast every 〈◊〉 taking 〈◊〉 distance from the File next his left hand Fourthly when they open to the Le then the right hand File stands every File taking his distance from the File next his Right hand Fiftly in closing of Files if it be to the right then contrary to the opening the Right-hand-file stands the rest closing to the right taking then Distance from their next right hand-file Sixthly if you close to the left then the Left-hand-file stands the rest of the Files closing to the left taking their distance in like manner Seventhly when Files close to the right and left then they close inwards taking their distance from the Files within them neerer to the middest of the body Eighthly note when Files are commanded to open to the right and left or by division it must be outward Likewise you must observe when Rankes open forwards then the last Ranke stands every Ranke taking his distance from the Ranke next behind him Secondly when they open backwards then the first Ranke is to stand and every Ranke is to take his distance from the Ranke next before him Thirdly if Rankes close to Front and Reare then the first and last Ranke stands the other taking their distances from them Fourthly if they close Rankes towards the Center or middest then they close towards their two middlemost rankes Lastly you are to observe that in opening of Files and Ranks you are in the acting of it either to face to the right or to the right about these things being considered and you hauing commanded them to even their Rankes and straighten their Files you are to use these words of Command following Rankes and Files to your close order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your Order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your open order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your double distance Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your open order Files close to the right Rankes close forwards to your order Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your close order Files open to the Left Rankes open backwards to your order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your open order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your double distance Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your open order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your close order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your open order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your double distance Files Rankes close to the right and left inward middest to your open order These motions being performed by the Souldiers fairly and with out mistakes you may proceed to exercise them in their doublings and shew them their use and parts as the following Chapter will direct CHAP. LXXXII How an Officer shall exercise his Company in doubling of their Rankes and Files with the use thereof and the severall parts and branches thereto belonging THe use of doublings were invented for the strengthening of any part of the Battell according to the discretion of the wise Commander and are distinguished into these two generalls viz. doublings of length and doublings of depth Doubling of Rankes doth make the number double so much as was before whereby the length of the Battell is extended to the double proportion of ground Doubling of Files or Flankes doth likewise double the number in depth as the former did in length and before wee proceed to particularize these doublings let us take notice of these observations following First that in this motion of doubling there is one part of the body stands firme and the other part moves viz. the standing part is to be doubled the part moving are those that double Secondly observe that the distance for particular and divisionall doublings is open Order in Ranke and File Thirdly observe that the ordinary doublings of Rankes and Files is or ought to be performed by three steps viz first stepping forth with that foote which is next unto the place named Fourthly in the reducement to your former station you must returne by the contrary hand Fifthly observe in doubling of Rankes and Files viz if you double Rankes either to the right or left hand if you double your Files to the contrary hand reduceth them into their former station or in doubling of Files to either hand doubling of your rankes to the contrary will reduce them Lastly observe the severall parts or branches of doublings which are Doublings of First Rankes Secondly Halfe-Files Thirdly Bringers up Fourthly The Reare Fifthly Files Sixthly Halfe-Rankes The first is doubling of Rankes which is performed when every Even-ranke is doubled into the Odde The second is when the halfe Files double their Rankes forwards into the Front The third is when the Bringers-up double their Rankes forwards into the Front The fourth is when the Front halfe Files doubleth the Reare these first foure being doublings of Rankes causeth the length of the Battell to be extended either simply in number
that take their places in the reducements the doubling of Halfe Rankes being thus reduced You are next to reduce the Halfe Files by commanding them to face about to the Left and to March forth into their places Note these kind of divisionall doublings requires open order in Ranke and File And for your Intire doublings there is onely the distance of order in Ranke and File required Halfe-files double your front to the left intire All doublings aer either Intire or divisionall Intire doublings are to bee understood when as Files or halfe-files Rankes or halfe-rankes according as the Command is given doe March forth jointly together without division or dissipation to double the part Commanded Divisionall doublings are such as formerly is shewed viz. when the Files or halfe-files Rankes or halfe-rankes are disranked and divided into more parts or places then one This doubling of halfe-files to the Left intire is thus to be performed first the halfe-files to the Reere face to the Left and March forwards untill they are quite cleare of that part of the body which stands then they face to their Leader and so March up untill they are become even in Ranke with those that stand upon the Right Flanke and then the forme is perfect the word of Command which produceth it is placed in the Margent For the Reducement the halfe-files that doubled having faced about they March straight forth untill they be cleare of the Front halfe-files then they face to the Left and March straight forth untill every man hath his right place and then they are to face right after their Leaders the words of Command and direction for this Reducement is Halfe-files face about to the Right March forth into your places This kind of doubling of halfe-files hath beene held a better doubling then eyther the ordinary doubling of Rankes or the usuall way of doubling by halfe-files or bringers up the reasons are these first it makes no disturbance to the other part of the Battalia but that it may eyther be executed in time of Motion Exercise or Skirmish Secondly it appeares another solid body to the great disheartning of an Enemy Thirdly it is very apt for over Fronting it being a doubling both of number and place Halfe-files double your front inward intire This Motion of doubling the Front inward intire hath beene of great request and is most commonly used by great Bodies as when a Regiment Division or Maniple Moveth forwards betweene two others thereby seconding or releeving them Whereby the Front of all the three Divisions become ranged in an even Line the words of Command direction that produceth this Motion is placed in the Margent The Motion of this doubling is thus to be performed The halfe-files of the Front faceth to the Right and Left and eyther Division Marcheth right forth untill they have left a distance betweene them sufficient to receive the halfe-files of the Reere and then they are to stand and face to their Leader Then the halfe-files March up and even their Front For the Reducement of this figure Let the halfe-files face to the Reere and March untill they are cleare of the Front Halfe-files then stand and face about to their Leader or Commander then the other halfe-files of the Front are to close their Division and they are reduced The Words of Command used for this reducement are Halfe-files face about and march Front halfe-files close your Divisions face all to your Leader Halfe-files double your front by Division This kinde of doubling as before is shewed is of singular good use because it may be performed in time of fight without disturbance to the other part of the Battell The way to performe this motion is as followeth first the halfe-files of the Reere are to face to the right and left and then to march right-forth untill they are cleare of the Reare part of the Front-division then they are to face to their Leader and march untill they become even in ranke with the Front and so stand which perfects this doubling The way to reduce them is as followeth viz. the halfe-files are to face about to the Reere and to march forth-right untill they are cleare of the Front halfe-files and then they are to face to the right and left inwards and so to march and close their Divisions then being faced to their Leader they are reduced The Words of Command for reducement are Halfe-files face about inwards March forth into your places Front halfe-files double your Reare by Division This doubling of the Reare by the Front halfe-files will worke the same effect to the Reare as the last doubling by division did to the Front It may be usefull in the passing of a River when the Enemy chargeth or pursueth in the Reare the Front-division eyther opening and suffering the Reare halfe-files to passe through them they maintaining the skirmish untill the other have attained the further Banke of the River Or else the Front halfe-files being opened to the right and left and faced upon the Enemy march valiantly up and receive the charge whil'st the other provide for themselves for the manner and way of this motion it may be thus performed After the Command is given the Front halfe-files are to face to the right and left and march right forth until they are cleere of the other halfe-files of the Reare then they face to the Reare and march on untill they have attained to be even in rank with them whom they had command to double which perfects the doubling The way to reduce them followeth if you keep your place of the first Front then let your half-files face about and march until they are cleare of the Reare halfe-files which stand then face to the right and left inwards and close their Division and being againe faced to their Leader they are reduced to their first forme The words of Command properly used for this reducement is Front halfe-files face about to the right and left inward March forth into your places Front halfe-files double your Reare to the right intire This doubling of the Reare to the Right intire by the Front halfe-Files is thus to be performed after the Word of Command is given the halfe Files of the Front are to face to the Left and march straight out untill they are cleare of that part of the Body which stands then they are to face againe to the Left which is the Reare and march out-right untill they ranke even with the last Ranke of the Reere-division which gives conclusion to the doubling For reducement thereof your Front halfe-Files face about to the left and march right forth untill they are cleare of the Reere halfe-Files then face them to the Right and let them march into their places then if the Commander goe to his first Front and face them all to him they are reduced as at first To double the Reare to the Left intire may bee done after the same manner
Now it remains to demonstrate the way and manner of Files ranking by Conversion in equall parts the word of Command is Files Rank â—our to the left To performe this motion the right-hand File-leader leadeth forth his File the three next men behind him move forwards to the left hand of each other untill they rank even a Brest with their File-leader The next four in like manner ranking to the left do make the second Rank they being but eight deep The File-leader of the second File placeth himselfe next after him that was the half-File-leader of the first which now is become the right-hand man of the second Rank the three next men behind him makes up his Rank and so in like manner for all the rest untill the motion be quite perfected This converts each File into two Ranks and brings all the proper File-leaders and half-File-leaders to make the outmost File to the right The Bringers up both of the Front and Rear half-Files maketh the outmost File to the left For the reducement of this motion of Files ranking four to the left is thus to bee performed first cause your Ranks to file or invert to the right which being done command every File-leader to lead up his File to the left and so every man will bee in his first station CHAP. LXXXV How an Officer is to exercise his souldiers in three manner of Countermarches which are to be performed two manner of wayes viz. one by File the other by Rank THe next thing to bee performed after you have exercised your men in the doubling of their Ranks and Files is to teach them how to countermarch Wherefore you may first begin with intire Countermarches by File The word of Command which produceth it followeth Files to the right-hand Countermarch As soon as the word of Command is given if they be to countermarch to the right then all the File-leaders are to step forwards with their right-legs and face about to the right-hand every File-leader with his File following him passing down towards to the Rear through the Intervall on his right hand still observing to keep even in Rank with his right-hand man and note That no man must turne untill hee come to the ground where at first his File-leader began the Countermarch This motion is performed when the Bringers up have attained unto the place where before their File-leaders stood Files to the left-hand Countermarch To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is done after the same manner only differing in hands For reducing them into their former stations If you countermarch to the right by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Files to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch is to be performed as followeth the File-leaders of each File are to step side-waies to the right-hand and therewithall to face about to the Rear and so march even in Rank down together between the Intervalls or spaces of ground between File and File no man advancing a foot forwards but turning off the ground they stand on after their Leaders when they are past by them still observing to keep their due distance and so Rank after Rank still turning off to the right untill the motion be performed Files to the left-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground hee stands To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is to be performed after the same manner only differing in hand For reducing them into their former stations If first they countermarcht to the right-hand by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Bringers up face about to the right the rest passe through to the Rear and place your selves before your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch doth lose the ground also whereon it formerly stood and takes the ground behind the Rear The manner of the motion is as followeth viz. the last Rank of Bringers up face to the Rear and stand the rest of the Body facing about in like manner and passing through or between their bringers up and placing themselves even in Rank before them The Motion is begun by the Rank next the Bringers up and so continued successively by the rest untill the Countermarch be ended It is to be reduc'd by performing the same motion to the contrary hand or the next subsequent motion following will reduce this into its former station Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch by which the former may be reduc'd is thus to be performed The last Rank or Bringers up are to stand firm and the rest of the Body are to face to the Rear and passe through to the right place themselves behind their Bringers up contrary to the Countermarch last shown in which they plac'd themselves before The motion is also begun by the second Rank from the Rear the rest following successively until the File-leaders are become the Bringers up then face them about after their proper File-leaders and they are reduc'd File-Leaders face about to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Leaders The motion of this Macedonian Countermarch is from the Rear to the Front quite contrary to the Lacedaemonian whose motion was from the Front to the Rear This Macedonian Countermarch makes semblance in the Rear of flight but presently produceth a setled Front when perhaps the enemy with a too early pursuit hath broken the order of array The way to perform this Countermarch is as followeth The File-leaders or first Rank face about to the right the rest of the body passe through between the Intervals or distance betwixt Files to the left and place themselves behind their Leaders every Rank beginning with that next the File-leaders passing through successively and taking their places untill the Countermarch be fully executed This may be reduc'd as the former were by doing the same to the contrary hand or as formerly is said by any intire Countermarch of File or it may bee reduc'd by another Macedonian Countermarch which in the next place shall be described File-Leaders face to the Rear the rest of the Body passe through to the left following your Bringers up placing your selves behind your Leaders By this Macedonian Countermarch the precedent Countermarch may be reduc'd to its former station and it is thus performed The first Rank or File-leaders face to the Rear then the last Rank begin the Countermarch passing forwards between the Intervalls the seventh Rank following the eighth the sixth following the seventh and so likewise the rest untill the whole body bee trans-ferred into the ground before the Front and then joyntly together facing to the right about after their Leaders the Countermarch is ended For reducement take this for a Rule that any intire Countermarch of File
