daughter_n for_o the_o testator_n have_v two_o son_n and_o four_o daughter_n it_o can_v be_v collect_v by_o these_o word_n how_o they_o shall_v take_v and_o by_o consequence_n it_o can_v be_v a_o estate_n tail_n by_o implication_n now_o suppose_v one_o of_o the_o daughter_n shall_v die_v without_o issue_n it_o be_v uncertain_a who_o shall_v have_v her_o part_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o appointment_n in_o what_o order_n this_o estate_n shall_v go_v it_o can_v be_v a_o estate_n tail_n and_o to_o maintain_v this_o opinion_n this_o case_n be_v cite_v one_o collier_n be_v seize_v in_o fee_n of_o three_o house_n witty_n 2_o cro._n 655._o gilbert_n versus_fw-la witty_n and_o have_v issue_n three_o son_n john_n robert_n and_o richard_n he_o devise_v to_o each_o of_o they_o a_o house_n in_o fee_n proviso_n if_o all_o my_o child_n die_v without_o issue_n of_o their_o body_n then_o the_o house_n to_o be_v to_o his_o wife_n the_o two_o elder_a son_n die_v without_o issue_n the_o young_a have_v issue_v a_o daughter_n who_o marry_v the_o lessor_n of_o the_o plaintiff_n the_o question_n be_v whether_o by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o elder_a son_n without_o issue_n there_o be_v a_o cross_a remainder_n to_o richard_n and_o the_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n or_o whether_o the_o wife_n shall_v take_v immediate_o or_o expect_v till_o after_o the_o death_n of_o all_o the_o son_n without_o issue_n and_o it_o be_v adjudge_v that_o the_o wife_n shall_v take_v immediate_o and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o cross_a remainder_n nor_o any_o estate_n by_o implication_n because_o it_o be_v a_o devise_n to_o they_o several_o by_o express_a limitation_n so_o that_o if_o no_o estate_n tail_n arise_v to_o the_o daughter_n in_o this_o case_n by_o implication_n sawyer_n cro._n eliz._n taylor_n versus_fw-la sawyer_n then_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o devise_n to_o his_o issue_n which_o extend_v to_o they_o all_o and_o give_v only_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n for_o the_o defendant_n it_o be_v 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proviso_n that_o the_o house_n be_v not_o sell_v etc._n etc._n make_v it_o a_o tail_n and_o the_o word_n viz._n to_o remain_v to_o the_o family_n must_v be_v intend_v to_o the_o elder_a if_o this_o be_v not_o a_o estate_n tail_n than_o the_o devise_v over_o to_o anne_n warner_n be_v void_a as_o to_o the_o case_n of_o gilbert_n and_o witty_a that_o move_v upon_o another_o reason_n for_o there_o every_o one_o take_v by_o a_o distinct_a and_o separate_a limitation_n curia_fw-la in_o that_o case_n all_o the_o estate_n be_v limit_v distinct_o to_o the_o three_o son_n but_o in_o this_o it_o be_v otherwise_o for_o the_o testator_n have_v two_o son_n and_o no_o estate_n be_v limit_v to_o one_o of_o they_o before_o then_o he_o say_v if_o all_o my_o son_n and_o daughter_n die_v without_o issue_n then_o etc._n etc._n and_o thus_o the_o case_n differ_v which_o create_v the_o difficulty_n but_o no_o reason_n can_v be_v give_v why_o this_o court_n shall_v not_o construe_v will_n according_a to_o 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hospitall_a and_o parson_n petition_v the_o king_n in_o council_n and_o obtain_v a_o order_n to_o try_v where_o the_o fair_a aught_o to_o be_v keep_v which_o be_v try_v according_o at_o the_o exchequer_n bar_n and_o a_o verdict_n for_o the_o parson_n chief_z justice_z if_o the_o fair_a belong_v to_o andover_n they_o may_v choose_v whether_o they_o will_v keep_v it_o at_o any_o place_n and_o that_o may_v create_v another_o question_n whether_o they_o may_v not_o forfeit_v this_o franchise_n by_o disuser_n but_o certain_o if_o the_o place_n be_v not_o limit_v by_o the_o king_n grant_n they_o may_v keep_v it_o where_o they_o please_v or_o rather_o where_o they_o can_v most_o convenient_o and_o if_o it_o be_v so_o limit_v they_o may_v keep_v it_o in_o what_o part_n of_o such_o place_n they_o will_n dawling_n versus_fw-la venman_n a_o action_n on_o the_o case_n be_v bring_v against_o the_o defendant_n chancery_n action_n for_o a_o scandalous_a affidavit_fw-la in_o chancery_n for_o make_v a_o scandalous_a affidavit_fw-la in_o chancery_n in_o which_o be_v these_o word_n viz._n mr._n dawling_n be_v a_o rogue_n and_o a_o knave_n and_o i_o will_v make_v it_o out_o before_o my_o lord_n chancellor_n and_o i_o will_v have_v he_o in_o the_o pillory_n upon_o not_o guilty_a plead_v there_o be_v a_o verdict_n for_o the_o plaintiff_n and_o damage_n entire_a it_o be_v move_v in_o arrest_n of_o judgement_n for_o that_o the_o truth_n of_o on_o oath_n shall_v not_o be_v liable_a to_o a_o trial_n in_o a_o action_n on_o the_o case_n for_o the_o law_n intend_v every_o oath_n to_o be_v true_a before_o the_o statute_n of_o 3_o &_o 11_o h._n 11._o cro._n eliz._n 521_o 2_o cro._n 607._o sid._n 50._o hutt_n 11._o 7._o which_o give_v power_n to_o examine_v perjury_n there_o be_v not_o any_o punishment_n at_o
mistake_v in_o that_o action_n and_o be_v in_o the_o wrong_n be_v bar_v but_o that_o will_v be_v no_o bar_n where_o a_o right_a action_n be_v bring_v as_o if_o i_o deliver_v a_o bond_n to_o another_o for_o advice_n who_o refuse_v to_o redeliver_v it_o i_o bring_v a_o action_n of_o trespass_n and_o be_o bar_v either_o by_o verdict_n or_o demurrer_n yet_o i_o may_v bring_v detinue_n trespass_n and_o detinue_n be_v not_o the_o same_o action_n def._n pro_fw-la def._n and_o therefore_o a_o judgement_n in_o one_o shall_v be_v no_o bar_n to_o the_o other_o but_o where_o two_o action_n be_v bring_v for_o one_o thing_n to_o be_v recover_v in_o such_o case_n a_o recovery_n in_o one_o shall_v be_v a_o bar_n to_o the_o other_o there_o be_v no_o substantial_a difference_n between_o trespass_n and_o trover_n for_o the_o dispose_n of_o the_o good_n in_o the_o one_o case_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o conversion_n in_o the_o other_o the_o taking_z vi_fw-mi &_o armis_fw-la and_o likewise_o the_o conversion_n be_v both_o tortuous_a and_o therefore_o either_o action_n may_v be_v well_o bring_v but_o for_o the_o reason_n give_v by_o the_o plaintiff_n council_n he_o have_v judgement_n by_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o chief_a justice_n and_o the_o other_o two_o judge_n jones_n and_o raymond_n of_o which_o justice_n dolben_n do_v very_o much_o doubt_n dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la versus_fw-la sir_n robert_n atkins_n knight_n of_o the_o bath_n &_o al'_v a_o indictment_n be_v find_v at_o the_o quarter_n session_n hold_v for_o the_o county_n of_o the_o city_n of_o bristol_n 4_o octob._n 33_o car._n 2._o bristolâ—_n the_o county_n of_o the_o city_n of_o bristolâ—_n against_o sir_n robert_n atkins_n knight_n of_o the_o bath_n and_o recorder_n and_o senior_n alderman_n of_o the_o say_a city_n sir_n john_n knight_n alderman_n john_n lawford_n alderman_n and_o joseph_n creswick_n alderman_n set_v forth_o 1._o that_o king_n henry_n the_o vii_o the_o by_o his_o charter_n date_v 17_o decemb_v 15_o regni_fw-la svi_fw-la grant_v to_o the_o mayor_n and_o commonalty_n of_o the_o town_n of_o bristol_n the_o now_o city_n of_o bristol_n be_v then_o a_o town_n and_o to_o their_o successor_n that_o if_o any_o shall_v procure_v abett_n or_o maintain_v any_o debate_n and_o discord_n upon_o the_o election_n of_o the_o mayor_n or_o other_o minister_n he_o shall_v be_v punish_v instant_o by_o the_o mayor_n and_o two_o alderman_n to_o be_v choose_v and_o name_v by_o the_o mayor_n after_o the_o quantity_n and_o quality_n of_o his_o offence_n according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o realm_n 2._o that_o according_a to_o the_o privilege_n grant_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n to_o the_o mayor_n and_o commonalty_n of_o the_o say_a city_n and_o their_o successor_n by_o charter_n date_v 28_o june_n 23d_o of_o her_o reign_n after_o which_o time_n as_o the_o indictment_n set_v forth_o the_o say_a town_n be_v make_v a_o city_n there_o have_v be_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v be_v from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o make_v the_o say_a charter_n twelve_o alderman_n whereof_o the_o recorder_n be_v to_o be_v and_o now_o be_v one_o 3._o that_o according_a to_o the_o privilege_n so_o as_o aforesaid_a grant_v by_o all_o the_o time_n aforesaid_a which_o be_v from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o charter_n after_o the_o death_n of_o every_o alderman_n the_o mayor_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o survive_a alderman_n &_o eorum_fw-la major_n pars_fw-la ad_fw-la summonitionem_fw-la of_o the_o say_a mayor_n be_v call_v together_o have_v accustom_v to_o choose_v another_o person_n of_o the_o circumspect_a citizen_n to_o be_v a_o alderman_n in_o the_o place_n of_o he_o so_o decease_v and_o the_o mayor_n and_o alderman_n by_o the_o same_o privilege_n so_o grant_v have_v be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v justice_n of_o the_o peace_n for_o the_o say_a city_n 4._o that_o continual_o after_o the_o time_n of_o the_o say_a charter_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n the_o recorder_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o alderman_n be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v of_o the_o privy_a council_n de_fw-la privato_fw-la concilio_n of_o the_o mayor_n in_o particular_a case_n concern_v the_o government_n of_o the_o city_n whensoever_o the_o mayor_n shall_v call_v they_o together_o and_o such_o privy_a council_n by_o all_o the_o time_n aforesaid_a which_o still_o be_v from_o the_o say_a charter_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n have_v not_o accustom_v nor_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v call_v together_o to_o transact_v any_o business_n belong_v to_o that_o council_n unless_o by_o the_o summons_n and_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o mayor_n that_o after_o the_o death_n of_o one_o sir_n john_n lloyd_n be_v at_o his_o death_n a_o alderman_n of_o the_o say_a city_n the_o say_a sir_n robert_n atkins_n then_o be_v recorder_n sir_n john_n knight_n john_n lawford_n esquire_n and_o joseph_n creswick_n be_v all_o alderman_n then_o of_o the_o city_n and_o free_a burgess_n of_o the_o city_n to_o make_v debate_n and_o discord_n upon_o the_o election_n of_o a_o alderman_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o