and that some men have formerly to good purpose intreated of the Postures both of Pike and Musquet yet in regard my intent is to write a generall discourse of every part of the body of Warre I thinke it convenient in as short and briefe tearmes as the subject will require to demonstrate the parts requisite to bee understood in the exercising of Companies shewing the grounds and reasons of every Posture and motion that is materiall either to offend or defend the reasons why they were invented and what advantage is in them for although a Souldier should know how to order and demeane himselfe exquisitly in this Art of drilling yet if he doth not conceive the reasons to what purpose they were invented and the severall advantages they afford against the Enemy in time of necessity hee will be to seeke whereby the whole grounds of Souldiarisme may miscarry and the ends they were invented for lose their effect and let no man expect that I should invent any new anticke Postures there being more already in use then are profitable But I could wish a Souldier should only make use of such circumstances as are really most fit and apt for imployment of Waâ—res and of quickest dispatch in execution Farre be it from me to discommend a comely manlike gesture and a correspondency in the agitation of the limmes when a Souldier handles his Armes yet upon the point of service all superfluous Postures are lopt off and reduced only to these three actions Making ready Presenting and giving fire For should a Commander nominate all the Postures in the time of service hee would have no breath to oppose his Enemy neither could use any circumspection how to incounter with him wherefore I would rather wish all Commanders to affect the plaine and readiest way in exercising which may best sute with the actions and capacities of plaine Souldiers which will prove more substantiall and essentiall and those thus educated are men likeliest to sustaine the brunt of an Enemies fury and stand to their tackling when others with their Circumstantiall complements and superfluous slender devices may take a retraite for a charge Wherefore in the first place let us observe that in composing of multitudes into an orderly way of exercising they must bee reduced into Rankes and Files A File is a certaine number of Souldiers standing in a direct lyne one behinde another face to backe which number must not exceed ten in depth A Ranke is a number of Souldiers standing in an eeven lyne side-wayes shoulder to shoulder and this is not limited to any certaine proportion of number but encreaseth or decreaseth accidentally according to the greatnesse or smallnesse of the number A Company being thus ordered into Ranke and File the next thing considerable is the distance or orderly space betweene File and File Ranke and Ranke There are foure orders or distances observable betweene File and File or Ranke and Ranke being these under mamed Close order Order Open order Double distance which is both in Ranke and File one foote and a halfe three foote sixe foote twelve foote There is further to bee considered in distance three especiall circumstance viz. Distance For March For Motion For Skirmish The distance for March is to be three foote betweene File and file and sixe foote betweene ranke and ranke The distance for Skirmish and for wheeling is three foote in ranke and file onely in receiving a charge from the Horse it is convenient the Files of Pike-men should be at close Order CHAP. LXXIV How a Captaine shall cause his Officers to order and ranke his Companie sit to march into the Field THE Drums having called the Souldiers together to their Colours the Ensigne standing forth with them then the Lievtenant and Serjeants shall command the Pikes and Musquettiers to ranke them selves 4. 5. or 6. abreast as the Captaine shall be pleased to command observing the Files to be at order and the Rankes at open order If the Commander will observe the French manner of Marching then you must divide the Musquets the first Division is to March in the Van next after the Captaine the Pikes are to make the Battell and to March after the Ensigne in two Divisions the second Division being led by the eldest Serjeant the Musquetiers of the left Flanke called the second division of Musquets makes the Reare-gaurd which is to bee led commonly by the second Serjant the Drumme is to bee placed in the third Ranke of Musquetieres the second Drumme betweene the third and fourth Ranke of the second Division of Pikes The third Serjeant is to march in the left Flanke of the Musquets in the Reare the fourth Serjeant is to be on the right Flanke of the Musquetiers and the Lieutenant in the Reare as by the sequent Figure you may perceive two hundred men in order to March into the Field the Captaine leading his Companie with a Souldier-like gesture the rest of the Officers following in their due places in a faire equipage And being arrived at the place of exercise you are to draw your Companie into Battalia after this manner First you are to command your Front division to stand then the Ensigne is to draw up his division of Pikes upon the left Flanke of the first division of Musqueteires with his Colours flying and the Pikes to continue shouldered so long as the drum beates a March but if it beates a Troope then they are to advance and close their Rankes forward to their order and then the Ensigne is to Troope them up with his Colours firled The eldest Serjeant is to leade up the second division of Pikes The second Serjeant is to lead up the second or Reare divisions oâ— Musquetiers each division still marching up to the left of that division next before it the manner you may plainly see in the Figure upon the right side of this Page where the first division is marked in the Reare with the Figure 6. the first division of Pikes with the Figure 7. the second division of Pikes with the Figure 8. the second division of Musquettiers hath in the reare the Figure 9. In the next Page you shall finde a Figure in forme of a square as they stand in a Battalia Front C s s s s s S 4 s s s s s s s s s D. 1. s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s E p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p S. 1. p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p D 2 p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p S 2 s s s s s
to one of the flankes which being done you must Command them againe to wheele Front and Reere into both flankes then facing them to their first Front and closing their division they are reduced or you may wheele both flankes into the Front and Reere and then face them to their Leader and close their division Thus having shewed the wayes and properties of wheelings in their severall kindes wishing every Commander at least to make use of the Intire wheelings and to make their Souldiers perfect in them so that they may wheele to the Right to the Left and to the Reere and as for the rest you may use your pleasure if time will not permit you to exercise your Souldiers in them The next thing that a Commander is to teach his Souldiers is the severall wayes of giving fire and the fitting and preparing them for Skirmish which in the next Chapter shall be discours'd of CHAP. LXXXVII How a Commauder shall prepare his Souldiers for Skirmish with the maner and use of firing by forlorne Files in the Front WHen a Commander hath exercised his Company in their Postures Doublings Counter-marches and Wheelings the next thing requisite to be taught the Souldiers is how they should skirmish with the maner and use of firing wherefore your Company being first drawne in Battallia every man observing his order both in ranke and file The Officers in their due places viz the Captaine and Ensigne in the Front of Pikes the Lieutenant in the Reere the Serjants on the flankes the Drummes on the Front and reere Angle of the Pikes Every man thus standing in his right equipage the Captaine shall command the Drums to beate a march the colours flying at the head of the pikes the pikes and Musquets shouldred marching at their distance of order in file and at their open order in ranke the Commander is to give a signe to the Drume to beare a preparative at which time the Ensigne is to furle-up his colours and to retire into the midst of the Pikes every man is to advance his Pike and to close all their Rankes forwards to their order the Musquetiers art to make ready every one preparing himselfe for skirmish But before we proceede any further it will be very convenient to shew the maner and use of firings that the Souldiers may be the better able to performe them when they come to the proofe and tryall wherefore observe that all firings are either direct or oblique The maner of firings are sometimes advancing against an Enemie sometimes receiving the Enemies charge upon a stand or else retiring for we may be constrained to give fire in the Reere marching from the Enemie or in flanke marching by an Enemie or it may fall out that the Enemy may charge in severall places at once as in Front and Flanke or in Front Reere and Flanke these particulars shall be more fully discust in the following discourses And first to begin with the firings in Front both advancing and standing I will follow Master Barrifes directions who hath excellently well described them both by discourse and figure Wherefore first take notice of giving fire by forlorne files which most commonly is used two maner of wayes in the exercising of companies The first is for the two outermost files of each flanke of shot to march forth being led on by the two yongest Serjants a convenient distance beyond the Front of the battell who being there arived ought to make there stand the foremost Rankes are to give fire wheeling off both to the right or to the right and left if it be commanded and to place themselves in the Reere of their owne Files the rest of the Rankes firing and doing of the like untill they have fired once or twice over according as they shall be directed this being performed the next two out most files of each flanke are to march forwards unto the place assigned and are there to doe the like Those files which formerly faced are in the meane time to troope backe and place themselves next the flankes of the Pikes upon the inside of the division of Musquetiers The rest of the shot after the former manner are to march up and give fire placing themselves as before is shewed when they have fired all over and placed themselves according to these directions they are reduced into their first stations The second way of firing by forlorne Files is thus to be performed The outmost files of each Flanke are led forth by the Serjeants unto the place assigned and then they command their Files to ranke inwards and to present and give fire all at one instant as by the subsequent figure you may perceive Serjeant Serjeant Captaine Ensigne Serjeant Serjeant Lievetenant The first two files having ranked inwards and joyned together making one brest as you may perceive at the figure 4. and having presented and given fire they are to wheele off to the right and left each man following his Leader in single file and performing their postures of priming and charging c. as they troope downe to place themselves on the inside of their division of shot alongst by the Flankes of the Pikes The next outmost File which followed the first in the Reere in the meane time are to ranke themselves inwards and are to give fire and wheele off as the former did placing themselves alongst by the Flankes of the Pikes after the same manner all the rest of the Files are to performe their indeavours Note the odde Files may eyther march up and give fire single or else the next outermost File may sequent them CHAP. LXXXVIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers to give fire by two Rankes advancing them ten or twenty paces before the Front of the Battalia then even with the Front and lastly even with the halfe-Files THis manner of advancing two Rankes a certaine distance before the Front of the Battell is commonly used when two Battells make their approaches one against the other whereby they are brought within distance to doe certaine execution a Serjeant from each Flanke is to leade these two formost rankes up to the place assigned The first Ranke of each wing of shot is to present and to give fire wheeling off eyther to the right or to the right and left the second Ranke stands ready with their Musquets rested their Match-cocked and pans guarded mounting the muzells of their Peeces cleere of their Leaders and standing the distance of three foote behind the first Ranke are ready to Levell and give fire so soone as their Leaders are wheeled off from before them The first Rankes having presented and given fire as aforesayd in their wheeling off they are to march downe in single File close by the outside of the wings of shot untill they come to the Reere of their owne divisions where every man is to place himselfe in the Reere of his owne file The second Ranke having discharged are after the same manner
their horses so that to everytroope of 120. there is 132. men allowed CHAP. CX How a single Troope of horse ought to be drawne into Ranke and File NOw it remaynes wee should make entrance into the discourse of Exercising a single Troope Therefore supposing our Troope to consist of one hundred and twenty horse wee must first order them into Rankes and Files Rankes are a number uncertaine and hapens according to the quantitie of souldiers be they more or lesse A File is a number certaine consisting of sixe persons viz a Leader two Middle men a Bringer up a Follower betweene the Leader and the Middleman to the Reare and a Follower betweene the Middleman to the Front and the Bringer up which is the last man in the File called the Reare A File differs from a Ranke because they stand face to backe and never above sixe deepe A Ranke differs from a File in regard they stand even a breast shoulder to shoulder and have no certaine extent The order of a File you shall see in this discription following 0 Leader 1 Follower 0 Middleman to the Reare 0 Middleman to the Front 1 Follower 0 Bringer up The description of a Ranke you shall understand by this demonstation following where you shall suppose twenty in Ranke and sixe deepe in File Sixe in File Reare CHAP. CXI What Orders and distances a horse Troope should observe in exercise NOw let us take notice what Orders or Distances these Files and Rankes are to observe in exercising where note that in horse Troopes there are but two sorts of distances or orders either in Ranke or File viz. close order and open order Close Order in Files is knee to knee Open Order in Files is sixe foote which is accounted a horses length Likewise close Order in Rankes is to the Horses crooper so that little or no distance remaines betweene the head of the Follower and the crooper of the Leader Likewise open order in Rankes is sixe foote above which they must never open CAAP. CXII The motions which the Cavalrie are to observe in their exercise THe Motions of the Cavallrie are of foure kindes as namely first Facings secondly Doublings thirdly Counter-Marches fourthly Wheelings The use of Facing is to make the company perfect to be suddenly prepared for a charge on either of the Flankes or the Reare Doubling of Rankes or doubling by halfe Files or Bringers up is used upon occasion of strengthening the Front Doubling of Files or Doubling by halfe Rankes serveth to strengthen the Flankes Counter-Marches serve either to reduce the File-leaders into the place of the Bringers up and so to have the best men ready to receive the charge of an Enemy in the Reare or to bring one Flanke into the place of the other or Front and Reere or either Flanke into the middle of the body The use of Wheeling is to bring the Front which is all wayes supposed to consist of the ablest men to be ready to receive the charge of the Enemy on either Flanke or Reere CHAP. CXIII The Manner how a Commander over 120. Horse besides Officers should Troope with them into the Field to be exercised NOw wee are to suppose this Troope of 120. horsemen are to be ordered in Ranke and File fit to draw into the Field for exercise where note they are five in Ranke and sixe deepe in File and every Officer marching in his due place as appeares by this subsequent demonstration Captaine Trumpet Cornet Eld. Corporall Second Corporall Yongest Corporall Livetenant Trumpet CHAP. CXIV How a Commander should draw this Troope of Horse into a body in manner of Battalia standing at their open Order or Distance of sixe foote YOur Troope of horse being drawne into the Field before you can exercise them you must draw up the dimissions into an even body in manner of Battallia viz. the first devision led by the Captaine being come to a convenient place of Exercise is to stand firme Then the Cornet is to leade up the second Division upon the left side of the former fronting even and keeping even destances both in Ranke and File Thirdly the Eldest Corporall is to leade up his Devision upon the left side of the Cornets fronting them even with the former Lastly the second Corporall brings up his last Division upon the left hand of the eldest corporall observing their due orders and proportions both in Rankes and Files And being thus drawne in Battallia there shall be consequently be in the Front the Captaine whose place is to stand upon the right hand before the Front of the first Division The eldest Trumpet and Cornet before the Front of the second Devisions The eldest Corporall before the Front of the third Division The second Corporall before the Front of the fourth Division And in the Reare the Lievetenant the youngest Corporall and youngest Trumpet Trumpet Second Corporall Eldest Corporall Cornet Captaine Front Reare Livetenant Trumpet Corporall CHAP. CXV How Souldiers are to be made to understand their Commanders intention in time of skirmish BEfore wee can proceede to the Exercising of this Troope of Horse wee must take notice how and by what meanes the souldiers should understand their Commanders 〈◊〉 that accordingly they may immediatly act and put in execution such things as are commanded And this is to be performed by the Commander three severall wayes First by the immediate command of the Captaine either so that every souldier heares the word of Command distinctly himselfe or by Tradition from inferiour Officers whose office is to eccho such commands throughout the Troope and this is termed vocall Secondly when the Captaine commands the Trumpet to sound such points of warre as are generally knowne to every particular souldier this is termed Semivocall The first point of warre the Trumpet sounds is Butte Sella this is the warning to clappe on the Saddles The second is Mountè Cavallo that is the warning for the souldiers to mount upon horse backe The third is Tucquet that is the warning for a March. The fourth is Carga Carga that is a command for to charge the Enemy The fift is Alâ— Standâ—rdo that is a command for to retreate to the Colours The sixt and last is Auquet that is a command for the souldiers to repaire to their Watch or Guards or for the discharging of the Watch or Guards In the third place when the Commander shall make such perfect signes pregnant to the sight as by charging with his Trunâ—ion or Pistoll or by holding up the colours whereby the souldiers take notice by the first to charge on and by the second to make a stand and this is termed Mute wherefore you may perceive it is a thing of great consequence to accustome your souldiers to these things without which a world of inconveniences and confusion must of necessitie betide you in times of skirmishing Further in regard the exercising a Troope of Horse is tedious and painefull for a
Souldier should grouÌ„d his worth on The obedient behaviour of the Turkes in their warres Sixe speciall vertues required in a Souldier An Illustration of Authoritie by the draughts of Pictures How Souldiers must be obedient to thâ—r Officers bee they of never so low a degree Plato in lib. 1. de Legib There may bee use made of the Treason but the Traytor shall nere be trusted The duty of a Governour of a Garrison The office of the Maior of a Fort. A Corporall is to order his Watch by the burning of a peece of Match so many inches for an houre The Maior by the Governours commandement is to see every Captaine exercise his company twice aweeke at least in the Summer time and the Squadrons upon the guard in the Wintâ—â— every night In every Bulworke ought to be a Corps 〈◊〉 Guard and over each Port for the Souldiers to guard by night in The Mayor must see his store-house be fild with Ammunition and Victuals fit to entertaine a long Siege Note it is not above one or two Companies of a Regiment that guards in the out-workes at one time Vnlesse some trees or bankes may safegard them Hist. Italy Comines lib. 1. Pag. 22. Daniel 2. 28. Comines Deut. 4. 2. Ioshua 1. 7. and 7. 13. Pro. 30. 6. Revel 22. 18. Numb 16. 3. The bound him and cut off his eye-lids and set him in a hollow tree upright filled full of sharpe nayles there continuing in horrible paine till hee dyed Numb 10. 12. Lactantius Virgil. Tertul. Rom. 13. 1 2. Proverb 19. 12 Titvs 3. 1. Astra regunt homines Sed regit astra Deus Joâ—â—â—ille cap. 16. Licurgus his witty answer De Bello Gallico lib. 6. 1623. Tacitus Strab. lib. 3. of the Venet. Tacit. lib. 4. cap. 5. Aristot. lib. 4. de anim cap. 6. The wonderfull loyaltie and valour of Proâ—esâ—lâ—us Heylin Heylin Knollâ—s Xiphilinus Two things requireable in a valiant Souldier to make him fit to undergoe the greatest misery warre can reduce him unto The definition of griefe and sadnesse Three kindes of sadnesse which blemish the valour of a Souldier Philip de Comines Treasury of time Strabo lib. 7. Pezelin Slâ—id Heylin Vpon some occasions Souldiers ought not to misconster the forbearing to joyne Battell and take it as cowardise A second reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a Coward The third reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a coward The first observation of an Army indued with valour Second observation Third observation The fourth simptome of valour in an Army The fift simptome of valour in an Army The sixth Simptome The seventh Simptome The eight Simptome How valour may bee begotten and bred Ioshua 1. vers 6. 7. A safe argument to prove the lawfulnesse of duells Numb 5. 26 27. The Combat is denied to a Christian in action sufferance and right Miracles only pertaine to the power of God Murther may happen by Combats The act of Combat killeth charity Naturall equity is for the conservation of mankind and combat is for his destruction The two maine precepts of naturall equity are broken by the act of Combat King Iames his observation upon Comb. Pag. 2. Pag. 3. Ibidem Pag. 4. Pag. 6. Pag. 8. Pag. 9. Pag. 4â— The distinguishing of abuses from whence quarrels arise Pag. 45. The party offending is to be immediately committed The Lye ranckt with the highest Verball wrongs Pag. 50. pag. 52 pag. 53. pag. 54. pag. 56. pag. 57. Ibidem pag. 67. pag. 8â— pag. 86. pag. 87. 〈…〉 pag. 88. pag. 90. pag. 93. pag. 97. pag. 98. pag. 100. Pag. 17 Pag. 113. Pag. 114. What orders the Governour gives him in charge â—he is to let his Captaine understand of it If the Guard bee at a Port then the Serjant is to guard with his Holbert all the day with the Squadron and many times all night in times of danger Ensigne Epps at the Battell of Flanders c. If it bee in the darke or night season Note the Captaine is not to release any prisoner that is committed by any of higher authority without their consent Quem 〈◊〉 oderunt quenquisque odit perisse experit Many times the Captaines themselves are sent for to take the Word themselves and the Orders if they be of importance The Serjeant-Major is to draw the Billeâ—s from the Major Generall and the inferiour Officers to takâ— them from him He is to have a Catalogue of the just number of the Army together with the true sortment and division of every weapon and in his memory he must have the formes of all kind of Battells Some have held that the Earle Marshall iâ— chiefest in the Generalls absence and ought to have the principall command of the Armie In the Discourse of the marching of an Army you shall more fully reade how to dislodge a Campe by night The especiall Officers named for the private councell of Warre The three usuall words of command in time of Service Note the Musquetiers of the right Flanke are to make the Van. Note that betweene each division in march there ought to be 12 foote distance viz. 6 foote before the Officeâ— and 6 foote behind Note in march the Files must be at order and the Rankes at open order Note in all the Postures of a Musquet the hand and foot must move at one instant for the better grace of the posture Note the Musquet is rested when this Posture is to be performed The Musquet being shouldred it is to bee poised as I have shewed you in the first Posture here mentioned at Resting your Musquet Note after the Musquet is setled on the shoulder the Rest must hang almost perpendicular towards the ground Note here they begin to make ready which they may doe eyther standing or marching This Posture is as usually done when the Musquet and Rest is joyned together Note you ought to take the Peece in such an even ballance that the butt-end rests not against the ground Note the Souldiers must be placed in their distance for Motion sixe foote both in Ranke and File When your Souldiers begin any motion let them advance their Armes when they come to a stand and have performed their motion let them order their Armes As for the causing your Souldiers to face to the right and left or to the right and left inward or to the right angle or left angle or to the foure Angles I leave it to the discretion of the Commander either to doe it or leave it and the like for the facing of halfe files It is nccessary for Souldiers to move 10. or 12. paces upon every motion of facing whether entire or Divisionall Of the several distances you shall reade before The manner of doubling of Files described The manner of doubling of Rankes by the Bringers-up described The manner of doubling of Files outward and inward described Of doubling Files to the right and left inwards The manner of doubling of Rankes by
generally discours'd of 150 Chap 56. The duties both of Officers and Souldiers in Garrison 155 Chap. 57. The duties of Officers and Souldiers in the Campe. 157 Chap. 58. Of the due obedience both Subjects Officers and Souldiers should heare to their Prince or Generall with a demonstration how Mutinies and Treasons have beene rewarded with infinite miseries 158 SECT VIII The true Valour of Subjects and Souldiers in Fort and Field Chap. 59. The true nature of Valour described and how men ought to be qualified with it 172 SECT IX A discourse upon vnjust Valour in Duels Chap. 60. Of the opinions of divers Learned men concerning Duels with the chiefest circumstances that can be alledged for the Lawfulnes of them and so confuted both by divine and humane reasons 183 Sâ—CT X. The Office and dutie of every particular Officer in an Armie Chap. 61. The dutie and Office of a Drumme to a pryvate companie and of the Drumme-Major of the Regiment Chap. 62. The Office of a Corporall and his Lantsprezado 195 Chap. 63. The Office of a Serjeant to a private Companie 196 Chap. 64. The Office of an Ensigne to a private Companie 197 Chap. 65. The Office of a Lievetenant to a private Companie 199 Chap. 66. The Office of a Captaine of a private Compatie 200 Chap. 67. The Office of a Serjeant-Major of a Regement 203 Chap. 68. The Office of a Lievetenant-Colonell of a Regiment 204 Chap. 69. The Office and dutie of a Colonell over a Regiment ibid. Chap. 70. The Office of a Serjeant-Major-generall of an Armie 206 Chap. 71. Tho Office of the Lord Marshall in the wars and of his high Iurisdiction and command in the Army 207 Chap. 72. Of the Councell of warre and of their office and dutie in the time of warre 209 SECT XI The Art of Drilling or excercising a Foote-Companie Chap. 73. The manner how every Officer should Drill and exercise their Companies of Foote in all their Postures and Motions with the severall wayes of giving fire 211 Chap. 74. How a Captaine shall cause his Officers to order and ranke his Companie fit to march into the field 212 Chap. 75. How the Officers are to draw both Pikes and Musquets one file sequenting another into a Ring for the better and speedier exercising them in their Postures 214 Chap. 76. How an Officer is to Demeane himselfe in the Exercising of the Musquetiers 215 Chap. 77. How an Officer is to Demeane himselfe in the Exercising of the Pikes 222 Chap. 78. How the Comandâ—rs shal draw their Files both of Musquetiers Pikes joyne them in one body fit to be exercised in grosse 225 Chap. 79. How a Comander shall exercise his Companie in grosse in their porper motions 226 Chap. 80. Of Facing square and how to performe it The usefulnes of Facing and the severall parts thereof 227 Chap. 81. The manner of opening and closing both of Rankes and Files 230 Chap. 82. How an Officer shall exercise his Company in Doubling of their Rankes Files 231 Chap. 83. Directions how to performe those seveverall kindes of doublings and how to reduce them againe 234 Chap. 84. Of Inversion and Conversion with their words of Command whereby those motions are produced 243 Chap. 85. How an Officer is to exercise his Souldiers in three manner of Counter-marches c. 247 Chap. 86. How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in the motions of Wheeling 254 Chap. 87. How a Commander shall prepare his Souldiers for skirmish with the manner and use of firing by Forlorne Files in the Front 259 Chap. 88. How a Commander sball exercise his Souldiers to give fire by two Rankes c. 260 Chap. 89. How a Commander shall exercise his Wings of Musquetiers to give fire c. 261 Chap. 90. How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving Fire to the Reere 267 Chap. 91. How a Commander shall exercise his Company in giving fire in the Flankes 268 Chap. 92. How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in Divisionall Firings 272 Chap. 93. How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire to the Reere and right Flanke Marching c. 273 Chap. 94. How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in a Triple way of giving Fire to the Front 274 Chap. 95. How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving Fire three wayes at once viz. to the Front Reere and Right-Flanke 275 SECT XII The Drilling or exercising Horse-Troopes Chap. 96. Of the preheminencie and dignitie of Officers for avoyding of disputes with a short Declaration of the high office of the Generall of the Horse 277 Chap 97 The Office of the Lieutenant-Generall of the Cavalrie 278 Chap. 98. Of the Serjeant-Major-Generall of the Cavalrie 279 Chap. 99. Of the Quarter-Master-Generall of the Cavalrie 280 Chap. 100. The office of the Captaine of the Cavalrie Ibid. Chap. 101. The Office of the Lieutenant of the Cavalrie 281 Chap. 102. Of the Cornet belonging to the Cavalrie 282 Chap. 103. Of the ordering and riding of Horses to make them fit for service 283 Chap. 104. Further instructions concerning the ordering and riding of a Horse for service with the use of the Ring 285 Chap. 105. How to manage a Horse for service foure kindes of wayes 289 Chap. 106. How to make a Horse endure Pike Sword Gun-shot Drumme and the like 291 Chap. 107. How the Horse-Troopes ought to bee divided and distinguished by their severall Armes 292 Chap. 108. How the Harquebuziers and the Carabines ought to demeane themselves 293 Chap. 109. How the Dragonnes ought to Arme and demeane themselves 294 Chap. 110. How a single Troope of Horse ought to bee drawne into Ranke and File Ibid. Chap. 111. What orders and distances a Horse-Troope should observe in exercise 295 Chap. 112. The motions which the Cavalrie are to observe in their exercise Ibid. Chap. 113. The manner how a Commander over 120 Horse besides Officers sbould troope with them into the Field to be exercised 296 Chap. 114. How a Commander should draw this Troope of Horse into a Body in manner of a Batalia 297 Chap. 115. How Souldiers are to be made to understand their Commanders intentions in the time of Skirmish 298 Chap. 116. The description of the Postures for the Cavalrie 299 Chap. 117. Of the Exercising of the Harquebuz and Carabine with the Postures to them belonging c. 301 Chap. 118. Of the excellent service which may bee performed by the Dragoones here in England 302 Chap. 119. The order of exercising a Horse-troope in their motions being drawne in Batalia 304 Chap. 120. The fashion of Horse-Battels discoursed of and first of the Rhombe 309 Chap. 121. The manner and forme how the second kind of Rhombe is ordered in Batalia 310 Chap. 122. The manner and forme of imbattelling the third kind of Rhombe 311 Chap. 123. The manner of Imbattelling the fourth kind of Rhombe 312 Chap. 124. The manner of Framing the Battell called the Wedge or halfe Rhombe 313
and surprized the Fortes view the Figure CHAP. XVI Another Irregular Figure fortified IN the next Figure following you may perceive fortified being surrounded with water only one open space betwixt A and B. which must bee very strongly Fortified because it is the likeliest place for the enemy to make his approaches For prevention whereof the two halfe Bulworkes C. and D. are raised with two Flanckes towards one side to the end it should bee double defended viz from the Flancks A. and B. Likewise upon each side by the Sea there be simple Bulworkes for to lodge the Cannons there for the defence of the Port the which is to bee shut with a Chaine-bridge or Draw-bridge Next you may behold a Worke called a Horne-worke which is framed of two halfe Bulworkes E. F. the which Horne-worke is defended from the bulworkes C. and D. and in the middest thereof is a halfe Moone which serves for a retreate and defence of the Port H These out-workes are excellent good to cause the enemy to lose a great deale of time in winning them and when they bee gained they shall immediately bee constrained to forsake them for they lying open to the inward Workes will soone force them out with the shot that shall be made from the Bulworkes C. D. Lastly these halfe Moones are of excellent use to hinder the enemy from mining under the Bulworks as the Hollanders and others have found by experience The Figure followes in the next page Viewing the same and examining the particulars of it with your Compasses and comparing it with this demonstrative discourse will make you familiar and better able to understand it CHAP. XVII A third Irregular Figure fortified THis third Figure is fortified with five Bulworks insomuch that it may be called Pentagon irregular wherein we must consider the diversity of sides some being long the rest short and raising Bulworks upon these points which falles accidentally irregular some being too short the rest too long as you may perceive by the side NO to be more by the Scale than 180. paces which ought to be the ordinary distance betweene Bulworks or 200. for the longest Likewise you perceive QQ is lesse than 180. and 160. shorter than the rest here you may observe these faults which a Regular Fort hath not every Bulworke being of an even distance eyther of 180. or 200. paces at the most or 180. and 160. at the least is the true distance to raise your Bulworks in an equality of distance that which you see in the figure to be advanced beyond the shoulder and likewise above the Curtaine as you may see from N to R and from O to S and from P to T and from Q to V and so of the rest not taking the like distance for the other flancke as you see by PX and QY the ordering of these differences ought to lye in the judgement of the judicious Enginiere Let us observe the Bulworke N which ought to be sharpe pointed because it is upon an Angle very sharpe long and crooked and out of distance to be flancked as you may see by N. To prevent the advantage an enemy might take if the point should be made out its full length according as the ground would require it is thought the safest way to cut off the said point M and to fashion it with a double point so as it may defend it selfe and strengthen the Bulworke the better and a great deale lesse paines and travell in raising of it for indeed the very point of the Bulworke must have beene raised a great way in the water as you may observe by the prickes Take notice likewise of the two halfe Moones before each port which have their defences from the two Bulworks on each side of them and as I have sayd before they serve for a retreat to those that guard without and likewise defend the Ports from suddaine surprises Further observe that the Flanckes are but 20. paces because of the small distance for indeed their needs no such large flanckes for if they were bigger then the Bulworke should extend it selfe further into the River which would be a mighty charge and unprofitable as you may perceive by the Bulworke q the pricked lines that are marked in the water Lastly observe for a generall Rule that in all workes of this nature if the line totall of any side be 170. paces or thereabouts that then the Curtaine flanckes is made about 200. paces if shorter then the Curtaine shorter proportionably alwayes provided that the flanckes looking each upon other upon each Curtaine be neare of of equall length for the shoulders it maketh not much if they differ in the line so they be of a sufficient thicknesse View the subsequent Figure CHAP. XVIII A fourth Irregular Figure fortified IN this fourth Figure you may perceive two severall Fortifications the Angles being accordingly divided by the waters branching out the one being marked with A the other with B you may suppose it to be an Arme of the Sea branching it selfe into three Rivers in the forme of a Triangle and is fortified onely upon the sides towards the Land D for on the waters side they are sufficiently fortified with the wall made defensive with platformes E. Likewise you may observe the forked Bulworkes FF This trianguler worke is of no strength to be used upon Plaines as before I have shewed but onely where great waters are wherein consisteth their chiefest strength And they were invented to keepe and secure the mouth of Havens where the Governour of the â—ort is to command the Ships that ride by from the Rampart G and cause them to pay Toule the Water-Port is to be below the Rampart G. The Figure followes in the next page being the 52 CHAP. XIX A fifth Irregular Figure fortified YOu may suppose the one side of this Figure marked with H to be some Rocke or Moorish ground unaccessible the other side at the letter L is firme land wherefore it behoveth that the side L should be very well fortified according to the rules of a Regular figure that the Enemy may finde it very difficult to gaine the place upon the other side the Walles are to be made very high for feare of surprizall without any workes of great consequence will suffice There ought to be also upon the Moorie or Rockie side H a good Ditch yea though the Rocke be so high that no water can come into the Ditch and if it should likewise happen that the other ditch L on the Land-side should be dry and without water yet there is a little Wall that runnes along the Ditch at BB which is very profitable to defend the said ditch as you may perceive by those souldiers there defending for they cannot be annoyed by the Enemie because they are below and under the shot of the Canon Note this kinde of Fortification is to be used but upon necessitie for no Fort whatsoever can be accounted strong unlesse the
may discharge his Musquet to put the Guards in a readinesse to make their resistance The Corporall is to be a Musquetier and is to have the chiefest place in his Squadron according to his eldership CHAP. LXIII The Office of a Serjeant to a private Companie and his duty both in Garrison and in the Field declared A Serjant of a private Company ought to be a man of good experience and sufficiently instructed in all Marshall exercises and if it were possible he should not be inferour in knowledge and skill to his superiour Officers hee ought to have a quicke spirit and active body able both suddainly to conceive and painfully to execute his superiour Officers orders and commands it importeth much that hee bee a skilfull valiant Souldier in regard hee is put upon weighty and dangerous services hee ought to be very ready and skillfull in ordering and rancking the Company and in knowledge of exercising the same hee ought to take all occasions in time of peace to call forth such squadrons as have the guard and duly to exercise them there also to shew every particular Souldier their severall postures and so fit them in readinesse for the chiefe Officers to exercise in grosse hee ought to be learned both in writing and in Arethmaticke he is to have alwayes a Squadran-rowle about him wherein hee should distinguish every man by the armes he beares his duty is when the drumme beates for the watch setting to repare with his Holberd to his Colours where he ought to call over particularly every Souldier of that Squadron and view the fixenesse of their armes and what match Bullets and powder every man hath he is to rancke the Squadron and if no superiour Officer bee there he is to troope away with them to the guard with his Holbert advan'd Hee is to attend the comming of the Major of a Garrison or the Serjant Major of his regiment if they bee intrencht in the field for the watchword and to receive such orders from him as hee hath received from the Serjant Major generall of the Army or from the Governour of a Garrison he is to give the word to his Captaine first if he bee in place and then to each superiour Officer and lastly to the Corporall The eldest Serjant in a March leadeth up the division of Musquetiâ—es in the reare 〈…〉 of training they are to looke that every man keepes his Rankes and files duly helpe order the company all the time of exercise in time of Warre he is imployed upon parties which are sent out to discover or to fetch in Bootie and Farrage likewise many times to the guarding of passages also in laying out of Perdues and visiting them Also in ordering of Troopes that are drawne out to charge some part of the Enemy where he is to bring up the Musquetiers to his superiour Officer in good order to skirmish and to give fire upon the Enemy and so orderly to leade them off againe seeing them ranke themselves fairely and causing them to make ready their peeces to come up to give fire againe also in retreite he ought to assist the Souldiers discreetly in keeping their orders lest confusion betides them Also in time of fight to see the Souldiers Bandaliers filled ready that no stay bee made and to see the Powder transported after them securely he is also when his Captaine is Captaine of the Watch to call out the Gentlemen of the Round to doe their duties and to give them the Word he ought to assigne every Souldier his due and proper place to March in that no contention may arise hee is to place the chiefe Gentlemen in the Front on the right hand file the next in degree is to leade the left-hand file so placing every man according to his degree hee ought to see that every Corporall bee a Musquetiere hee is to fetch the powder shot and match from the Magezine and distribute it to each Corporall and so to each Souldier of their Squadron Hee is at his Captaines command to carry all delinquents to Prison and see Irons put upon them If scarsity of Victuals should be in the Campe he is to procure it from the Ammunutioner of the Army lest the Company fall in want which being procured hee is to distribute it to the Corporalls and they to their Squadrons Hee is also to instruct the Drummes the true tone of beating viz. a Call a March a Troope a Charge an Allarme a Retreite c. Hee ought to be resolute and forward in times of skirmishing shewing worthy examples to the Souldiers that they might imitate him Hee ought by his serviceablenesse and care to gaine the love of the whole Company it must be farre from him to be addicted to the hellish vice of drinking drabbing or dicing using his best indeavours to shame such as should in that kind transgresse Also he is not to permit any Souldier that is in drinke to performe any duty of charge for that time for feare of sleeping or quarrelling whereby much inconveniences may ensue but rather seeke to punish him severely that all may take example by him to beware of the like oversight Hee is every night at Drum-beating to draw Billets for his Guard and accordingly to leade his Squadron to it and thus behaving himselfe wisely and valiantly hee shall gaine honour and reputation which will bee steps to advance him to higher fortunes And to define the office of Serjant truly hee is to be the eye eare mouth hand and feet of his superiour Officers I could wish our Serjants of Bands here in England were thus qualified for their Captaines sakes but I feare the blind will leade the blind and so fall both into the ditch it were happy if they would indeavour to learne to understand their office against his Majesty should have occasion to use them CHAP. LXIIII. The office of an Ensigne to a private Company and his duty both in Garrison and in Field declared AN Ensigne being the foundation of the Company ought to bee indued with Valour and Wisedome and to equall his superiour Officers in skill if it were possible The honour and reputation both of Captaine and Souldiers depends upon the welfare of the Colours and contrarily there can be no greater dishonour then to lose them I have read in History of Ensignes that rather then they would undergoe the dishonour of losing their Colours being so dangerously charged by the Enemy that either they must yeeld them up or be slaine have chosen rather to wrappe them about their bodyes and have leapt into the mercilesse waters where they have perisht with their Colours most honourably to their immortall â—ames after any Company is 〈◊〉 if the Ensigne hath behaved himselfe honourably the Captaine ought to bestow the Colours on him as a favour in the absence of his superiour Officers hee is punctually to supply their places and to passe upon those duties which they should whether it be to be