alderman_n so_o dead_a 8_o march_z 33_o car._n 2._o in_o the_o parish_n and_o ward_n of_o st._n andrew_n within_o the_o say_a city_n do_v conspire_v to_o hold_v a_o privy_a council_n of_o the_o alderman_n of_o the_o say_a city_n and_o therein_o to_o choose_v a_o alderman_n sine_fw-la summonitione_fw-la &_o in_fw-la absentia_fw-la &_o contra_fw-la voluntatem_fw-la richardi_fw-la hart_n militis_fw-la then_o be_v mayor_n of_o the_o city_n and_o in_o pursuance_n of_o their_o say_a wicked_a conspiracy_n the_o day_n and_o year_n aforesaid_a enter_v by_o force_n and_o arm_n into_o the_o tolzey_n and_o in_o the_o chamber_n of_o the_o council_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o commonalty_n of_o the_o say_a city_n common_o call_v the_o council_n house_n and_o there_o riotous_o etc._n etc._n do_v assemble_v and_o the_o same_o day_n and_o year_n they_o the_o say_v four_o alderman_n una_fw-la cum_fw-la aliis_fw-la aldermannis_fw-la which_o must_v be_v two_o more_o alderman_n at_o the_o least_o which_o make_v six_o and_o there_o be_v but_o five_o more_o in_o all_o then_o in_o be_v take_v the_o mayor_n in_o the_o say_a rest_n of_o the_o alderman_n not_o know_v their_o purpose_n hold_v a_o privy_a council_n of_o alderman_n and_o then_o and_o there_o as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o lay_v choose_v thomas_n day_n for_o a_o alderman_n in_o the_o place_n of_o sir_n john_n lloyd_n sine_fw-la aliqua_fw-la summonitione_fw-la per_fw-la praedictum_fw-la richardum_fw-la hart_n then_o mayor_n to_o meet_v and_o in_o his_o absence_n and_o against_o his_o will._n and_o they_o far_o cause_v to_o be_v enter_v in_o the_o common_a council-book_n the_o say_a election_n as_o a_o order_n of_o the_o privy_a council_n in_o which_o book_n the_o act_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o alderman_n in_o their_o privy_a council_n be_v common_o write_v from_o whence_o great_a discord_n have_v rise_v etc._n etc._n which_o indictment_n be_v try_v at_o the_o assize_n at_o bristol_n by_o nisi_fw-la prius_fw-la and_o the_o defendant_n find_v guilty_a and_o thereupon_o sir_n robert_n atkins_n one_o of_o the_o defendant_n have_v then_o late_o before_o this_o case_n be_v one_o of_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n but_o then_o discharge_v of_o his_o place_n after_o eight_o year_n sit_v there_o secure_a come_v into_o the_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n and_o in_o arrest_n of_o judgement_n argue_v his_o own_o case_n not_o as_o council_n nor_o at_o the_o bar_n but_o in_o the_o court_n in_o his_o cloak_n have_v a_o chair_n set_v for_o he_o by_o the_o order_n of_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n and_o say_v as_o follow_v 1._o the_o indictment_n in_o the_o first_o place_n mention_n the_o letter_n patent_n of_o king_n h._n 7._o make_v to_o the_o mayor_n and_o commonalty_n of_o bristol_n that_o the_o mayor_n with_o two_o alderman_n such_o as_o he_o shall_v choose_v shall_v by_o their_o discretion_n according_a to_o law_n punish_v such_o as_o shall_v make_v debate_n and_o discord_n at_o the_o election_n of_o officer_n they_o have_v not_o pursue_v this_o course_n against_o we_o but_o go_v the_o ordinary_a way_n of_o indictment_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o speak_v to_o it_o 2._o the_o indictment_n in_o the_o next_o place_n proceed_v to_o mention_v letter_n patent_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n grant_v to_o the_o mayor_n and_o commonalty_n in_o the_o 23d_o year_n of_o her_o reign_n which_o provide_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v twelve_o alderman_n and_o how_o upon_o the_o death_n or_o removal_n of_o a_o alderman_n a_o new_a one_o shall_v be_v choose_v that_o be_v by_o the_o mayor_n and_o the_o survive_a alderman_n and_o the_o great_a number_n of_o they_o be_v call_v together_o as_o the_o indictment_n suggest_v by_o the_o summons_n of_o the_o mayor_n the_o whole_a indictment_n and_o the_o offence_n we_o be_v charge_v with_o be_v
of_o the_o clause_n yet_o he_o be_v repeat_v over_o again_o when_o they_o come_v to_o make_v he_o of_o the_o quorum_fw-la this_o show_v the_o name_v he_o before_o by_o his_o office_n do_v not_o do_v it_o if_o it_o do_v the_o name_n of_o he_o again_o in_o the_o quorum_fw-la will_v be_v a_o tautology_n and_o a_o vain_a repetition_n but_o perhaps_o it_o will_v be_v say_v it_o belong_v to_o the_o office_n of_o a_o mayor_n at_o the_o common_a law_n to_o summon_v the_o corporation_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o alderman_n when_o he_o see_v there_o be_v occasion_n and_o he_o must_v as_o mayor_n be_v present_a among_o they_o or_o nothing_o can_v be_v do_v let_v we_o examine_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o those_o that_o advise_v the_o indictment_n be_v not_o of_o this_o opinion_n and_o i_o hear_v it_o be_v say_v at_o the_o trial_n that_o it_o be_v draw_v with_o good_a advice_n for_o the_o indictment_n itself_o challenge_v this_o right_a to_o the_o mayor_n upon_o another_o ground_n it_o will_v intimate_v as_o if_o the_o word_n of_o the_o charter_n give_v it_o he_o as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v which_o say_v that_o secundum_fw-la privilegia_fw-la