Captaine of the Watch or to bee commanded our with some Troopes for the guarding of some passage to prevent the Enemies approches Hee is to exercise his Company in all their postures he ought to bee gallantly apparelled with a faire Sword and Brigandine if hee be commanded to passe upon any Service with part of the Company he is not to carry his Colours also if the 〈◊〉 Company are to guard some dangerous Out-workes as a halfe Moone or a Redouâ— the Company is to troope thither and he is to leave his Colours in the quarters with a sufficient guard over them and hee is to take for his weapon a good Pike Also every Souldiers honour is highly ingaged to defend and preserve their Ensigne and if occasion of necessity should happen they must not spare to runne upon the Pikes to releeve him as divers valiant Souldiers formerly have done Histories have eternized to their immortall fame the honourable exploits of Captaine Morerula and his two Brothers one of them being his Ensigne at the siege of the Citie of Africa in Barbary in Charles the fifts time when Iohn de Vega Vice-Roy of Sicilia scaled the Walls of it this Ensigne being sore wounded and overthrowne his Brother being Serjeant seconded him and recovered the Colours who advancing forwards like a valiant Souldier was slaine the Captaine Brother to them both tooke up the Colours and performed the Ensignes office who in the scaling of the Wall was sore hurt and died thereof thus three valiant brethren died honourably in defending their Colours if an Ensigne should lose all his Colours from the staffe and hose it is no dishonour When an Army is drawne into Batalia the Ensigne ought to stand out before the front of it some five paces and if the Generall or some other chiefe Officer of the Field passe by he is gently to vaile his Colours holding the butte end of his staffe at his girdlested Also a maxime that no Souldier moves Hat or Helmet to the greatest Commander that is but only to bow his body to him Likewise in time of Battell the Ensigne is to withdraw himselfe for his safety into the middle-most Ranke of the Pikes Likewise in a March the Ensigne is to march before the first division of Pikes with his flying Colours If a King or great Prince passeth by the Ensigne is to vaile his Colours close to the ground with his knee bending in token of Alegiance and submission every Ensigne of private Companies ought to observe how the Ensigne of the Right hand of the Battell orders his Colours after the same manner hee is to order his every Souldier upon an Allarme is speedily to repaire to his Colours likewise not to forsake them untill they be lodged when any Company shall march either into Campâ— Guard Fortresse or Castle no Souldier ought to disarme himselfe untill they see first the Colours placed and the Ensigne disarmed Likewise no sooner shall a Souldier see the Ensigne take up his Colours but they should arme and ranke themselves immediately No Ensigne ought to disarme himselfe upon any Guard Campe or Field untill hee sees that with safety hee may doe it Likewise an Ensigne should shew himselfe forwardest with his Colours in assaulting a Fort or entring a Breach to incourage the Souldiers manfully to fall on to defend and make way for them he ought to behave himselfe so that he may gaine the love of all the Souldiers whereby his owne person shall be in the more safetie when he shall attempt any perrillous exploits for love will command a Souldier to fight when all things in the world else 〈…〉 him forwards and let him know that the vertue of the Ensigne 〈…〉 the vertue and valour of the Captaine and his whole band I could wish 〈…〉 Captaines would be pleased to be more circumspect in their election of 〈◊〉 and not to put undeserving fellowes of base birth and qualitie into place of 〈◊〉 which deserves Gentlemen of quality to officiate the Office of 〈…〉 place of repute and honour doth not sâ—te with every Yeoman Taylor or Fidler as I have knowne to one Company in Essex all these oâ— the like Mechanick fellowes have had the honour to beare the Colours before a generous Captaine of Noble birth whose name I forbeare to relate but let it be an 〈◊〉 to all generous Captaines to make choyce of Officers that are well bred and deserving otherwise they doe but disgrace themselves and abuse his Majesties service and the reputation of our Countrey CHAP. LXV The Office of a Lieuâ—tenant to a private Company and his duty both in Garrison and in Field declared A Lieuetenant is an Office of high credit and reputation and he ought in all respects to bee well indoctrinated and qualified in the Arts Millitary and ought not to bee inferiour in knowledge to any Officer of higher authority for an unskilfull Captaine may better demean himselfe with an experienst Lieuetenant then an unskilfull Lieuetenant can â—adge with a skilfull Captain because all businesse belonging to a Company is for the most part ordered by the Lieuetenant the Captaine having other imployments of greate importance hee is to see the company fitted in all respects for service hee is the right hand to his Captaine in ayding and assisting him as well in the brunt of Battell as in Peace hee is to see to the fitting and furnishing of all things necessary belonging to the Company hee is to keepe a perfect roule of all the Souldiers in the Company and to observe that every Squadron bee compleate hee is to view the sufficiency and â—â—â—enesse of the Armes and to give order for the repayring of such as shall bee found defective hee is to order and ranke the Company fit for his Captaine to March with hee is to divide his Company into foure divisions making two divisions of the Pikes and two of the Musquetieres hee is to ranke the first division of Musquets in the Front and the second division of Musquets in the Reare of the Pikes hee is to March in the Reare of the Company into the Field and in Marching out of the Field the Captaine is to March in the Reare and the Lieuetenant in the Front he is carefully to passe upon his duty to see the squadrons drawne to the Guards for to Watch hee is to bee very carefull and diligent in exercising his Company either by squadrons uppon the Guards or the whole Company in the Field assuming fit and convenient times hee is to leade on the left Wing of shot in time of service in time of exercising hee is to helpe order the Company so that his Captaine may have the more ease and freedome hee ought to bee silent and to cause silence in the Company during the time of his Captaines exercise he ought to bee in the Reare of the Company to instruct the Souldiers how to act and observe the Captaines commands he ought to call over the Company and take a particular survey
and to deliver unto him any other instructions which had formerly beene neglected what the Lord Marshall is to doe about the restoring of Gentlemens honours which have beene maliciously disgrac'd and his deciding of all quarrels I have formerly intreated of in the Discourse of unjust valour but this will suffice to let the ingenuous souldier see a glimpse of this noble Office CHAP. LXXII Of the Councell of Warre and of their Office and duties in the time of Warre the Army being in Campe or otherwise THere is nothing in this sublunary World which requires more mature Consultations Deliberations and grave advise then the Subject of Warre in regard the welfare of Citties Countries and Kingdomes wholy depends upon it Wherefore above all other Marshall men those of the counsell of Warre are to bee best experienced and of most approved judgements And that Generall is happy that hath for his Counsellours grave wise skilfull experienced vertuous and painfull men for his assistance to expostulate all matters and occurrences which shall appertaine to the good and safety of the Army and to the weakning and ruining of the Enemy When a Generall is engaged in these great businesses of the Warres and hath for the government and ruling of his Army and the affaires thereunto belonging appointed his superiour Officers hee is then out of the whole and entire number to select an especiall company of the most religious valiant expert wise men whose yeeres and judgements are mature to bee of his Counsell as namely all Colonells and their equalls Yet it is to bee understood that from hence hath growne a distinguishment of Counsels and according to the variation of Marshall Courts so they have altered both in emminency and application some being Generall as in the tryall and judging of criminall offenders and to this all Captaines enrowled within the Generalls list may freely and by their owne right be admitted others are more especiall as where the debatement of provisions the Raysing of Taxes and the ordering of the publike affaires of the Campe are handled and to this all Colonells and Officers within their rancke are admitted and doe consult and conclude with the Generall for all the welfares and benefits which doe appertaine unto the Army But the last Councell of all is a great deale more private and the matters which are handled therein are of that consequence for secreâ—ie and â—ffect that it were unfit and not allowable so many should bee drawne thereunto â—or that all sorts of men should partake of every Statâ— Negotiation or those powerfull stratagems which indeed should lodge in the strongest and safest bosomes for notwithstanding men of great experience and valour or men of high birth and Rancke may in a short space of time ascend to command a Colonells place in the field yet may Learning Iudgement Secreâ—ie and divers other vertues without which a priuy Councellour cannot subsist be so farre removed and distant from his nature that it were a great solicisme in State to admit such trust to his Bosome So on the other side men of meaner and lower advancement who are not capable of those high places in the Army may yet bee much apter to advise and have a better and stronger Fort wherein to keepe secrets from perishing then those of a higher calling and therefore not without good warrant are many times chosen and admitted to this noble place of trust and preferment Alexander tooke â—armenio Clytus and all the ouldest of his Father Philips Commanders to advise counsell and strengthen him in all his Warlike affaires Caesar likewise made choyse of Cato that by his advice he might ruine Pompey thus Antony prevayled during the life of Publicalo and Augustus held himselfe fortunate in the Councels of 〈◊〉 Likewise wee have moderne instances how Philip of Spaine gave to Don Iohn Duke of Austria that brave Souldier Don Lewis de Zuniga to counsell him in all Marshall occasions and our Edward the third did the like for the blacke Prince Hee made choyse for his Councellors the Earle of Warwicke Suffolke Salisbury and Oxford by the strength of whose advice in the Battell of Poicteirs hee not onely overthrew all the Flowers of France but also tooke Iohn their King and Philip his Sonne Prisoners Those Generalls that have runne in precipitate courses rejecting both Councellours and Councells have soone ruined themselves and their Armyes as Crassus when he brought himselfe and eleven Legions to bee rowted and massacred in Parthia and Tyberius Gracchus when he had his braines dasht out in the Capitoll After the same manner did Caius Gracchus who was made a bloudy sacrifice on the top of Mount Aventine for the much advised tempting of his fortunes By this we may see there is nothing more necessary than a sufficient Councell of Warre for their counsell and advice is more prevailent in Marshall-discipline than eyther Armour or Weapons and more brave exployts have beene atchieved by wisedome and policy than ever could be brought under by violence and daring To speake generally of this especiall and private Councell of Warre and who are to be supposed meetest to succeed and rise unto the same they are these especiall Officers following who by vertue of their first place are ever capable of the second because none of lesse merit and desert may or ought to assume unto the sway or command of this prime dignity Of these privie Councellors the Lieutenant-Generall of the Horse hath the first place the Lord Marshall hath the second the Master of the Ordnance hath the third the Treasurer of the Warre the fourth and the eldest Coâ—â—â—ell in the Field the fifth But if the number of Councellors arise to any great extent then they are chosen out of other great personages of eminency and worth at the discretion of the Generall these private Councell of Warre are to negotiate and deale in matters that are profound dangerous and difficult and are to argue and dispute them with sound understandings and deepe judgements And this shall suffice to conclude this discourse As for other Officers belonging to the Army I omit to discourse of their Offices in regard they have no charge of Souldiers under them as the Treasurer the foure Corporals of the Field the Quarter-masters the Muster-masters Scout-master Provost-marshall Victuall-master Forrage-master Wagon-master Trench-master Captaine of the Pioners c. Happily I shall take occasion to discourse afterwards of some of these Offices in the Treatise of Incamping the Army and in the Discourse of Framing of Battels where I shall more fitly give a touch of them We are in the next place to discourse of the Exercising of the Foot and Horse THE ART OF DRILLING OR EXERCISING A FOOTE COMPANY SECT XI CHAP. LXXIII The manner how every Officer should drill and exercise their Companyes of Foote in all their Postures and motions with the severall wayes of giving fire ALthough it bee a thing familiar to divers men to Drill and exercise a Foote Company
is to divide the Musquetiers they being drawne into a body as aforesaid into two equall parts or Divisions if there should bee an odde File in one of the Divisions it makes no matter Next you are to draw up your body of Pikes betweene those Divisions of Musquets fronting them with the Musquets in an even line Or otherwise you may draw your Musquetiers upon the left wing of your body of Pikes their Front and Rankes being placed even one against another you are to command the Pikes to open their Rankes and to order their Pikes the Musquetiers are to have all their Musquets Rested Then commanding the right-hand-division only to shoulder their Musquets and to face to the Right-hand Then commanding them to March even through the Rankes of the Pikes an ordinary distance beyond them and causing them to face to the left-hand will bring them into true order with the Pikes Next you are to command the residue or left wing of Musquets to shoulder their Peeces and to face to the right hand and advance them forwards to the side of the Pikes observing their distance betwixt them then facing them to the Left hand makes them stand even with the Pikes Or if you please you may make use of a third way to draw your Musquetiers upon either Wing of your Pikes Your Pikes being first drawne into a square body and your Musquetiers in a like square body being drawne up to the reare of the Pikes You may command them to double their Front to the Right and left hand by Division which is in this kind performed One halfe of the Files of Musqueteirs are to face to the right hand and the other halfe to the left hand either Division marching after they are turned right forwards about sixe foot beyond the flankes of the Pikes Then that Division of Musquetiers which marched towards the left-hand you are to command them to face to the right hand And the division of Musquetiers that marched to the right hand you are to command them to face to the Left Then both the divisions of Shotte at one instant in an even order are to March up by the side of the Pikes untill they front even with them These things being thus performed you are to command your Musquetiers to shoulder their Musquets and slope them You are likewise to command your Pikemen to advance their Pikes and then begin to exercise them in their Motions as followeth having first ordered them in their distance for Motion at six foote both in Ranke and File CHAP. LXXIX How a Commander shall exercise his Company in grosse in their proper Motions after hee hath drawne the Shotte upon either Wing of the Body of Pikes with the words of Command for the performance thereof as also for the reducing them to their first station HAving duly performed those Circumstances specified in the former Chapter and now standing in the head of your Company the Lieutenant in the Reare and the Serjeants upon either Flanke after you have commanded silence and also to stand right in their Rankes and Files you shall command them to Faces to the right hand This Motion is performed only by turning your body to the place where your right hand stood not moving your right foot at all but turning it a little upon the ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this word of Command As you were so turning to the left hand againe brings them to their former station Faces to the left hand This motion is performed by turning your body to the place where your left hand stood bringing your left legge somewhat about and onely turning your right foot a little upon the Ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command As you were so turning off to the right hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the right hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the right hand so that your face stands where your back parts did and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command To the left hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the left hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the left hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the left hand so that your face stands where your backe parts did and to reduce them to their former Station you must use this word of Command To the right hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the right hand brings them to their first Station These motions of facing being perfectly done you shall command the whole Company to front to the right hand and cause them there to begin anew the aforesaid motions where ten to one you shall finde them anew to seeke so fronting them from hand to hand round about will make them perfect otherwise they will be to seeke as oft as you alter your Front CHAP. LXXX Of Facing Square and how to performe it The usefulnesse of Facings and the severall parts thereof FAcings are so usefull and necessary that a Commander may as well dispence with any one of the grounds of Discipline as with them for upon all occasions in Service they are usefull and not onely sooner executed than any other of the motions but may be needfull when wheelings and Counter-marches cannot be used as in a strait There are no more than foure faces intire besides Angular as in the precedent Chapter is shewed But as for your divisionall there be divers which I have omitted Intire Facings are so called when the aspect of the whole Companie is directed one way Divisionall Facings are so called when the aspect of the Souldiers is at one and the same time directed divers wayes as to the Front and Reare the Right the Right and Left or to all foure at once c. Angular Facings are so called when the Aspect of the Companie is directed to the right Corner man which is the right Angle or to the left Corner man which is the left Angle or to the foure Corner men which are termed the foure Angles These Angular Facings amongst the Grecians were of great use for they made use of them by reducing out of the Square a Diamond Battell and from the Diamond they reduc'd two Triangles by cutting or dividing the same in the middest at the two flat Angles and of two Triangles they framed a Sheere Battell and of three or foure Triangles they framed their Saw-Battell c. Now for the instructing of your Souldiers how to Face Square if the body bee but eight in depth you must command the two first Rankes to stand fast likewise the two last Rankes are to face about the rest of the Body are to face to the Right and Left if the Body be deeper then you must command more Rankes to the Front and so likewise to the Reare and in
transferre all the even Files into the ground before the Front contrariwise this doubling doth transfer them into the ground next behind the Rear And as in the other doublings half the File-Leaders did remain in the Front and the other halfe were halfe-File-Leaders Now in this doubling halfe the File-Leaders are to remain in the Front and the other half are brought down and plac'd in the last Rank of the Rear and those which were Bringers up are now in this motion become the middlemost Ranks The manner of performing this doubling is thus first having given the word of Command that produceth this motion as is specified in the Margent then every man falling behind his Bringer up the even Files accounting from the hand named immediately are to face about to the right and the Bringers up of each of the even Files are to turne behind the Bringers up of the odd Files that stand And so every man as hee commeth downe to the Reare turneth to the left behind him that marcheth down the next before him untill those that were Leaders of the even Files are become the Bringers up to those that were the odd Files The reducement is thus to bee performed according to the words of Command used for that purpose Bringers up that now are double your Ranks forwards to the left The instructions for this doubling the Ranks forwards by the Bringers up into the Front is discourst of in the beginning of this Chapter where you shall find in the Margent the manner of doubling of Ranks by the Bringers up described In the next Chapter following I shall endeavour to shew the difference between Inversion and Conversion with the words of Command and Reducement belonging to those motions CHAP. LXXXIIII Of Inversion and Conversion with their words of Command whereby those motions are produc'd and the way of reducing them described FOR Etymologie of these words you may be pleased to observe that Inversion doth alwaies produce File or Files and Conversion Rank or Ranks Inversion consists of the Files filing or of Ranks filing but Coversion consists of Ranks ranking to the right or left Or by increase of Files ranking by even or uneven parts and of Ranks wheeling to the right or left But in performing these motions there is a larger distance of ground required than in any other motion The words of Command with their severall reducements are as followeth Files File on to the Right Left This word of Command is performed by causing the right-hand File to march away single the second File from the right falleth into the Rear of the first the third behind the second the fourth behind the third so consequently all the rest of the Files fall into the Rear of their next right-hand Files untill all the whole Company become one File This was invented to passe narrow Bridges or straight Paths in Woods where but one at once can passe for the reducing of these into their former stations the word of Command is File-Leaders Lead up your Files as your were which is performed every File-leader leading up his File to the left of him that marcheth before him until all the File-leaders are even in Rank together and their Files orderly following of them For the Files filing on to the left may bee performed after this precedent manner only altering the hand c. This filing by division is to bee performed after the same manner the precedent was onely this difference that Files File to the right and left by division The right-hand File of the Companie and the left-hand File of the same begin to leade forth at one and the same time in their severall places viz. The Files of the right Flank falling likewise behind the right-hand File the Files of the left Flank falling in like manner behind the left-hand File so that if the bodie of Pikes bee flankt with Musketires then this filing by division bringeth all the Musketires into the Front-division and the Pikes into the Rear of them The word for reducement is File-Leaders Leade up your Files as you were Ranks File to the Right Left To performe this all the Ranks are to bee inverted to the outmost File to the right Wherefore let all your Files bee closed to their order or close order and your Ranks opened either forwards or backwards to double distance or twice double distance according to your number of men in Rank Then let every Rank move after his right-hand man untill all the Ranks stand right in one File after the right-hand Leader of his Rank If the Commander will performe this upon a March then the Ranks shall not need to bee opened to any distance but let them take their distance in the execution of it which is the easiest way thus to performe it viz. The right-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right all his Rank facing to the right and marching likewise after him The right-hand man of the second Rank falling immediately after the left-hand man of the first Rank all his Rank in like manner following of him The right-hand man of the third Rank falleth into the File after the left-hand man of the second his Rank likewise following of him and so of all the rest of the Ranks untill they become one File this kind of filing by Ranks is sooner performed than Files filing and is readier to bee reduc'd to make resistance against any opposition in the Front The word of Command to reduce them is Files Ranke as you were The manner to performe this reducement is if they were ten men in the formost Rank then the first tenne men rank to the left into the Front as they were at first The next ten men next after them which makes the second Rank The third ten men ranking to the left makes the third Rank and so of all the rest untill they be reduc'd into their first forme or station As for Ranks filing to the left c. it is to be performed after this very same manner only it differeth in the hands for in this the left-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right and all his Rank facing to the left marcheth likewise after him and so of the rest If you desire to avoid the mixture of Armes you may march forwards your Musketires of each division and close them before the Pikes and invert them first or you may march forwards your Pikes first and leave the Muskets to come in the Rear or you may invert the Front-division of Shot then the Pikes and last the Rear-division of Shot Ranks File to the Right Left Ranks filing to the right and left is a doubling of the depth by an unequall proportion for in other doublings either the number of length or depth is augmented But this doubling of Inversion makes their depth so many times more in number as there are Files to double or halfe so many if it be done by division the use of it is to avoid the Shot of
outmost Files of each Flanke are to face inwards and the rest of the body are to face to the right the left are to face outward those of the right Flanke passing through the right and placing themselves behind their right hand men those of the left Flanke passing through to the left and placing themselves behind their left hand men the motion is to be begun by the second File from each Flank For the reducement of this Counter-March you must first face them to their first Front then commanding the two innermost Files to face outwards and the rest are to passe through to the right and left inward placing themselves behind their right and left hand men which being done the whole body will stand faced to the right and left outwards then being faced to their Leaders they are reduced into their first stations Or you may make use of the Counter March next before or of the next following or of any other divisionall Counter-March of Rankes which doe not interchange ground The outmost file of each flanke stand the rest passe through to the right and left place your selves on the outside of your right and left hand men This divisionall Bastard Counter-March produceth the same effect which the other two next before it wrought onely differing in the Aspect for the Lacedemonian turned the Aspect outwards the Macedonian turned the Aspect inwards and this keepes the aspect still directed the same way To performe this motion you must command the outmost File of each Flanke to stand the rest of the body are to face to the right and left outwards viz the right Flanke passing through to the right and the left Flanke to the left those of the right Flanke placing themselves on the outside of their right hand men in like manner those of the left Flanke are to place themselves on the outside of their left hand men It may be reduced eyther by any of the foregoing divisionall Counter-Marches of Rankes or else being faced to any of the Flankes then the Rankes become Files And by divisionall Counter-marches of Files you may reduce devisionall Counter-marches of Rankes or by Rankes Files onely you must observe some facings yet you may reduce this motion by commanding the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to face to the right and left inwards and so march into their places Interchange Flanks This exchanging of Flankes or Bastard Counter-march is differing from all the other divisionall Counter-marches of Rankes for this transferres the right Flanke into the place of the left and the left Flanke into the place of the right it is very proper to receive a sudden charge from the horse for so soone as they shall bee commanded to enterchange their Flankes they face to the right and left inwards and then the inmost Files of the Pikes begins the motion the rest of each Flanke following orderly likewise the Pikes are to port so soone as they begin to move and are to charge as they see occasion if neede bee the Pikes may charge at the foot the Musquetiers giving fire over their shoulders if the Pikes have too large a distance they may close at their owne pleasures as soone as they have past through For reducement you may interchange ground againe or otherwise you may Counter-march your Flankes into the middest and then an intire Counter-march eyther of Rankes or Files will reduce them And this shall suffice to finish this discourse of Counter-marches wishing every commander to be ready and well verst in all of them but principally to make use of the three first intire Counter-marches of Files as also the same of Rankes for those you cannot possibly omit in your drillings the rest you may dispense with all at your pleasure And having thus exercised your men in these motions of Counter-march the next things you are to teach them are wheelings and they are of two kinds as in the next Chapter shall more fully be demonstrated CHAP. LXXXVI How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in the motions of wheeling with the description of their kindes and uses with their severall words of command placed in the Margent WHeelings are of two kindes viz. wheelings Anguler and wheelings on the Center and these are eyther intire or divisionall The use of intire wheelings is to turne the Aspect of the front proper eyther to the right to the left or to the reere eyther for the gayning of the Wind Sunne or some such like advantages or to entertaine their enemy with their best Souldiers and for your better performing of these motions of wheelings you must first close both your Rankes and Files to their order which is three foote both in Ranke and File and likewise upon all wheelings you must be sure to observe your Leader and follow him keeping your due distance your Musquets are all eyther to be poyzed or shouldred your Pikes are to be advanced further observe that upon the exercise of the motions whether it be distance facings doublings or Counter-marches or wheelings the Musquetiers ought to bee all upon one and the same Posture eyther poyzed or shouldred and the Pikes in like manner eyther shouldred or advanced the words of command followes in the Margent and the directions how to performe the motions right against them Wherefore first you are to command them to Wheele your Battell to the right This Anguler wheeling transferres the Aspect or Countenance of the front proper into that part which was the right Flanke it also remove the Battallia from the ground whereon formerly it stood and placeth it on the part before the front the Hinge of the motion is the right corner man which hath the leading of the right hand File he with a gentle motion moveth to the right and every man the more remote his place is from the right Angle the swifter must be his motion because he is to go a greater circumstance For reducement wheele your Battallia to the left in the like manner as it was wheeled to the right but withall note that this will not bring you backe into the same ground you formerly stood on because it hath advanced you the length of your Battallia before the place of your first Front wherefore to reduce you into the same place you stood on first you must face your Battallia to the right and being so faced whele your Battell to the left which being performed face to the left and then they are compleately reduced to their first forme and station This also is an Angular wheeling and transferreth the Aspect of the Front proper towards the Reere it is performed after the same manner of the former onely the motion is twise as much wherefore observe the directions in the former Note the ground you formerly did possesse will bee twise the length of your Battallia to the left of your left Flanke For the reducing them as well to their first ground as their first aspect you must
farre forth in a straight line untill they have ranked even with the first ranke of Pikes not forgetting to leave there a distance betwixt the Inermost Musquet of each Flanke and the outermost File-Leader of the Pikes So soone as the first Ranke hath given fire and wheeled away the second Ranke is to give fire wheeling off as before and passing down betweene the Intervalls of the Flankes placing themselves after their Leaders The same is every Ranke successively to doe untill all the shot be drawne from before the Front placed on the Flankes of their Pikes But when all the shot in the front hath discharged unto the two last rankes then the Pikes are to porte and when they have all fired and wheeled away then they are to charge their Pikes then advancing their Pikes again the Battallia stands reduced as in its first forme Musquetiers make ready to give fire by Introduction to the right Files of Musquetires open by division to your open order You shall finde in the Margent the words of Command that produceth this forme of giving fire by way of Introduction it being a kinde of advancing against the Enemie and of gayning ground although not used in these our Moderne warres but in way of exercise It is to be performed two wayes The first when the motion is begun by the second Ranke from the Front The other when it is begun by the bringers up wherefore observe before the firing begin you must open your Files of Musquetiers to their open order so that the shot may passe betweene the Intervalls of each File to give fire in the Front The maner and forme of this kind of firing by Introduction may be thus performed The Pikes being flanked with the Musquetiers the first ranke of each flanke is to present and give fire and having fired they stand and make ready againe in the same place The second Ranke passing forwards before the first doe there also fire and stand The third Ranke then passing forwards after the second and standing even in Ranke with them that first fired that so soone as the second Ranke hath fired they may presently step before them and fire in like maner In this firing still the ranke which is next to fire stands even in ranke with them which last fired untill those which stand presented have first given fire after which they then passe before them the Ranke which was their next followers passing forwarde Ranking with those which last fired every man following his Leader successively untill the bringers up give fire and stand in the Front of all and then this forme will be like the figure of a Horne battell All the while that this firing by Introduction is continued the Pikes may be shouldred if there be no feare of the Enemies Horse If you continue this firing twice over the Musquetiers will have their right place which being done march up your Pikes and Ranke them even in Front with the shot and they are reduced The second way of firing by introduction The first Ranke or File Leaders are to give fire as before and to stand The last Ranke or bringers up in the interim of their firing marching up and ranking even with the second Ranke the rest follow their bringers up as they doe when bringers up double their Front the first Ranke having fired the bringers up step imediatly before them present and give fire the rest still successively doing the like untill every ranke have given fire once over observe with all that the File Leaders are to give fire twice over being the first and the last and then to stand the Pikes marching up even with their Front of Musquetiers And thus they are reduced as at first If the two first rankes of Pikes in every Battallia should have bowes fastned to their Pikes they might do good service against the enemie whilst the shot performes their duties in giving fire The words of Command which produceth this forme of a Diamand Battell is in the Margent Amongst the Ancients it hath bin of great account but in these late ages Musquetiers Ranke 1 3 5 7 9 c. by increase to the left Files of Pikes ranked by decrease after your Musquetiers not used in the warres The manner of forming it is thus first you must cause your Musquetiers of the right flanke to open to the right to a sufficient distance for the receiving the shot of the left flanke Then you must Command the left flanke of Musquetiers to passe through into the space of ground on the right This being done for to frame this battell you must command your Files of Musquetires to ranke 1 3 5 7 c. by increase to the left then you must command the Files of Pikes to ranke by decrease after the Musquetiers The Musquitiers may give fire from this forme of Battell two wayes principally the first is the giving fire in Ranke viz. the first man or point of the diamond is first to give fire then he is to wheele off to the right and place himselfe just behind the single Pikemen in the Reere then the next Ranke consisting of three men are to give fire and to wheele off by division and are to place themselves in Ranke behind the single Musquetiere as they were before the firing began next the Ranke of five Musquitiers gives fire wheeling off in like manner by division ever observing that where the number is odde and they commanded to wheele off by division there the greatest number alwayes goes to the right And after this manner every Ranke gives fire successively and place themselves after their Leaders as before is shewed when all the shot have given fire and are wheeled off then let the Pikes charge which will be fiveteene in the first Rank the rest decreasing having advanced your forme will stand like two wedges with their points joyned If you would reduce your men from this forme without giving fire then let the Musquitiers stand and the Pikes face to the Reere and then the wedge will stand faced in opposition Next you may command them to interchange ground the Musquetiers advancing forwards into the ground of the Pikes and the Pikes moving into the ground of the Musquetiers and then by facing the Pikes to the former front the body will stand in forme of a diamond againe If you would give fire from this forme in regard all the Musquetiers are placed in the Reere the body must face about so the firing will bee contrary to the former But if you wheele them about then they may give fire the same way However after fire is given they must wheele off by division and place themselves in the Reere of the Pikes even in Rank againe as they were when they gave fire Thus having all fired over wheeled away the Pikes may charge being againe advanced the body wil stand in form of a diamond The second way of firing on this Diamond forme is