concessa_fw-la est_fw-la therefore_o they_o think_v it_o be_v not_o his_o due_n at_o the_o common_a law_n 1._o for_o his_o name_n of_o mayor_n that_o import_v no_o such_o thing_n he_o be_v major_a that_o be_v the_o great_a the_o more_o eminent_a this_o note_n his_o pre-eminence_n in_o respect_n and_o reverence_n but_o give_v he_o little_o more_o of_o power_n than_o what_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o alderman_n have_v the_o like_a office_n among_o the_o old_a roman_n be_v the_o praetor_n which_o as_o minsheu_o say_n come_v from_o praeitor_a a_o praeeundo_a he_o do_v praeire_fw-la or_o praecedere_fw-la or_o praesidere_fw-la he_o go_v first_o and_o sit_v uppermost_a but_o it_o give_v he_o no_o more_o power_n but_o the_o mayor_n in_o our_o case_n will_v neither_o lead_v nor_o drive_v but_o if_o there_o can_v be_v no_o election_n of_o a_o alderman_n without_o his_o summons_n and_o presence_n and_o if_o he_o be_v wilful_a as_o the_o mayor_n in_o our_o case_n be_v he_o be_v not_o only_o major_a maximus_n but_o dominus_fw-la fac_fw-la totum_fw-la as_o the_o vulgar_a say_v be_v or_o dominus_fw-la faciens_fw-la totum_fw-la the_o twelve_o alderman_n without_o he_o will_v be_v but_o so_o many_o cipher_n the_o mayor_n will_v be_v the_o great_a figure_n and_o the_o alderman_n will_v signify_v only_o in_o conjunction_n with_o he_o we_o may_v then_o say_v of_o every_o alderman_n as_o the_o one_o grecian_a captain_n say_v of_o the_o other_o of_o ulysses_n nihil_fw-la est_fw-la diomedes_n remoto_fw-la mr._n mayor_n will_v be_v that_o which_o the_o logician_n call_v causa_fw-la sine_fw-la qua_fw-la non_fw-la quae_fw-la per_fw-la se_fw-la nihil_fw-la facit_fw-la sed_fw-la tantum_fw-la esse_fw-la aliquid_fw-la sine_fw-la qua_fw-la reliquae_fw-la causae_fw-la non_fw-la faciunt_fw-la so_o much_o for_o his_o name_n and_o title_n then_o for_o the_o office_n itself_o that_o do_v not_o require_v his_o summons_n nor_o presence_n in_o all_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o alderman_n for_o the_o business_n of_o the_o corporation_n it_o be_v not_o incident_a nor_o essential_a to_o his_o office_n of_o mayor_n by_o the_o common_a law_n the_o common_a law_n look_v upon_o he_o as_o the_o head_n or_o chief_a of_o a_o corporation_n but_o he_o be_v no_o officer_n of_o the_o common_a law_n to_o who_o the_o common-law_n limit_n or_o prescribe_v any_o duty_n as_o it_o do_v to_o a_o judge_n a_o sheriff_n a_o conservator_n of_o the_o peace_n a_o coroner_n or_o a_o constable_n these_o be_v all_o officer_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o the_o common-law_n instruct_v they_o in_o their_o power_n and_o duty_n but_o the_o mayor_n be_v the_o head_n of_o a_o corporation_n and_o a_o corporation_n have_v its_o essence_n by_o charter_n or_o prescription_n which_o presuppose_v a_o charter_n he_o have_v no_o power_n but_o what_o the_o charter_n express_o give_v he_o the_o common_a law_n take_v no_o far_a notice_n of_o he_o let_v we_o examine_v the_o ground_n and_o nature_n of_o a_o corporation_n and_o there_o we_o shall_v find_v the_o true_a nature_n and_o office_n of_o a_o mayor_n or_o any_o other_o head_n for_o it_o be_v all_o one_o the_o true_a ground_n and_o original_a of_o corporation_n in_o city_n and_o great_a town_n be_v this_o those_o be_v general_o the_o staple_n of_o trade_n and_o merchandise_n and_o trade_n as_o be_v say_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n 8_o co._n 125._o a._n can_v be_v maintain_v without_o order_n and_o government_n and_o therefore_o the_o king_n for_o the_o public_a good_a may_v exect_v gildam_fw-la mercatoriam_fw-la a_o fraternity_n or_o society_n or_o incorporation_n of_o merchant_n to_o the_o end_n that_o good_a order_n and_o rule_n shall_v be_v by_o they_o observe_v for_o the_o increase_n and_o advancement_n of_o trade_n and_o merchandize_v suppose_v the_o king_n shall_v by_o his_o charter_n encorporate_v a_o town_n by_o the_o name_n of_o mayor_n and_o twelve_o alderman_n and_o shall_v not_o set_v out_o their_o duty_n and_o office_n what_o power_n will_v the_o law_n give_v they_o in_o that_o case_n they_o will_v have_v no_o power_n as_o conservator_n of_o the_o peace_n or_o as_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n they_o can_v neither_o fine_a or_o imprison_v if_o they_o shall_v take_v upon_o they_o to_o meddle_v in_o these_o matter_n without_o express_a power_n give_v they_o by_o the_o word_n of_o the_o charter_n it_o will_v be_v suitor_n ultra_fw-la crepidam_fw-la therefore_o charter_n usual_o add_v these_o power_n by_o express_a clause_n to_o those_o purpose_n and_o make_v the_o mayor_n a_o justice_n of_o peace_n or_o a_o judge_n of_o goal-delivery_n but_o then_o he_o act_v in_o those_o power_n not_o quatenus_fw-la major_a nor_o eo_fw-la nomine_fw-la but_o because_o of_o the_o express_a power_n give_v he_o as_o it_o may_v have_v do_v to_o any_o other_o man._n the_o unite_n the_o power_n in_o one_o person_n do_v not_o confound_v the_o several_a and_o different_a capacity_n of_o that_o person_n that_o the_o charter_n give_v the_o only_a rule_n in_o these_o case_n and_o that_o a_o corporation_n be_v a_o mere_a creature_n of_o the_o charter_n that_o do_v constitute_v it_o and_o give_v