may be He is likewise to be skilfull and well experienced in the use of Mappes that thereby he may truely know how all the Roades and wayes lye with the Situation and distances betweene Towne and Towne He is to keepe a List of the Guards and is to visit them both day and night shewing the Allarme place to all the inferiour Quartermasters when they come to take the word of him When the Lord High Marshall takes a view of the ground whereon to Incampe the Armie he is to Summon all the inferiour Quartermasters belonging to every Regiment and those Quartermasters are to call together every Furrier and Harbenger and so are to attend the Lord Marshall to the intended Campe then the Chiefe Quartermaster is to stake out the forme of the Incampement or intrenchment and also the distances for each Regiment and then every particular Quartermaster is to allot out the distances for the alodgement of every private Company He is to give his due attendance to the Generall and to the Lord High Marshall to be imployed about such things as they shall give him in charge If any order for hast bee given him by word of mouth himselfe must goe and deliver it and not trust it to others the Inferiour Quartermasters are to assist him in all his affaires CHAP. C. The Office of the Captaine of the Cavallry THis Officer ought to be qualified with all those Noble parts which are to be expected in a foot Captaine and rather in a fuller measure in regard he is to governe man and beast He must bee a perfect and absolute Horseman teaching his Horse by the Motion of his hand legge and body to understand all things belonging to the Riders pleasure he must be carefull in making his whole Troope good Horsemen teaching them how to sit a horse in a comely posture carrying his body upright the right hand bearing his Pistoll or Carbine coucht upon his thigh the left hand with the bridle raines under the guard of the Pummell of the Saddle and his legges close and streight by the horses sides with his toes turned a little inwards his horse so well managed that he will stand constantly without rage or distemper then he is to be made sensible by yeelding the body or thrusting forwards the riders legges when to put himselfe forwards into a short or large trot then how by the even stroke of both is spuâ—res to passe into a swift Carrire then how to gallop the field either in large ringes midles or lesse rings either to turne with speede upon the one or the other hand then to put him into a gentle gallop right forth in an even line and suddenly to stop and upon the halfe stop to turne swiftly and roundly Then lastly how to retire backe or to make him flye sidewayes on the one or the other side according as the advantage of fight shall give him occasion he is likewise to see his Souldiers well horst with compleate armour their furniture sufficient their bridles well rayned and lyned with a wire chaine their Pistolls and Carbines strong and fixe and he must strive to make all his Souldiers as good Shot or markes men as himselfe or else all his labour will be to little purpose He must be wary of over slipping any opportunity which may be taken either in offending the Enemie or securing himselfe for not to adventure when he should is cowardize and not prudence and to dare when he should not is rashnesse and not valour wherefore he must frame his Counsells and actions upon the Mould of necessary circumstances He must further know that the weapons of Victory are formed on the forge of Discipline for it both Captaine and Souldiers have not this temper they will loose the edge of their valours in the tryall and turne the points into their owne Bowels Further there is nothing snatcheth victory out of the hand of the Conquerour so much as untimely falling to the spoyle upon such disorder fortune alwayes turnes her wheele and maketh victors of them that before were vanquished He must diligently observe the orders which shall be given him from his Superiours and not faile to be with his Troope at the time and place required Vpon all occasions he is to be first mounted on horse backe and is to have his Company full and compleate and what ill fortune so ever should seeme to befall him he must not discover any feare for upon his courage and countenance the souldiers depend wherefore he must have a good resolution attend him In a pitcht battell he must seldome or never seeke to charge the enemie in the Front especially if the two armies are neere joyning fearing least his horses wrong his foote troopes by a disorderly retreate than possibly he can offend the enemie wherefore the best and safest place to charge the enemie upon is the flankes and reare When the enemie shall charge you with one of his Troopes doe not you rush forth to meete them but if your ground be of advantage keepe it if not advance softly forwards untill the enemy be within 100. paces of you and then fall into your Careire by this meanes your horse will be in breath and good order when as the Enemie will be to seeke The Captaine of the Cuirassiers hath the Priority the next is the Captaine of the Harquinburies the Captaine of the Carbines hath the third place the Dragones are of the meanest account although many times they doe the best service And for conclusion let all noble Captaines that desire the honour of their King and welfare of the Countrie not suffer themselves to be gold and deluded by their Souldiers which bring them borrowed horses and furniture not of their owne and chopping and changing of their men and not appearances so that our Troopes are so deficient that if an enemie should aproach we shall be to seeke of halfe our Troopes and them not halfe exercised CHAP. CI. The Office of the Liefetenant of the Cavallry THis Officer is to beare the true Image of his Captaine for he is imployed upon many services by his Captaine more than any other inferiour Officers are as guarding some particular passages riding out upon parties to scowre the Country and to gaine intelligence from the Country people of the enemies proceedings He is many times sent out to command a certaine number of horse for the safeguard of the Forragers and for the intercepting and guarding of some Fords and passages He is to exercise and Drill his men wisely and orderly using his command over them that he may be more beloved than feared He commands in his Captaines absence soly he is to March in the reare of his Troope causing the Souldiers to follow their Captaine and Corner in good order not suffering any to straggle from the Troope When he is to passe upon any duty he is first to gaine the best instructions for the
o o o o o o o o o o o o o Halfe files to the left hand double your Front hHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhH hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Bringers up to the right hand double your Front Bringers up as you were HhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Files to the left hand Counter-march HhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHh h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Files close to the right and left to your close Order oooooHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo ooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooo Rankes close forwards to your close order H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o To the left hand wheele H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h CHAP. CXX The Fashion of Horse Battels discourst of and first of the Rhombe the Wedge and the Square IN regard we shall not have the opportunitie to discourse and demonstrate every kinde of Battell that at this time is in use when wee shall come to intreate of the embattelling of the Infantry with the Cavalry therefore I thinke it most convenient to discourse of some formes of Embattelling the Cavalry which are of greatest use And the rather because the Cavalry for the most part are employed upon peculiar services in the absence of the Infantry Those that have formerly written of this subject have not fully exprest their owne conceits Therefore to make all things cleere I shall indeavour to set downe the severall figures of each severall kinde The Thessalians were the first inventers of the Rhombe and conceived it to be an absolute forme in regard they were ready to turne their faces every way with speede and not easily to be surprised in Flanke or in the Reare because the best men are plac'd in the Fanke and the commanders in the Angles viz. the Captaine in the Front and in the right and left Angles of the Flankes the two ablest Corporalls and the Livetenant in the reare Angle Of these kinde of battells called the Rhombes there are foure sorts severally distinguished the first kinde Files and Rankes The second forme neither File nor ranke the third forme Files but ranke not the fourth ranke but file not The first kind of Rhombe that doth both file and ranke is ordered as followeth viz. you are to make the greatest ranke being the middle most of an uneven number as of a 11. or 13. or 15. or 17. to which you are to joyne other rankes before and behind every one containing two lesse than the former as if the greatest ranke consisted of 17. the next rankes on either side are to have but 15. the next on either side of those but 13 and so every one two lesse untill at last you come to one as you may perceive by the next Figure following the longest ranke consists of 15. the next of 13 c. and so the whole Rhombe hath 113 horse in Battalia of these I intend to shew you the order of framing them although not much used in these late warres afterwards I shall discourse of sundry formes of Embattelling in a discourse by it selfe The Rhombe of Horse The Front Left Flanke Right Flanke The Reare CHAP. CXXI The manner and forme how the second kinde of Rhombe is ordered in Battalia THe next kind of Rhombe which neither Files nor Ranks was by the antient Generalls thought very proper for service in regard the turnings and other motions were to be performed very easily having nothing to hinder them before behinde or in Flancke For the ordering of this forme of Battell you must first place the Leader then one aâ— his right and an other at his left hand and in such a distance that their horses heads reach up to his horses shoulders as in the formall battell The first row you must also make of an uneven number as 21. the Leader of the Troope standing in the midst and 19. other being laid to him backwards on either side so that this ranke containeth two sides of the Rhombe like to this A. Then the Reare Commander is placed directly behinde the Leader and to him are other joyned forwardly on either side like to this Figure V. and the number of the following rankes after the first there are to be two lesse than the former and therefore nine must be added on either side of the Reare Commander so that the number of
seeme square viz. as deepe in Flanke as broad in Front so that thereby the enemy might be deluded and therefore sometimes they would order eight horse in Front and but 4. in Flanke which seemed as a square by reason a horse taketh up twice as much space in his length as in breadth whereupon finding the inconveniences of those kinde of squares they bethought them of a more perfect square lesse than which they durst not venture and more they could not for want of horse in regard their pollicie was to discourage the Enemy by making their Troopes shew more than indeede they were wherefore they framed their Troopes of 50. horse and ordered them tenne in Ranke and five in File which forme represents a square in regard the five horse take up as much ground in their length as the tenne doe in breadth and this proportion they held best for had there beene sixe seven or eight horse in a File they could not have done any good in regard of the shortnesse of their squares as Leo after confessed But our manner of charging the Enemy differs from theirs for wee are to give fire upon the Enemy by Rankes and so fall off into the Reare so that all the Rankes shall come up and give fire by degrees upon the Enemy whereas their Troopes gave a firme close charge and wheeled off together this was the use both of their Archers and Spearemen Now our moderne Captaines although they have abandoned the use of their Speares yet they have detained their forme of ordering their Troopes five deepe in file and because each horseman hath two Pistolls therefore they suppose that they may charge and discharge as well as the foote Troopes that are tenne deepe with one Musquet for their armes but let the ablest horseman of them all say what he please he shall finde it another businesse especially if both sides stand to their tackling untill all the Rankes have given fire for the small distance of time and the ordering of their unruly horses will make them fall short of their expectations but indeede our horse Troopes seldome stand so long in competition for the victory but that one side either retreates or doe worse for if they should it should be easily seene that that Troope whose Files were ordered sixe in deepth would soone weare through the adverse part whose extent is but five Wherefore I could wish that all our Troopes might be so ordered in regard it is a number so proper and apt either to be divided or to be doubled or to be drawne into any forme of Embattelling wherefore more than sixe are unprofitable and lesse than sixe are not so serviceable In former ages they were driven to their inconvenience in regard they were scanted of horse and so to make their fronts equall with the Enemies they in pollicie framed their Battalias but of five deepe whereas their Enemies were compounded of many more as 6. 8. or 10. many times but after they had found out their pollicy which was only to make the fronts of their Battells equall with theirs being constrained in regard of their thinnesse to line them with shot and to have stands of Pikes to rescue them to make them abler to resist their enemies streng Phalange they likewise ordered their Troopes after the same manner whereby they delated their Fronts farre witer than before and so over winged them whereby many times they gained victory Our Kingdome blessed be God shall not neede to be driven to that exegint to make such simple shifts In regard we have or may have more than sufficient to oppose the potentest Enemy that shall dare venture or indeede possibly can conveigh so many Troopes over but that we shall be not onely his equall but exceede him wherefore I have framed each Troope of 120. horse and the same to be divided into foure Corporallships viz. thirtie in each each Corporallship to march sixe in brest and sixe in depth and so I leave it to your best considerations CHAP. CXXVI How the Chavalry are to order and demeane themselves in proportionable Battells fit to be joyned with the Infantry with their due order of fighting against the Enemies foote Troopes Likewise how they are to give or receive a charge of the Enemies Cavalry in grose as also in single combats and assaults AS in ordering of the Infantry so in disposing of the Cavalry in Battalia for the well fighting of a pitch'd battell against the Enemy these Circumstances are to be considered First there are to be drawne out of sundry Troopes of Carabines a certaine number of horse which are to be joyned with a proportionable number of foote these are speedily without keeping any order or distances to runne upon the Enemies Ordnance and either to surprise them or to hold those of the Enemie that gaurd them in combustion so that their Ordnance shall be hindred from annoying your Troopes of horse who are farre more subject and liable to receive harme from the Ordnance in regard they are mounted high then the Infantry can possibly be wherefore the Cavallry many times have beene constrained to retire themselves into some place of advantage as a Vally or in the Reare of the foote Troopes to hide and secure themselves from the great shot untill such time as the Armies were drawne neare together so as they could not discharge for indamaging their owne Troopes In the next place there are certaine horse to be commanded out of divers Troopes of Carabines to assist and guard the forlorne Hopes of the Infantry and these are to towle out the Enemy to beginne light skirmishes the better to animate the maine Battell against they shall be ready to charge by seeing their valours and many times they have beene a meanes of disordering the Enemies grand Battalias The maine battell of the Cavalry is divided into there distinct divisions viz. the Vanguard the Battell and the Rearegaurd these three make one intire Front and are to be ordered at three foote distance when they are ready to charge This principle Battell is to stand in an even front with the Infantry viz either upon the right or left wing or upon both when there is no naturall strength as Rivers Quagmires Hedges or the like to secure one of the wings you are to place your Cavalry wide off the Empalement of the Flankes of the Battell of the Infantry a hundred paces at the least for feare of anoying your foote Troopes likewise there must be the space of 25 paces of ground in distance left betweene every company and 50. paces betwixt each Regiment The winges of the horse Battell next adjoyning to the Flankes of the foote are to be of Cuirassiers in regard they are rather to secure the Flanks of the Infantry by sustaining a charge then for to advance forwards to give the Enemie a charge unlesse upon some great occasion the residue of this maine Battell may be compounded Harquebuziers and
for good successe in the first encounter greatly advances the maine of his businesse takes away both courage and reputation yea and resolution from the losing side herein therefore consists the maine care of a Generall Aphorisme IX WOrth is valued by the qualitie not the greatnesse of a thing as the goodnesse of a Fortresse consisteth rather in the conformity of the parts and the answerable distances than in the unproportionable greatnesse so the strength of an Army stands more in the valour and good order of the Combatants than in the number against which number are these two principall advantages great Ordnance and good Ordnancâ— Aphorisme X. It is unwarrantable to runne an extreme hazzard saveonely when extreme necessity commands therefore a wise Generall ought never to venture his fortunes upon one daies tryall or doubtfull chance of Battell when he foresees by militarie inductions that he may obtaine his purposes without blowes Aphorisme XI WHo undertakes a long Voyage by Sea and at a great charge must resolve to hold on his course against all accidents that may offer to oppose him So a Generall being engaged in a great Action must wrastle with all difficulties rather than quit the Enterprize better it were to foresee the dangers at first and prevent them or desist but if once set forwards hee must take up this resolution To goe on with the Sword or fall on the Sword for in this he puts his fortunes upon tryall but in retrograding hee purchaseth shame and losse Aphorisme XII AS the Oratour placeth his strongest arguments in the entrance of his plea to perswade and confirme the Auditorie So should a Generall bend all his best forces upon the first peece he attempteth to animate and encourage his Souldiers and to give reputation to the action he intendeth for first actions make deepest impressions either of feare or courage Hee is therefore so much to tender his reputation at the first onset as to leave nothing behinde him unbroken but that which bendeth Aphorisme XIII MIschiefe enters at the open gate of securitie As the Indian Rat shuts himselfe into the belly of the Crocodile that sleepes gaping and gnawes his guts asunder So selfe-conceited confidence in our owne strength and overweening credulity of an enemies insufficiencie begets this supine negligence but a watchfull Providence prevents an eminent danger Aphorisme XIV WEE perceive it easier to oppose in the Schooles of Art than answer So by proofe wee finde the same in the art of Warre For it is safer to obviat and meet danger in the way than to tarry till it comes home to our doors For there is ever more courage in the assailer and commonly better successe Aphorisme XV. IN the active part of military service the Generals greatest vertue is to apprehend a present occasion of advantage and to take it So on the passive side the evasion from a sudden and imminent danger is much more noble than a fore-thought of prevention for in this is only matter of judgement but in that is the life of action and execution Aphorisme XVI TO speak that which a man thinks not is reproveable being taken in strict morall sense but necessity gives a larger latitude to the managing of greater affaires For nothing is more expedient to a Generall than that the enemy knows nothing of his deliberations till they bee put in action nor of his preparations till they bee on foot It is therefore an usefull policie to pretend one Service and intend another Aphorisme XVII PLinie reports of a Getulian Captive that escaped the danger of devouring by many Lyons through her humble gesture and faire language hee being the noblest beast of the forrest never commits violence but where he finds resistance So is the true Souldier the most honourable of all professions who holds it as great glory to releeve the oppressed captive as to conquer the enemy Aphorisme XVIII IN the honour of great atchievements inferiour Officers and Souldiers partake with the Generall according to the measure of their place and merit but the well or ill ordering of things atchieved redounds wholly to his own proper glory or shame it behooves him therefore to have a speciall care to the safety of his Army that every thing may be regulated according to rule and order for it is greater honour to come off with judgement than to goe on with courage to use victory wisely than to get it happily and more glory to retain that which is wonne victoriously than to obtaine it Aphorisme XIX NOthing is more necessary in a Generall than the perfect exploration of the courses his enemy takes and a true estimate of the forces hee â—ingeth for by the ignorance of the first and the misprision of this other hee makes his preparations and builds his actions upon supposals and slippery grounds bereaving himselfe of many faire advantages Aphorisme XX. DEspaire taketh Arms when all hope of escape is absent for necessity makes the most imbellick cowards valiant wherefore it is wisdome to leave thy enemie a port open to flie and rather build him a bridge of gold to passe over than coup him in a place that either hee must fight or perish Aphorisme XXI NO Actions of men are more subject to suddain and unexpected events than those of War and in Warre nothing so soon snatcheth victorie out of our hands as untimely falling to the spoil upon such disorder Fortune alwaies turneth her wheel and maketh victors of them which before were vanquished Aphorisme XXII AS in nature so in Warre where the cause faileth there the effect also dyeth for where men are couragious not out of a true resolution but out of some conceit of the enemies weaknesse or wants when they find things contrary to those former impressions then they lose their spirits and animosity Aphorisme XXIII THere is nothing so glorious or sweet in the fruition that is not difficult and painfull in the acquisition nor can wee tast the kernell of pleasure unlesse we crack the hard shell of danger such are the craggie and untrodden paths to honour where though the first entrance bee hard and many times disastrous yet overcome by true resolution and perseverance it after turns to a mans great glory Aphorisme XXIV FRom the collection of circumstances every action takes his warrant and amongst these that of time is of greatest moment For a Souldier not to adventure when he should is cowardize not prudence and to dare when he should not is rashnesse not valour A wise Generall therefore must form his counsels and frame his actions upon the mould of necessary circumstances Aphorisme XXV ABove all other actions fortune is said to have the greatest stroke in Warre yet the fâ—ult cannot bee so transferred upon her but the greatest blame
in a Company and not to be suffered some to be 200. and some 300. and some 150. which if it must needs bee so and may not bee altered then I could wish all Companies to be only of the extent of 200. and 80. of them to bee Pikemen and 120. Musketires The rowes of lesse squares marked on each side of the figure with the letter B. are the Hutes for the Souldiers to lie in between the Front of which and the Colonels ground you see a large void space or distance which is twenty foot wide marked at each end the use of it is for the drawing up of the Companies or for the Officers to walk in and for the Souldiers to speak with them there this space is marked in the figure with C. Right under the Colonels Hute you see another void space as wide as the Colonels Hute is and as long as all the Quarter of the common Souldiers marked with D. the use of it is for the Officers of the Regiment commonly called the Officers of the Staffe as the Provost-Marshall the Quarter-Masters of the Regiment and the like Of the Quarters of the common Souldiers on either side of this long void space these bee the proportions All the little squares bee Hutes or Cabbins in the longer rowes marked with the letter M. on the first Hutes are the Musketires lodged and in the other rowes marked with P. are the Pikemen lodged one row of Musketires and one row of Pikes makes up one complete Bond or Company of 126. men In the Musketires row are twenty four Hutes and in the Pikemens but eighteen the reason is because the King by his orders commands that every complete Company should have three Corporalships of Musketires foure Files or Rots as the Swedes terme them make a Corporalship of Musketires but of Pikemen three Files or Rots make a Corporalship so that twelve Files of Musketires and nine Files of Pikes viz. twenty one Files firemen in depth in each File is a complete Band of 126. men besides the Officers and Serjeants When his Companies were weak then hee would have but two Corporalships of Musketires and the remainder to be Pikes Each of these Hutes are nine foorsquare viz. three yards every way and whereas one row of Musketires and one row of Pikes belongs to one Company these therefore neerer set together than the row of Pikes belonging to severall Companies are for the Pikes and Musketires of the same Company are parted with a street but six foot wide whereas betwixt the Pikes of severall Companies is a street of eighteen foot wide and betwixt the Musketires of severall Companies a street of twelve foot wide and so you see the severall proportions marked The length of the row of Pikes is but 162. foot as you see it marked betwixt the two first rowes of their Hutes The length of the Musketires row is 216. foot as is marked in the margent the distance of breadth being observed they amount to 360. foot or 72. paces so broad is the whole Quarter for one intire Regiment Below all this in the Rear or lower end of the Quarter you have a voyd space 14. foot of ground running all the breadth of the Quarter serving for the freedome of Ayr this is marked with E. Last of all you may behold another lowance of ground marked with the letter F. which is for the Sutlers Chap-men Butchers c. of the Regiment Add now the distances of length together and they come to 300. foot which is the length of the whole Quarter for one intire Regiment Now rests the chief point of discipline in the number and order of the placing of the Hutes and the men in them Concerning the number there be three men to be lodged in one Hute as well Pikes as Musketires so that in 24. Hutes of Musketires of one Company there bee 72. men and in the 18. Hutes of Pike-men of one Company there be but 54. men which number added together amounteth to 126. which is a complete Band. These 72. Musketires are again divided into three Corporalships and the 54. Pike-men also into three Corporalships Four Files or Rots of Musketires goe to one Corporalship and of Pike-men but three Files or Rots to a Corporalship So that 24. Musketires goe to one Corporalship and of Pikes 18. according to the number of either of their Cabbins Furthermore their order being to march six deep in File therefore in every two Hutes there is one Rot or File lodged which presently know how to put themselves in order Thus hath every Corporall of Musketires eight Hutes to look unto and every Corporall of Pikes six Hutes under him This certainty and disposing of the numbers serveth much for private government this order of quartering they are opinionated is prevalent for the ready resisting of the enemy Whereas you see two rows of Pikes and two rows of Musketires still together with their Cabbin doors inward one to another this is the use of it Suppose the enemy in the night falleth upon the Quarters the Alarme being taken and given by those of the outmost Guards out slips the two rows of Pikes into the street or alley betwixt them and presently marching out betwixt the Captains Hutes they are instantly in a fair order of Battell The Pikes being gone then the two next rows of Musketires joyning together march also out upon both sides of the Pikes where they are ready instantly to flank them Thus one Squadron or halfe-Regiment issuing out upon one side of their Colonels Tent and the other halfe on the other presently they draw themselves in complete Battalia and find their Colonels and Captains in the head of the Quarter ready to conduct them to the Brest-work thus so soon as the Alarm is given in from the outer Guards the Souldiers will bee ready to entertain their assault every man before his own Quarter upon which the enemy falleth before he can possibly march hee never so fast come neer to doe any execution If you desire to heare how in that huddle of darknesse they can possibly find their weapons know that by the order of their standing every man can at first comming most readily clap his hands upon his owne To instance in the Pikes for example The place where they all stand together is upon a thing made after the fashion of a paire of Gallowes at the head of the Quarter the upper overthwart beam is for the Pikes to stay against then there is another beam lower for to hang the Corslets upon and to lean the Muskets against this is to have a defence over it to defend the wet Now when any service or exercise is done abroad hee that lyeth in the Rear of the Quarter by comming in first setteth down his Armes inmost and he that commeth in last leaveth his outmost which when hee again goeth first out hee findeth his formost and when the last man commeth he findeth his own left every man
Likewise the distances between the main Battell and the Battell of succour ought to be fifteen or twenty paces The like distance is to bee observed between the Battell of succour and the Rear-Battell That part of the Battell that cannot be secured by Rivers Moors Woods or the like must be impaled either by Intrenchments well man'd or double or treble Pallizado'd and wel man'd with Pikes and Muskets four Ranks of Pikes and three Ranks of Muskets wil be sufficient to make the impalement one Rank of Musketires may be drawn under the Pikes to give fire upon their knees the other two Ranks standing behind the Pikes may give fire over their heads as they stoop to charge to the Horse These ought not to give fire at random but just when the Troops are come almost within push of Pike and then but every second Musketire is to give fire so that they may without intermission maintain their volley of Shot These new invented Bow-Pikes are the properest to impale the Battel withall and it cannot be amisse to have a Rank or two of them in the Front of the Battalia's where they may do good service There must be a convenient space between the Wings of the Battell and the Impalements if in case the formost Battalia's should retrait into the Battell of succour c. There are divers small field-Peeces which are to bee plac'd before the Divisions of the Front which after once or twice discharging are to be drawn within the Divisions of the main Battell and are to bee plac'd before the Battell of succour so that if the formost Battell is driven to retrait into the spaces of the Battel of succour then are they ready to give fire upon the enemy at his next approaches these field-Peeces being there plac'd may bee drawn upon the Flanks ready to give fire upon the enemy when hee shall charge the Flanks either with Horse or Foot The forlorn Hopes when they are wearied and beaten back by the enemy are to retrait through the spaces left betwixt the Battalions and there they are to order themselves in a redinesse to issue out at the Flanks and assault the enemy when they are at push of Pike upon one of their Flanks There would bee divers appointed with Granado's and fire-Pots to cast them amongst the enemy There may bee divers Morter-Peeces so plac'd that they may shoot Granado's and fire-Balls from the space between the main Battell and the Battell of succour and convey them over the heads of your formost Battell amongst the enemies that are approaching to charge you In regard nothing can hinder the enemies Ordnance from annoying your Battalia's but either they must be out of distance or a strong wall betwixt you it being an evill not to be eschewed you are to make choice of the best and safest means of prevention the first is by ordering of your Files thin the second is to send with all speed a certain convenient number of Shot accompanied with Horse to seize upon the Ordnance with all celerity they are to performe this Service by which the enemy will be hindred from shooting more than once for they being in combustion for the gaining and defending their Ordnance will hinder their execution Those field-Peeces which I have formerly spoken of that they should be placed before the Battalia's may do as good service being plac'd behind those Battalia's if you cause those Troops before them to open a distance for the Shot and speedily to fall into their order againe No Army is to be ordered so that those Battalia's behind or in the Rear of the Battel cānot succour assist those that fight before for then the greatest part of the Army wil be unprofitable and if the enemy be potent it cannot possibly but suffer an overthrow The Front of the Battel ought to be entire only those spaces before spoken of for they are only to withstand the first brunt of the enemies Charge and there ought in this to be more care taken not to be strucken by the enemy than it importeth to strike them The second Battell called the Battell of succour is to receive the Divisions of the formost Battell upon occasion and ought therefore to be ordered with convenient spaces or distances for that purpose and ought alwaies to be of lesse Number than the first Battell for there can be no danger betide them in regard the enemy cannot come to fight with them unlesse the formost Battell be joyned with them and then the enemy will find the middle Battell far stronger than the formost The Battel in the Rear ought to have the widest spaces or distances of all because if the enemy should be too powerfull for the main Battell and the Battell of succour then these distances receive them and then with one power they assail the enemy with all the whole strength of the Army and now they must stand close and strongly to their tackling to gain victory and take this for an observation that souldiers will inlarge their Ranks and Files when fear maketh them think of flight and close then when valour and resolution maketh them stand firm to resist If the enemy forceth the main Battell to retrait into the Battel of succour those that impale the Flanks ought to keep their ground if possibly they may for thereby they shall have advantage to charge the enemy upon the Flanks as they follow the retrait of your main Battel but if they be compell'd to retrait they may doe it safely falling back and doubling their own Ranks from the midst downwards to the Rear and indeed it were very fitting an Army should be exercised in order of Battel to make them perfect And again no Generall ought to use one form of imbattelling alwaies for fear his enemy should prove too subtill for him and foil him in his own play The best way to save an Army from smal-shot that will much annoy you is to come speedily to the encounter The Officers of every Band being drawn into Battalia are to appoint trusty carefull men to fill the souldiers Bandilires and to deliver Bullets and March unto them that there may be no stay nor want nor any Powder miscarry If your Army be compounded of divers Nations so that some of them are not to bee trusted those whose loyalties are not to be trusted must alwaies be plac'd formost next the enemy and the faithfullest ablest men behind them next unto them so that having the enemy before and a strong Battalia behind them they must of necessity fight or perish The Romans used to place their assistants or strangers upon the out-Wings of the Battell But if your Army consists of divers Nations that you were confident of their valour and fidelity the best way were to order them all in one Front so that the jealousie of one anothers forwardnesse and valour might breed such an emulation in them that they would doe their best to exceed one
Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse the Ordnance being plac'd covertly in the midst and also upon the Wings IN this first figure following you may perceive at the letter A foure hundred Shot upon either Flank before the maine Battell these are to surprise the enemies Ordnance which is to bee supposed are planted upon a Hill further you may observe sixteene Battalia's the Ordnance being planted in the maine Battell betweene the divisions thereof having foure hundred Musketiers ordered before them and by them obscured and as soone as the enemy is approacht within distance those Musketiers are to divide themselves on either hand so that the Shot may have free passage to disorder the enemies Troopes upon which advantage the other Battalia's are to advance forwards and furiously to charge the enemy in his disorders The Horse are oblique-wise plac'd upon either Flanck Note before the Horse gives their charge the Musketiers at A are to sally forth to surprise the Ordnance Likewise the Shot before every Battalia are to make their passage through the Intervalls downe the sides of the Battalia's into the Reare of all and from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks if occasion offers otherwise aide their owne men in the skirmish all the Shot before the Battali'as are in number twelve hundred If according to the King of Swedes Discipline these Battalia's were ordered but six deepe in file then there would bee sufficient men spare to Impale this Battell whereby it would be of a farre greater strength besides there would be a quantity spare to line the Horse-Troopes which is a thing of great consequence and very prevalent as is formerly shewed and by this following figure you may see CHAP. XVII The sixt way of Imbattelling an Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse with the Ordnance planted on the Hilles before the Battell as also on the Reare and Flankes being fit for all attempts IN this subsequent Battell which we are now to describe you may perceive fifteene Battalions of Foote ordered in Marshall array in the right Wing or Vantguard are three Battalions containing 500 in each of them Flankt with Musketiers before every one of which are also ranged ten files of Musketiers three in the right Angle three in the left and foure in the midst just before them every File containing ten men in depth these Shot are to make their way through the spaces of the Battalions in the Reare of all and so from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks in the maine Battell are three Battalions containing three thousand men viz. in each a thousand these are Flankt with Musketiers and have also Musketiers before them in the same forme with the rest in the Reare-ward or left Wing of the Battell are likewise three Battalions containing 500. men a piece Imbattelled as the rest with Musketiers before them also behind these Battalia's are foure other Battalia's plac'd and have also in each of them 500. a piece with Musketiers advanc'd before them these are for seconds as you may perceive them Martialled just against the Intervalles or Spaces of their opposite Battallions these Spaces are 200. foote distance in breadth so that the said foure Battalions may passe through them these likewise have Shot before them in the same manner the former had These with the rest may March forth to skirmish with the enemy or stand firme to second them upon their retreat or remaining in the Reare they may sally out and charge the enemy upon the Flanks or if occasion be they may assist the Horse if they be too weake for the enemy The rest of the Battalions are but twelve foote distance one from the other and at three foot order The divisions of Musketiers are allowed six foot that they may the better fall through having given fire In the Reare of all are two Battallions of a thousand in either of them standing just behind the three Battalia's of the maine Battell About a Furlong wide of the Flanck of these are 800. Horse marked B viz. 400. in each placed oblique-wise the better to start forth and inviron the enemy in like manner are the Horse Marshalled in the outmost Flanks of therest but in greater numbers as by this following figure you may see By the Wings of these two Battalia's are two field-Peeces plac'd ready turned and bent to the Rear these are to discharge upon the enemy if he should with Horse or Foot give upon that part if not then may these Peeces with ease bâ—e brought to some other place which may be more apt to annoy the enemy The rest of the Ordnance are planted upon two hills opposite against the enemies Flanks these are to break their order and distresse them and for their better security there are seven hundred Musketires to guard them and if need be there must be a greater Force There should be a slight Trench raised before them or pallizado'd about the better to defend them from the enemies Horse and Foot These forms of imbattelling I found in the Prospective-glasse of Warre and have here inserted them for the benefit of the ingenious Souldier CHAP. XVIII A seventh forme of Imbattelling an Army consisting of fifteen thousand Foot and five thousand Horse impaled with Redouts and a Ditch of combustible stuffe to prevent the Horse from assaulting either the Flanks or Rear THis figure following represents to your view an excellent forme of imbattelling very strong and secure the principall Strength of the Armie are brought to fight at the first encounter Wherefore first observe the main-Battell to consist of five Battalia's in each of them are one thousand six hundred Pikes and Muskets the Muskets are orderly ranged before the Pikes each Battalia hath one hundred and sixty Files and ten deep which amounts unto in all the five Battalia's eight thousand men After the main-Battell is a second Battell plac'd which is termed the Battell of succour and that consists of four lesser Battalia's and hath in each of them seven hundred Pikes and Shot Betwixt the said Battalia's there is a convenient space or distance of ninety six paces for the main Battalia's to retrait into when they shall be overcharged with the enemy The manner of retraiting is thus all the first five Battalia's are evenly and easily to retrait with their face towards the enemy holding them play with their Shot upon the right and left Flank of the second Battell are the two outter most Battalia's of the first Battell to retrait on also the other three Battalia's are to enter into the spaces betwixt the four Battalia's of the second Battell and there to stand even with them in Front whereby there will be nine Battels to re-charge the enemy afresh for these two thousand eight hundred fresh men will bee a great heartning and strengthning of the rest which were wearied and discomfited in the first encounter But if it should so happen that the enemy should over-wing