it_o its_o be_v and_o therefore_o the_o bound_n and_o limit_n of_o its_o work_n appear_v by_o this_o suppose_v that_o neither_o this_o nor_o any_o other_o charter_n have_v give_v to_o this_o corporation_n of_o bristol_n any_o power_n to_o choose_v a_o new_a mayor_n or_o new_a alderman_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o the_o old_a they_o can_v then_o have_v make_v no_o new_a election_n but_o when_o the_o mayor_n and_o alderman_n have_v die_v the_o corporation_n have_v be_v dissolve_v the_o charter_n that_o give_v they_o their_o be_v must_v provide_v for_o their_o continuance_n and_o succession_n thus_o it_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o corporation_n of_o dungannon_n in_o ireland_n in_o those_o report_n that_o go_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o lord_n coke_n be_v 12_o rep._n 120_o 121._o so_o that_o the_o charter_n must_v provide_v for_o a_o election_n in_o order_n to_o a_o succession_n or_o otherwise_o the_o law_n will_v not_o help_v they_o and_o though_o the_o mayor_n be_v the_o more_o eminent_a and_o excellent_a and_o aught_o to_o have_v great_a respect_n and_o reverence_n yet_o the_o subject_a matter_n that_o we_o be_v upon_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o viz._n the_o election_n of_o a_o alderman_n it_o be_v not_o a_o matter_n of_o interest_n or_o of_o privilege_n or_o of_o power_n for_o then_o the_o mayor_n ought_v to_o be_v prefer_v in_o it_o but_o it_o be_v matter_n of_o duty_n and_o labour_n and_o trust_v and_o trouble_v it_o be_v officium_fw-la not_o dominium_fw-la to_o choose_v a_o alderman_n it_o be_v rather_o a_o burden_n than_o a_o power_n or_o authority_n as_o be_v say_v in_o the_o mayor_n of_o oxford_n be_v case_n in_o latch_n rep._n 231._o but_o than_o it_o will_v be_v ask_v that_o if_o it_o depend_v upon_o the_o charter_n and_o not_o upon_o the_o common_a law_n who_o shall_v appoint_v the_o time_n of_o election_n if_o the_o charter_n be_v silent_a in_o it_o as_o here_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v this_o will_v be_v a_o great_a defect_n and_o so_o there_o will_v be_v no_o meeting_n nor_o no_o election_n and_o so_o the_o corporation_n will_v expire_v to_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o charter_n do_v provide_v for_o it_o for_o those_o who_o duty_n it_o be_v to_o make_v a_o election_n it_o be_v their_o duty_n to_o agree_v to_o meet_v for_o that_o purpose_n and_o to_o appoint_v the_o time_n or_o else_o they_o do_v not_o discharge_v their_o duty_n they_o break_v their_o oath_n and_o be_v punishable_a for_o their_o omission_n and_o
that_o be_v to_o make_v they_o judge_n whether_o this_o duty_n be_v payable_a or_o not_o and_o so_o the_o court_n of_o westminster_n who_o be_v the_o proper_a judge_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o king_n who_o by_o this_o mean_n will_v be_v without_o a_o appeal_n will_v be_v exclude_v curia_fw-la this_o court_n may_v take_v cognizance_n of_o this_o matter_n as_o well_o as_o in_o case_n of_o bastardy_n it_o be_v frequent_a to_o remove_v those_o order_n into_o this_o court_n though_o the_o act_n say_v that_o the_o two_o next_o justice_n may_v take_v order_n as_o well_o for_o the_o punishment_n of_o the_o mother_n as_o also_o for_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o parish_n where_o it_o be_v bear_v except_o he_o give_v security_n to_o appear_v the_o next_o quarter_n session_n the_o statute_n do_v not_o mention_v any_o certiorari_fw-la which_o show_v that_o the_o intention_n of_o the_o lawmaker_n be_v that_o a_o certiorari_fw-la might_n he_o bring_v otherwise_o they_o will_v have_v enact_v as_o they_o have_v do_v by_o several_a other_o statute_n that_o no_o certiorari_fw-la shall_v lie_v therefore_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o act_n must_v be_v that_o the_o determination_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n shall_v be_v final_a in_o matter_n of_o fact_n only_o as_o if_o a_o collector_n shall_v affirm_v that_o a_o person_n have_v four_o chimney_n when_o he_o have_v but_o two_o or_o when_o the_o good_n distrain_v be_v sell_v under_o the_o value_n and_o the_o overplus_n not_o return_v but_o the_o right_n of_o the_o duty_n arise_v by_o virtue_n of_o this_o act_n be_v never_o intend_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o they_o then_o the_o order_n be_v file_v and_o mr._n pollexfen_v move_v that_o it_o may_v be_v quash_v for_o that_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 14_o car._n 2._o 10._o 14_o car._n 2._o c._n 10._o the_o occupier_n be_v only_o chargeable_a and_o the_o landlord_n exempt_v now_o by_o the_o proviso_n in_o that_o act_n such_o a_o cottage_n as_o be_v express_v in_o this_o order_n be_v likewise_o exempt_v because_o it_o be_v not_o of_o great_a value_n than_o 20_o s._n by_o the_o year_n and_o it_o be_v not_o express_v that_o the_o person_n inhabit_v the_o same_o have_v any_o land_n of_o his_o own_o of_o the_o value_n of_o 20_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la nor_o any_o land_n or_o good_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 10_o l._n now_o there_o have_v be_v several_a abuse_n make_v of_o this_o law_n to_o deceive_v the_o king_n of_o this_o duty_n occasion_v the_o make_n of_o this_o subsequent_a act._n the_o abuse_n be_v these_o viz._n the_o take_v a_o great_a house_n and_o divide_v it_o into_o several_a tenement_n and_o then_o let_v they_o to_o tenant_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o poverty_n may_v pretend_v to_o be_v exempt_v from_o this_o duty_n the_o divide_v land_n from_o house_n so_o that_o the_o king_n be_v by_o these_o practice_n deceive_v and_o therefore_o in_o such_o case_n the_o charge_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o landlord_n but_o nothing_o of_o this_o appear_v upon_o the_o order_n it_o be_v therefore_o quash_v brett_n versus_fw-la whitchot_n in_o replevin_n king_n land_n not_o exempt_v from_o repair_v of_o the_o highway_n by_o grant_n of_o the_o king_n the_o defendant_n avow_v the_o take_n of_o a_o cup_n as_o a_o fine_a for_o a_o distress_n towards_o the_o repair_n of_o the_o highway_n the_o plaintiff_n reply_v and_o set_v forth_o a_o grant_n from_o the_o king_n by_o which_o the_o land_n which_o be_v chargeable_a to_o send_v man_n for_o the_o repair_n etc._n etc._n be_v exempt_v from_o that_o duty_n and_o upon_o a_o demurrer_n the_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o king_n letter_n patent_n be_v sufficient_a to_o exempt_a land_n from_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o repair_n of_o the_o highway_n 8._o 2_o &_o 3_o ph._n &_o mar._n c._n 8._o which_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o philip_n and_o mary_n and_o other_o subsequent_a statute_n be_v chargeable_a to_o send_v man_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o it_o be_v argue_v that_o such_o letter_n patent_n be_v not_o sufficient_a because_o they_o be_v grant_v in_o this_o case_n before_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statute_n and_o so_o by_o consequence_n before_o any_o cause_n of_o action_n and_o to_o prove_v this_o a_o case_n be_v cite_v to_o this_o purpose_n in_o 2_o e._n 569._o 2_o inst_z 569._o 3._o a_o action_n be_v bring_v against_o a_o hundred_o for_o a_o robbery_n upon_o the_o statute_n of_o 13_o e._n 1._o the_o bishop_n of_o litchfield_n plead_v a_o charter_n of_o r._n 1._o by_o which_o that_o hundred_o which_o be_v hold_v in_o right_o of_o his_o church_n be_v exempt_v etc._n etc._n but_o it_o be_v hold_v that_o this_o charter_n can_v not_o discharge_v the_o action_n because_o no_o such_o action_n be_v give_v when_o the_o letter_n patent_n be_v make_v but_o long_o afterward_o judgement_n be_v give_v for_o the_o avowant_n upton_n versus_fw-la dawkin_n trespass_n quare_fw-la vi_fw-la &_o armis_fw-la liberam_fw-la piscariam_fw-la he_o do_v break_v and_o enter_v and_o one_o hundred_o trout_n ipsius_fw-la quer._n good_a trespass_n for_o take_v fish_n ipsius_fw-la querentis_fw-la in_o libera_fw-la piscaria_fw-la not_o good_a in_o the_o fishery_n aforesaid_a do_v take_v and_o carry_v away_o upon_o not_o guilty_a plead_v there_o be_v a_o verdict_n for_o the_o plaintiff_n and_o this_o exception_n be_v take_v in_o arrest_n of_o judgement_n viz._n for_o that_o the_o plaintiff_n declare_v in_o trespass_n for_o take_v so_o many_o fish_n ipsius_fw-la quer._n in_fw-la libera_fw-la piscaria_fw-la which_o can_v be_v because_o he_o have_v not_o such_o a_o property_n in_o libera_fw-la piscaria_fw-la to_o call_v the_o fish_n his_o own_o pollexfen_n contra_fw-la if_o there_o have_v not_o be_v a_o verdict_n such_o a_o construction_n may_v have_v be_v make_v of_o this_o declaration_n upon_o a_o demurrer_n but_o now_o it_o be_v help_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o a_o man_n may_v call_v they_o pisces_fw-la ipsius_fw-la in_o a_o free_a fishery_n for_o they_o may_v be_v in_o a_o trunk_n so_o a_o man_n may_v have_v a_o property_n though_o not_o in_o himself_o as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o jointenant_n where_o it_o be_v not_o in_o one_o but_o in_o both_o yet_o if_o one_o declare_v against_o the_o other_o unless_o he_o plead_v the_o jointenancy_n in_o abatement_n the_o plaintiff_n shall_v recover_v but_o notwithstanding_o the_o judgement_n be_v reverse_v dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la versus_fw-la ......_o the_o defendant_n be_v indict_v for_o barratry_n barratry_n barratry_n the_o evidence_n against_o he_o be_v that_o one_o g._n be_v arrest_v at_o the_o suit_n of_o c._n in_o a_o action_n of_o 4000_o l._n and_o be_v bring_v before_o a_o judge_n to_o give_v bail_n to_o the_o action_n and_o that_o the_o defendant_n who_o be_v a_o barrister_n at_o law_n be_v then_o present_a and_o do_v solicit_v this_o suit_n when_o in_o truth_n at_o the_o same_o time_n c._n be_v indebt_v to_o g._n in_o 200_o l._n and_o that_o he_o do_v not_o owe_v the_o say_v c._n one_o farthing_n the_o chief_a justice_n be_v first_o of_o opinion_n that_o this_o may_v be_v maintenance_n but_o that_o it_o be_v not_o barratry_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o defendant_n do_v know_v that_o c._n have_v not_o cause_n of_o action_n after_o it_o be_v bring_v if_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v arrest_v for_o a_o trifle_a cause_n or_o for_o no_o cause_n this_o be_v no_o barratry_n though_o it_o be_v a_o sign_n of_o a_o very_a ill_a