or Wings and those Troops of the Forlorn Hope that have given fire are to retrait betwixt the Wings of the Battell and the Troops of Horse that are plac'd along by the Wings So maintaining alwaies the Flanks furnished by this means they may maintain skirmish continually with fresh men and the Battell never the lesse impaled But after the enemies Battell begins to approach neer your own forces then the Forlorn Hope must withdraw themselves and the formost Battell must bear the brunt The six field-Peeces placed amongst the Shot after they have done their service are to be drawn back into the space betwixt the two Battalia's or may be drawn into the Wings and there may be guarded with those Troops of Shot where they may performe excellent Service But if the first main Battell should miscarry in the first encounter so that their Battalia's be broken by the enemy yet there are ample spaces betwixt the Battalia's of the second Battell to retrait into and there to make head and freshly to re-charge the enemy again betwixt each Battalia in the Rear there must retrait two Battalia's of the Front and upon each Flank one The Troops of Horse are thus disposed upon each side there are an hundred Horse to guard the Ordnance which with the assistance of the Pikes and Shot they are to secure themselves Now there remains five thousand and eight hundred Horse which are to bee divided into severall Battalia's upon each Wing are to bee placed two thousand and nine hundred and they are again to be divided into three Battalia's at the least View the Figure following being the eleventh Figure CHAP. XXIII The twelfth forme of imbattelling an Armie consisting of 12000 Foot and 3000 Horse partly imitating Monsieur Bellay in his militarie Discipline Pag. 75. THis forme of imbattelling which followeth in this Discourse was chiefly invented to deceive the enemy for whereas it seemeth of narrow Front at the first view yet the formost Battell being retraited within the second Battell and the Impalements upon each Flank with the Forlorn Hopes being doubled one Rank into another makes the Front of a farre larger extent so that the enemy having framed his Battell answerable as he may suppose to encounter with this forme hee shall find it otherwise for this Battell will over-Wing his and the Forlorn Hope being strengthned with Shot and fortified with a competencie of Pikes will soon hemm in the enemies Battalia's on the Flanks before they bee aware of it which by the help of those Troops of Curassiers and seconded by the Carbines will endanger to rout them The order observed in Marshalling this Battell is in this manner first there is on each Wing before the Front of the main Battell two Battalia's of Horse each consisting of 252 which makes forty two Files being ranged six deep so that in the four Battels are contained 1008 Horse The next is the main Battell of Foot consisting of five Divisions which hath in each five hundred and ten Pikes and Shot in all the five Battalia's are contained 2550 men The distance betwixt each Battalia or Division is 5 paces in breadth and they have 51 in Rank or Brest and 10 deep in File the breadth of the whole Front from side to side of either impalement the distances being added betwixt each Division is 1560 paces broad Next are three Battalia's plac'd 25 paces behind the first main Battell these have contained in each of them 510 as the former had so that the three Battalia's have 1530 souldiers in them You may delude the enemy in making him beleeve your Forces are more than they are by causing your second Battalia's to open their Files to their open order and then they will seem as many men in the second Battell as is in the first The Rear-Battel is likewise ordered 25 paces behind the second Battell and that consists only of 2 Battalia's and are plac'd upon the Flank as by the Figure you may see having a broad space to receive the two former Battels if they should be constrained to retrait these two last consist of 1020 viz 510 souldiers in each these two Rear-Battels may open their Files to their double distance to make them seem farre more than they are but when they are ready to charge the enemy they must fall into their order of three foot The Impalements of each Flank of the Battell marked with the figures of 1 and 2 consist of 5 in Brest 153 in depth so that each Wing of Impalement hath 665 Pikes Likewise by the outside of the Pikes are the same quantity of Muskets ordered 5 in Brest and 153 in depth which amounts likewise to 665 Shot it is marked with the figure 2. This Division of Shot is to be plac'd 5 paces from the Pikes they must likewise open their Files very wide that they may seem to equall the Front of the Battell these must double one within another as the main Battell shall retrait Next this impalement the Forlorn Hope is plac'd along by the side of it marked with the figures 3 and 4 and these are to consist of Shot and Pikes as the figures 1 2 did and first the Shot hath 8 in Rank and 153 in depth so that each Wing takes up 1224 Shot the Pikes you are to suppose are ranked next the Shot the outside 5 paces from the Shot they are 5 in Front or Brest and 153 in depth which amounts to in each 665 these are to dilate their Files as the former Beyond the Forlorn Hope are plac'd 700 Curassiers ten paces from the former as you may see at the figure 5. These are to order themselves in convenient Troops down by the â—lanks of the former And 5 paces beyond these Curassiers are 300 Carbines which must orderly range themselves in convenient Troops as at the figure 6. In the Rear are foure strong Redouts well Pallizado'd with field-Peeces in them in each severall Redout there are one hundred and fiftie souldiers The Shot belonging to the main Battell are placed before the Pikes to shelter them and to hide the Ordnance amongst them When the enemy are within distance then those Files of Shot which stand before the Ordnance are to divide themselves upon either hand so that the Ordnance may suddenly give a volley upon the enemies Troops and when they have done their best they are to be drawn into the Rear of the Battell View the Figure following CHAP. XXIIII A forme of imbattelling containing 15000 Foot and 2000 Horse with twenty field-Peeces the Pikes girdled with two Ranks of Musketires round about the residue of the Shot are ordered in 188 Maniples IN this forme of imbattelling you may perceive the Pikes to be drawn into twentie four Divisions each Division or Battalia containing three hundred souldiers with convenient distances betwixt them They are first impaled or girdled round under the Pikes with one hundred and eighty Shot which makes two Ranks these are to give fire
18250 1095 6 6570 1098 1830 10 18300 1098 6 6588 1101 1835 10 18350 1101 6 6606 1104 184â— 10 18400 1104 6 6624 1107 1845 10 18450 1107 6 6642 1110 1850 10 18500 1110 6 6660 1113 1855 10 18550 1113 6 6678 1116 1860 10 18600 1116 6 6696 1119 1865 10 18650 1119 6 6714 1122 1870 10 18700 1122 6 6732 1125 1875 10 18750 1125 6 6750 1128 1880 10 18800 1128 6 6768 1131 1885 10 18850 1131 6 6786 1134 1890 10 18900 1134 6 6804 1137 1895 10 18950 1137 6 6822 1140 1900 10 19000 1140 6 6840 1143 1905 10 19050 1143 6 6858 1146 1910 10 19100 1146 6 6876 1149 1915 10 19150 1149 6 6894 1152 1920 10 19200 â—152 6 69â—2 1155 1925 10 19250 1155 6 â—â—30 1158 1930 1â— 1930â— 1158 6 6948 1161 1935 10 19350 1161 6 69â—6 1164 1940 10 19400 1164 6 6984 1167 1945 10 19450 1167 6 7002 1170 1950 10 19500 1170 6 7020 1173 1955 10 1955â— â—173 6 7038 1176 1960 10 19â—â—â— 1176 6 7056 1179 1905 10 1905â— 1179 6 7074 1182 1970 10 19700 1â—82 6 7092 1185 1975 10 19750 1185 6 7110 1188 1980 10 19800 â—188 6 â—â—28 1191 1985 10 19850 1191 6 71â—6 1194 1990 10 19900 1194 6 â—â—64 1197 1995 10 19950 1â—â—7 6 7182 1200 2000 10 20000 120â— 6 7200 2400 4000 10 40000 2400 6 14400 3000 5000 10 50000 â—â—00 6 18000 4000 6667 10 66670 4â—â—0 6 24000 5000 8333 10 83330 5000 6 30000 The use of the precedent Table described THis precedent Table is divided into seven Columes each Colume having its proper use set above it In the first Colume towards the left hand you shall find the number of paces Geometricall vizâ— foot to each pace placed In the second Colume you shall find the just number of men which those paces may contain in Brest or Rank â—â—cording as the first Colume shall point to you viz. each man taking up three foot for his particular station In the third Colume you shall find our ordinary way of placing our men 10 deep in File fit for skirmish The fourth Colume points to you the whole number of men being ordered 10 deep in File The fifth Colume shews how many Horses may bee plac'd upon so many paces of ground as the Colume of paces demonstrates viz. each Horse takes up five foot for his station in Rank The sixth Colume shews the manner of placing of them six deep in File The seventh Colume shews the just number of Horse being ordered six deep in File As for example You have paced out 1002 Geometricall paces which is 2004 of your ordinarie going paces taking but two foot and an halfe to each step Now if you would know how many men these forenamed paces may contain in Rank you must first enter the Table and in the first Colume of the last Table-Page right under the superscription of Paces Geometricall you shall find 1002 and just against it in the second Colume towards your right hand you shall find that 1670 men may be plac'd in Rank or Brest and in the next Colume being the third you shall find they are plac'd 10 deep in File then casting but your eye into the fourth Colume you shall find the whole number of them to be 16700 men Likewise if you would know how many Horses may be plac'd in Brest or Rank upon the fore-named quantitie of paces by casting your eye into the fifth Colume you shall find 1002 Horses and if they be ordered six deep in File then look into the seventh Colume and you shall find the whole number to bee 6012 Horses after the same manner you may find out any other number If you intend to order your Horse but five deep in File then to know how many bee of the whole number you must multiply the number in the fifth Colume by 5 and the product is the whole number After the same manner if you intend to impale the Flanks or Rear of your Battell after you know the number of paces as for example Suppose it to be 801 paces enter the Colume of paces and you shall find that 801 paces must have 1335 men to make one Rank for the Impalement now if you would have seven Ranks then you must multiply 1335 by 7 and the product will be 9345 the just whole number that the Impalement will take up being it consists of seven Ranks The reason why I have set down the paces Geometricall in the first Colume after a progressionall way one number exceeding another by three is because it fits even with the quantitie of feet each Foot-man and Horse-man occupyeth for his proper station in Rank or Brest otherwise there would be odd feet as in 2 paces which consists of 10 feet there can bee but 3 Foot-men plac'd who must take up but 9 feet so that there is an odd foot remaining which would put all out of order But in 3 paces there is 15 feet contained wherein may be 5 men plac'd Also in 3 paâ—es there must be even 3 Horses plac'd for a Horse taketh up in Brest or Rank an 〈◊〉 pace containing 5 feet Vale. FINIS God wins Rom. Ant. * Pedro Mexia in Lodoâ—â—â— Bavaro how by the death of Constructio the Emperour the designe against Florence was lost Paulus Emil. in Carolo by a schisme betweene Vrbat and Clement the Armie was ruined Sigon de regno Itallico Anno 896. how Rome was surprised by Arâ—ulphus the Emperour through a sudden fear Paulus Emâ—l in Phâ—lipo secundo Nauclerus in Croâ— the Christians overthrew the Soldan through a sudden feare Osorius in lib. 7. cap. 36. divers Battells lost by divers accidents Guic. lib. 5. the French were overthrowne by a word mistaken Titus Livius in dec 3. lib. 2. dâ—c 4. lib 7. Pedro Mexia in vita Imp. Adolph Guic in lib. 8. what victories hath beene lost by Sun wind and raine c. Esay 42. 13. Psal. 18. 34. Ezek. 33. Ver. 3 4 5. Pax Dei Col. 3. 13. 2. Kings 19. 37. Ester 1. 1. Chroriâ—â—r Carionis Lib. 2. 〈…〉 Centum millia peditum deâ—â—m millia equituÌ„ Carâ—on Lib. 2. Sexcenta millia Iustin. Lib 2. Iustin. Lib. 2. Chron. Cario Lib. 2. Iustin. Lib. â— Dan. 11. 2. â—â—ren Carionis Lib. 2. Iustin. Lih. 9. Plut. invita Alexquando omnes opes suas inter 〈◊〉 distribuâ—ssâ—t hic peâ—dâ—â— dicent◠〈◊〉 Rex reliquam erit spes sâ—la respondit In omni praelio non taâ—◠〈◊〉 et virâ—â—â—â—docta quam ars excrâ—â—tum solent traeslare victorum vegetius Lib. 1. 〈◊〉 â—acilius reâ—â—â—â—tur quâ—m expellantur 〈◊〉 Plut. in vita Alexand. Iustin 400000. Plutarch in vita Alexander decies centena militum millia Iosephus Lib. 11. Ant. Iud. cap. 8. Iustin. Lib. 11. Ab hoc enim quis non â—â—â—it 〈…〉 Chron. Carionis Et sia multitudine victus gloria tamen omnes vicit Chronicon Carionis Iustin. Lib. 12. Sibi Regem â—orum privatum â—â—stem
wresty Horse goe forwards How to make a shie horse gentle How to make a horse hardy and bold in the warres By trotting the Ring you may embolden your Horse The Dragoones are the fittest to give the on set because they doe their execution at a further distance The Firelocke is â—â—rest to give fire and not so apt to be out of 〈◊〉 besides they will indure Spâ—nd 24. houres together without â—urting them Description of a Ranke Description of a File Twentie in length That the Troope may move orderly and keepe their distances truely let the whole Troope move all at an instant viz. when the Front moves then the Reare to be ready so shall they bee seldome found to erre In Marching or Trooping through a Towne forget not to have your Peeces spand and holding them in your hand with their mouthes upwards and the butt end resting upon your thigh The Figure of the foure Divisions drawne into Battallia The distinctions of the sounds of Trumpet described The proportion of powder usually required for a true charge of any peece is almost halfe the weight in powder of the bullet Some will not have a Cuirassiere to give fire untill he hath plac't his Pistoll under his enemies armour You may place the Pumâ—ell of your Sword upon your right thigh and directing it with your right hand to the place you intend to hit viz. the belly or arme pits or his throat They must be taught to be excellent marks-men for the manner of handling them the directions of the Pistoll may serve for instruction Edmunds observation upon Câ—sars Com. In those Kingdomes that are fortified with strong Garrison Townes there shall neede no such armâ— for those townes are ready to performe the same Office that this Armie should doe * The forme of their standing in Battalia ready for exercise To cause them to face to the right hand is performed by commanding * To the right hand This motion is performed by turning all at once and the same time to the right hand Thus the Front is where the right Flanke was To reduce them to their first forme the word of command is This is performed by turning to the left hand from thence to face them to the left you command This is performed by turning towards the left from hence they are to be reduced by commanding Which they doe by turning to the right Now to face them to the Reare though it be most proper to doe it by the right hand yet for the more ready way you must command This is performed by turning towards the left hand untill their faces Front to that place which was before the Reare To reduce them to their first forme the word of Command is Every other ranke passeth into the rank before them upon the right hand of his leader To reduce them the word of Command is Which is best done by causing those rankes which doubled to stand and those which stood to advance This motion differs nothing from the former onely where as before they doubled to the right now they double to the left hand of their Leaders To reduce them the word of Command is To performe this the second File passeth into the first every man behinde his sideman this must be done throughout the Company at one instant the o are the places where the Files that removed did stand They are reduced by commanding The difference betweene this and the former motion is the difference of hands so that those Files that before moved are now to stand view the Figure They are reduc't by commanding To performe this the middlemen double the first ranke on the right hand the other two Rankes double the two folowing Rankes as is manifest in the Figure To reduce them the word is But in regard of the combersomnesse of the horse in turning to cause them that double to stand and the first division to advance This motion onely differs from the former in the hand The reducing of them is shewed in the former motion In this motion the last Ranke passeth into the first and so successively as the Figure demonstrates it They are reduced by saying For the convenient turning of the horse it is best to beginne with the left hand This Figure is after the Corean manner There are divers other formes of countermarching which are to be performed as well by Rankes as by Files as the Lacedemonian and Macedonian but in regard of brevity they are here omitted All the Files are to close from the right and left towards the middle of the body Note when you intend to wheele your Files must first be closed and then the Rankes and when you command them to open againe the Rankes are first and then the Files To performe this all the Rankes move forwards saving the first which standeth the second ranke being advanc't up to its distance stands so all the rest When the horses are to wheele the Commander must take a reasonable Compasse for they cannot possibly doe it in such exact manner as the foote for they must be allowed a farre greater space in regard of the combersomenes of the horse To performe this motion all the body moveth to the left upon the left file leader as the Center The wheeling to the left hand is the readiest way unlesse some impediments hinders wherefore that is first nominated although it bee more proper to begin with the right the wheeling to the right is for brevity omitted To reduce them wheele to the right hand as you were There is also wheeling to the right or left about wheeling wings into the front they are here omited for brevitie To reduce them into their first order first the Rankes are to be opened then the files In opening the rankes the best way is to doe it by opening forwards It was attributed to Iason Foure kindes of Rhombes â— described Euelide defineth a Rhombe to be a square Figure that hath the sides equall but the Angles not right viz. the foure-sides of the square are of one and the same length but the points which make the Angles are two of them stretched out in length and become more sharpe the other two are more blunt than a Tetragonall square A Rhombe neither filing nor ranking The Thess alonians used this forme of imbattelling their Troopes The termes used by Commanders in former ages as Pâ—li l. 4. 217. A Rhombe ranking but not filing Leo Chap. 5. Sect. 3. and Cap. 6. Sect. 39. Leo Cap 7. Sect. 81 Cap. 14. Sect. 70. Leo Cap 14. Sect. 108 109. Plutarch in Liâ—urgo Leo Cap. 12. Sect. 4â— Their horse Troopes charged the Enemy in Phalang and not by rankes as we doe Leo ibidem reade Bingham upon Aliâ—ns Tacticks pag. 106. Caesar against Pompey did the like and Eâ—aâ—mondas against the Lacedemonians Soâ—e Generalls have 〈…〉 range 〈…〉 second 〈…〉 by a large 〈…〉 â—ront 〈…〉 but 〈…〉 Flank◠〈…〉 battell to 〈…〉 Inâ—anâ—ry Not to charge the enemies foote Troopes