christian_a it_o be_v against_o the_o express_a word_n of_o god_n but_o a_o man_n may_v arrest_v another_o think_n he_o have_v a_o just_a cause_n so_o to_o do_v when_o as_o in_o truth_n he_o have_v none_o for_o he_o may_v be_v mistake_v especial_o where_o there_o have_v be_v great_a deal_n between_o the_o party_n but_o if_o the_o design_n be_v not_o to_o recover_v his_o own_o right_a but_o only_o to_o ruin_v and_o oppress_v his_o neighbour_n that_o be_v barratry_n a_o man_n may_v lay_v out_o money_n in_o behalf_n of_o another_o in_o suit_n at_o law_n to_o recover_v a_o just_a right_n and_o this_o may_v be_v do_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o poverty_n of_o the_o party_n but_o if_o he_o lend_v money_n to_o promote_v and_o stir_v up_o suit_n than_o he_o be_v a_o barretor_n now_o it_o appear_v upon_o the_o evidence_n that_o the_o defendant_n do_v entertain_v c._n in_o his_o house_n and_o bring_v several_a action_n in_o his_o name_n where_o nothing_o be_v due_a that_o he_o be_v therefore_o guilty_a of_o that_o crime_n but_o if_o a_o action_n be_v first_o bring_v and_o then_o profecute_v by_o another_o he_o be_v no_o barretor_n though_o there_o be_v no_o cause_n of_o action_n the_o defendant_n be_v find_v guilty_a de_fw-fr termino_fw-la paschae_fw-la anno_fw-la 2_o jac._n ii_o in_o banco_n regis_fw-la 1686._o coram_fw-la edwardo_n herbert_n mil_n '_o capital_n '_o justice_z
my_o lord_n coke_n to_o be_v a_o allowance_n by_o the_o king_n be_v grant_v to_o any_o person_n for_o the_o sole_a buy_n or_o sell_v of_o any_o thing_n restrain_v all_o other_o of_o that_o liberty_n which_o they_o have_v before_o the_o make_n of_o such_o a_o grant_n 181._o 3_o inst_z 181._o and_o this_o he_o tell_v we_o be_v against_o the_o ancient_a and_o fundamental_a right_n of_o this_o kingdom_n this_o patent_n agree_v exact_o with_o that_o definition_n 7._o 9_o e._n 3._o cap._n 1._o 18_o e._n 3._o c._n 3._o 25_o e._n 3._o c._n 2._o roll._n abr._n 180._o 2_o r._n 2._o c._n 1._o 11_o r._n 2._o c._n 7._o and_o therefore_o it_o must_v be_v against_o law_n it_o be_v against_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n which_o give_v liberty_n to_o merchant_n to_o buy_v and_o to_o sell_v in_o this_o realm_n without_o disturbance_n and_o it_o be_v express_o against_o the_o statute_n of_o 21_o jac._n cap._n 3._o which_o declare_v all_o such_o letter_n patent_n to_o be_v void_a that_o which_o may_v give_v some_o colour_n to_o make_v such_o grant_v good_a rep._n 2_o inst_z 540._o 11_o rep._n be_v a_o pretence_n of_o order_n and_o government_n in_o trade_n but_o my_o lord_n coke_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v a_o hindrance_n to_o both_o and_o in_o the_o end_n it_o produce_v monopoly_n there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n between_o the_o king_n grant_n and_o his_o prohibition_n for_o the_o one_o ve_v a_o interest_n which_o be_v not_o do_v by_o the_o other_o and_o all_o prohibition_n determine_v by_o the_o king_n death_n but_o grant_v still_o remain_v in_o force_n adjornatur_fw-la langford_n versus_fw-la webber_n in_o trespass_n for_o the_o take_n of_o a_o horse_n doer_n justification_n upon_o a_o bare_a possession_n good_a against_o a_o wrong_a doer_n the_o defendant_n justify_v for_o that_o joseph_n ash_n be_v possess_v of_o a_o close_a etc._n etc._n and_o that_o the_o defendant_n as_o his_o servant_n take_v the_o horse_n in_o that_o close_a damage_n fesant_fw-mi and_o upon_o a_o demurrer_n to_o this_o plea_n for_o that_o the_o defendant_n do_v not_o show_v what_o title_n ash_n have_v to_o this_o close_a the_o council_n for_o the_o defendant_n insist_v that_o it_o be_v in_o trespass_n it_o be_v sufficient_a to_o say_v that_o ash_n be_v possess_v because_o in_o this_o case_n possession_n be_v a_o good_a title_n against_o all_o other_o but_o it_o may_v have_v be_v otherwise_o in_o replevin_n the_o title_n of_o the_o close_a be_v not_o in_o question_n 10._o cro._n car._n 138._o yelv._n 74._o cro._n car._n 571._o pl._n 10._o the_o possession_n be_v only_o a_o inducement_n to_o the_o plea_n and_o not_o the_o substance_n thereof_o which_o be_v the_o take_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o the_o law_n be_v plain_a that_o where_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o land_n be_v not_o in_o question_n a_o man_n may_v justify_v upon_o his_o own_o possession_n against_o a_o wrongdoer_n mr._n pollexfen_v on_o the_o other_o side_n allege_v that_o damage_n fesant_n will_v bring_v the_o title_n of_o the_o land_n in_o question_n but_o the_o court_n give_v judgement_n for_o the_o defendant_n perkins_n versus_fw-la titus_n a_o writ_n of_o error_n be_v bring_v to_o reverse_v a_o judgement_n give_v in_o the_o common-plea_n certain_a fine_a upon_o a_o admittance_n where_o it_o must_v be_v certain_a in_o replevin_n for_o take_v of_o the_o plaintiff_n sheep_n the_o defendant_n avow_v the_o take_a damage_n fesant_n the_o plaintiff_n reply_v that_o the_o land_n where_o etc._n etc._n be_v copyhold_n hold_v of_o the_o manor_n of_o bushy_n in_o com._n hertf._n the_o custom_n whereof_o be_v that_o every_o tenant_n of_o the_o say_a manor_n qui_fw-la admissus_fw-la foret_fw-la to_o any_o copyhold_n estate_n shall_v pay_v a_o year_n value_v of_o the_o land_n for_o a_o fine_a as_o the_o say_a land_n be_v worth_a tempore_fw-la admissionis_fw-la and_o upon_o a_o demurrer_n the_o question_n be_v 1._o whether_o this_o be_v a_o good_a plea_n or_o not_o as_o it_o be_v plead_v 2._o if_o it_o be_v good_a as_o plead_v then_o whether_o such_o a_o custom_n may_v be_v support_v by_o law_n 1._o it_o be_v for_o the_o plaintiff_n in_o the_o writ_n of_o error_n now_o and_o in_o michaelmas_n term_n follow_v argue_v that_o it_o be_v not_o a_o good_a custom_n the_o substance_n of_o who_o argument_n be_v that_o fine_n be_v either_o certain_a or_o incertain_a those_o which_o be_v incertain_a be_v arbitrary_a and_o therefore_o can_v be_v due_a of_o common_a right_n nor_o by_o custom_n for_o there_o can_v be_v no_o custom_n for_o a_o incertain_a fine_a and_o such_o be_v this_o fine_a for_o the_o value_n of_o the_o land_n can_v be_v know_v because_o as_o this_o custom_n be_v plead_v it_o do_v not_o appear_v whether_o it_o shall_v be_v a_o year_n value_v past_a or_o to_o come_v at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o admittance_n of_o the_o tenant_n a_o custom_n to_o assess_v rationabilem_fw-la denariorum_fw-la summam_fw-la for_o a_o fine_a upon_o a_o admittance_n that_o be_v to_o say_v 1._o 13_o rep._n 1._o be_v two_o year_n rend_v of_o a_o tenant_n of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 53_o s._n 4_o d._n be_v no_o good_a custom_n a_o lease_n be_v make_v for_o so_o many_o year_n as_o a_o three_o person_n shall_v name_v this_o be_v altogether_o incertain_a 273._o 13_o edw._n 3._o fitz._n abr._n 273._o but_o when_o the_o term_n be_v name_v then_o it_o be_v a_o good_a lease_n but_o this_o can_v be_v do_v but_o once_o how_o can_v this_o fine_a be_v assess_v it_o can_v be_v by_o jury_n for_o than_o it_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o common_a law_n and_o will_v be_v therefore_o void_a for_o a_o custom_n must_v have_v nothing_o to_o support_v it_o but_o usage_n 1._o neither_o can_v this_o be_v a_o good_a custom_n as_o it_o be_v plead_v because_o all_o custom_n be_v make_v up_o of_o repeat_v act_n and_o usage_n and_o therefore_o in_o plead_v they_o it_o must_v be_v lay_v time_n out_o of_o mind_n which_o be_v not_o do_v here_o for_o admissus_fw-la foret_fw-la have_v a_o respect_n to_o future_a admission_n and_o be_v not_o to_o those_o which_o be_v past_a 2._o here_o be_v no_o time_n lay_v when_o this_o fine_a shall_v be_v pay_v for_o it_o be_v say_a quilibet_fw-la tenens_fw-la qui_fw-la admissus_fw-la foret_fw-la etc._n etc._n soluet_fw-la tantam_fw-la denariorum_fw-la summam_fw-la quantum_fw-la terra_fw-la valebat_fw-la per_fw-la annum_fw-la tempore_fw-la admissionis_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o last_o word_n must_v be_v take_v to_o relate_v to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o land_n and_o not_o to_o the_o time_n when_o the_o fine_a shall_v be_v pay_v so_o that_o if_o there_o be_v such_o a_o custom_n which_o be_v lex_fw-la loci_fw-la and_o not_o full_o set_v forth_o and_o express_v the_o common_a law_n will_v not_o help_v it_o by_o any_o construction_n 2._o point_n whether_o such_o a_o custom_n can_v be_v good_a by_o law_n and_o they_o argue_v that_o it_o can_v where_o the_o fine_a be_v certain_a the_o lord_n may_v refuse_v to_o admit_v without_o a_o tender_a of_o it_o upon_o the_o prayer_n of_o the_o person_n to_o be_v admit_v b._n 4_o rep._n 27._o b._n but_o where_o it_o be_v incertain_a the_o lord_n be_v first_o to_o admit_v the_o tenant_n and_o then_o to_o set_v the_o fine_a the_o reasonableness_n whereof_o be_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o judge_n before_o who_o the_o case_n shall_v depend_v or_o upon_o demurrer_n or_o by_o a_o jury_n upon_o proof_n of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o the_o land_n but_o for_o non_fw-fr payment_n of_o a_o unreasonable_a fine_a the_o lord_n can_v enter_v 196._o cro._n eliz._n 779._o cro._n car._n 196._o the_o law_n admit_v of_o no_o custom_n to_o be_v good_a but_o such_o as_o be_v very_o certain_a for_o incertainty_n in_o a_o custom_n as_o well_o as_o in_o a_o grant_n make_v both_o void_a and_o therefore_o it_o be_v hold_v a_o void_a custom_n for_o a_o infant_n to_o make_v a_o feoffment_n when_o he_o can_v measure_v a_o ell_n of_o cloth_n 37._o rol._n abr._n 565._o 6_o rep._n 60._o davies_n rep._n 37._o it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o certum_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la certum_fw-la reddi_fw-la potest_fw-la the_o meaning_n of_o which_o saying_n must_v be_v quod_fw-la certum_fw-la reddi_fw-la potest_fw-la by_o something_o which_o be_v certain_a for_o if_o this_o rule_n shall_v be_v take_v to_o be_v a_o answer_n to_o incertainty_n it_o will_v destroy_v all_o the_o book_n which_o say_v a_o custom_n must_v be_v certain_a the_o law_n be_v very_o clear_a 264._o fitz._n bar._n 177._o 2_o rol._n abr._n 264._o that_o a_o custom_n be_v void_a for_o the_o incertainty_n therefore_o this_o custom_n must_v be_v void_a for_o the_o value_n of_o land_n be_v the_o most_o incertain_a thing_n in_o nature_n and_o therefore_o perjury_n will_v not_o lie_v for_o swear_v to_o the_o value_n sergeant_n fuller_n and_o mr